Indian Institute of Technology

Gandhinagar

I n d i a n Powe r S e c to r I n i t i a t ive s to S m a r t G r i d

Dr. N M Pindoriya
Assistant Professor | Electrical Engineering
IIT Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Email: naran@iitgn.ac.in

Electric Power Supply System

Where does our electricity
come from ?

Commercial &
industrial users
(33 & 11 kV)

Generating
Substation
Transmission
Substation

Generation
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Transmission

Distribution

Consumption

Residential users

substation

Bulk
Generation

Distribution

HV Transmission Lines
(765 kV, 400 kV, 220
kV, 132kV )

Energy Resources for Electricity Generation

Nonrenewable
Energy
Resources
Fossil Fuels:

Coal, oil
(petroleum), and
natural gas

Nuclear Fuels:
Elements with
unstable
nuclei, such as
uranium

Renewable
Energy
Resources
Hydropower: The force of moving water
from streams, rivers or storage reservoirs

Wind: The force of moving air

Solar: The radiant energy from the sun
Biomass: Plant material (including wood)
or organic waste

Ocean: The mechanical energy of ocean

tides, currents, and waves, and the suns
heat energy stored in the ocean

Geothermal: The natural heat in the

earth

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Electricity Generation Mix: Present Status

Nuclear
2%

RES(MNRE)

Fuel
Thermal

GW (as on 31/5/2013)

Hydro

39.62

Nuclear

4.78

RES(MNRE)

27.54

Total

225

12%

Hydro
18%
Total
Thermal
68%

224

31/3/1997
31/3/2002
31/3/2007
31/3/2012
31/3/2013

175

Installed capacity (GW)

153.19

150
125

200

132
105

100

Growth of RE:
major share by
the private
sector

86

75
50
25
0

Thermal

Hydro

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Nuclear

RES

Total
Source: http://www.cea.nic.in

Electricity Market Players

50
State sector

Private sector

40.77

State sector

Central sector
29.73

% age share

29.49

Central sector

Private sector

40
30
20
10
0

Top Players in the Power Sector

State level corporations

PSU (Central
and State)

Private
Sector
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Potential of Renewable Power in India

Resources

Potential (MW)

Wind Power

49,130

Small Hydro Power

15,000

Biomass and Waste

30,000

Solar power

20-30 MW/ sq. km (50000 Approx.)

Source wise breakup

State wise breakup

AP

Small Hydro
Power
17%

8%
24%
Biomass
Power
19%

Wind Power
55%

Gujarat

14%

J&K

7%

4%

Karnataka

Maharashtra

9%

12%
7%
4%

11%

Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
UP

Waste to
Energy
3%

Cogeneration
bagasse
6%

Others

Source : MNRE, India

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Potential of Wind and Solar Power in India

Projection: 49,130 MW at 2% land availability

Goal of 20 GW by 2022

Source: www.cwet.tn.nic.in/

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Power Grid Operation in India

3 levels of grid management systems (national, regional
and state), using SCADA
Grid Management is being looked after by POSOCO
National Level (1)

Regional Level (5)

State Level

NLDC
NRLDC

SLDC

SLDC

ERLDC

NERLDC

WRLDC

SRLDC

SLDC

SLDC

Distribution
Companies (DISCOMS)

For example: in Gujarat (MGVCL, PGVCL, DGVCL, UGVCL four

DISCOMS and one controlling body GUVNL, and one generation
company GSEC) and private DISCOMS : Torrent power
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Electricity Market Operation: Segments

Years ahead

One day in advance

Year ahead

Indian Wholesale Market

Indian Wholesale Market

(Bilateral contracts)

(Bilateral contracts)

LTOA

STOA

NHPC
NTPC DISCOMSNPCIL
IPPs
CPPs
Open
access
TATA
Reliance
consumers
Adani

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Indian PXs (Day-ahead

market)

DISCOMs Traders
DISCOMS
Retails/large
consumers
CPPs
Open access
consumers
State Gens.

Day of operation

Real-time balancing
market

UI mechanism

System
operation
DISCO
Injections/drawals
MS
adjustment

Different Entities in Electricity Market

Independent System Operator (ISO)

Generator
Companies
(GenCos)

Transmission
Companies
(TransCos)

Distribution
Companies
(DisCos)

Electricity Regulatory

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Retailer

Customer

Short Term Transactions

105

94.51

90

81.56

75

65.91

BUs

60
45
30

35.84
26.72

25.8

28.1

27.7
16

15

27.8
15

16

10

0
2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

Volume of electricity transacted through traders

Voume of electrcity transaction between DISCOMS
Volume of electricity transacted through PXs
Volume of electricity transacted through UI
Total short term transactions

6
5

5.26

4.96

4.79

Rs./kWh

4.18
4

3.47

3.57

3
2
1
0
2009-10

Source: http://www.cercind.gov.in/

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

2010-11

2011-12

Price of electricity transacted through traders

Price of electricity transacted through PXs

IEX Transactions
Falling electricity prices at the exchange

Source: www.iexindia.com

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

RPO and REC Mechanism : Promote RE Generators

Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO): EA 2003 empowers the
SERCs to set targets for DISCOMs to purchase certain % age
(between 1% and 15%) of their total power requirement from RES
Under NAPCC, one of the missions is targeted at increasing the
contribution of RE to the grid to 15% by 2020.
SR
6000

MW

5000
WR
4000
3000
NR
2000
1000
0

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

ER

NER

RPO and REC Mechanism : Promote RE Generators

Renewable Energy Certificate (REC): Market based instrument
Provides evidence that a generator has produced a certain quantum of power
from a RE resource which has been consumed
Effects the environmental attributes of the source of generation
REC mechanism is expected to overcome geographical constraints and provide
flexibility to achieve RPO compliance.
Create competition among different RE technologies
700000

3000000

REC Issued

REC Redeemed

Opening Balance

Closing Balance

600000

2500000

500000

2000000

400000
1500000

300000
1000000

200000

500000

100000

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

June, 2013

Apr, 2013

May, 2013

Mar, 2013

Feb, 2013

Jan, 2013

Nov, 2012

Dec, 2012

Oct, 2012

Sep, 2012

Aug, 2012

Jul, 2012

June, 2012

May, 2012

Apr, 2012

Feb, 2012

Mar, 2012

Jan, 2012

Dec, 2011

Nov, 2011

Oct, 2011

Sep, 2011

0
Aug, 2011

Renewable Energy Trading

Cost of electricity
through RE
generation
Solar PV

Cost equivalent
to conventional
resources

Cost for
GREEN
Attributes

Unbundling of REC from

electrical energy

REC Option
Electricity

12-15 Rs/kWh
for first 12 years
3-5 Rs/kWh for
next 13 years

Solar
Thermal

9-11 Rs/kWh for

first 12 years
3 -4 Rs/kWh for
next 13 years

Wind

3-5 Rs/kWh

Feed-in-Tariff (FiT)
Green attributes

Sale of electricity to

Electricity
sale at
market price

Sale of electricity to
obligated entities at
price average price

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

REC (Solar and

non-solar)
Sale of REC at PXs

obligated entities

(DISCOMs, CPPs,
OA consumers) at
preferential tariff

REC Trading: Experience so far

350000

3000

IEX Non-Solar
300000

PXIL Non-Solar

200000

IEX Solar

2000

PXIL Solar
1500

150000
1000
100000

50000

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

500

REC (Solar)

REC (Non-Solar)

250000

2500

Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar
Solar
Non-Solar

Rs/REC

REC Trading: Experience so far

16,000
IEX

14,000
PXIL

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

May '11June '11July '11Aug '11Sep '11Oct '11Nov '11Dec '11Jan '12Feb '12Mar '12Apr '12May '12June '12July '12Aug'12Sep '12Oct '12Nov '12Dec '12Jan '13Feb '13
March '13
Apr '13May '13June '13

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

 Smart grid is the integration of Information & Communication

Technology (ICT), through which dynamic two-way digital
communication is possible, into at all levels of power grid.
It encompasses a broad set of applications, including
software, hardware and technologies that enable utilities to
integrate, interface with, and intelligently control innovations.

two-way information and

communication network between
the energy suppliers and their
customers

Source of this image: Smart Grid Communication: Its

Challenges and Opportunities, IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON SMART GRID, VOL. 4, NO. 1, MARCH 2013
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Power Layer

Smart charging & V2G

Grid optimization

SCADA
/DMS

Future applications & services

Distributed generation
and storage

DR

Smart Meter

N/W Gateway

Generation

Transmission

Utility

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Substation
T&D Infrastructure

Distribution

Residential/com
mercial/industrial
consumers

Customer

GlowPAN

Home
Plug

ZigBee

WiFi

BPL/PLC

Fiber

Network linking loads &

appliances for utility & cons.

WiMax

Missing link in end-end n/w; now

being deployed at scale
RF pointmultipoint

Backhaul network between

FAN and utilities

RF Mesh

Utilities
network

WiMax

HAN

BPL

FAN/AMI

Satellite

WAN

Private
wireless

LAN

Z-Wave

AMI

Cellular
(2G/3G)

Communication Layer

Application Layer

Smart Grid Framework

Distributed
resources
& storage

Smart Grid Framework

Building additional layers of automation, communication and IT systems
to transform it to a smarter grid
Applications or building blocks of a smart grid
SCADA with Energy Management Systems (EMS) and Distribution Management
Systems (DMS)
Enterprise IT network covering all substations and field offices with reliable
communication systems
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) mapping of electrical network assets and
consumers on geospatial maps,
modernization of the substations with modern switchgear and numerical relays,
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) with two way communication and MDMS
Electronic billing systems and customer care systems,
Distribution Automation and Substation Automation Systems

Outage Management Systems (OMS),

Wide Area Measurement and Control Systems,
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)/Asset Management Systems,
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Smart Grid: Enabling Technologies

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) & Smart Meters

AMI/AMR Technology
integration of many technologies that provides an intelligent
connection between the grid, consumers and their loads, and
generation and storage resources

MDMS

Smart metering

Integrated (wide-area)
communication network

Operational gateways
HAN /LAN

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Smart Grid: Enabling Technologies

Smart Meters
enable consumers to monitor and
manage their power use practically
in real time and thus conserve
energy.
utilities benefit from better grid
load planning and lower cost and
gain detailed insight into network
dynamics.
Ref: white paper on smart Metering

Photo: Siemens
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Smart Grid: Indian Context

Smart grid is defined by the complexities of managing
synchronized national grid
power exchanges
open access transactions
diverse generation resources

AT&C loss reduction

demand-side management

System operators: seeking to minimize human interface to

limit the margin for error
National objective: to progressively increase renewable
energy share in the grid, which necessitates real-time
monitoring, forecasting and efficient grid dispatch

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Smart Grid: Institutional framework

India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF)
A non-profit voluntary consortium of
public and private partnership body
constituted in Sept. 2010
Objective: to accelerate the
development and implementation of
Smart Grid technologies in the
Indian Power Sector

India Smart Grid Task Force

An inter ministerial group was constituted to help frame Govt. policies
for creating conductive policy framework for accelerated
implementation of Smart Grid
Designed to work with various Govt. agencies to convert the recommendations
made by the ISGF in to policies.

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Drivers for smart grids in India

Utilities:

Reduction of T&D losses in all utilities to 15% or below

Peak load management multiple options
Reduction in power purchase cost
Better asset management
Increased grid visibility
Self-healing grid
Renewable integration

Customers:
Improve reliability of supply to all customers no power cuts, no more
DG sets and inverters
Improve quality of supply no more voltage stabilizers
User friendly and transparent interface with utilities
Increased choices for consumers, including green power
Source: Draft on Smart Grid Roadmap for India, ISGF

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Drivers for smart grids in India

Government & Regulators:

Satisfied customers
Financially sound utilities
Tariff neutral system upgrade and modernization
Reduction in carbon and other pollutant emissions and emission intensity

Source: Draft on Smart Grid Roadmap for India, ISGF

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Smart Grid Vision for India

Transform the Indian power sector into a
secure, adaptive, sustainable and digitally enabled
ecosystem by 2027 that provides reliable and quality
energy for all with active participation of stakeholders
Integrated technology trials through a set of smart grid pilot projects (14 across
India) by 2015
Integration of R-APDRP building blocks into future smart grid development
Availability of an indigenous smart meter by 2014
National Optical Fibre Networking for better communication for most of S/S 33/11 kV
Enabling programs and projects in distribution utilities to reduce AT&C losses to
below 15% by 2017, below 12% by 2022, and below 10% by 2027
Conversion of existing distribution sub-stations to GIS based substations
Formulation of effective customer outreach and communication programs for active
involvement of consumers (Knowledge portal)
development of Microgrids, storage options, virtual power plants (VPP), vehicle to
grid (V2G), solar to grid (PV2G), and building to grid (B2G) technologies in order to
manage peak demand, optimal use of installed capacity and reduce load shedding
and black-outs.
Source: Draft on Smart Grid Roadmap for India, ISGF

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Power Quality
Management

Asset
Management

Naroda

Peak Load
Management

Power
Purchase
optimize

Outage
Management

AMI DTR

Disaster
Outage
Management

AT&C Loss
Reduction

Power Quality
Management

Load
Forecast

DTR Health
Management

Outage
Management

Peak Load
Management

AT&C Loss
reduction

AMI
Consumer

SG Pilot Project - UGVCL

Utility Level Functionalities

Consumer
Awareness

Pilot Area Level Functionalities

Deesa

Intelligent Energy Management System

Illustrative smart home energy management system

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

VGEC-IIT GN Power Distribution Network

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Solar PV Systems Schematic Arrangement

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

10 kWp Solar PV (Thin-film, CIS) System

Pyranometer and Irradiance sensors
with module temperature sensor
Pyranometer

Ambient temperature
sensor
Installed by

Thermometer

NTT Facilities, Inc., Japan

Total 64 PV modules (Thin-film, CIS)

PV module
Manufacturer
Type
Nominal value

: Solar Frontier, Japan

: CIS (SF150-L)
: 150 Wp

(http://www.solar-frontier.com)

Installation conditions
Inclined angle
: 25
Orientation
: South

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

PV Inverter (REFUsol 010K)

Data logger (Solar-Log 200)
Inverter & Data logger

Load Profile & PV Generation

Feb 2012
250

200

150

100

50

0
12:30 2:00 3:30 5:00 6:30 8:00 9:30 11:00 12:30 2:00 3:30 5:00 6:30 8:00 9:30 11:00
AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM
SPV o/p
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

W/o SPV

Actual-Avg kW

Load Profile & PV Generation

March 2012
250

200

150

100

50

0
12:30 2:00 3:30 5:00 6:30 8:00 9:30 11:00 12:30 2:00 3:30 5:00 6:30 8:00 9:30 11:00
AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Load Profile & PV Generation

April 2012
350
300
250
200
150
100

50
0
12:30 2:00 3:30 5:00 6:30 8:00 9:30 11:00 12:30 2:00 3:30 5:00 6:30 8:00 9:30 11:00
AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar

Thanks for your kind attention !!!

Any questions ???

Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar