Brett Nilsen

Cint Johnson
English 1010
Final Portfolio
December 17th 2015

Flash Narrative, Rhetorical Analysis, & Issue Exploration

Flash Narrative
Alone on the Edge
Yeah its cool, Ill go last.
The six words repeated in the back of my mind, each time with growing hesitancy. I lay
there with my hands behind my head, trying to quiet the growing doubts. My pose may have
been more befitting of a hammock; one tucked away in a lush and shady apple orchard. This was
no such place, and I was far from relaxed.
I was stuck, stuck still in a three-sided box. All around me were jagged walls, I looked up
the sides these cliffs, hundreds of feet tall. Mere feet ahead of me, waited the void. Over that
threshold waited two hundred feet of air.

The activity I found myself doing for the first time was called canyoneering. You
descend canyons rappelling off cliffs where you have no other way down. Fortunately it was not
my first time rappelling, but it was the final rappel of the canyon, and promised to be the highest
I had ever done in my life.
Beneath me I could feel the final fleeting radiance of the sun in the rock. I tried to savor
this last semblance of heat, and the simple thought of spending the night here made me shiver.
Summer or not, I knew that nights are always incredibly cold in these high desert canyons. This
was no place for me and there was certainly no sleep to be had here. There would be dreams to
wake up from after falling over-the-edge. This was the edge, true nightmare material.
I was staring blankly over the cavernous desert valley below. Shadows crept up the
canyon cliffs. Darkness scaling the walls like some jaggedly-shifting liquid form. If only I could
reach out and harness one of those shadows, turn it around, and slither back down these forsaken
cliffs in a similar fashion. NO. There was no convenient solution to my predicament, just myself.
I was the only solution. Suddenly a voice far below a echoed up to my perch "Off rope!" I need
no other que to jolt into motion!
I gathered everything about myself. I admitted a third alternative to do or die. This was
simply dropping something very important, over the edge, in which case I may have to wait
several hours to be rescued. I pictured a critical piece of gear fumbling out of my hands in slow
motion, twinkling and turning, quickly swallowed in the depths below. That would be pretty
inconvenient, but would not have stranded me...necessarily. What would be disastrous would be
to drop the rope.

I attached to the anchor in my harness on my tether, so if I fall I would not go over the
edge. I stood there tying a European Death Knot to join the two ropes together. Yes it's called
that and people have been hurt using wrong variations. The irony was not lost on me, and I
smirked as I tied it. I figured if I died here that night I may as well go smiling. I gathered the rope
in my hand and attached to it.
I stood there two feet away from the edge, and for the first time felt the canyon breeze
whipping up the cliff face. I leaned back on the rope shifting 100% of my body weight over the
cliff edge. It was holding. I felt a little better about the knot's integrity. A stepped back with each
foot in turn. Just inches from the edge I peered over the void. I was relieved to see miniscule
version of my friends mulling about far below me.
I was now inches away from the edge and sat down toward it, lowering my feet in turn.
Then, in a brief instant, I was swallowed up in the void entirely. Surprisingly the fear had been
muted. Whether survival instinct or maybe I just entered a vortex I was entirely void of thought
or emotion. Everything was perfectly quiet. The only thing that existed was rope, and my beating
heart. I was over this terrible edge.
Half-way down I regained my senses, and with them a true moment of relief. The fear
was gone, all of it. In that moment was freedom. Utter happiness. When my feet reached terra
firma, I felt the most alive and ecstatic in my life. We hiked hastily out of there in the dark. We
had recounted the day events, over a quick meal, and then found a good night's rest.
Since that day, so many years ago, I have done many canyons and many rappels, many
higher than this. I cringe imagining the countless things slipping by not-witnessed; incredible
places unseen or entire memories vanquished from memory. That is the true fear; if I had quit

early on, IF I had conveniently escaped my first time stuck on the ledge, then I would never
know such things. I approach edges or unknown horizons, of my life, new confidence.

Rhetorical Analysis

Audience: Prejudiced or uniformed young white Americans (mid twenties or younger)

who are uniformed Obama or contemporary civil rights
Purpose: To help my audience become aware of how to appeal tastefully to the entire
diverse population, and how unity can trump ignorance pretty much every time. To also show
how Obama appealed to so many people and why people would choose to support him.

"Learning equality from A More Perfect Union"

The year was 2008. The Nation was growing weary, of wars having been involved in
several oversea conflicts for over half a decade. Presidential elections were quickly approaching
and The American population was ready to give the nod to any generic Democratic nod over
another Bush. Enter Obama, a relatively unknown, black, senator from Illinois. He had made
ripples in 2004 Democratic convention and was looking to make major waves with his entrance
into the 2008 political arena.

Obama would contend with major political players including Hillary Clinton and John
McCain. Later on Obama ousted Clinton for the Democratic nomination and had only to battle
the John McCain. Obama had his work cut out for him the entire duration of his campaign and if
popularity soared, it was due only to his effort and strategic appeals to both the diverse and
established majority of Americans. Obama had to alienate no-one while making his case of
diversity and presented his own version of the American dream. He had to single handedly
empathisize both change and diversity, rather than ignoring or even perpetuating hate, ignorance,
and racism.
If this country was ready for a diverse change Obama promised to deliver in a very big
way with his speech A More Perfect Union. The opening words of the speech summons the
founding fathers and promises a sensible continuation a more perfect vision of his ideallyenvisioned union. Obama appeals to logos and pathos and proves that he alone is the single
means by which the American people will step forward.
Obama uses ethos appealing to everything like race and gender and that people deserve
equality and fairness. The speech appeals to the American people by first helping them
understand, then ultimately embrace his vision. Through his motion forward, we as a nation will
overcome racism and inequality once and for all. Obama shows that Americans are free and will
choose of ideals of their own accord toward the greater good as it was recognized by founding
fathers or King. Obama credibility is his intense effort and his entirely fresh approach to the civil
rights movement. This creates an awareness of equality (or lack thereof) in the current state of
the Nation. Obama shows that he was moving logically toward the greater good in this speech.
The speech was successful in showing that people want to choose the greater qualities of fairness

equality. These are obviously more powerful than the stale ignorance of hate, so it works very
well here.
Obama distances himself from comments that his pastor Jeremiah Wright made. Obama
uses ethos and distances himself while presenting his own vision of the Nation as he sees fit.
Obama ensures his audience that he is not anyway associated with these leanings. Issues that
would never before be mentioned would have to be mentioned if Obama was going to get
support of the white majority. Obama carefully appeals to the white a majority with logos. He
assures them that he still has their best interest and can distance himself from racist remarks
made by Rev. Wright. This shows that keep the majorities interest at heart and this was critical
step for him to take to not further divided an already-hesitant white majority.
Obama first addressed change, and himself embodies ethnicity. He made this clear and
proudly embraced his Kenyan heritage early on and applied the ideas and lessons learned from a
lifetime of living in various places around different cultures. In his 2004 book Dreams of My
Father, Obama relates experiences learned from living abroad: from a white community in
Indonesia in his youth, to a black Chicago community in his early adulthood. Obama also likens
his father to an inspiring force and prime example of somebody overcoming uncertainty and race.
Change and diversity would prove to be two very important themes that would eventually help
carry him throughout his campaign.
Obama then creates a sweeping and hopeful appeal to ethos. He presents a wherein all
Americans may live and make anything possible in his 'more perfect union'. Obama presents a
strong case for change in his speech recounting his journey and acknowledges that this is the
only place where his dream is possible. He also gives several examples of people, his father and

others as overcoming adversity in racism. He makes tremendous appeals to pathos. There's no

question that Obama offered a fresh perspective on the American dream. Obama also reexamined modern civil rights and provoked thought in every American. In his book, The First
Black President: Barack Obama, Race, Politics, and the American Dream, Johnny Hill says that
"Obama's 2008 win was the climax of the Civil Rights movement" and I would have to agree.
Obama was a literal modernized component of Civil Rights movement. He re-examines old
ideals of equality and connects them to our own heart and minds. Obama makes change
accessible and really the only logical choice for any forward thinking American, at the time.
Obama's speech can perhaps teach us the most about logic and appeals to progress. It
taught us how America was tired of dealing with old ignorance. It also addressed race and
connects the power of greater good of humankind and equality in a way that had not been done
before. It shows that people can and will generally choose what they know to be inherently good.
It is this appeal that can be appreciated and embraced by the majority of people. Regardless of
your opinions or political leanings, you'll agree that not changing gets us absolutely nowhere. It
is also true that the progress of change will not be stopped solely by old clingings of a stubborn
and hateful ignorance. History is no way forward for the individual or a Nation. Obama illustres
very well, that everyone needs to accept and embrace change because these are the fundamental
reason we're all American.

Sources Cited
Hill, Johnny Bernard. The First Black President: Barack Obama, Race, Politics, and the
American Dream. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Print.
Obama, Barack. A More Perfect Union. Philadelphia, PA, March 18, 2008.
www.obamaspeeches.com, transcript.
Obama, Barack. Dreams of My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York: Crown,
2004. Print.

Issue Exploration
Audience: Young adult readers who are uninformed of climate or environmental issues.
Primarily those who would not typically not take the time or interest in earth or the environment
or our place and affect that we're currently having and will continue to have upon this planet.
Purpose: Help the audience understand the environmental rhetoric used, what is actually thought
to be happening in the environment, and what will happen, according to modern scientific beliefs.
Also to encourage them to understand what could possibly change for the betterment of a future
humanity. Hopefully the reader can ponder and revisit their own opinions on these popularlyheld beliefs, and more-critically question similar environmental claims encountered in the future.
At the same time I'd re-examine a few perspectives/claims about environmental change and see if
they are overblown or sensationalized in some way. My point is also to help those who would
otherwise not spend a spare thought on this, to care and to start considering what our planet's
future could be. In the abstract, to get them thinking about the bigger fate of mankind, leaving
this planet and taking our entire history is the only way we will survive as a species. What may

likely become of premature fate as a species on this planet if we continue to live the way we
have?

Climate change
The idea of climate change is a well known idea to almost everyone in the United States.
It's harped on during various political campaigns, the source of humor, heated debates and
perhaps somewhere, either tucked away or at the forefront, it is within everyone's mind. The
popular rhetoric surrounding climate change has been firmly cemented into the mind of our
societal consciousness and the contemporary takeaway on the issue seems to be this: climate
change is happening!
General scientific consensus, agrees with public opinion, that it is happening on some
level. The projected outcomes presented in these scientific findings warn of very serious long
term implications. We're to understand that the future of humanity may soon be faced with very
serious worldwide humanitarian crisis' if it is not addressed soon, assuming these latest
projections are accurate. This first group feels that the time to act was many decades ago,
however it's not too late, but will be soon unless action is taken now.
The largest opposing groups of thought are in fierce disagreement about what is being
reported, saying that it is be represented, reported wrong or the science itself is wrong and it's

really not that critical of an issue for humanity to focus on. The other group feel that while not
critical or immediate, climate change should still matter to humanity, just not as much as the
media would have you believe. This group also serves to better the integrity of what is being
assumed or projected in the long term.
In the more abstract, we have physicists like Stephen Hawking, urging humanity to start
thinking about leaving our fragile earth, and we only have 1,000 years because we may not be
around after that. He feels that our continued existence, as a species, will eventually need to be
secured among the stars. Perhaps what's happened, historically, proves that the earth can stabilize
itself, even after several dramatic extinction events. This would mean the earth will be able to
balance the climate out, and that the earth endured is far more harmful than any insignificant
damage done by humans.
Another group would question why any of this is important or relevant and it's actually
pointless because one person living environmentally friendly literally cannot make a difference
in helping the environment. If we don't care perhaps there are reasons and what may it take to
make a difference as a race?

We're all to blame

A 2010 study found that 61 percent of Americans believe climate change is happening
and indeed is a direct result of mankind (Yale Project). This opinion is also shared by the
majority of scientists, specializing in various environmental fields. These scientists firmly hold
that global warming is happening and has direct ties to human activity, starting as early as the
Industrial Revolution (NASA).

The International Panel on Climate Change, in a 2007, with 1,300 independent science
experts, concluded that carbon dioxide levels have nearly doubled in the last 250 years and
"there's a better than 90 percent probability that human-produced greenhouse gases such as
carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have caused much of the observed increase in Earth's
temperatures over the past 50 years" (NASA).
Scientists strongly feel that the implications of ignoring the facts would be far-reaching
and would globally affect everything; ecosystems, species, and certainly us. More recently the
IPCC has concluded "The Earth is locked on an 'irreversible' course of climatic disruption from
the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and the impacts will only worsen unless
nations agree to dramatic cuts in pollution" (Warrick). Something as minor as a slight
temperature increase could also promote incredible spreading of disease in Africa: "parasites
thrive when it floods resulting in more cholera and malaria. Mosquitoes do not survive below a
certain temperature but with the warming effect they are able to survive" (Otieno).
Besides just causing changes that spread disease or famine, the way humans are "eating
away at our own life support systems" is happening at a rate unseen for 10,000 years. "Of nine
worldwide processes that underpin life on Earth, four have exceeded "safe" levels" (Milman).
Things like human-driven climate change, loss of biospheres, ecosystems and large amounts of
phosphorus and nitrogen (from fertilizer) noticeably hurting ecosystems in the oceans.
The widespread impact and consequences of both global warming and human
consumption on our planet, have been summarized by Lester Brown, who believes that he
demands made are not sustainable "Evidence of this can be seen in collapsing fisheries, shrinking
forests, expanding deserts, rising CO2 levels, eroding soils, rising temperatures, falling water

tables, melting glaciers, deteriorating grasslands, rising seas, rivers that are running dry, and
disappearing species" (Brown).

The reporting & figures are wrong

A 2015 poll, shows that American's still agree that climate change is happening, but the
majority felt that no much actually needs to be done about it right now. This contrast's greatly
with opinions held during George W. Bush's administration when an overwhelming majority of
people felt that it was critical to do something about it. If this perception shifted recently, what
may have caused it?
Many scientists disagree with the ideas of climate change as it stands. Often times these
scientists are often mislabeled or perceived by others as speaking against climate science. In
actuality they review and challenge commonly held beliefs and speak against asserted climate
projections (Taylor). Their primary interest is to change and alter public perception, and for the
betterment of scientific understanding. In doing so this constant fact-checking ensures more
integrity with future research, and will also help to more accurately address these climate
concerns and issues.
The greatest opposition comes from the heart of climate change science itself. In 2013 the
IPCC underwent scrutiny. In prior years it was believed that erroneously reported levels of C02
emissions. The imminent doom was never close to happening despite what old findings and
computer predictions had been telling everyone for years. These actual emissions may have been
1/4 of what has been reported in the last few decades. Professor Curry, head of Georgia Institute

of Technology said "This is incomprehensible to me adding that the IPCC projections are
overconfident, especially given the reports admitted areas of doubt" (Rose).
The evidence arguing for the stabilization of the environment is based on the purported
historic figures and satellite measurements. "Satellite measurements of atmospheric temperatures
do not agree, however. They began only in 1979, and have shown no significant increase over
the last quarter century. Balloon readings did show an abrupt, one-time increase in 1976-1977.
Since then, those temperatures have stabilized" (Bethell).
Conversely climate itself can be largely unpredictable: "while the public is becoming
aware that climate change is increasing the likelihood of local disasters, many people do not yet
understand that there is a small, but real chance of abrupt, unpredictable, and potentially
irreversible changes with highly damaging impacts on people in the United States and around the
world" (Lobe).
These two examples show how climate itself can be largely dynamic. Scientists feel that
rather than large reports, that trusted and evolving scientific scrutiny is better. This could help
ensure that false reporting and undue concern in the general public which may not interpret or
scrutinize facts as carefully. Professor Myles Allen, the director of Oxford Universitys Climate
Research Network, said there should be not be any more IPCC assessments "The idea of
producing a document of near-biblical infallibility is a misrepresentation of how science works,
and we need to look very carefully about what the IPCC does in future" (Rose).

Earth: Fix it or leave it?

Theoretical science says that the very existence of life on planet Earth is a very rare,
special, and delicate thing. Stephen Hawking believes that the only way humans will not survive
as a race "does not think we'll survive another 1,000 years is to eventually leave our "fragile
planet" if we're going to survive as species.
There are a few logical ideas and reasons behind leaving our planet of leaving our planet.
In the short term we'd need to leave to begin terraforming nearby planets their moons as to
resemble the earth. Another reason to leave Earth long enough for it to heal and then return to it,
treating it more carefully the second time around. In the longer term perspective, scientists
believe that if we are to exist and we cannot just terraform other these nearby planets, but would
likely have to find another home beyond our solar system (Gott).
While we may never have to worry about this issue, it may someday become an
important concern to humankind and the continuation of our species. The earth itself has
received plenty of abuse from space and from within. All this would be much more we've
observed in out short time here as humans. There have been 5 extinction events on this planet in
it's 4.5 billion year lifespan, and with the most famous one is known for killing the dinosaurs
(Plumer).
Perhaps the entirety of human existence has had little effect on the planet and we dont
need to leave or do anything. There are those who feel that Earth could potentially heal itself.
These ideas are true according to Professor Laughlin, professor of Physics at Stanford, who says
"The Earth doesn't care about any of these governments or their legislation," Profesor Laughlin
writes. "It doesn't care whether you turn off your air conditioner, refrigerator and television set. It

doesn't notice when you turn down your thermostat and drive a hybrid car" He goes on to say
that if these effects are spread over the many centuries and they will become insignificant and
nothing more than "the bat of an eyelash as far as the Earth is concerned". He goes on to saying
that the geological record itself shows that the environment "ought no to concern us". We should
not worry have to worry about "the energy future, not because its unimportant, but because its
beyond our power to control" (Laughlin).

It is hard to care
Humans have capacity to care but why would you be motivated to, if it has no positive or
measurable effect? If you were to ask why climate change doesnt matter many might say
because it doesnt affect them, or maybe they passionately care but are not influential or
powerful or affect and could not make a difference in their lifetime.
Even if someone who is flawlessly committed to a lifetime of environmentally-conscious living
you will have made but a "drop in the larger global bucket" (Berreby). The causal thought, to
make an effort, likely starts and stops with this sentiment for many people who are "nonspecialists" who would never have an actual effect in environmental policy nor the science. "If
you stop taking airplanes and otherwise reduce your carbon footprint, you will, of course, be
helping to reduce the impact of greenhouse gases. But if you really understand the science, you
understand that your effect will be absurdly small, until and unless many others join
you."(Berreby)

Another thing to consider is that it may be hard, psychologically, for humans to care
about this particular issue. The very idea of distant timelines and eventual realities create a false
sense of comfort according to Espen Stoknes, an Norweigian psychologist economist. He
believes that "There are five main psychological barriers: distance, doom, dissonance, denial,
and identity. The reason climate science communication is so difficult is that it triggers these
barriers one after the other". He goes on to say "If you overuse fear-inducing imagery, what you
get is fear and guilt, and this makes people more passive." (Schiffman)
A future of thought & change
There indeed may not be clear cut answer fixing the environment or serious
environmental issues facing humanity. It's easy to become overwhelmed or to lose hope or
motivation to want to better this planet or to even hold your fellow human beings in a high
esteem, with all that turmoil happening around us all the time
I think that the best thing we could do right now is fix our awareness, specifically about the
accuracy of what is being said. Seek the truth and encourage critical thought.
The environment itself could be frozen in it's current state for 1,000 years but that would
not help solve planet's earth food, resource, and energy demands for the future; the fact-alone of
the rapidly-growing population. The environment will more or less do what it whatever it wants
regardless of us and I feel that our demands and usage of finite resources are a far more pressing
matter entirely.
Besides this awareness everyone should take a moment to consider some bigger picture
stuff: the future of earth, alternative energy sources, space, technology, and the far and distant
future, however abstract it all seems. I feel that this your existence and your race, and as such

you have a vested interest in the continuation in your species. I mean seriously what will become
of the record that you ever existed? Will your history die with on this planet with our failed
species? Will your continuation and history of existence be insured on some unknown world by
distant and entirely different consciousness apart from of human as we know them?
I have faith in human genius and persistence. I also think that if we have evolved enough to
effectively travel to future planets, our mindset will have already had to have evolved as well,
and the incessant desire for resources, wealth, and power simply cannot follow us to the stars if
we are to survive beyond 'fragile planet' Earth.

Works Cited
Austen, Ben. "After Earth: Why? Where? How? When?." Popular Science. Mar. 2011: 46. SIRS
Issues Researcher. Web. 11 Nov. 2015.
Bethell, Tom. "The False Alert of Global Warming." The American Spectator. N.p., May 2005.
Web. 08 Dec. 2015. <http://spectator.org/articles/55208/false-alert-global-warming>.
Brown, Lester R. "Pushing Beyond the Earth's Limits." Futurist Vol. 39, No. 3. May/June 2005:
18-24. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 11 Nov. 2015.
Otieno, Churchill. "GRID-Arendal." Climate Change. N.p., 2014. Web. 09 Dec. 2015.
<http://www.grida.no/publications/et/ep4/page/2638.aspx>.
Forbes. Forbes Magazine, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2015.
<http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamestaylor/2013/02/13/peer-reviewed-survey-finds-majority-ofscientists-skeptical-of-global-warming-crisis/>.
Gott III, J. Richard. "Why We Must Leave Earth." New Scientist (London, England) Vol. 195,
No. 2620. Sept. 8 2007: 51-54. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 07 Nov. 2015
Goudarzi, Sara. "Global Warming or Just Hot Air? A Dozen Different Views." LiveScience.
TechMedia Network, 13 July 2006. Web. 06 Dec. 2015. <http://www.livescience.com/4144global-warming-hot-air-dozen-views.html>.
Grant, Andrew. "Gamma-ray Bursts May Repeatedly Wipe out Life." Science News. N.p., Dec.
2014. Web. 08 Dec. 2015. <https://www.sciencenews.org/article/gamma-ray-bursts-mayrepeatedly-wipe-out-life>.

Hall, Kat "HAWKING ALERT: Leave Planet Earth, Find a New Home. Stupid Humans." The
Register. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2015.
<http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/02/20/hawking_alert_leave_planet_earth_stupid_humans/>.
Lapowsky, Issie. "Americans Are Getting Less Worried About Climate Change." Wired.com.
Conde Nast Digital, Nov.-Dec. 2015. Web. 09 Dec. 2015.
<http://www.wired.com/2015/11/americans-are-getting-less-worried-about-climate-change/>.
Laughlin, Robert. "What the Earth Knows." The American Scholar:. 1 July 2010. Web. 10 Dec.
2015. <https://theamericanscholar.org/what-the-earth-knows/#.Vmj2CEorIdU>.
Lobe, Jim. "U.S.: Scientists Launch Wake-Up Campaign on Climate Change." Global
Information Network. 19 Mar. 2014: n.p. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 08 Dec. 2015.
Milman, Oliver. "We're Destroying the Planet in Ways That Are Even Worse than Global
Warming." Mother Jones. N.p., 16 Jan. 2015. Web. 09 Dec. 2015.
<http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2015/01/humans-destorying-planet-earth>.
NASA "Climate Change Causes: A Blanket around the Earth." Climate Change: Vital Signs of
the Planet. NASA. Web. 06 Dec. 2015. <http://climate.nasa.gov/causes/>.
National Geographic. "National Geographic, EarthPulse." EarthPulse, Maps, Global Trends,
Human Impact - National Geographic. N.p., 2015. Web. 06 Dec. 2015.
<http://www.nationalgeographic.com/earthpulse/human-impact.html>.
Plumer, Brad. "There Have Been Five Mass Extinctions in Earths History. Now Were Facing a
Sixth." Washington Post. The Washington Post, 11 Mar. 2014. Web. 09 Dec. 2015.

<https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/02/11/there-have-been-five-massextinctions-in-earths-history-now-were-facing-a-sixth/>.
Rose, David. "World's Top Climate Scientists Confess: Global Warming Is Just QUARTER
What We Thought - and Computers Got the Effects of Greenhouse Gases Wrong ." Mail Online.
Associated Newspapers, 14 Sept. 2013. Web. 09 Dec. 2015.
<http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2420783/Worlds-climate-scientists-confess-Globalwarming-just-QUARTER-thought--computers-got-effects-greenhouse-gases-wrong.html>.
Schiffman, Richard. "How Can We Make People Care About Climate Change?" Yale
Environment 360. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2015.
<http://e360.yale.edu/feature/how_can_we_make_people_care_about_climate_change/2892/>.
Taylor, James. Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 13 Feb. 2013. Web. 09 Dec. 2015.
<http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamestaylor/2013/02/13/peer-reviewed-survey-finds-majority-ofscientists-skeptical-of-global-warming-crisis/>.
Warrick, Joby, and Chris Mooney. "Effects of Climate Change 'Irreversible,' Panel Says."
Washington Post. 02 Nov. 2014: p. A.3. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 06 Dec. 2015.
Yale Project on Climate Change Communication Web. N.p. N.d.
<http://environment.yale.edu/climate-communication/article/american-opinion-on-climatechange-warms-up>.