Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I NDUSTRY
SAFE W ORK
PRACTICES
Third Edition
Through an agreement of the partners, the Workplace Safety & Prevention Services (formerly the
Farm Safety Association) manages the copyright of the Arborist Industry Safe Work Practices.
The Arborist Safe Work Practices Committee would like to acknowledge the support and contribution of:
The following logos represent a number of active participants in the creation and/or support of the
Arborist Industry Safe Work Practices and we encourage other organizations to become involved.
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
4
5
8
9
Using the Arborist Safe Work Practices within a 5 Step Health and Safety Management System ...................
13
17
21
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25
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49
55
61
65
70
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75
78
81
84
87
90
101
107
109
111
113
117
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL LEGISLATION
JOB PLANNING
WORK PRACTICES
The contents of the Arborist Safe Work Practices (ASWP), including all advice, recommendations, and
procedures are provided as a service by Workplace Safety & Prevention Services (formerly known as the Farm
Safety Association of Ontario). No representation of any kind is made to any person whatsoever with regard to
accuracy, completeness or sufficiency of the material. Any and all use of these practices, or anything found herein,
is solely and entirely at the users risk.
Workplace Safety & Prevention Services wishes to express its appreciation to those who have assisted in the
preparation of the Arborist Safe Work Practices guide.
Copyright Workplace Safety & Prevention Services, 2011
FOREWORD
The arborist safe work practices committee has evolved since its inception in 1999 to a well defined working
committee that looks after various safety related issues in the arborist industry. A mile stone was reached on
January 1, 2011 when the committee put in place a terms of reference to help with committee structure and to
ensure its future continuance.
Below you will find some excerpts from the terms of reference as well as the committee members as of the time
of this printing.
1.0 Purpose
The Arborist Industry Safe Work Practices (ASWP) committee is a volunteer committee for the arborist trade in
Ontario whose purpose is to assist government agencies, WSIB, and Safe Workplace Associations to improve the
health and safety of the arboricultural industry.
This purpose is satisfied by:
The management and control of the content of the Arborist Industry Safe Work Practices document
Providing a location for government agencies, WSIB, and Safe Workplace Associations to access
knowledge, skills and experience on health and safety related arboricultural matters
Providing a location for government agencies, WSIB, and Safe Workplace Associations to
communicate with the arboricultural industry on health and safety related issues
2.0 ASWP Committee
The guiding principle for Committee membership will be a commitment to improving health and safety of the
arboricultural workplace.
Membership on the Committee is open to anyone employed or employs workers directly within the arboriculture
sector.
Consideration for membership to the Committee will require an application to the Chair. The Chair will present the
credentials of the new member to the Committee for consideration. Committee members will vote on all applicants
to the Committee with a Majority Rule decision.
Committee make-up will attempt to have an equal representation of employers and employees. Committee
make-up will be limited to twelve (12) members, including the Chair and Co-Chair positions, and will include all
facets of the industry:
Commercial (4 members)
Municipal (4 members)
Utility (4 members)
FOREWORD
Name
Organization
Representation
Management
Mark Graves
Management
Kevin Davis
Management
Mike Weller
Labour
City of Toronto
Management
Peter Wynnyczuk
Management
Jeff McMann
Town of Markham
Management
Vacant
Labour
Mike Greer
Hydro one
Management
Terry Wharram
Management
Gord Hunter
Toronto Hydro
Management
Vacant
Commercial (4 Members)
Supporting Organizations
Municipal (4 Members)
Labour
Utility (4 Members)
John Ransom
Mike Hunter
Sally Harvey
Ontario Parks Association
Paul Ronan
Private Training Agencies
John Ransom
Sir Sanford Fleming College
Joe Outram
Humber College
Mark Graves
Bruce Tree Care
Ian Bruce
Gardiner Tree
Bill Gardiner
Dean Anderson
Infrastructure Health & Safety Association
FOREWORD
In an effort to further the safety of the worker in Ontario, this revised third edition of the ASWP has an added
work practice for the use of Crane in arborist work. It cannot be stressed enough that this is a living document, a
work in progress. Through further research and development, new techniques will appear in the industry, with
the use of this document we endeavor to set a guideline for safety in the workplace by which new techniques
can be judged for safe use in the workplace.
The following individuals were instrumental in editing this third edition of the ASWP:
Ruurd van de Ven
Mike Greer
Hydro One
Joe Outram
Steve Matsumoto
City of Toronto
Terry Wharram
Davey Tree
Bill Gardiner
Gardiner Tree
John Ransom
Arboriculture Canada
Jeff McMann
Town of Markham
Peter Wynnyczuk
Shane Lund
Mark Graves
Humber College
Kevin Davis
Suggestions for improvement or changes should be in writing, faxed or emailed to Workplace Safety & Prevention Services at 877-4949777 or customercare@wsps.ca
PURPOSE
The work practices provide safety criteria for arborists and other workers involved in arboricultural work.
They are to act as a guide to Provincial, Municipal and other local authorities in drafting regulations and may be
adopted in whole or in part.
APPLICATION
The ASWP is intended to apply to all employees engaged in the business or trade of arboriculture including:
planting, pruning, repairing, maintaining, removing woody plants, or cutting brush. They are not intended for use
by nursery personnel, who are growing and planting trees for wholesale. The ASWP serves as a reference for
safety requirements for those engaged in the practice of arboriculture. The safe work practices may require
situational modifications in response to personnel emergencies and is not intended to limit the options available to
emergency responders.
DETAIL OF ASWP'S
The Arborist Safe Work Practices contains several pieces of information to be used to create a safe work
environment. The user should follow the document and all supporting information.
Each safe work practice document is broken into several sections:
Potential Hazards
Hazards that may be encountered while performing the work.
Legislation
Legislation that is applicable to the practice and the supporting Arborist Safe Work Practices document.
Mandatory Information
Required information to be followed when performing the specific work practice.
Work Practice
Practices that should be used as a guideline for performing the work.
HOW
TO
USE
THE
ASWP
The development of the ASWP included a review of legislative requirements found under the OHSA,
Construction and Industrial Regulations. The Safe Work Practices do not supercede legislative requirements but
enhance what is found there. The ASWP do not supersede what is found in the manufacturers instructions.
Electrical hazards must be identified prior to performing any work and readers are directed to the Electrical Safety
Rule Book for further information.
In developing the ASWP each task was broken down to its most basic components and from those, a safe work
practice was developed. There are no procedures in the ASWP but a series of suggested practices to follow.
Any task may be performed utilizing one or more practices, but the basic safety steps will always be the same no
matter how the task is performed.
Within the ASWP, words that have been bolded and/or are in italics are defined in the Glossary of Terms.
10
INTRODUCTION
11
12
WITHIN
The Arborist Safe Work Practices (ASWP) are safe work guidelines, written by the industry, for the industry.
They are recognized and supported by the organizations identified on the acknowledgement pages of this guide.
ASWP do not, on their own, ensure that there will be safety on the job. To effectively implement the ASWP, there
has to be a systematic approach to managing these within a health and safety program. The 5 Steps to Managing
Health & Safety provides a management system approach. The graphic below depicts the Health & Safety
management model. A systematic approach is critical to a successful health and safety program.
The ASWP fall under the program element of Control Activities in the 5 Step model. Each safe work practice is
managed by using the 5 steps. Managements role is to establish the safe work practice as a guideline in the
company, communicate their expectations with respect to their use, ensure training on the practice is done and
evaluate by checking that the practice is actually followed. Based on the evaluation, recognition of success is
given and improvements made when needed. This is the continuous improvement loop.
The 5 Step model is incorporated in the WSIB Safe Workplace Awareness Program (SWAP) which has formed the
basis for the Safe Communities Incentive Program (SCIP) and Safety Groups. For purposes of the ASWP, this
Guide provides an introduction to the 5 Step model. For further information on the 5 Step model and the full
Safe Workplace Awareness Program, contact the WSIB at 1-800-663-6639.
13
THE
1. SET STANDARDS
Setting standards means that management identifies their expectations and policies regarding health and
safety. A management decision to use ASWP, which have been created and supported by the industry, is an
example of setting standards for the company. Another example is setting company standards around doing
accident investigation or ensuring Health & Safety Representative training.
2. COMMUNICATE
Communicating standards and expectations means that the employer ensures all people in the workplace
understand the company rules, what is expected of them and what they can expect from others.
This can happen through formal training programs, notices, meetings etc. Communications also happens if
management is lax when standards are not met. This communicates that standards are not important.
3. TRAIN
Training means that the manager, supervisor, and workers all receive health and safety training relevant
to company standards. This can include training on use of equipment, including company standards
for that equipment or other information appropriate for their role and responsibility, such as the
Joint Health and Safety Committee. Job and workplace orientation is an example of training that everyone
should receive when they are first hired, change locations or after a long absence from the workplace.
Training in ASWP should be ongoing.
4. EVALUATE
Acknowledge and congratulate those who follow or contribute to maintaining company standards.
Due diligence includes correcting and improving any weak areas in the health and safety program.
The 5 Steps for Managing Health & Safety are applied to each element
of a Health and Safety program.
14
GENERAL
LEGISLATION
General Legislation
15
16
GENERAL LEGISLATION
INTRODUCTION
The following sections of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) apply to the trade of arboriculture and
form the foundation for all of the Arborist Safe Work Practices. It should be noted that the applicable legislation
sets minimum standards for the trade. Specific legislation relating to a work practice will be indicated in each
individual work practice section.
LEGISLATION
Note: Not all sections of the OHSA and Regulations have been indicated here or in other Arborist Safe
Work Practices. It is the responsibility of individuals to know and understand applicable legislation and apply
them as required. The most current edition of the OHSA is accessible through e-laws.
OHSA 25 (1) (a) Duties of Employer: ensure that the equipment, materials and protective devices
as prescribed are provided.
OHSA 25 (1) (b) Duties of Employer: ensure that the equipment, materials and protective devices
provided by the employer are maintained in good condition.
OHSA 25 (1) (d) Duties of Employer: ensure that the equipment, materials and protective devices
provided by the employer are used as prescribed.
OHSA 25 (2) (a) Duties of Employer: provide information, instruction and supervision to a worker to
protect the health or safety of the worker.
OHSA 25 (2) (h) Reasonable Precautions: take every precaution reasonable in the circumstances for
the protection of a worker.
OHSA 26 (1) (k) Additional Duties of Employers: where so prescribed provide a worker with written
instructions as to the measures and procedures to be taken for the protection of a worker.
OHSA 27 (1) (a) Duties of Supervisor: shall ensure that a worker works in a manner and with the
protective devices, measures and procedures required by this Act and the regulations
OHSA 27 (1) (b) Duties of Supervisor: shall ensure that a worker uses or wears the equipment,
protective devices or clothing that the workers employer requires to be used or worn.
OHSA 27 (2) (b) Duties of a Supervisor: shall where so prescribed, provide a worker with written
instructions as to the measures and procedures to be taken for the protection of the worker.
OHSA 27 (2) (c) Duties of Supervisor protection of worker.
OHSA 28 (1) (a) Duties of Worker: shall work in compliance with the provisions of this Act
and the regulations.
OHSA 28 (1) (b) Duties of Worker: shall use or wear the equipment, protective devices or clothing
that the worker's employer requires to be used or worn.
17
18
JOB PLANNING
19
20
WORK
IN A
SAFE ENVIRONMENT
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this section is to outline the requirements for establishing and maintaining a safe work environment.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions
Chemical
Climatic Conditions
Electrical
Ergonomics
Gravity
Mechanical
Pedestrian
Vehicular
RRO/RSO
Section Referenced
Construction
213/91
21
Industrial
851/90
79
MANDATORY INFORMATION
All hazards at the work site must be identified, mitigated and communicated to all workers prior
to starting work.
The work site must be continually monitored for changes to hazards and appropriate barriers put in place.
A first aid kit must be available and workers instructed on its use.
21
WORK PRACTICES
STEP
ACTION
Identify hazards
Identify conductors.
Identify voltage levels.
Identify controlling authority.
Maintain limits of approach.
Acids
Alkaline
Corrosive solvents
Flammable and explosive substances
Ensure appropriate labels and containers are used.
Clean up spilled material as prescribed in the
appropriate literature.
22
The purpose of this section is to outline how a worker can protect themself and others at the work site.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions
Climatic Conditions
Electrical
Ergonomics
Gravity
Mechanical
Pedestrian Traffic
Vehicular Traffic
RRO/RSO
Section Referenced
Construction
213/91
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 67, 69, 93, 112, 183
Industrial
851/90
MANDATORY INFORMATION
All applicable Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be appropriately worn at all times.
PPE must be fitted properly.
PPE must not be modified or repaired except by the manufacturer or authorized by the manufacturer.
All tools and equipment must be inspected prior to use.
All guards and barriers must be used.
Head protection must meet the applicable CSA standard and be appropriate to the circumstance
i.e. Class E for electrical environments.
Hearing protection must meet the applicable CSA standard and be appropriate to the circumstance.
Eye protection must meet the applicable CSA standard (Z94.3-92) and be appropriate to the circumstance.
Foot protection must meet the applicable CSA standard (Z195-M92) and be appropriate to the circumstance.
Leg protection must meet the BNQ/CAN standard (1961.45).
Hand protection must be appropriate to the circumstance.
High visibility clothing must be worn in appropriate circumstances i.e. night work,
vehicular traffic situations.
23
WORK PRACTICES
STEP
ACTION
24
RRO/RSO
Construction
213/91
Section Referenced
17, 26, 67
MANDATORY INFORMATION
Job planning is a process of identifying hazards and placing appropriate barriers to the hazards.
Job planning is an on going process throughout the job and must be constantly monitored and
changed as needed.
Prior to the job starting a discussion must be conducted, referred to as a Tailboard Discussion,
that outlines all the hazards and required barriers at the work site.
25
WORK PRACTICES
STEP
ACTION
26
WORK PRACTICES
Climbing Trees
Tree Felling
Work at Heights
Arborist Hand
&
Power Tools
Fertilizing
&
27
28
CLIMBING TREES
INTRODUCTION
This section outlines the safe work practice for climbing trees.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions
Chemical
Climatic Conditions
Electrical
Ergonomics
Gravity
Mechanical
Pedestrian
Vehicular
RRO/RSO
Construction
213/91
Section Referenced
26
MANDATORY INFORMATION
The following are the general mandatory requirements for all arborists ascending trees. In addition to these
requirements, the work practice contains specific requirements that must also be followed.
The use of an aerial device, where practical, should be considered first before attempting to physically
ascend the tree.
Those engaged in tree climbing must be adequately trained, or in the process of being trained to; plan jobs,
perform pre-climb inspections, inspect fall protection equipment, perform ascending methods, use work
positioning techniques, descend from tree and emergency response.
Arborists engaged in climbing trees must be accompanied by at least one ground assistant.
At least one ground assistant at any given work site, where tree climbing is being performed, should be
trained in climbing and emergency response.
Prior to climbing, all trees must be inspected to ensure that they have the structural integrity to
sustain the weight of the Arborist and all potential loads i.e. rigging or removing limbs.
The arborist requires knowledge of tree structure, potential defects and species specific
characteristics in order to safely assess the structural integrity of the tree and its components.
All climbing equipment must be inspected prior to use or if damage is suspected.
See Appendix A for inspection techniques and requirements of equipment.
29
All appropriate Personal Protective Equipment must be worn while climbing trees and working at heights.
All climbing equipment must meet the standard as set out in Appendix B.
Friction hitches used to secure the climber aloft must be from Appendix D.
In its final anchor point the rope or friction saver must be positioned around the main stem of the tree.
All captive eye snaps and carabiners used as part of a fall protection system must have a
minimum of a double action, pull down and twist, auto locking mechanism.
A second attachment (i.e. work positioning lanyard or double tie in technique) is to be used in addition
to the climbing line, upon reaching each work position, and for the duration of work at that location.
Equipment used to secure an arborist in the tree or from the bucket shall not be used for
anything other than its intended purpose.
EXCEPTION: The arborist climbing line may be used to raise and lower tools.
Ropes and climbing equipment shall be stored and transported in such a manner as to prevent
damage through contact with sharp tools, cutting edges, gas, oil, chemicals or ultraviolet light.
Arborists shall inspect ropes, lanyards, and other climbing equipment for damage, cuts, abrasion,
and/or deterioration before each use and shall remove them from service, if signs of excessive wear
or damage are found.
Arborist climbing lines shall never be left in trees unattended.
When working aloft by climbing the tree, you must be tied in twice whenever you are using sharp tools e.g.
handsaw, chainsaw, or pole pruner.
Conduct and document an annual review and practice of emergency procedures.
30
WORK PRACTICE
1.0
JOB PLAN
A thorough job plan must be completed prior to ascending a tree .The following is a guideline of topics that should
be discussed in the planning process. All crew members must be party to the job planning process, and job plans
must be documented in writing Refer to Job Planning Section
STEP
ACTION
31
WORK PRACTICE
2.0
INSPECT TREE
As part of the job planning process a thorough assessment of the structural integrity of the tree must be performed.
The process allows a climber to determine whether the tree is safe to climb. This includes determining structural
strength of the anchor locations.
In arboriculture, diagnosing the structural strength of a tree is an inexact science. The arborist relies on
knowledge and experience gained through formal training programs and related field experience to make
a determination of the structural integrity of the tree.
Tree Inspection
STEP
ACTION
During the Tree Inspection, discovery of structural defects or potential hazards will require careful reconsideration of
the methods originally selected for use. It may be necessary to select an alternative method for accessing the tree.
32
Other loads on the limb (foliage, snow, torque caused by limb length, weight distribution, etc.)
Tree species
Assess the above conditions prior to using a limb as an anchor point. Some of the listed conditions can be
scientifically proven without severing the limb from the tree. However, in most cases, combined knowledge and
experience will prepare the arborist to determine whether the limb is safe to use as an anchor point. In the
absence of adequate knowledge and/or experience, the arborist should request assistance from a more qualified
person with respect to this decision.
In order to minimize the effect of leverage on the limb being used as an anchor, the arborists rope must be kept
against the main stem of the tree while climbing. To facilitate this, limbs used as temporary anchor points must be
horizontal or growing upwards.
3.0
All fall protection equipment must be inspected prior to ascending a tree. (refer to Appendix A).
STEP
ACTION
33
4.0
IN
TREE
There are several methods used to place the climbing rope into the appropriate anchor point.
From the ground, the worker may utilize a throw ball or bag, throwing knot or noose knot. Sling shot devices
are being used increasingly to assist in getting a throw bag high into a tree.
Once within the tree, the worker may use a rope poking tool, pole pruner or throwing knot to advance the
rope up the tree.
5.0
ASCENDING TECHNIQUES
The ASWP committee suggests five methods of ascending trees, the committee recognizes that there are others
and could not list all methods. However the essentials of a fall protection system must be met regardless of what
system is used. The five techniques for ascending a tree are; Belay Technique, Secured Foot Locking, Secured
Body Thrust, Spurs and Ladders. Each technique requires a thorough inspection of the tree, the site and the
equipment and adequate training in climbing techniques and rescue methods.
5.1
BELAY TECHNIQUE
The Belay Technique used by arborists is adopted from recreational rock climbing. The technique utilizes a worker
on the ground to assist the arborist ascending the tree by securing the arborist to an anchor point on the ground,
using either a mechanical fall arrestor such as a Grigri or a friction hitch, through their climbing rope. As the
arborist ascends, the ground worker removes the slack in the rope. If the arborist slips, the mechanical device or
friction hitch attached to the anchor point prevents a fall. The anchor must be sufficient to support the forces
generated by a worker in a fall
Ascent
STEP
ACTION
Begin ascent
34
Once the arborist has climbed to an interim anchor point, the following Action applies for continuing ascent.
STEP
ACTION
Communicate to Belayer
35
The final anchor point is where the arborist will secure their climbing rope allowing the arborist mobility to work.
The final anchor point is best situated as high in the tree as possible to allow mobility of the worker, similar to a
pendulum. The final anchor point must meet the requirements of all anchor locations.
STEP
ACTION
Communicate to Belayer
36
5.2
The secured footlocking technique replaces the need for a Belay person by securing him/herself to the climbing
rope using an appropriate approved friction hitch from Appendix D. This system is for ascent only; in an emergency
descent use an appropriate fall protection device or system.
While using this technique the following precautions must
be adhered to:
tie dress and set knot,
Ascent
STEP
ACTION
37
Once the arborist has climbed to an interim anchor point, the following Action applies for continuing ascent.
STEP
ACTION
38
The final anchor point is where the arborist will secure their climbing rope allowing the arborist mobility to work.
The final anchor point is best situated as high in the tree as possible to allow mobility of the worker, similar to a
pendulum. The final anchor point must meet the requirements of all anchor locations.
STEP
ACTION
39
5.3
The secured body thrust technique is sometimes called a self-belay technique. The following Action applies for
continuing ascent.
Ascent
STEP
ACTION
40
Once the arborist has climbed to the interim anchor point, the following Action applies for continuing ascent.
STEP
ACTION
The final anchor point is where the arborist will secure their climbing rope allowing the arborist mobility to work.
The final anchor point is best situated as high in the tree as possible to allow better mobility of the worker. The
final anchor point must meet the requirements of all anchor locations.
STEP
ACTION
41
5.4
ASCEND
WITH SPUR
STEP
ACTION
Inspect spurs
Ascend tree
42
5.5
ASCENT
WITH LADDER
STEP
ACTION
Inspect ladder
Inspect for:
Cracks
Loose or missing rungs
Broken supports
Rotten sections
Missing parts
Broken welds
Ascend ladder
43
6.0
During the process of completing all work required in a tree, it is necessary for the arborist to move in the crown
in order to access different work positions. However, the final anchor location may also be the first work position;
in this case, the arborist must utilize a second point of attachment such as a work positioning lanyard.
STEP
ACTION
Perform work
Release secondary
attachment device
to move to next
work position
44
7.0
Once all work is completed aloft, the arborist will ensure that all tools and hangers are removed from the tree.
The arborist then descends from the tree; the following Action applies for continuing descent
STEP
ACTION
45
8.0
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
The following should be used as a guideline for developing your own in-house rescue procedures. It is not intended
to be used as a step by step procedure as each emergency situation will differ depending on the circumstances
STEP
ACTION
Electrical Conductors/Contact
(If theres contact DO NOT proceed
before calling the proper authorities)
struck by limbs, tree sections, lightning
is victim pinned
medical conditions (bug/animal bites,
heat exhaustion, diabetes, etc)
Verbally
Shaking of injured persons climbing line
Electrical Conductors/Contact
(If theres contact DO NOT proceed
before calling the proper authorities)
Rigging Systems Hazards
Tangled ropes
Half cut limbs
Ground Hazards
Chainsaws
Brush Piles
Root Zone
Canopy
Trunk
Weather conditions
Rescuers competency in performing aerial rescue
46
STEP
Initiate EMS response
ACTION
Call EMS
911
Rural fire and Rescue
High Angle Rescue Team (If Possible)
Use of a 3rd party to call and direct
EMS to accident Site
Aerial Rescue
Municipal address
Rural fire number
Job Site (i.e. Backyard, Bush, etc.)
Verbally
Shaking of injured persons climbing line
Ladder
Spurs
Aerial device
Climbing systems
Ascend tree
Move to victims location
Assess victims condition
ABCs
Potential neck or back injury
Initiate first aid within scope of training
Continue to communicate with victim
Perform rescue
Monitor victim
Wait for EMS
47
STEP
ACTION
Cuts
Damage
Entanglement
Length of climbing rope
48
WORKING AT HEIGHTS
INTRODUCTION
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions
Chemical
Climatic Conditions
Electrical
Ergonomics
Gravity
Mechanical
Pedestrian
Vehicular
RRO/RSO
Section Referenced
Industrial
851/90
45, 51
Construction
213/91
MANDATORY INFORMATION
All trees must be inspected for hazards prior to climbing or working at heights.
All appropriate Personal Protective Equipment must be worn while working at heights.
When one or more climbers are working at heights at least one Ground Assistant must be present.
At least one Ground Assistant at any given work site must know the emergency response procedures.
Those engaged in working at heights must be trained in proper knot tying, use of appropriate
fall protection techniques, conducting pre-climb inspection, aerial rescue techniques, appropriate
descent and ascent methods and appropriate rigging techniques.
All rigging and cutting equipment must be inspected, as per manufacturers recommendations,
prior to daily use.
49
MANDATORY INFORMATION
CONT
Ensure that chain saws and other gasoline-powered tools are fueled, sharp and running properly
prior to sending aloft.
Synthetic slings must have a load limitation label attached.
All ropes, slings, blocks, connecting links and any other equipment used in rigging tree limbs must
not be subjected to forces greater than the manufacturers recommended safe working loads.
A minimum safety factor of 5:1 must be incorporated into a rigging system.
All Ground Assistants involved in a rigging procedure must receive prior training and instruction
appropriate for the given situation.
While working at heights climbers should be tied in twice to ensure a secure work position.
Precautions must be taken to eliminate the hazard of a potential reverse barber chair
All pruning tools and equipment not in use must be securely attached to a limb of sufficient strength
to hold it and to keep it from coming in contact with any conductor.
Corner cuts, two cuts on either side of notch, should be used to ensure that the bark does not
strip down a limb.
When working aloft by climbing the tree, you must be tied in twice whenever you are using sharp tools e.g.
handsaw, chainsaw, or pole pruner
50
WORK PRACTICES
Inspect work site
STEP
ACTION
Overhead wires
Ascend tree
STEP
ACTION
Climb tree
Decay
Bird holes
Cracks
Imbedded objects
Cankers
Structural integrity
51
STEP
ACTION
52
STEP
ACTION
STEP
ACTION
53
Sectionalizing Trees
STEP
ACTION
Install pull rope.
Ensure split prevention system is above the
Fall Protection System.
54
TREE FELLING
INTRODUCTION
This section outlines the practice of felling, bucking and limbing trees during tree removal operations.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions
Chemical
Climatic Conditions
Electrical
Ergonomics
Gravity
Mechanical
Pedestrian
Vehicular
Construction
Industrial
RRO/RSO
213/91
851/90
Section Referenced
43, 52, 53, 54, 55, 67, 68, 69, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 93,
94, 95, 96, 112, 113, 183, 186
22, 23, 39, 42, 43, 45, 60, 73, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 103, 139
MANDATORY INFORMATION
55
WORK PRACTICES
Site Inspection
STEP
ACTION
Inspect tree for:
56
Insect damage
Foreign bodies in tree, staples, wires etc.
Structural deficiencies, decay, cavities,
cracks, splits etc.
Broken tops and dead limbs
Terrain
Dead trees
Overhead utilities
Pedestrian and vehicular traffic
Workers
Climatic conditions / wind, snow loading etc.
Ground conditions / slope
Trip hazards
Barriers include:
Lean
Inspect for:
Rot
STEP
ACTION
Set Notch
STEP
ACTION
Wind
Potential targets
Condition of tree i.e. decay, splits, cracks,
foreign objects
Size of tree
Length of chain saw bar
Set notch
Chain trees
Use of a Plunge Cut
Use of alternative notch styles
57
STEP
ACTION
58
Limb Trees
STEP
ACTION
Begin cut
Lodged Tree
The following are four examples for removing lodged trees.
STEP
ACTION
59
STEP
ACTION
Begin cutting
Logs may require two cuts, one from the top and then
rolled over for a second cut.
Cut trees from the high side of the terrain i.e. the tree
will roll away from the saw operator.
60
The purpose of this section is to outline the inspection and maintenance requirements for Arborist Hand
and Power Tools.
EQUIPMENT USED
61
EQUIPMENT USED
HAZARDS
Electrical
Mechanical
Climatic Conditions
Ergonomics
Construction
RRO/RSO
213/91
Industrial
851/90
Section Referenced
78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 93, 95, 109, 113, 172, 173, 174, 176,
177, 179, 181, 195
41, 42, 43, 45, 51, 61, 139
MANDATORY INFORMATION
Inspect all equipment tools daily / before use. Inspect for loose handles, cracks, defects, loose bolts,
sharpness etc.
All tools and equipment use, inspection and maintenance must adhere to the manufacturers
instructions where applicable.
All appropriate Limits of Approach to electrical apparatus must be maintained.
Guards and sheaths should be used to protect sharpened edges of knives, blades or chains etc.
when storing.
In electrical environment only tools designed, tested, and maintained for electrical environment
shall be used.
Gasoline, oil and gas powered equipment must be stored separately from other personal tools.
Rigging equipment must be labeled with the appropriate Working Load Limit or Safe Working Load.
Power cords for electrical tools must be monitored to ensure they are not cut or fall into water.
62
WORK PRACTICES
General Information
The correct hand tool(s) and equipment shall be selected for the job.
Hand tools and equipment that have been made unsafe by damage or defect shall not be used.
Arborists and other workers shall maintain a safe working distance from other arborists and workers
when using hand tools and equipment.
When ascending a tree, arborists shall not carry hand tools and equipment in their hands unless they
are tools that are used to assist them in their climbing.
Tools other than ropes or throw lines shall not be thrown into a tree, out of a tree or from arborist to
arborist while in a tree.
Arborist climbing lines or hand lines should only be used for raising and lowering
hand tools and equipment.
Arborists should raise or lower hand tools and equipment in a manner such that the cutting edge
will not contact the climbing line or hand line.
Hand tools and equipment shall be properly stored or placed in plain sight out of the immediate
work area when not in use.
Chopping tools that have loose or cracked heads or splintered handles shall not be used.
Chopping tools shall be swung away from the feet, legs, and body, using the minimum forces
practical for control.
Chopping tools shall not be used as wedges or used to drive metal wedges.
Blade eyes shall be tight fitting and wedged to prevent slippage down the handle.
A secure grip, firm footing and clearance of overhead hazards shall be maintained when
swinging chopping tools.
Manual pole pruners, pole saws, and other similar tools with poles made of metal or other
conductive material shall not be used in operations where electrical hazards exist.
Structurally damaged poles shall be removed from service.
When tools are not in use they shall not be:
Left laying on ground
Stored improperly or hung on a limb of insufficient strength to support the weight of the tool
Extension cords must be monitored to ensure they are not cut.
Inspect extension cords for cuts, frayed ends, and loose connections.
Arborists and other workers shall be warned and in the clear before logs are moved.
Points of cant hooks should be at least 2 inches (51 mm) long and kept sharp.
Arborist and other workers shall stand to the rear and uphill when rolling logs.
63
Wedges, chisels, and gouges shall be inspected for cracks and flaws before use.
Only wood, plastic, or soft-metal wedges shall be used to stop binding while operating chain saws.
Wedges and chisels shall be properly pointed and tempered. Tools with mushroomed heads shall not
be used. Eye protection shall be used during impact operations.
Wood handle chisels should be protected with a ferrule on the striking end.
Wood, rubber or high-impact plastic mauls, sledges or hammers should be used when striking
wood handle chisels or gouges.
Load controlling devices and components shall be inspected immediately before use and removed
from service if found to be defective.
The components of load controlling systems shall be compatible and suitable for the application and load.
Slings must have working load information labels attached.
Ladders
The saw and that which you are cutting must never be used within an electrical environment.
The tool should not be used by workers while working aloft.
64
FOR
WOODY PLANTS
INTRODUCTION
This section outlines the practice for fertilizing and aerating soils for woody plants.
Hazards
Biotic Conditions
Chemical
Climatic Conditions
Electrical
Ergonomics
Mechanical
MANDATORY INFORMATION
Operators must assess the work site for the need to locate underground utilities.
65
APPLICATION METHODS
LIQUID - SOIL
STEP
ACTION
Note:
Ensure that the pump pressure is not
overloading system.
Hoses
Connections
Fittings
Application equipment
Sprinkler system
Electrical system
Communications conductors
Gas line
Apply product
66
Pinch points
Hose connectors
Security on vehicle
GRANULAR - SOIL
Broadcast Method
STEP
ACTION
Inspect equipment
Apply product
STEP
ACTION
Inspect equipment
Sprinkler system
Electrical system
Communications conductors
Gas lines
Note:
Locates may need to be established.
Drill holes
Apply product
67
STEP
ACTION
Inspect for:
Inspect tree
Cracks
Sharpness
Inspect for:
Metal
Fences
Lightening protection
Cracks
STEP
ACTION
Inspect for:
Cracks
Pressure system for operation
Inspect for:
Sharpness
Leaks
Connections
Remove tip
68
AERATING SOILS
STEP
ACTION
Assess for underground obstructions such as:
Sprinkler system
Electrical system
Communication conductors
Gas lines
Note:
Locates may need to be established.
Mechanical Aeration
STEP
ACTION
Inspect equipment
Inspect for:
Make holes
Cracks
Broken parts
Sharpness
Remove equipment
Pneumatic Aeration
STEP
ACTION
Activate nozzle
Remove nozzle
69
INSTALLATION
OF
HARDWARE
IN
WOODY PLANTS
INTRODUCTION
This section outlines the practice for installing hardware.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions
Climatic Conditions
Electrical
Ergonomics
Gravity
Mechanical
Pedestrian
Vehicular
MANDATORY INFORMATION
Arborists and other workers on the ground shall not stand under the work area of a tree when
a cabling system is being installed.
Tools shall be raised, lowered and carried in a bag or belt designed to hold such tools, or attached
to a tool lanyard.
All appropriate Personal Protective Equipment must be worn.
Arborists in trees should be positioned off to one side in order to avoid injury in case of
cable system failure, such as when a block and tackle or a hand winch, are released.
70
WORK PRACTICES
Site Inspection
STEP
ACTION
Operational
Sharpness
Cracks, damage
Loose connections
STEP
ACTION
Raise tools
Install hardware
71
STEP
ACTION
Drill holes
Install hardware
72
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this section is to outline the safe work practice for manually or mechanically transplanting
woody plants.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions
Climatic Conditions
Cuts and abrasions
Electrical
Ergonomics
Gravity
Mechanical
Vehicle
Construction
Industrial
RRO/RSO
213/91
Section Referenced
37, 39
851/90
45
MANDATORY INFORMATION
All mechanical devices for planting trees must be operated by qualified personnel only.
Assistants working around mechanical equipment must be oriented to the hazards of the machine.
73
ACTION
Inspect site for:
Terrain obstacles
Obstructions to planting site
Vehicle and pedestrian traffic
Overhead utilities
Assess for:
Sprinkler system
Electrical system
Communications conductors
Gas line
Note:
Locates shall be established and have documentation
on site.
Dig hole
Note:
Manual or mechanical means can be used
to dig holes.
Manual
Ensure appropriate body positioning is used.
Mechanical
Ensure ground terrain is not hazardous for
the machine used and potential for rolling over.
Keep away from pinch points of machines used.
Monitor loads of machine.
74
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this section is to outline the safe work practices involved in operating an Aerial Device.
HAZARDS
Climatic Conditions
Electrical
Ergonomics
Gravity
Mechanical
Construction
Industrial
RRO/RSO
213/91
851/90
Section Referenced
26, 67, 68, 69, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 101, 104, 105, 108,
109, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 182, 183, 186, 187
42, 43, 57, 60, 79
MANDATORY INFORMATION
The manufacturers instructions must be followed for all maintenance and operation instructions.
Ensure manufacturers instructions are readily available.
Operators shall wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.
Operators must wear appropriate Fall Protection Equipment.
The Operator of the Aerial Device will control the work site and communicate directions to the
ground person.
Only Qualified Personnel may operate an Aerial Device.
All personnel must know the control measures needed for vehicle and pedestrian control.
All Operators must know and practice Aerial Device rescue and escape procedures at least annually.
All Ground Assistants must have knowledge of and practice their role in Aerial Device rescue and
escape procedures.
All Ground Assistants must have knowledge of the operation of lower controls to perform an aerial rescue.
All buckets must contain a hand line of adequate length to be used in Aerial Device rescues.
Maintain three-point contact when mounting or dismounting an Aerial Device.
When transferring between an Aerial Device to a tree or to another Aerial Device, the climber must be
secured with a fall restraint system prior to leaving the Aerial Device.
Ensure manufacturers instructions are readily available and have been understood by the operator.
75
WORK PRACTICE
Set up Aerial Device
STEP
ACTION
Inspect for:
Electrical hazards
Decay within tree
Location of tree in relation to vehicle and
pedestrian traffic
Ground conditions / slope
Note:
Ensure that all personnel are clear of
descending outriggers.
Ensure hand line is available in bucket.
Inspect bucket, liner and chain saw scabbard
for defects.
Inspect Fall Protection Equipment
STEP
ACTION
Begin work
STEP
ACTION
STEP
ACTION
Transportation
STEP
ACTION
77
HAZARDS
Ergonomics
Fire
Mechanical
Biotic Conditions
Climatic Conditions
Cuts and abrasions
Electrical
RRO/RSO
Construction
Section Referenced
213/91
Industrial
851/90
21, 112
39, 79, 80, 81, 82
MANDATORY INFORMATION
All power chain saws must be equipped with a chain that minimizes the risk of kick back.
If face shields are used they must be used in conjunction with approved safety glasses.
The engine shall not be started until the saw is in the immediate work area, except when a warm-up
period is required at which time the saw shall not be left unattended.
The operator shall ensure that the work area is clear of obstructions that may be hazardous.
No one except the operator shall be allowed within a radius of 3 metres (10 feet) of a one-person
chain saw when it is in operation.
Operators shall decide on and prepare an escape route before cutting commences.
During all chainsaw operations, the operator must be fully aware of the consequences of
any cut before it is made.
Chain saws shall not be operated for cuts above shoulder level.
78
MANDATORY INFORMATION
CONT
The engine shall be shut off when moving the power saw from one location to another, except when
trees are in close proximity and the approach is unobstructed.
When moving from tree-to-tree with the engine running, the chain brake shall be applied.
A chain saw shall be removed from service immediately if any defects are evident that could affect
its safe operation.
Hot power saws shall be cooled for two or three minutes before refueling. A hot power saw shall be
placed on a log, stump or on bare ground, rather than in dry litter or slash.
Smoking, open flames, or other sources of ignition, are prohibited within 3 metres (10 feet) of
the fuelling area.
Approved fire fighting equipment shall be available.
When power saws are stored or being carried a long distance, the chain should be guarded.
One-person power saws shall be carried at the workers side with the guide bar pointed to the rear;
two workers shall carry a two-person power saw.
When not in use, the saw shall be turned off and placed in a location where it is clear of the work area
and it will not be damaged by falling limbs.
Ensure manufacturers instructions are readily available and have been understood by the operator.
79
WORK PRACTICES
Pre-operational check
STEP
ACTION
Head protection
Hearing protection
Eye protection
Hand protection
Chain saw leg protection
Foot protection
Note:
If chain brake does not work, the chain saw must be
removed from service and repaired.
Maintenance
STEP
ACTION
STEP
ACTION
80
INTRODUCTION
This section outlines the use of a brush chipper. Not all practices outlined are applicable to all models of chippers.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions
Climatic Conditions
Electrical
Ergonomics
Mechanical
RRO/RSO
213/91
Section Referenced
67, 68, 69, 93, 94, 95, 96, 101, 104, 105, 108, 109
851/90
MANDATORY INFORMATION
Routine inspection and maintenance must be completed as per the manufacturers instructions.
Do not wear jewelry or clothing that could become entangled in brush or moving parts.
Secure long hair so that it does not become entangled in moving parts.
Never place any body parts in the in-feed chute for any reason while the machine is operating.
Never place yourself in front of the discharge chute.
Inspect chipper prior to use.
Ensure all guards and protective devices are operational and in place.
Ensure manufacturers instructions are readily available and have been understood by the operator.
81
WORK PRACTICES
Preoperational Checks
STEP
ACTION
Inspect chipper
Connect chipper
82
Operation
STEP
ACTION
STEP
ACTION
STEP
ACTION
Open covers
Remove blockage
Remove Blockage
83
STUMPER OPERATION
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this section is to outline the safe work practices involved in operating a stumper.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions
Climatic Conditions
Electrical
Ergonomics
Mechanical
Construction
RRO/RSO
213/91
Industrial
Section Referenced
67, 68, 69, 93, 94, 95, 96, 101, 104, 105, 108, 109
851/90
MANDATORY INFORMATION
Routine inspection and maintenance must be completed as per the manufacturers instruction.
Do not wear jewelry or clothing that may or could become entangled in moving parts.
Secure long hair so that it does not become entangled in moving parts.
Never work near or on cutter wheel unless engine is shut down.
Everyone must be clear of work area during operation.
Do not operate equipment with defective guards or shields.
Assess potential of underground obstructions such as hydro, gas, communications etc. and
request locates if necessary.
Inspect stumper prior to use.
Ensure all guards and protective devices are operational and in place.
Ensure manufacturers instructions are readily available and have been understood by the operator.
84
WORK PRACTICES
Preoperational Checks
STEP
ACTION
Inspect stumper
85
Operation
STEP
ACTION
Start stumper
STEP
ACTION
STEP
ACTION
86
The purpose of this section is to outline the safe work practices for operating a clearing saw.
HAZARDS
Mechanical
Body Mechanics
Electrical
Animal and Biotic Conditions
RRO/RSO
Section Referenced
851/90
22, 23
MANDATORY INFORMATION
All brush must be monitored for falling direction and potential hazards such as electrical conductors.
Brush greater than 10 cm (4 inches) DBH must not be cut with a brush saw.
Ensure manufacturers instructions are readily available and have been understood by the operator.
87
WORK PRACTICES
Site Inspection
STEP
ACTION
Inspect equipment
Inspect for:
Cracks
Sharp blade
Set of blade is appropriate
Start saw
Electrical conductors
Terrain
Brush height
Brush size
Cold Start
Start saw on ground following manufacturers
instruction.
Warm Start
On the back of the operator using a second person.
Assistant moves away from operator when started.
Operator may remove saw from harness of Operator
and start on the ground.
88
Cutting Operation
STEP
ACTION
Start cutting
89
USE
OF A
MOBILE CRANE
TO
REMOVE TREES
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this section is to outline the safe work practices for removing trees using a mobile cranes.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions
Climatic Conditions
Electrical
Vehicular
Gravity
Mechanical
Ergonomics
Pedestrian
RRO/RSO
Construction
213/91
Industrial
Section Referenced
150-156, 168-180
851/90
General Legislation
Work in a Safe Environment
Climbing Trees
MANDATORY INFORMATION
51-60
Competent to calculate wood weights using various methods including: green wood weight chart, estimating
by sight, application of suitable safety factors, wood strengths and variability, and tree characteristics
Familiar with crane performance charts (range and capacity),
Familiar with crane operations and suitable crane dimensions
Only competent personnel, deemed by the employer, shall work with a crane
Familiar with characteristics, defects and imperfections in trees
Knowledgeable of wood strength in tension wood
Familiar with safe work procedures to identify hazards and place barriers to the hazards general and
specific to crane work
Able to communicate using standard crane hand signals and or verbally
Advanced knowledge in rigging techniques and equipment
Familiar with the required Personal Protective Equipment and climbing equipment needed (inspection,
maintenance and use)
Familiar with appropriate safe work practices to access trees
90
Familiar with safe work practices using a chainsaw (aloft) and practical application of cuts when utilizing a
crane
Familiar with rigging and control options available when using a crane
Aware of electrical hazards and appropriate procedures
Ground personnel and Arborist on ground shall have specific training in:
91
WORK PRACTICE
1.0
WORKSITE ASSESSMENT
Prior to contracting a crane to perform the work a thorough site analysis with the crane operator is needed to
determine the size of crane required and whether the location is appropriate for a crane to safely work.
STEP
ACTION
92
2.0
WORKSITE SET-UP
STEP
ACTION
93
3.0
STEP
ACTION
94
4.0
4.1
STEP
CRANE RIGGING
Determine load
ACTION
4.2
STEP
ACTION
95
STEP
ACTION
4.3
STEP
Visually inspect
rigging system
to ensure it is
secured to tree
stem prior
to lifting
ACTION
Worker aloft
descends to
cut location
96
Establish
an escape
route/method
5.0
STEP
CUT SECTION
ACTION
97
98
GLOSSARY,
APPENDICES
& BIBLIOGRAPHY
Glossary of Terms
Appendix A -
Appendix B -
Appendix D -
Appendix C -
Bibliography
99
100
Anchor point
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
A limb or stem of sufficient size and strength to support the load to be
applied. Factors to be considered should include but not be limited to:
Weight of climber
Species characteristics
Diameter of limb or stem
Branch union angle should be wide enough to allow free running
of the rope
The main stem and the support branch must be sound,
inspect for:
Decay
Bird holes
Cracks
Imbedded objects
Cankers
Ensure that the selected tie in point is located so that a slip or fall will
swing the climber away from any electrical conductor or other
potential hazard.
If working within the legislated Limits of Approach contact the
Electrical and Utility Safety Association for further information.
Arboriculture
Arborist
As prescribed
Barberchair
Biotic condition
101
Climbing harness
A combination of a belt and a saddle. The belt goes around the waist
and the saddle is the actual seat or butt strap. Other names could be:
tree saddle or climbing belt.
Cornering cut
A cut or cuts that are made to prevent ripping down of the bark
when felling a large piece of wood or tree.
Competent individual
Competent person
Competent worker
Critical lift
Drop zone
Emergency plan
102
Ergonomics
Escape Route
Fall protection system
Fall restriction system
Fall restraint system
Hardware
Hazard
Hazard area
Implant
103
Weight of climber
Species characteristics
Diameter of limb or stem
Branch union angle should be wide enough to allow free running of
the rope
The main stem and the support branch must be sound, inspect for:
Decay
Bird holes
Cracks
Imbedded objects
Cankers
Ensure that the selected tie in point is located so that a slip or fall
will swing the climber away from any electrical conductor or
other potential hazard.
If working within the legislated Limits of Approach contact the
Electrical and Utility Safety Association for further information.
Load (static v.s dynamic)
Mechanical advantage
Qualified personnel
104
Safety factor
Safety lines
Shall
Should
Split prevention system
Spring poles
Tailboard discussion
Work plan
Work position
Work site
105
106
APPENDIX A
107
108
APPENDIX B
FALL PROTECTION
COMPONENT
Climbing Line
Connecting devices
(carabiner, safety snap,
friction device)
ASWP REQUIREMENT
APPLICABLE
STANDARD
CSA Z259.2 .1-98
CSA Z259.12-01
Climbing Harness
CSA Z259.1-95-M99
CSA Z259.10-M90
CSA Z259.1-M99
CSA Z259.1-M99
109
110
APPENDIX C
ONTARIO GREEN WOOD WEIGHT CHART
Wt/lb
Weight in Pounds, Per Foot in Length, Based on Average Diameter
Ft. 3 10"
12"
14"
16"
18"
20"
22"
24"
26"
28"
30"
32"
34"
55
48
43
42
54
50
57
46
28
45
41
49
54
49
64
51
58
61
50
45
56
76
63
62
36
34
52
38
58
32
30
26
23
23
29
27
31
25
15
25
22
27
29
27
35
28
32
33
27
25
31
41
34
34
20
19
28
21
32
17
43
38
34
33
42
39
45
36
22
35
32
38
42
38
50
40
45
48
39
35
44
60
49
48
28
27
41
30
45
25
59
51
46
45
58
53
61
49
30
48
43
52
58
52
68
54
62
65
53
48
60
81
67
66
38
36
55
40
62
34
77
67
60
59
75
70
80
64
39
63
57
68
75
68
89
71
81
85
70
63
78
106
88
86
50
47
72
53
81
45
97
85
76
74
95
88
101
81
49
79
72
86
95
86
113
90
102
108
88
79
99
134
111
109
64
60
92
67
102
56
120
104
95
92
118
109
124
100
61
98
89
107
118
107
140
111
126
133
109
98
122
166
137
135
78
74
113
83
126
70
145
126
114
111
142
132
151
121
74
119
109
129
142
129
169
135
153
161
132
119
148
200
166
163
95
90
137
99
153
84
173
150
135
132
169
157
179
144
88
141
129
154
169
154
201
160
182
192
157
141
176
238
198
194
113
106
163
119
182
100
203
177
159
155
199
164
210
170
103
166
151
180
199
180
236
188
213
225
164
166
206
280
232
228
128
125
191
140
213
118
235
205
184
180
231
214
244
197
119
192
175
209
231
209
273
218
248
261
214
192
239
324
269
265
154
145
222
162
248
137
270
235
211
206
265
245
280
226
137
221
201
240
265
240
314
250
284
299
245
221
275
372
309
304
176
166
254
186
284
157
307
267
240
235
301
279
319
257
157
251
229
273
301
273
357
285
323
341
279
251
313
424
251
346
201
189
290
211
323
179
347
302
271
265
340
317
360
290
177
283
258
310
340
310
403
322
364
385
317
283
353
478
397
390
227
214
327
239
364
201
389
339
304
297
381
353
403
325
197
318
289
346
381
346
452
360
409
431
353
318
396
536
445
437
254
239
366
268
409
226
Wt/lb 10"
12"
14"
16"
18"
20"
22"
24"
26"
28"
30"
32"
34"
Ft. 3
Weight in Pounds, Per Foot in Length, Based on Average Diameter
111
36"
36"
APPENDIX C
ONTARIO GREEN WOOD WEIGHT CHART
CONT
112
Wt/lb
Weight in Pounds, Per Foot in Length, Based on Average Diameter
Ft. 3 38"
40"
42"
44"
46"
48"
50"
52"
54"
56"
58"
60"
62"
55
48
43
42
54
50
57
46
28
45
41
49
54
49
64
51
58
61
50
45
56
76
63
62
36
34
52
38
58
32
433
378
339
331
425
394
449
362
221
354
323
386
425
386
504
402
457
480
394
354
441
599
496
488
284
268
410
299
457
252
480
419
375
367
471
438
497
401
244
393
358
428
471
428
559
445
506
532
438
393
489
663
550
541
314
297
454
332
506
279
529
462
414
404
520
481
548
443
269
433
394
471
520
471
616
491
558
587
481
433
539
731
606
597
346
327
500
366
558
308
581
507
454
443
570
528
602
486
296
475
433
517
570
517
676
539
612
644
528
475
591
803
665
655
380
359
549
401
612
338
635
554
496
485
623
577
658
531
323
519
473
566
623
566
729
589
669
704
577
519
646
877
727
716
415
392
600
439
669
369
691
603
540
528
579
628
716
578
352
565
515
616
579
616
804
641
729
767
628
565
704
955
792
779
452
427
653
478
729
402
750
654
586
573
736
682
777
627
382
614
559
668
736
668
873
695
791
832
682
614
764
1036
859
845
491
464
709
518
791
436
811
708
634
619
796
737
841
678
413
664
605
723
796
723
944
752
855
900
737
664
826
1121
929
914
531
501
767
560
855
472
875
763
684
668
859
795
907
732
445
716
652
779
859
779
1018
811
922
970
795
716
891
1209
1002
986
573
541
827
604
922
509
941
821
735
718
926
855
975
787
479
770
701
838
926
838
1095
872
992
1043
855
770
958
1300
1078
1060
616
582
889
650
992
547
64"
Wt/lb 38"
40"
42"
44 46"
48 50"
52"
54"
56"
58"
60"
62"
Ft. 3
Weight in Pounds, Per Foot in Length, Based on Average Diameter
64"
APPENDIX D
FRICTION HITCHES AND TERMINATION KNOTS
The following describes an approved list of friction hitches and terminations knots acceptable for arborist
climbing techniques. The ascending and termination knots have been assessed using the CSA Standard Z259.2
Fall Arresting Devices, Personnel Lowering Devices and Vertical Life Lines. Further information and testing
information can be requested from the International Society of Arboricutlure Ontario Chapter.
All knots and friction hitches must be tied, dressed and set properly. Repetitive loading and unloading of knots
can potentially slacken off the knot. Therefore, all knots must be monitored throughout the climbing process.
Ascending Techniques
ASCENDING TECHNIQUE
KNOTS
Belay
Blakes Hitch
Klemheist
Prussik (6 coil)
Blakes Hitch
Swabbish
Tautline Hitch
Gripping Hitch
WORKING TECHNIQUE
Working
KNOTS
Blakes Hitch
Tautline Hitch Figure 8 Stopper Knot
Swabbish
Gripping Hitch
WORKING TECHNIQUE
KNOTS
Figure 8 on a Bight
Cow Hitch - Spliced Eye
Triple Fisherman
113
Termination Knots
APPENDIX D
Friction Hitches
Blakes Hitch
CONT
Gripping Hitch
Tautline Hitch
Swabbish
114
APPENDIX D
Prussik (6 coil)
Klemheist
Termination Knots
Anchor Hitch
Cow Hitch
Figure 8 on a Bight
115
APPENDIX D
CONT
Beckett Bend
Triple Fisherman
Bowline
Double Fisherman
116
BIBLIOGRAPHY
117
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CONT
118
119