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    Over 5000 recipes for everything you can imagine. Over 5000 recipes for everything you can imagine. Over 5000 recipes for everything you can imagine.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    212 views458 pages

    Mackenzies' Five Thousand Receipts (1854)

    Uploaded by

    HateWarLoveSex
    Over 5000 recipes for everything you can imagine. Over 5000 recipes for everything you can imagine. Over 5000 recipes for everything you can imagine.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    el it Wikre proved & Enlarged Bit, ° FIVE THOUSAND RECEIPTS IN ALL THE Useful and Domestic Arts: CONSTITUTING A COMPLETE PRACTICAL LIBRARY RELATIVE TO Agricaltare, Crayons, Gardening, Oil Colours, Sik, Day. Giang. Oils, Silk’ worms, Bleaching, Diseases, Glass, Painting, Silvering, Brewing, Distillation, Health, Pastry, Tanning, Calico Printing, | Dying, Inks, &c. Perfumery, ‘Trees of all kinds, Carving at Table, | Enamelling, | Jewellers’ Pastes, | Pickling, Varnishing, Cements, Engraving, Lithography, | Pottery, Water Colours, Confectionary, | Farriery, Medicines, Preserving, Wines, Cookery, Food, Metallurgy, Scouring, he. he. Bo . A New American, trom the latest Lonvon Evition. (ITE NUMEROUS AND INFORTANT ADDITIONS GENERALLY; AND THE MEDICAL FART CAREFULLY REVISED AND ADAFTED TO THE CLIMATE OF THE U. STATES} AND ALSO « KEW AND wosT CoFioUs INDEX. BY AN AMERICAN PHYSICIAN. PHILADELPHIA: TROUTMAN & HAYES, 193, MARKET STREET. PITTSBURGH:—KAY & CO. 1853. . = Soe 4763, a HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY Froty InS OF GEORGE C, DEMPSEY Easarn think of a cnapoaniy 0 we E 1T REMEMBERED, That en the th day of Septem, in the fy third year of the ba dependenen of the Untied Brats of Americar A.B, Jauns Kay, Jr. & Co. District, bave deposited in thia office the ttle of a book, the Tihs where ey dai cs ropeatoe in he wor x folowing, to wit: Mackenae's Fire Thcasand Receipt in all the oveful and domestic ars: cot stotng a complete practical brary relative to agriculture, bees, bleaching, , cal Printing, carving at table, cements, Prone tionary, ‘cookery, crayons, dairy. diseases, ‘iatinetont lying, enamel meting 2 food, garden- gilding, glass, health, inks oe, Jowell jewellers pastes, lithography, a oll colours, oils, reservi ilk worm, sil Walar colturs, winen, do. Ge; te. Fourth ‘Auserican, from the latest. Lordoa ‘With numerous and imporam additions generally; and the medical part carefully revised and tdaptad to ho climate ofthe U- Stier; and also u net und most copious index. BY an Amerioen Puyecian = Hele aot ee Oar se ek sotitled “ An Act fr the Encouragement chart, and books, to the authors and proprictors of such raced Ax het forthe on neacragemeat of losing, by socurog the copio of ape sheray and book, eatitled e learning, by securing the copies of maps, cl ob the. onod,’ and extending the beneSts CALDWELL, Clerk of the Eastern District of Penusyloanse PRINTED BY SMITH & PETERS, Franklin Buildings, Sixth Street below Arch, Philadelphia. a PREFACE TO THE LATEST LONDON EDITION. As the object of all study, and the end of all wisdom, is practical utility, s0 a collection of the most approved Re- ceipts, in all the arts of Domestic and Social Life, may be considered as a volume containing nearly the whole of the wisdom of man, worthy of preserva- tion, In truth, the present volume has been compiled under the feeling, that if all other Books of Science in the world were destroyed, this single volume would be found to embody the results of the useful experience, observations, and discoveries of mankind during the past ages of the world. Theoretical reasonings and historical details have, of course, been avoided, _ and the object of the compiler has been to economise his space, and+come at once to the point. Whatever men do, or desire to do, with the materials with which nature has supplied them, and with the powers which they possess, is bere plainly taught and succinctly pre- served; whether it regard complicated manufactures, means of curing diseases, simple of various kinds, or the economy, happiness, and preservation of fe. The best authorities have been re- sorted to, and innumerable volumes con- sulted, and wherever ir processes apparently equal value, for attaini the same ead, ave been found, they have been introduced. Among the works consulted have been, ‘The Monthly Magazine, 56 vols. ‘The Repertory of Arts and Sciences, 60 vols. The London Journal of Arts and Sciences. ‘The Transactions of the Society of Arts, 30 vols, ‘The Magazine of Trade and Manufactures, 6 vols, The Gazette of Health, 9 vols. ‘The Saries of the Horticultural Society, 5 vols. ‘The Series of the Agricultural Society, 30 vols The Fi r’s Magazine, 16 vols, Youno’s Farmer’s Calendar. Louvon on Gardening, 1 vol. Jenninos's Domestic Cyclopedia, 2 vols. ‘Trxcney on Varnishing. Ricuanpsox on the Metallic Arts, ‘Tuomas’s Practice of Physic, of Surgery. British Herbal.> Waxter’s Ditto. Inison’s School of Arta, Handmaid to the Arts, Surrn’s Laboratory of the Arts, Hamitton on Drawing. ‘The Eviror's Thousand Experiments in Ma nufacture Chemistry. Davy’s Agricultural Chemistry. Henny’s Elements of Chemistry. Cuartat’s Chemistry applied to the Arts. Garoory’s Cyclopedia. ‘The English and other Cyclopeedias. Besides innumerable treatises on spe- cial subjects, minor journals, and a great variety of manuscript communications from friends and connexions of the edi-“ tor and publisher. ‘A general, rather than a scientific, arrangement has been adopted, because the object of the work is popular an universal, and, though likely to be use- ful to men of science, it is more espe- cially addressed to the public at large. In like manner, as far as possible, tech- nical and scientific language has been avoided, and popular names and simple lescriptions have been preferred. Every care has been taken in the print- ing to avoid errors in quantities, as wel! as to select the best receipts of each kind; but notices of errors, omissions. or experimental improvements, will be thankfully received ty the put‘isher, for the use of future editions. The Index will render it easy to refer to every article of importanco. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH AMERICAN EDITION. Ix fulfilling the duty of preparing for the press a new and enlarged edition of the valuable work of Mackenzie, the Kditor has steadily borne in mind its evident aim at general practical utility; and consequently he has submitted both alterations and additions to its rules. While the former will be found but few,—a circumstance arising from the nature of the book; the latter are both numerous aac, important,—amounting to about fifty pages, exclusive of those contained in the Miscellaneous Depart- ment and ti. Appendix. ‘The Mev. cal part has been condensed, simplified, and adapted to the climate and diseases of the United States. A short, but complete manual of « Direc- tions for rearing the Silk Worm, and the Culture of the White Mulberry Tree,” together with an extensive article on the Diseases of the-Horse, may be noticed as among the important additions. The Culinary art has not been neglected— the numerous original receipts from the best modern authorities of the “Kitchen,” for preparing various deli- cacies of the animal and vegetable king- dom, including Pastry, Puddings, &c. will no doubt prove acceptabic to Ame- rican housekeepers. ‘The man of family, the Sportsman, the Artist, the Mechanic, and the Farmer have all been remem- bered. And an unusually large and correct Index gives every facility of re- ference that could be wished. The attention of the Reader is called to the “Miscellaneous Receipts.” In this portion, which is very copious, nu- merous receipts have been placed, which could not with propriety be elsewhere arranged. It has also been made the receptacle of much valuable matter ob- tained from several kind female friends and the fruit of researches into many curious and rare books; and which was prepared at too lates period for insertion im the appropnate departments. Tze ‘4p ndix of + Instructions in the Art. of Carving,” with its numerous wood cuts, will, it is hoped, prove acceptable and ‘useful to our country readers, for whose accommodation this work was originally designed. e Editor more especially notices the following works, as sources from which he has derived considerable a3- sistance: ‘The Franklin Journal; Wil- lich’s Domestic Encyclopaedia, by Pro- fessor Coopers a Tract published by the Pennsylvania Society for the Rearing of Silk Worms, &c.; and the curious work of Colonel Hanger, of sporting memory. In conclusion, the publishers beg leave to state, that neither time nor expense has been considered in endeavouring to render this edition cheaper and better than any other which has been published, and at the same time worthy of the pa- tronage which is solicited for it, They have availed themselves of the services of a gentleman as Editor, who has been for a considerable time engaged in the preparatory researches. The type, though small, is very legible and distinct; and in the selection of the paper, whilst re- rd has been had to the colour, it has en deemed of main importance that it should be sufficiently durable to resist the, frequent usage into which a work of this description must necessarily be called. THE UNIVARSAL RUCRIPT BOOK, OR PRACTICAL LIBRARY. —2o8- MUBTALLURGY. ASSAYING OP METALLIC ORES. Base petals orcs are worked upon in the large way, it will be necessary to inquire what sort of metal, and what portion of it, is to be found in a determinate quantity of the ore; to discover whether it will be worth while to extract it largely, aod in what manner the process isto be conducted, 20 as to answer that ‘The knowledge re- quisite for this is called the art of asayiug. Aray of oes in the ry way, ig of ores may be either at way; the first is the most an- eat, and, in many respects, the most advanta- geous, and consequently still continues to be mostly ‘used. ‘Asma aro made either In erueibles with the ‘last of the bellows, or in tests under a muffle. “The aseey weights tle lays imaginary, some- tames an ounce ‘a hundred weight on the large scale, and is subdivided into the same num- ber of parts, as that hundred weight is in the great; 0 that the contents of the ore, obtaized by the axe ay, sball secure! ly pers by such relative ion the quantity to be expected from ap; Pelgit of the ort ona larger scale i "Roasting the ore. In the lotting of the ores, care should be taken to have small portions from different specimens, which shoald be pulverized, and well mixed in an teva or brass mortar. The quantity of the ere is now taken, and if it contain cither sal ‘oF arsenic, it is put into a crucible or test, and ex- posed to a moderate degree of beat, till no vapour arises from it; to assist this volatilization, some add a emall quantity of charcoal. ‘To assist the fasion of the ores, and to convert the extrancous matters connected ‘with them into tons, sssayers use different kinds of fluxes, The most dsual and efficacious materials for the com- position of these are, borax, tartar, nitre, sal am- tmoniae, common salt fluor-sper, charcoal poeder, piteb, Time, lukerge, ko. in different pro- jon. Pe the whole process of which we are speakin ‘. merely an experiment, made for the parpose ascertaining what is the nature of the metal con- ‘tuined in the ore, and the tion the former bears to the latter; the little adlitional expense in- Suave! hpertey cried, ‘ar hen ‘ot to Soe Teer ee by, is considered. Vor the mode of preparing it eve charvoal, article dentifrice. Crude or whate flux. This consists of 1 part of aitre, and ¢ of tartar, well mixed together. Black fur. The sbove crude flux ‘detonates by means cf ux. well opener 10 ouness oF tartar, $ ounces and 6 drachms of nitre, and $ ounces and 1 drachim Cornish refining ft re pax. Deflagrate, and afterwards pilverize, 2 parts of nitre, and 1 part of tartar. ‘Tie abore fuxes anawer the purpose very weil provided the ores be deprived of all their sulphury they contain much earthy matters, beca in'the Inter ease they unite with then and ca vert chem into a thin glass: but if any quantity of sulphur remain, these fluxes unite with it, and form a liver of sulphur, which has the power of destroying a portion of all the metals; consequewt- ly, the asmy under such cireumstances must be very inaccuratd, The principal difficulty in assay- ing appears to be in the appropriatiun of the pro- per fluxes to each particular ore, and it likewise appear, that such a diseriinating koowledge ean only be acquired from an extensive practice, or from a knowledge of the chemical affinities and actions of different bodies upon each other. In assaying, we are ut Mberty to use the most expemtive materials to effect our purpose, hence the use of different saline fluxes, but in the work- ng at large, such expensive means cannot be ap- plied; astby euch processes, the inferior inette ould be too much enanced in value, especial in working ‘ores. In consequence of which, in smelting works, where the object in the tion of metals in the great way, cheaper additi are used; such as lime-stone, feldt-spar, fluor-s ar, quartz, sand, slate, and stage. joven according to the different views of the ope= rator, and the nature of the ores Thus iron ores, ‘00 account of the argillaceous earth they contain, ire caleareous additions, and the copper ores, alags or vitrescent stones, than calcareous Frumid areay of metallic ores. ‘The mode of assaying ores for their particular metals by the dry way, 18 deficient 10 far as relates to pointing out the different substances connected with them because they are always destroyed Ly the process for obtaining the assay metal. ‘The a~ tay bythe moist way in more correct, boeeuve Ua 6 UNIVERSAL RECEIPT BOOK. different substances can be accurately ascertained. The late celebrated Bergmann first communicated his method. _It depends upon a knowledge of the semical afinitics of different bodies for each others nnd must be varied according to the nature of the it is very extensive io is application, and re- tires great patience and address in its execution. To describe the treatment of each va iety of me- tullic ores would take up too much of our room; but to give a general ides, we shall describe the procedure, both in the dry'and the humid way, on ‘one species of all the different ores, ‘To aseay iron ores. the ore must be roasted till the vapour ceases to arise. “Take 2 assay quintalsof it, and triturate them with one of Auor-spar, J of a quintal of pow- tlered chareoal, and 4 qukatals of decrepitated. tea sult; this mixture.is to be Lae! iuto a crucible, lined on the inside with clay and powdered chaicoal; a cover must te luted upon the crucible, and the crucible itself exposed to a violent fire for an hour, and shen it is cool, broken. When, ifthe opera tion has been well condueted, the iron will be found the bottom of the crucible; to which must be wdded those metallic particles, which may adhere to the scoria. The metallic particles so adhering be separated, by pulverizing it in paper, then attracting them with a magnet, Another moile,If the ore should be in a calci- form state, mixed with earths, the roasting of it previous to assaying, if not detsimental, is at Teast superfluous; if the earths should be ofthe argillae evous and 3d, to half a quintal of them, wid of dry quick lime and Huor-spar of each 1 quin- juced to 4 of a quintal of powdered wder, and mix them with charcoal, covering the whole with one ounce of decrepitated common salt; and expose the hated erucible to a strong forge fire for an hour and a quarter, then let it gradually cool, and let the regulus be struck off and weighed. “Another. “If the ore eontain ealearesus earth, there will be no occasion to add quick lime; the proportion of the ingredients may be as follows:— siz, 1 assay quintal of the ore; 1 of decrepitated ‘sea-salt; } of powdered charcoal; and 1 of fluor- ver and the ee ind above. m Phere is a great difference in the repli of iron; when the cola regulus is struck with a haramer and breaks, the iron is called cold short: if it break on being struck red-hot, it is called red short: but if it resist the hammer, both in its cold and ignited ate, it is good iron. Humid assay of wren ore. ‘To assay the calciform ores, which do not con- tain much carthy or stony matter, they must be re- duced to a fine powder, and dissolved in the marine acid, and precipitated by the Prussian alkali. A. determinate quantity of the Prussian alkali must be tried previously ascertain the portion of iron which it will ipitate, and the estimate made uccordingly, If the iron contains any eonsic portion of zine or manganese, the calcined to redness, and the dephlogisticated nitrous acid, which til and 4, Ix treated with thea take ‘up only the ealx of zines when this is separated, the ealx should agnin be treated either with nitrous with the ac ', or with the acetous Ive the manganese, if any ig calx of iron may then be di 2 by the marine acid, and precipitated by the mine~ ral alkalis or it may be farther caleined, and then weighed. Zine ores. ‘Take the assay weight of roasted ore, and mix st well with 1-8th part of chareoal dust, pat it into ‘a strong luted earthen retort, to which must be ‘feted a receiver; plase the retort in a farnace, and raise the fire, and contince it in a violent heat for two hours, suffer it then to cool gradually, and the tine will be found adhering to the neck of the mm tort in ite metallie form, In the humid may. Djstil vitriolic acid over calamine to dryness; the residuum must be li: ted in hot water; wha: r= mains undissolved iccous earth; to the solu~ tion add exustic volatile alkali, which precipitates the iron and argil, but keeps the zine in solution, ‘The precipitate toust be redissolved in vitrivlie acid, and the iron and srgil separated. Tin ores. ‘Mix a quintal of tin ore, previously washed, pul= verized, and roasted, till noarsenical vapour atises, with half'a quintal of calcined borax, and the same ‘quantity of pulverized pitch: these are to be put in emcible moistened wlth charcoal-dust and water, and the crucible placed in an air-furnace. After the pitch ia burnt, give a violent heat for a } of a0 hour, and on withdrawing the crucible, the regulu 'be found at the bottom. Ifthe ore be not well washed from earthy matters, a larger quantity of borax will be requisite, with some lered ‘gina, and if the ore contain iron, some be added. In the humid way. ‘Theassay of tin ores in the liquid way was looked upon as impracticable, till Bergmann devised the following .acthod, which ia generally successful. Let the tin ore be well separated from its stony matrix, by well washing, and then reduced to the mort subde powder; digest it in concentrated oil of vitriol, in strong heat for several hours, then, dd a small portion of concentrate’ | and suffer it to stand for an hour oF ‘two; then add water, and when the solution is clear, pour it off, and precipitate it by fixed alkali—13i grains of this precipitate, well washed and dried, ‘ Are equivalent to 100 of tin in its reguline state, i the precipitate consist of pure tin; but if it contair copper or iron, it must be calcined in a red for an hour, and then digested in nitrous acid, which will tike up the copper; and afterwards tn, marine acid, which will separate the iron, Lead ores. ‘As mott of the lead ores contain either sulphur or arsenic, they require to be well roasted. Take a quiotal of roasted ore, with the same quantity of calcined borax, 4 a qriutal of fine powdered glaos, 24 of a quintal of pitch, and as much clean iror filings. Line the Erucible with wetted chareca, dust, and put the mixture into the crucible, and it ‘before the bellows of a forge-fire. Whe: it is red hot, raise the fire for 15 or 20 minutes, then withdraw the crucible, and break it when cold. ine salt nay In the humid way. Dissolve the ore by boiling it in dilute nitrons acid: the sulphur, inzvluble stony parts, and cal. of iron will remain. ‘The iron may be separated by digestion in the marine acid, and the sulphur by digestion in caustic fixed alkali, ‘The nitrous solu tion contains the lead aud silver, which should be precipitated by the mineral fixed alkali, and the precipitate well washed in cold water, dried, and weighed. Digest it iv caustic volatile alkali, which will take up the calx of silver; the residuum, bein in dried and weighed, gives the proportion cals of leall, 192 grains of which are eynal tq 100 of lead in its metallic state, ‘The difference of weight of the precipitate before and after the application of the volatile alkali, gives the quan- tity of silver, 129 grains of which'are equal to 100 of silver in ite metallic state. ‘Copper ores. ‘Take an exact troy ounce of the ore, previously 7 METALLURGY. ’ ized, and ealeine it well- stir it all the time ‘ith an iron rod, without removing it (rom the erocibles after the caleination add an equal quan- tity of borax, half the quantity of fusible glass, one- foarth the quantity of pitch, and a little charcoal dnsts rub the inner surface of the crucible with a ‘somposed of chareoal-dust, a little fine pow- ered eley, and water. Corer the mass with com mon salt, and put a lid upon the crucible, which te be placed in a furnace: the fire is to be raised gradually, burns briskly, and the erucible continued for half an hour, stirring the metal frequeatly with an iron Fel thd when the soria whieh adheres to the rod sppears elear, then the crucible aust be taken out, and suffered to cool; afr which it must be broken, and the regulus separated uod weighed; this is called black copper, to refine which, equal parte of eoramon sult and vitre are to be well mixed together. The black copper is brought into fusion, and a tea-spoonful of the Bux is thzown upon it, which is repeated three or four times, when the metal is poured into an iagot mould, ‘and tbe button is found to be fine . In the humid way. Make ® solution of vitreous copper Gmes its weight of goncentrated vitriolic boil it to dryness; add as uch wat solve the vitriot thus formed; to ‘2 clean bar of iron, which will precipitate the whole of the in its metallic form. If the solution bbe eoataminated with iron, the copper must be re- dissolved in the same manner, sid presipitated te in. The sulphur may be filtration, Copper, previpitated sgeat whatever, is al loose power. 'A solid malleable mass of it how- aver seay be oitsined in the humid way, by ex: posing solutions of the sulphate, obtained from the calcination of copper with sulphur, to the air, ta tubs. Afier a certain period, buttons of the pure metal, exes] in specific gravity totused copper, will Wi fousd deposited on the sides of the vetel, Burmuth ores, IF the ore be mineralized by sulphur, of solpbur pe iron, «previous romting will be necessary. ‘The scrong ores require no roasting, but only to be reduced tor fine powder, Take the assay weight ‘und mnix it with balf the quantity of calcined borax, land the same of pound ; line the crucible charcoal; melt it as quickly as possible; and hea well dune, take out the crucible, and let it vol gradually. ' The regulus will be found at the bottom. Jn the humid way. ily soluble in nitrous acid or aqua cegia. ion ¥s colourless, and ble by the addition of pure water; 118 grains of the precipitate from nitrous acid, well washed and Gried arc equal to 100 of bismuch ia ita metallic form, Ansimonial ores. Take a commen crucible, bore a number of small oles ia tie botiom, and place it in another evuci- ble size mualler, lating them weli together; then put the proper quantity of ore in aroall lumps into ible, and lute thereon u cover; pluce 1d surround thein with ones about at from them; the in- tarmediste space must be Gilled with ashes, v0 that the undermast crucible may be covered with them; but upon the upper, charcoal rust be laid, and the whole made red hot by the assidance of hand bel- lawa The antimony being of easy fusion ‘and rune through the holcs of the upper rossel into the inferior one, where itis collected. Humid useay of areeniated antimmy. ‘assulve the ore in aqua regia, both the regulus and arsenic remain in the solntion, the sulphur sep.rated by filtration. If the solution be boilea with twice t of strong nitrous acid, the regulus of antimony will be precipitated, and the arsenic converted into an acid, which may be ob- tained by evaporation to dryness. langanese 0 The regulus is obtiined by mixing the calx or ore of manganese with pitch, making it into a bell and putting it into a crueible, lined with powd charcoal, 1-40th of an inch on the sides, and 4 of an inch at bottom, then filling the empty space with chareoal dust,” covering the erucible with an- other inverted and luted on, and exposing it to the strongest heat of « forge for an hout or more. In the hunid way. The ores should be first well roaste, to dephlo- gisticate the calx of manganese and iron, if any, and then treated with nitrous acid to dissolve the earths, The residuum should now be treated with nitrous acid and sugar, by which means a colour less solution of manganese will be obtained, and likewise of the iron, if any. Precipitate with the Prussian alkali, and digest the precipitate in pure ‘water; the prussiate of madganese will be dissolved, ‘whilst the prussiate of iron will remain undissolved. Artenical ores. This assay is made by sublimation in close ves sels. Beat the ore into small pieces, and put therm into a matrass, which place in a sand pot, with a proper degree of heat: the arsenio sublimes in this operation, and adheres to the upper part of the vessel; when it must be carefully collected with a view to ascertain its weight. Sometimes a single to perform the first sublimation with a moderate heat, arfd afterwards bruise the remainder again, ‘and expote it to a stronger heat. Jn the humid way. Digest the ore in marine acid, adding the nitrous by degreesto help the solution.” The sulphur will be found on the filter; the arsenio will ret the solution, and may be precipitated in its metal lie form by zine, adding spirit of wine tothe solu tion, Nickel ore. _aThe ores mut be well rosted to expel the sal hur and arsenic; the er the ealx proves du» Fing this (orrefaction, te more it abounds in the nickel; but the redder it is, the more iron it con- tains, The proper quantity of this roasted ore is crucible, with twice or thrice its weight of black flux, and the whole covered with common salt. By exposing the crucible to the st heat of a forge fire, and making the fusion coroplete, a regulus will be produced. "This lus is not pure, but ontaine & portion of arseniey cobalt, and iron. Of the first it may be depriv by @ fresh calcination, with the addition of pow- dered chareoal; and of the second by seorifications bat tin with dificulty that it ie ene reed from e iron, In the lntmad way. hen any, by iron. ‘To separate cobalt from nickel, when the cobalt in considerable quantity, drop @ saturated sulu- of the roasted ore in nitrous seid into liquid tolatie alkalis the eobaltio part js instantly ress solved, and assumes 1 colours when filtered, agrey powder remains on the filter, which is the nickel. The cobalt may be precipitated from the volatile alkali by any acid 8 UNIVERSAL RECEIPT BOOK. Cobalt ores. 1 Fret them 4 much as possible from earthy mat- ters by well washir g, and from sulphur and arsenie by roasting. The ore thus prepared is to be mized wih three parte of blaek flux, and « tile i= tated sea-sal ture ina lined crucible, cover it, and fire, or ina hot furnace, for this ore is very difficult of fusion. ‘When well fused, « metallic regulus will be fonnd at the bottom, covered with a scoria of deep blue col sImost all cobalt ores con- tain bismuth, this is reduced by the sane opera- tion a the regulur of cobalt; but as they are ince pable of chemically uniting ther, they are Sleaye found distinc rom exch cher ia dhe seule be.” The of bismuth, having a greater specific gravity, i at the bottom, and may be separated by a Yiow with a hammer. Jn the humid way. Make a solution of the ore in ‘nitrous acid, or aqua regia, and evaporate to dryness; the residuum, treated ith the aeclous acid, will yield to it cobaltie part; the arsenie should be first precipi tated by the addition of, Mercurial ores. ‘Vhe calciform ores of mereury are easily reduced without any addition. A quintal of the ore is put imo a retort, and a receiver luted on, containing some water; the retort is placed in a sand bath, ant a sufficient degree of heat given it, to force over the mereury which is condensed in the water of the receiver. mercurial ores. ‘The sulphurous ores are assayed by distillation in the manner above, only these ores require an equal weight of clean iron filings to be mixed with them, to disengage the sulphur, while the heat volatilizes the rereury, and forces it into the re- ceiver. ‘These ores should likewise be tried for cinnabar, to know whether it will answer the pur- Dove of extracting it from them; for this a deter- minate quantity of the ore is finely powdered and put intoa glass vessel, whi pated a irst, and gradually increased ti tle heat at more is mublimed: By the quantity thus neq red, fn judgment may be formed whether the process will answer. Sometimes this cinnabar is not of 90 colour as that which is used in trade se it may be refined by asecond sublimation, it be still of too dark a colour, it may be htened by the aldition of a quantity of mereury, and subliming it again. "Fruntd areay of cinnabar. ‘The stony matrix should be dissolved in nitrous and the einnabar being disengaged, should be 8 or 10 times its weight of aqua regia, composed of Spartsof nitrous, and 1 of marine acid, ‘The mereury may be precipitated in its running form by zing Take the assay quanti y of the ore fine ‘ake the assay quantity of the ore finely pow- dered, and roast it well of ently: stirrin out double the quantity of lead, put ‘a covered erucible, and place it in a furnace; raise the fire gently at first, and continue to in- arease it gradually, till the metal begins to works i€ i should appear too thick, make # thinner by the addition of a little more lead: if the metal should boil too rapidly, the fire should be dimainish- ed. The surface will be covered by di with a mass of scoria, at which time the metal should be carefully stirred with an iron hook heated, eapo~ ually towards the border, lest any of the ore should remain undissolved; and if what inadherent to the fr it at i hook when raised trom the crucible melts quickly Wwrin, and the extremity of the book, aller it is =~ grown cold Is covered with a thio, shining, smooth ‘crust, the scorification is perfect; but, oo trary, if while stirring it, any considerable clammi- ness ia perceived in the sooria, and when it adberet to the hook, though red hot, and appears unequally tinged,’and seems dusty or rough, with grains in. terspersed here and there, the scorification is in ‘completes in consequence of which the fire should be increased a little, and what adberes to the hook should be gently beaten off, and returned with » tial alle’ into the equcitle agxin., When the seorification i feet, the me oul poured into a cone, Pee rubbed with a little tallow, ‘and when it becomes cold, the scoriamay be sepe- mated by a few strokes of a hammer, ‘The buttoo is the produce of the assay. By cupellation. Take the assay quantity of ore, roast and griod i with an equal portion of litharge, divide it into 2 or $ parts, and wrap each up in a small piece of Paper; put a cupel previously seasoned under muffle, with about six times the quantity of lead upon it. When the lead begins to work, carefully Ut one of the papers upon it, and afler this is ab- sorbed, put on a seeond, and’ so on till the whol tity is introdaced; then raise the fire, and e seoria is fo it will be taken the silver will remain alone, produce of the assay, unlew the small portion of silver, which may be discovered by putting an equal quintty of the another same lead on upel, and working it off at the aumme timey if any allver be produced it must be deducted from the assay. This is called the witness, Boi using nbout 25 times its weight, until the sulphur is quite exhausted. ‘The silver may be precipitat- ed from the solution by marine acid, or commng salt; 100 grains of this precipitate contain 75 of real si it 7 gold i dissoh 2 To assay the value of sil ‘The general method of examining che purty of silver is by mixing it with a quantity of fead pro- portionste to the supposed portion of alloy; by test ing this mixtare, and ards weighing the remaining button of silver. T! the sane process as refining silver by cupellation. Tt is supposed that the mass of silver to be exe consists of 12 equal parts, called penuy- fan ingot weighs aa ounce, e th of an ounce. Hence, if called silver of 12 12th of its weight of Iver of 11 penny-weightay it & weight be alloy, it is called silver of hts; which parte of pure silver are called 5 peony-weights. It must be observed hero, that assayers give the name penny-weight to a ‘weight equal (o 4 real grains, which must pot he confounded with their ideal welghts, The auayers’ ins are called fine grains, An ingot of fine si Ser, or silver of 12 penoy-weights, conlaing, then, 288 fine grains: if this ingot contain L-288th of ab toy, it mid to be aller of 11 penny. weights and 23 grains; if it contain 4-288ths af alloy, it is said to be 11 peany-weights, 90 grains, &o. Now a certain real weight must be taken to represeat Um assay-weighta: for Instance, 36 real grains repro- sent 12 fine penny-weights; this ie suodivided ints ‘8 aufficient number of other smuller weights, which also represent fractions of fine penny-weights and grains, Thus, 18 real grains represeat 6 foe pew mined, METALLURGY. ® i 7 z i i v j a A i i gs = Times its weight of lead. for half an whieb all smoking, i put on iver has en= ‘and agitated by a motion of all jon. ‘Then the silver is rr spel, and the fire continued till the ‘ered the leads and when the mass circulates well, the heat must pe diminished by closing more or Ism the door of the assey furnace. The heat should ‘ve 20 regulated, that the metal on its surface may convex and ardent, while the cupel is less j that the smoke shall rise to the roof of the swf; that undulations shall be made in all dires- Som: sad thatthe middle of the metal shall ap aveth, vith © emall cirele of litherge, which ie srotinually imbibed by the cupel. By this treat ment the lead and alloy will be entirely avsorbed by the cupel, and the silver become bright and shining, when it is said to lighten; after which, i ‘he operation has bon well performed, the Vill be covered with rainbow colours, which q fr endalate and cross each other, and then the but- toa becomes fixed and solid. The diminution of weight shows the quantity of Alloy. ‘Av all lead contains s small portion of sil- ver, on erjual weight with that used in the assay is teelof and te product deduced from the ay weig Fis a is called Tax wirxxss,—Hi- "e. aoe Arts. ch fo cow mon gency asd ta by fmalgemation, Proper quantity is taken and Tefosrd toa powdery abot one-teath ofits weight © pore quicksilver is added, and the whole tritu- Aiol in an iron mortar. ‘The attzsetion subsisting \ereen the gold and quicksilver, quickly unites them in the form of an ama; pressed Uoagh shamoy feathers the guid is easily sepa. Feel from this amalgam, by exposure to Tevet’ gold, Tite crapernion should be res te ‘his ion id be Aumle with luted vessels ‘This ie the foandation of all the operations by “hich gold is obtained froma the rich mines of Peru, punish Armeriea. sod nd beat fred hots qurneh ie water repeat it itin water; repeat ‘Sintwo or three times, and the colour of the sand siltesme area brown, Then as it i ioe its weight of litharge, and revive the Litharge Telos by aig « sal portion of charcoal (ot, oad exposing exposing it to 0 proper degree of beat; together. | rotoal unio of the when the lead revives, It separates the gold from the sandy and the freeing of the gold from the lead must be afterwards performed by cupellation. ~Another.— Bergmann assayed metallic ores oon- taining gold, by mixing two parts of the ore well pounded and washed, with 1 and a} of litharge, and 3 of glass; covering the whole with common salt, and melting it in 2 smith’s forge, ina covered crucible; he then opened the erurible, put a nail into it, and continued to do so till the iron was no longer attacked. ‘The lead was thus precipitated which contained the gold, and was afterwards sepa- rated by cupellatiun. ‘humid assay of gold mized with martial pyri pivitzolve the ore in 18 umes ite of dilute trous acid, gradually added; place it in a proper degree Stheat tis ukes up Se eetabte in and leaves the gold untouched, with the insoluble ma- trix, from which it may be separated by equa regia. ‘The fold may be again separated from the aqua regia by pouring ether upon it; the ether takes up the gold, and by being burot off leaves it in its me~ tallic state. The solution may contain iron, Der, manganese, ealeareous earth, or argily iit be eva] to dryness, and the residuum heated to redness for half an hour, volatile alkali will extract the copper; dephlogisticated nitrousaeid the earths; the apeous aid the manganese; and the marine acid the ealx of iron, The sulphur flats on the first solution, from which it should be separated by filtration, —— ALLOYS OR COMPOUND METALS. ‘Metals, in general, will unite with each other by fusion or amalgantion, and acquire new proper ties, Brass is a compound of and binoy and possesses a different colour to either of the com tals which are to form the compound must be over- ‘come; secordingly, they become intimately mixed ‘The compound is not formed by a che- ticles of the different metals, but from an equable diffusion throughout each other, in mass.” As metals fuse in different de- grees of heat, care should be taken not to aild those facials which fuse eal, to a require a er heat, while th are too hot tecause the former may’ evaporate tnd leave the compound imperfect. Or, if they are brought inte fusion together, it should be under 9 flux to prevene the Volatile metals from evaporating, before the | union is effected. . or male Moats ‘ It er 12 of copper and zine, at the lowes wmaperaturs that wil fuse the former) | stir them well to produce an intimate mixture of | the metals, ard id by degrees amall quantities of ine; the alloy frst mere yellow colour like brane adding le ‘more ting st besomes pur. le, and has fectly white, which is the proper i co of aired produet, when fused, Appearan | ‘he quantity of zinc to be used altogether, should be from fifty-two to fifty-five parts out of a hun dred. Queen's metal. ‘Melt together 44 1b, of tin, $ Ib. of bismuth, 4 Ib. of antimony, and $ Ib. of lead. A very excel- joy will be fnrmed by using these propor is used for making tea-pots and other vee ‘a2 required to imitate silver. They retain their brallianey to the lust. ‘Another.—A very fine silver-locking metal is I timony, 1 of oiscouth, and 4 somponed of 100 pounds of tiny 8 of regulus of ar 10 Melt togetner 16 pounds of 1 pound of Melt 16 pounds of sopper, Ainy and 1 pound of Lino. foe Put ji shes dls of copper: when into a crucible 5} pounds Ww fused, ad } pound of aloe: these metale will com sine, forming an alloy of a reddish colour, but pos ing more lustre than copper, and also greater durability. White tombac. ‘When copper is combined with arsenic, by melt- ing them together in a close crucible, and covering the surface with muriate of soda, to prevent oxi- dation, a white brittle alloy is formed. ‘Common pewter. Melt in a crucible 7 pounds of tin, and when fused throw in 1 pound of lead, 6 ounces of cop= per, and 2 ounces of zine. This combination of metals will form an alloy of & durability and tenacity; also of considerable lustre, Beat pewter. The best sort of pewter consists of 10) parts of tin, and 17 eS ee pewter. Melt together 1% pounds of tin, 1p* sad of regu- lus of antimony, and 4 ounces of" copper. valves. Fuse in a crucible 4 ounces of lead and 2 ounces of antitnony, and cast into a bar, This alloy is of considerable hardness and lustre, aud is used by flute manufacturers, (when turned into amall but~ tons in a lathe,) for making valves to stop the key- uoles of flutes, Common solder. Pat into a crucible 2 pounds of lead, and when melted, throw in 1 ‘oftin, This alloy is that ly known by the name of salder. When ted bY f hot iron, and applied to tinned iron th powslered rosin, it acts asa cement or solders ‘Cin ulso used to join Iéaden pipes, bee. Hard solder. ag ilelttogether 2 pounds of copper, and 1 pound tin, Soft solder, Melt together $ pounds f tin, and 1 of lead. a ty at into « erusible 10 pounds of lead, and when it isin @ state of fusion, w in 2 pouuds of anti- mony; these metals, in such proportions, form the alloy of which common printing pes are made, 1 imoay gives a hardness to the lead, with- ‘out which the type would 9 lily be rendered useless in « printing: ioe Different Proportions of lead, copper, brass, antimony, frequently constitute this metal.” Every artist Nar We owe proportions, so that the same composition cannot be obtained from different foundries; each boasts of the superiority of his owa mixture, ‘Small types and stereotype plates. ‘Melt 9 pounds of lead, and throw into the eru- cible % pounds of antimony and 1 pound of bis- mouth: these mectal wll ombine, forming wn alloy ‘& peeuline quality, ‘This quality is expansion 34 it Goals; itis therefore well suited forthe forma tion of small prioting types (particularly when mang are cat vogether to form wereotype plates) as the whole of the mould is accurateiy filled with the alloy; consequratly there ean be no blemish the letters, Ifm metal or alloy liable to contracs in cooling were to be used, the effeet of course would be very different. “Anather.—The proprietor of different foundries plates, parte of adopt different compositions for stereot Sore forts an alloy of 8 parts of ead stimooy, and 1-Bth pare of tin Mode of casting. For the manufacture of stereotype plates, plaster cok UNIVERSAL RECEIPT BOOK. fore bikiog ts poured over the ietce prem Spe fore baking over the letter-prese tnd worked into the interstices of the (ypet with e brusb. It is then collected from the sides by @ slip of iron or wood, 80 aa to lie smooth and conse BESk, In bout two, minutes, the whole mass ie lened into a solid cake. This cake, which ia to serve as the matrix of the stereotype plate, is now put upon a rack in an oven, where it undere goes great heat, so as to drive off superfluous mc:e= ture. ready for use, these moulds, secord= ingto their size, are placed in fiat cast-iron pots, and are covered over by another piece of cast-iron per= forated at each end, to admit the metallic compo- sition intended for the preparation of the stereoty pe plates. . The flat cast-iron pots are now fastencid Ina erane, which carries them steadily to the me- tallic-bath, or melting pot, where they are immer- ed and Kept for a considerable time, until all to pores and crevices of the mould are completely And accurately filled. When this has taken plaec, the pots are elevated from the bath by worki the crane, and are placed over a water ‘coo! gradually. to, 'hen cold, the whole is turned ‘ont of the pots, and the plaster being separated, by hammering and washing, the plates are ready for use; haviog received wie most exact and perfest ‘Ural cate from engracin ic caste, a2 on cof he ‘A mostimmportant dis haslately ion which promises to be of considerable utility in the fine arts: some very beautiful specimens of metal- Tie plates, of a peculiar composition, have lately, appeared under the name of ** cast zonavixas. Tis invention ‘consias in taking moulds from every kind of engraving, whether line, mezzotinto, or aquatinta, and in pouring ou this mould an all sate of fusion, capable of taking the Sinest i pression, ‘The obriows lity ofthis invention, ax bie to engravings which meet vith a rendy ‘and of which great numbers are requi will'be incalculable; ne it will wholly preveot the expense of retouching, which forms 10 prominent acharge in all works of an extended wile. No ‘one cust worn out, than another may im= intely be procured from the original plate, 20 that every impression will be a proof. works of our most celebrated artists may be hand- ed down, ad infinitum, for the improvement and delight of fawure ages, and will afford at the mune time the greatest satisfaction to every lover of the fine arte, White metal. Melt together 10 ounces of lead, 6 ounces of bise muth, and'4 drachms of regulus of antimony. ‘Another.—Melt together 2 pounds of regulus of antimony, 8 ounces of brass, and 10 ounces oftin, Common hard white metal. Melt together 1 pound of brass, 14 ounce of spel. ter, and 4 an ounce of ti Melt tc & parts of tin, and 1 of bismuth. er 8 ble alloy. Put into a crucible 4 ounces of bismuth, and when in a state of fusion, throw ounees uf lead, und, 14 ounce of tin; these will com~ bine, forming an alloy fusible st the temperature of boiling water; the

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