Tost Book of Applied Mathmatics-1 on [4 oof] wo [uaa], (CHAPTER 2 COMPLEX NUMBERS "The section deals with the fundamental definitions and ope rations involving complex numbers, Since the graphical operat ‘uso uddiion sd subtractions of complee numbersare anclogowt to corresponding operation’ of vectors, complex numbers are frequently applied to vetor problems in applied mathematies viz ddbution af alternating eutents in electrical circuits, the study tof forced vibrations of a dynamical sytem, 2-1, Complex: Number : In solving quadeatic equations, we often get a xq, root of negative number as part of the valuet for roots eg if fo2e-t2 =O, the oot are 2a vat r ere ¥ +t “The exteaction of a4. root is ot poitble as no real number exits which when aquared wil yield a negative number {eg.~4]- Hence new type of mstber known as imaginary number Aitroduced to extrnct » 9g, root of a real number. Vv VE VET =2Va y= = VT ‘Thus thesq. Font of any negative umber can always be Tenown ap imaginary unit and it "The filmed propery of the w “Ioirotucing imaginary aumbers the system of mumberr can. Alngraatially represented as follows '=9% Tent Book of Applied Maomatic-1 Numbers i ‘Real numbers T Rational numbers Imaginary nombere 1 Trrational numbers ab Entegra, fractional} (eg. 4%, 97 ect.) ‘To make the real and imaginary numbers part of ove system, 2 new number knows a compler umber reptesented bye by Mintrodaced, gan 6 (complex sumber) then sand y are now ob ral and naga part of the complex number 2:2 Rquality of complex members + 1 to one amber gl the ths ra and inginay pot rv met ee Let tom ty (a-n) =F) Squaring both the de, we get Cua = rab (ait Cana sya meand y= 35 Hence the reat 2:3, Graphical representation of complex number (Argand’s Diagram ) :-- The method of representing complex. numbers by points in ‘plane in due to J. R. Argand and is uoully known as Argand’s Combe Nambors a Let linea units Tong represented by OA (Fig. 3) be turned about O from position OA, fhvough 180" Te then his—ve direc: tion OA’ and graphically fepresnts “aunt. There: ler torn throagh 180% it again takes up the positon OA and graphic cally represents + a units Tn exch instance, rotation cot vector OA through 180° has boen equivalent to rmuliplying the vector by — land since # = —1, he snulplication by f may be taken as equival Irn tein trough 90%, ‘He Se May be atached vo the complex number ‘The comples number #+f reprerents ia vector notation, a or” added to vector 'y peniiala tothe veer ‘x oN ‘he geometric me Oo Mus in Fig. 4 tet nov and De perpendialar anes where => (axis of real) i yaxis (axis of imaginaries) . ‘Then orepresent the comp- number sb i measure a nce (OA) along the axis of reals and to this adda vector AB) perpendicular to the axis of real The resultant of fo veces OR ant WB will be a vector OP which repre- Micomplex number ® +t" Hace sect eting orgie ee B (s9) presents the compos number = sp MM?” Tost Book of Aled Mothenaie-t a 4 Where 2 xm-+6 is known a8 the gnal ample of «+ iy Wivhich ies between — = and is koown as pina vale of amplitude 2-4. Polar form of complex amber :— With the vectovial representation ax above, we can express the complex mumber in term of legth and direction of vector which represent it. Let in Fig. 4,P (153) representa complex number x 4 6 and OP = 1, POr = 8, Polar form of x +i) for diferent slgas of 5,9 :— H+ 5 («>0,7>0) point P (+, ») Mh the Scat quad ‘Then x =r eot Band y = rain Hence polar eqiolen of the complex number « + iy is sven by 4 bar (oot + isind) nd tan 8 = In the polar form of ++i, the quantity + is known ag ‘the modalr of the complex number + + iy and is represented at a land the angle ® which defines the position of the vector where yt = a8 ‘The point P(—3) lies in the second (OB), is called the amplitude or argument ofthe complex: number ‘quadrant and ++ mais grey die | oe 2 a q ae ‘The amp. of % complex number stm Fe 6 andr VER x+y = VTP [con (m— <) isin (w— «)) = iv = afc (x Z)etuin(n 3)] [ew $2 tion 2 HF OP be tured in antclockwie direction through multiples of 25, the point P (x,y) for all auch rotations, will have the same portion a before and heace for sll such potions of OP, 1 point Palways represents the same complex number 2 + i, Hence the complex number «+ iy hat various polar forms, when the amplitude is increased by multiples of 2 and hence he geal polar farm of «i is given by Fico Game 8) bisinGam Oy] on (4)itt Tent Bok of Mplied Matenates mot wt) a ‘The point P—s, 5) is ‘in the thied quadrant and AGP sa int eo Brey ey gees 2 Awning this tre forall values of « (veal or complex) at on substitute ix for sn (6). Then, at tt ie a Shere tan = Land #4 Se + the amp. of complee mumber 21 clit tad tere « andr = vst pF re? 0 = METH [om (nt «) + isin Ce 4 4] ~iv8 ~2[rcon (+3)+i in(=+2)] =f cant al -+4y (Cartesian form ) = + oot 0-1 isin) (Polar fom ) ww) ‘The point P(x, — lis inthe i fourth quadrant und AGP = «, = 19 (Bxponental form ) 48 where tan = 2. Bapegential form of xb =n ea Amp of expe number sand wO=tn— Kor « . ; sade TF sot | Re peed fermen ee. ra. Pi oe eee nee ct tn yt Win arbitrary, it obeys te ade la. For of VEE [co « isin «x rey yi = (cota + isin x) (eo8y + isiny) Bo inive-e = cos (ny) ain C9) “2 een, thus take, geneal,w eeresent the series 1 2+ SU a St102 Text Book of Applied Mathmatce-1 2:7 Mathomatical optrations with complex numbers ‘and their representation on Argand’s Diagram :— (a) Addition and subtenction -— Let the complex numbers be aan than nan bo thea [ tint) © Hence 0 ado sublet complex numbers add or subtract ‘the real and imaginary parts separately. Ex (25) + G46) = 244) + £(-346) = 645% ‘Graphical represention :— gl Represent the complex 2 sumbers say ty By vectors Oh and OF [Fig 9 Gomplete the "parallelogram OF, FP,, then by the para Nelogeam’ law of vector addition, OB represents the complex numbers. ON = OF -LN SOL OM (= Projection of PP on x axi cats OP, to be scien Ope rian Projction of OP, on x axis ) SPAree, ‘and FyPon Janie Erie snd P.M = RN, ‘Thor P repreente the point (344 4594 4 J5)y hence it represent the comples number zy} 2 “To subtract the complex umber sy from ss graphically add the vectors representing complex sumbers sy and =~. (b) Product of two complex numbers :— Leta ait inand y= ati, then #4 = C498) Cetin) mate eggact ad, 3134 (a0it = — 1) ompos Nember 0s neal tibintawD] oO purTBSgPeion more snp by redoig yo thi Les tin ton ‘Then tnen rhs rit we ryt) it ri (0080, isin ) = ry (0 8 $i sn 8) = ie, [enn leone m) bhi (re) ence te product of ie complex nutbers Wa complex mice whore moka she pred of tir mall and whos tpn she som of hr apa Bs we have Ton +n) (60 Oia (eon Fa = Fates (008 (a+ 8,409) + isin (8, 48, +8) Thiscan be extended, sep by ep, 1 the product of sy Auber of factor, giving Ue fnportant rel for he product of uber of complex quantiles via ‘mods of the prodst = Proc of mull of Tatars ambled ofthe prada = sum af" empliader of the acters. Graphical representation ( Argand’s diagram) Let in Fig Py represent =n (6088 + in 0,) Py represent zu= (con, + isin 0) snd OA =I fonsuct the tangle OP? similar to the wangle OA, Few such that Ofyr = Of, nd PGP, = ABR, = 0,108 Test Boat of Applied Matioaties-1 Beenie 105 Graphical representation (Argand’s diagea Let 0, > 0, ‘Then the vector OF represents the product of the complex numbers represented by P, and Py For if P nz =r (cos @ + isin 8) we have, o# AOPA , represent ry (co + ising) ‘and AOPP, are similar, Pyar (co8 8, + faint) toe slong # axis oa rt a A ORP snl to catia OPA nich that a0 67 = 68, + 2? oft, = of, and = a6, + 10P, = +8 Hence «= 4:-zu giving tiple graphical construction for POP,» POA = 0. product. (©) Quotient of two comples numbers ‘The fact thatthe product of two conjugate complex, mum: bersiva real number [vi (2-+ 9) (2-9) = 2+ 3 Vleads tothe following method of division, where the denoriinator always expremed a areal number. Thus, Sti nt nao nt atin "hen the point P thus abtsined, represents the quotient of the complex numbers represented. by Py ad Py Yor, let OP represent + (cos) + isin 8) ‘4 OPP, ssi be —26P = 56:— 146A (1 comvaton SP = 0A) = ho, This gives graph epreenaion of (a) Powers of complex number — De Molvre's ‘Butit is more convenient co divide the complex numbers in thee pola forms or better ail in exponential forms. ah as ‘The Theorem sates that if ir ony ral mamber, one of the of (608 Df isin Bi cot OF Fn We will consider theee cates (i) 4 veinteger (i) n — ve fer and (i) — a fraction () Let bea + ve itger = Dy actual multiplication fom the veault (7), we have Dpisin O)» = (cash + Fsin8) x (coeD-+ iin). on mes [bylaw of index} Fs feos (0,0) +x (0-00 } | om 12) a } Hence the mada of the quotent of two complex numbers i the gunn of thir ndli and amplinde of the quotient isthe Afra of thie amplesTest Bok of Apbied Mathomatic-1 oo 14 8 en times} 4 isin (04 OF on times} coe + fs (i) Leta ben — se itger » a mm where mis a 4 ve integer = catia fieom oe El ‘ooind ante ae (—m)0 isin (=m = cos inin nO. etn be 6 fraction t= 2D, where p, gare ve or —¥e « iy rom (i) & (iy we have (4 + bain 2) co find " {ta + feos ite = con in (cost ising = (ooe0-+ inn) 2g ayes . te (cea $0 fein F087 (cox G0 iin BP Hae (con88 + isin 88)» {ose 0 can) Jem Cem d +tin Wm Ceo (30) 4 in (=80) 18 Toad (eon § fsa $0)" = (om —f8) +: isa (BO) a (oop flan 4) (ean nyt ie find) 24448) = (coe be) = (ea + ia 8) wee ee cla 2 emotes Tere ter [Sone the Beampe by wing cot +10 (e) Roote of a complex member Dy De Moivre’ theotem, we have (opty Gt) + Ot) ees canna pea Since @ may be increated by integral maliple of 2= without ging the value of eos + isin®, the other values of n™ ‘oblained a follows by expresng the mamber in the ola form + D+ fsin 9)" = (con (2m + 8) + fain Qnk + 01 here Fis an integer. cae EE sin 2#*8 (ay De alors Ths}108 Test Ba of Applied Mattonater-t_ Hence cos 2 4 5 isin HEN Gs the ut root of (son 8 4 isin) for any value of k. Tecan be seen that for the values of f= 0,1, 2,0. (n 1p the a roots of (cou Of sin 0) ace all‘dfrnt and. forther values of Ease} Lae merely give repetitions of values in the abore soup, ‘Thus these aren difrmt (cond + isin 9). Hint :- fe evaluating fistoel pons of complee number spr th comple tbe nthe general paar fom. Esamele leer to the Wrote of ince 1 = con (2b) + fin (224) ‘ar rans ORS Fa GU) coro + ino te a bo ht eon BS + isn pee in Weg a2 DY see Sn 4-58 a for oer integra ae of bee values willbe the repenteds The omar value are dented ty wand wt. Thar EVE, os Deval ample 2 Fd the tuo valu olthesas ros FEE Lm VT (os 26 + isnt [ome Pa 4 in | Woe = Othe ue Tom 96 eu a = 0 +0102 Mites 109 hen the seo ge rot en by cos [100° 1052] an = D6] =o. — 0.160 ‘Thanh ego i ar & ( 9987 | 0-362) olved Problems + ample 1, Thecene of «cogs bare atthe rnd one ner agren by IF fon Arg Dir Filed the remaining ere ' ul & ee a ' ; BGS sowsenetcr un tle bela = gad ee cal hoe v2. Ming» rr tenon OF OF, 08, OB te OC mate ot ee eat ee Ieplliste yZ («OD = OF = OF esas ereseting be erie ae 04 = 01 = 00), BBs VE (con 05+ sin | = ~ (0.3860) 4 (1-365 )¢ He VE Leon 165" 1165) = — (1.986) + (0.3861 Ae VE (oor 209 + tants |= 1 =i He VF Leo: 254 sn 203¢) ~ (0,366) — ( 86)© eeeoT nT eae (AD) Pee mt testes adie ot Bet aereit nian cmp o witiyT af By ‘(enon + sin og — 28 oe Ee 50 Rrbectmbipieot 3 eaten Hrample 5 ne $n p tein ym ewe beast ory O vet cadet ems boa sy Seor(at f +4) idea p-+enSy = Saale 841) ten at} 4 = tate at Wcoe ieeeteeenerren Gore tare gs bem ram) tere we bve (eons tena)" (eon Sala B+ (cory ba 53 (ena t iain a) (eoe8 + isa) (core + Fain y) cays hin Text Book of Applied Mathenatie-1 Campin Nambers u Sothac by De foe's Tose Coord cass +eandy) +H¢vede + an 38 +in3y) a Seon(ag Be Ti + Sis (2 +24 7) ene by eating en iagntry pais, we have se req ea Beale &, UseDe Moivre Thott pve he long = cot — Sent i 8 + atb i anes +E eantiomo nec (cat) eo Baa wt) ‘$1 Lentt sin — Aer Oa) (coo fant (8) ae 4 sinb eaten carey ce [wae ee ten enue. = leo 1S baat + Se i cit Osim — 200 Ose 64 Gene Oe# 97 Ay eqesng he inginny pasts, wees the see rel Timp 7. Expand | Aes I) inten wis of snc mlipesa 0 Bis brat aout (1 LY wen7 Tent Bosk of Applied Mathenaio- ee tii mote os ant cots mas hata,6 Test Book of Applied Mathentisot 4 Cncton tht the tegle AB Ce i vinglA BC ay a ae gy (9) 102 in ral and the cmpersumber "Se Aree’ diagram by a pint on the tine y= show sb Say sree 1) ty fd arg (et) =. Pd sesh erly Imatiay, show tat the lew (9) ia side strados w(t) 5 Dn om EH (1) 1 ay to he san a aw prone at PH to) = Y= 109) apres 2 (143 je he form (on + isin 8, and hence | “ ir we an) rove me (AREY + (EBL Y mm n= Sh Lyand2 t= Se where hina intese HUB) 1662, Hin) Cae oe) “5%, een prove thas pian ty [sm 2c mys) fH) Ft a (i aseeute a ee a 4299 4a aca yone9 ye Bein i) ata 8iW Tos Bab f pnd Maes ops ones 7 Bg Bey teat 28 (oi) 2 and 0) Sree 8 < te BB) ees tie ng sit corm ie beeqanriaes ny snd how ate coined prota fall be vl of Oe OMEL EE UW0) Proves cath faint = (3.204945). 7) Paver cat stan) BI onnuttdirentet gata cae eet pene ec (1+ 4 isnt = he Deloce thar Siant 2 oust 2 4 10 2.8 Girclar functions of complex angles + rom the formulse (13) in the preceding paragraph for nd et, we have We pee aden eosin whence as) ‘here are known a¢ exponential values af the sine and eosne, For any non-real quantity s) where the geometrical defini- Wofsin cos no longer have a meaning, we may regard Wns defined as above so thet, stan SY na 3/0 (22) Sete euuina!¥ — 1 Dan ad which i oo ty he Pen ee eae ee ee [omens ie ct cathe ripeine eprea oS tint) at20 Test Bosk of Applied Mathematir-t amples Numbers we 29 Definition of hyperbolic functions :— ee eminent rom te aalgy the define of» ade, wg et Cara) efine the new Fonetins known a hyperbolic ention. mgtpem aia pem Fae 7 a = sinh x = 2S Hyperbolic sa of 2 elie a eier 1) ee ¥ Bist eal sng ee iia 2 (2) In theabove write ¢ = ix, then ‘cost (is) + sin? (ix) = ae ide ¢ Gaia ot henge cothts — sine = 1 and cotech 5, sch x, coth «are defined 28 the reciprocal of sinh s, cosh 2, and tanh x respectively, pe ead tse 82 pute = ieand = 210 Relatons between clrslar and hyperblic sin i (9) = Hin (x) 08 (9) & cos (i) sin) ive sinh (7 9) inh x owh 9 eothxsnh y ‘ring the definitions of in x and cor z, we have cc a Similarly from the expansion of cou (ey), wget cosh (2-2 9) = coth won 9 sinh x lah 7 We have following formulae for hyperbole function which tun be deduced Fou thse of circular fonctions by sila hols avila. above. sion « tanh 4 teahy 1) tanh (@y) = SOO ie) gt) Ta wah tank sin (ie hataiohy « 2sink £2. cosh ® (i) sinks 2 sinh : sey sink sinh y = 2 sinh 22 conh Hence, we have z z cou }cothy = 2 eoth “2 cash > acre amt z (ii) cothte = 4 (1 + cork 2s) slants = 4 (coph 2 — 1) hyperbolic Functions :— comh s—eosh y ‘These definitions enable ws to deduce the properties of hyperbolic functions from those ofcrclar functions, Tt may be vetfed that the properties of sin scat, fan ¢ et. when zis ~ a ‘ot real may be deduced frem definitions given above, Wx = cosh then we write y= coshLomples bars wes me Tet Bok of Apt Matciocd dou aye alee , en saeoty = S47 Ee ee to that 7 — 20 + 1 = 0 and hence 2reohls = been VAST) | 17) ‘The postive value of the right hand side isthe one always taken, Similarly i an be shown, if si real sinh# = og (eyo Hee ttt | aay 2:12. Differentiation 1d Integration :— % 9 paca, Baan Fahad ce (8) ysis, S = coat, Sesse= inh = ans, 2 = sechts, Sechts ds = tanh x 6) ymin Bons: Pea on Oy) y= si eas Bhs — (9)m Teat Book of Applied Mathemate-1 2.13, Graphs of the Hyperbolic Functions :— The values of sinh 5 cosh s, th x fore = — 000, + 2 are obtained from the defsiteny' and are tabulated thus! Since 1° are always portve (or aero), it will be seen ‘hat tanh it always < 1,1 valve mut le between 1 From the deBnitions tf obvious that Hence the curves = Siok 5, 7 = comh 2 = tanh shave the forme Shown inthe Fig. 13. ‘These curves can be ploted more accurately from the tables of hyperbolic unetions. ‘The curves = coseche ga sehs, 7 coths can Ibesketched a reciprocal ‘hose own above, but they are not used to any great Me “Equations involviog Ayperbotc functions can be solved pprovimately by gapbieal mevods 2.14, Separation of real and imaginary parts of the iceular and hyperbolic fonctions of complex variable = (0) sin (+) = sin econ (i) + cone sin sin xcomh y+ i cose sink » Compl Number: BE Similarly, cos (e+ 9) = cor cou y i sin sinh y sa (e+ 5) () ante +o) = 2sin(e +b) conte — 9) Zou (s+h) | core) sin Be + in 26) cote + os OB) fin 2¢ + fsinh 2y cone + cobs inte Sinitary, an (x9) sade water eat Tawit an (eto) = 9+ thn ts (4-9) (©) wah (2-4 9) = ah x con (9) + oh xn iy win) = ing hg = og Cee eee ee arenes ily, eth (24-5) ea De expe in the form «sh (a) tah (249) — take +6) con =H) in (4-9) enh (49) Deosh (x + wy) cowh (iy) sinh 24+ Soh) tosh 24+ eb cae Uae Cosh 2x 4 cos @r * com Be + cos 2p tanh (64 9) =126 Test Book of Applied Mathmais-1 Similars, sinh 29 sin 2p Goan Be + cory cosh be + car By mn all she problems involving separation of real spd taginary arts of tan (06 iB ) proceed at Fallows = Let tan (e+ 18) 2+ 5 then tan (« — (8) = « — 35 (a8 proved) Then 0 express «in terms of and 9, we have tan? x = tan [(& +45) + (a8) tan («+ 18) + tan (2 — i) an (= AB) tan (oe fan (29) = SBA ‘which exprestes a interme of x and y. Similarly, fan (28) = om [C= + 46) — (a= ip) ] jonh 3p = ae Depart 2» jtetnnees, | ose ‘ae hich give i term of «and Thus in pvblems when (48) m+ 4b given then we tan (oe 8) aa indwith combination at illustrated above, we get, fin teem of sand Thi method wil be clear from the weblors solved here asta 1. Somat ito ra in curt Tertan (et Bh e 49 pee Narbers R eet oleate redun(e~ J) = 8 fente tant bi bm in) (ct mete — 7 Sterma= a 7 See jt (259) = ashy = Toe ge dig @ Hence or (9 + 8) = 2 ee i terete) et pa dtc ean en Ive. tn (a= 8) mat fan 2) = nt 9) ~Neliey eH)Tost Bink of Applied Mathemaer-l Aompte Sumbers 9 dan ig) = tae 64 18) —(8— 4491 ‘aaah gy = oe tah 04 —emet pattie) Bot tay = Het aanyple 3. an (6 + ($) ~ an + ne, prove ha * Knit 20-4 Ete ta (ea) te omy 2 un(0n ip} = une tae y +i 40-165) ona ho. sha cant dl an er) area eenel ss) hn a Tae Fhe Gi rote 2. trove WaserJe Teat Book of Applied Mathenatie-} on [ae i hom eta | lea Lest) eee Mat o)— et seme tiint sins sin toahy + eae rity ‘gating ral and iciary part, we ee 2 teal (yin) sd ping oe =n i, we ge + Vitam vite ox Nambirs 33 1. Woon 04) Beane Halon), prove at toe (BEES) Rema IR stem con (04 i Sty? ie sang Doing cet nd 0 wo nd By tog te wy aTest Book of Applied Matenatice 1 Examples: itp (0) Prve sta (OF inte + Faith 28 = 2a 8) coe 8) (1 coma 458) + ain (0-418) = #9 (cone Sane) tno) a sandman ay Be ent VTP + tanh yan tn B= at an she fan 4 9) anh 2 coed (9) Separate el dimuon prs (yeatetis Gh meters) (ys (Prove 9) tone =o (5) AC ca t+ ip) m Ghee tad area rove He nee Apt peiee earns a, fi) iat Fane ~ cote (i) Renhay come? = cath 1) eh w= 1) 9 (eos alah #* = cana 1) Web msinh(3 44), od ‘he pte: dan ir 6, y= 7-601) o sreghen ye 9) ay “9 oo on ay 0, un 8) uw 2 ee Neb 15 ‘Shy hal he tonto he euaion tie c= theme senda hr Hetalenapfer anata SiH ry te Slertg pent (0) com em Lande <5 ) ane 4er-0) [Ase 0) (8) emma 2985) Finding tombs te erent (3), oan (04 46) = cota + Fa, prove at Zosalg oben (24 2 tan (2 9) nn i), oe tat Man(atip) web show te 4 A Dette Vandal + 927 eth 26 + 1m 0 Wat inmcun(24 6, dean tes xB, “a whee 9 ae all rea shaw broom (+0) wa ta Bea fran te$ 9) 78 ot $i), oe {nh = ont] ad unt = aah16 Tet Book of Applied Mothmated (21) tesok ig) =e abt cota = cn (22) Tg be he inary abe oes wi, prove hat frre Bove Be} (23) Thecomples numbers, ae saree on Are Deer) abe VEER hi ee=(2) or log (+ iy) = log r +i 0 - en) a = ‘This distinction between log and Log isto be cletly isan oven Oh, Dbromeciny 1 OF OA OR pve ed Problems :— sul OF ea Se aie CFE) (ee iach ae aT rca, 7a To eerie ie MoT Ht pleated dls) pow 2 SSE {ye (20)} sn) ene 2415 Logarithms of x complex quantity -— Let 2b Expreming the complex number in general polar orm, we have i ae eg fab Hencer = v2 aed = og e) = boe dt em eh (con nk + 8) + isin (Oak 4 0)7 sek lata 1) eek) so 7 Se) find ta =f 214) rom enue (12) ] Log z= log i (2tk-+8) This shows that the logarithm of a comple: anti #49 ia ilciated (for iferent eabies of k) and i. written ay Log (+i) and hence wae anaes Log (bi) = tog VF (2k ta 2 (20) Tews the renal denote by F equal to zero in the value of Log (« + i) lah x sot called the principal value of the logaritim and is r nd uno ah ke. Oats! (ah 2)138 Tent Book of Appi Mathemais-I er gh togne (E41) me 01h = innit Weta rhenty iine) On fee ata hee = EH fm — nt In problems involving separation of real and imaginacy pars of the exprestion (2-18), expres the quantity in Ferm bate « and proceed thus = Comper amber 139 Let (e448) = [oon Bnk-+ 8) + isin (nk +] wherer = VOTE FF and 8 rtp) Lan (48) ener (sings = My webb) Non r+i Got +0) mw aLslorr = 7 ek +071 ae (vows Ank+8)) ferauetite) slag = (2ek-+091 x (con Ly logr+e(2et+8)] be tain flog rt (294+ 0)2) whe give the rea nd ueary pares of {iB Aotved Probleme += eample Prt at = coon Dn tiem ee ae) mt te std ee Teo ((2me Hee) iste (20 4 ne) Incase of problems of identities, tke logaithis of both fides ond separate them into real and fmaginary part bby. equating the rest and imaginary parts of both the ‘an be proved. This method willbe —tenmple 2. vest he ra prt fhe prnipal tae (8 (19) as (a) en 140) on 42 og edie a ]fene een)m0 10 Tet Book of Applied Meematict Compt Nts 4 Dian wot cue ingle 3. rnd he geval t gh Ye fou( ina) + tan ( Zp2) } a mits ast oa ta tal Bia as 9 aamote 8, 118) 4 1B rove tat Chaci iba he leptin, wet ete 6 etl st toga (o2) = Wt Ung C3) ae he oguiin of So se otf a i, toe me be tien nd Ce) Wea (ine3 (20949) tm Laem Lae a (rid — tn) +1 (tn FH met 388) be Gemcdtmaniel ste toe roland Ima pars eee Hog (Gt Ne Be tty nt Nnet rlogd = G+ Ne “ ei t= aenine-bidedand Bling he oer almost re “For 83) =H 9h 41 (ene yee teem see Gat heh = Hee aah sore log) — (eee 8 seta ote ee 81a PACED), pe har ene oe 6, m6 SE oy hb! aH Oy CHD vate 5 tat BT oa anttne eH hs i honor hg yn oY a a em "Tebig lop of Noh the de fhe enti nd exergy on F ene) C7, (bias) tnt tn ohne wan fies atin EP nt 0) Gn 69 Bop 4H oT lence equating he rel ad iamginary part iy ade Btog(eh 4 8) m elm ‘ Fg et) w . rote) 4 sin te BB toe t+ tans) Ineo ei a UA) ee t4 0028 5 seth) =e Deo ba, pas, Tent Book of Applied Mathematica ie(seeg) el (3) toe (8) os = Mae (arab) eet) i) aa) (8) ein (7) 66 = Bian fotsram 9 ; (8) Provera fm oe + int nie 0 a rat ao) peor owe ald of set 2 ay 1 1) ng 2B og 3) (09) Finds ppl alae of (1-4 262 + {An 0.150 = 0170813 ae) Cee eS ve at = ae an (10) Soke fr cit = 14 bys nie t+ - air ot mt ehh Comper Numbers ua “Thus if we take a radia vector of length ‘2 along @ “wc eflece of taining {to « power 1 is equivalent Iovicontt line, ir iital radiue vector through sn s95l6 0 turning thi "7 (Operation of j (= 8) on ain 2 To Fig. 14, ¢ sin pt it the peojetion of vector OA ( = 2) fon the Brizontal Tine, where ‘pis the angle matie by it with ‘vertical. Then j (o.sin pt) Fepresents the prelection of the a veotor OA’ (=a) on the he sowtal ine, when OA is tured theough |j (asin pt) = Projection of OA! on sex! — 4 cot PF i) Option of (ah JB) enn BE (ac gb) sin pt asin pt bain wt sm asin pi + b cos from (9) (ecksb) ain ptm Veh Bsin t+ <) where tan <= + @) penton of (2 — jb) min , (ap) inp = asin pe — jin pt inp 8 ost ts [lenin singe = Var sino <1Tet Book of Applied Metbematis-I where tan x = + es) 1 (Gi) Operation of on in pe elon ef Os amtin 1 opm Sai, Fe AO i +e VEER sin (pa, aa oye ‘ where tan c= 4 (from (i), T an (p<) | sing = Verh +8 were tng = 1 as clcrict cuit containing a resitaace R, induc {ene and eascy Gin ey we Ano te fs shor through the drei at shy time, de tothe spaled harmonic E. M. P. Ey sin pt, we have i Ey = RI in phate with 1 BL = 191 in quadrature with 1 (leading ) a gesdratre with 1 (hang) where Bp, By and Bg are voltage Arops across R, Land C rexpectively “This in diageamatically represented Inthe adjcining gure, ‘The total impedence in the circuit ie ‘there vectors IF ABCDEP ia reglar bergen any D repre Vinyl Nandos us ven. by addon of "Thos if Z reprerent the total impedence zents (UZ) Hence, if B, sin pt be applied voltage, the current T in the rout i given by Bain pt Bye gt ee) [ti fn) Jrole=a) el eat eo . Exmples : t—D |. On the Arand diagram he cane of repste exagn repraett fe wumter?— aad one vrex repr the nasber °F "ad the number seperated Oy the eaaing verde, Cam 264 (8420 (co Zt in Z) orm 25,4491 a all i ran ares Ropes rs ea eg een rec ne ete org timer Lie eae igen aii a ning oud a Be eT Fe hart i cc A MontoM6 Ascent in end adr nel he a Tat Book of Applied Matenator 1 1 ey py inte vero «pram hen prove hws M36 we 1424 #20 and 16 Proved tetas hele lagram the pine Ay By GD aerepectively When tt = 1 tow \WODj whee Oi te Prove that th, pola reprsating tre rein of iPr te inthe Arad dae Given nat em V3 4 a (6. meeeises lem arpa 0 toro 4 (ee {hepa 1-4 2h fd the compen ember terete (he tem ane bh Bay aa anon M Sher tht roof theres da abr 2 o where = 02564 Oban emit Beene (8 ah 8 = a foed = 152.007 C Comps Munters a (lve tat 12 one root of the equton at — 88 88 — Ta = 0 fod lena etsy) See he euation #1 = 0, hence show ante (ae EO) (os mentor) fae eee 4 4(1 48) £= (11431) =0, ohn ry Sate ecewteaelomaeae team soe Some (= at) 216 ® ‘Sow hal them" yo of unity ae gven by expen Ps bpeceicriee see ta gy pata Prove thatthe continued prod of te pent in Moan ok 70 eA foam he pes cen and Es cotta suis SnD Yeah cot at eh aa ah =n ST a set 4 1 indean, Tent Book of Applied Mathomater-T %. ee ‘od ind an oho’ indy wich doe ot ele sett cath 7 SPt ets pert art BSE ania ttt acta) =H etata) latte het 3B 10 — ane 4 bem wre 48 ee unborn con and if ». Va, whea te Oass V8 whens = iw tat yon 2, St ta oray lead 2, tee 641) = mee +) rove tat sen NG P 2. a= Rew cotp.y = Bena ab, pore tat selot i) + mca met mean a BW. T emeann fing, con + me ae a 31 com cot ety Oe in e+ inns shew thet agente raelegemnani dt wt ts set = 2 Simbler Naber Ho ab ae eateegen sow a 28 (4) P(e ah og) + fn (8 Boge) ct ‘ow ih psp ie scant (pt + plage) +1200 4 elon?) tre VEER Hah meee cxpron x amd yin tom of be Hence ‘Sow shar co#aned cobiS art valent ebbined fom the sqonioe BUPA H IDE Mao, rerpal yale lng conde wet Dako Hh om bP esata) Ppt oo Pie rr ta per af tan) 20" +9 (on degen) + ne once) +2 ne ed laa (99 ( esa co 14 2 (teem [324% ca (ein AymeWb act oo fi eA, pore andy eg (10 + an Prove thatthe eich of he produces et (4 5) 08 = 8) fin (e+ Dyan (8 Dy neni ay beg ele1 Tat Book of Aap Mthemae-t 1 (0 WEL any ehren wet wor ate apts oes vee ee seks cerns 0 ahvm ene) oh sven 10 ee Me eee ® 6a 50, Rerenct 40) inet - ‘The current entering » telephone line ie given by the real part of ‘envied ey dit AA me porate mnt) Ey ote sae fs Nr eas coe [Lo oeeeeee 12 Wes meet str venty th 51. Gomes aly pin vm, ve hate rl at of eaneee: rave HE aie SOOT IL wl ‘ Sa stent Fe P(peans) Wh terete sft fieees sey wc) ered i. aa redo tata =| (Leer ah ten st Ged oN sh ae we-B ~ Sipe er ten Gee : 1 Weed om c(t ala), pret 5s tremens Liteapart Vers iret prove tat z uit Se cache BA cor Smart Ly show tha 1. Lost +) = 1 ten more at Jott o5 VEEP 58, Mowe ht Srp tytaate crt 6) mtne as orn yc ae eee me cour{Psimass v7} Hasan ci YG ea lc ++ 0s 68 + in 49 ~ 205028).152 Tet Bush of Aplied Matematica cov + Ten + 210138 + 85a 1. ryrometiat = fr Cin) 2 heir needs : { # sacinig an! wen nia ag ‘Yeain pan he cuenta be bee vy, | ME» in 3510 heaven #8410" aad 8 10-4 Ag 810 fd th cura Ask 1.261 x 1-4, 1 CHAPTER 5 SOLUTIONS OF ALGEBRAIC AND TRANSCEDENTAL EQUATIONS (Numerical Methods) 31 Due to advancement of modern technology, an fugineer i confronted with solution of variety of egneesing Problems, whose exact solutions) by mathematical proc not be obtsined and a auch he has to take eecourte tothe erica! methods for solutions of such problems. The great tolations of engineering. problems by reded by ate of electronic (1). Solution of Algebrate and Transcedemtl Equations (UD) Solutions of Simultaneous Linear Algebeale Bq (1) SOLUTIONS OF ALGEBRAIC AND ‘TRANSCEDENTAL EQUATIONS. 5.2 streduetton = ‘A function (defined by FOO) = ee + att Where 2470, 1 isa postive integer and wis called plyumal of degree ‘equation (4) = 0, are iyo and titich re sais tala aq are constants, “The values of which sus led eres the Ye of the ed Westate here vome ofthe ate the roats of polyuom