AIR-COOLED HEAT EXCHANGERS Effectively Design Air-Cooled Exchangers Heat This primer discusses the thermal design of ACHEs and the optimization of the thermal design, and offers guidance on selecting and designing ACHEs for various applications. R. Mukherjee, Engineets india 26 + Feaauaay 1997 © ased on bare-tube heat-transfer area. air-cooled heat exchangers (ACHEs) cost two to three times ‘more than water-cooled heat ex changers for the same heat duty (hardware costs only). There are two main reasons for this. First. the thermal conductivity of air is considerably lower than that of water, which results in a much lower heat- transfer coefficient. Second, since design ambient temperatures are always his than design water temperatures, the mean temperature difference (MTD) iy always lower for an ACHE, especially at relative: ly low process-fluid outlet temperatures As a result of these wo factors, the heat-transfer area of an ACHE is consid: erably larger than that of a water-cooled hheat exchanger for the same duty. In addi- tion, the larger area requires an elaborate structural support system, which inereases the cost further. However, as all engineers: know capital (or fixed) cost of equipment is only part of the story. What is important is the total cost — the sum of the fixed cost and the operating cost The operating costs tor water cooling are much higher than those for air coolin These include the costs of the initial raw Water itself, makeup water, and treatment chemicals. the apportioned cost of the plant cooling tower, und the pumping cost. For ACHES. tite operaumg cost 18 just the cost of the power required to make the air flow across the tube bundles. As water becomes scarcer. the operating costs of water-cooled heat exchangers increase, thereby tilting the {economics further in favor of air cool CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS This article outlines the advantages and disadvantages of ACHEs. explains and il- lustrates what ACHES are, elaborates the various construction features available to accommodate different application requite- discusses the thermal design of 's and the optimization of the ther- mal design, and examines several special applications. Pros and cons of ACHEs Air-cooled heat exchangers offer several important advantages over water-cooled exchangers. Some of these are a direct result of water rot being used as the eooling medium, The high costs of using water. including the ‘costs for the raw water, makeup water, and treatment chemicals. are eliminated. The lo cation ofthe cooler. and thus the plant itself does not depend on being near a source of water (such as a nver or lake). Thermal and chemical pollution of the water source are prevented. Maintenance costs are reduced, Since frequent cleaning of the waterside of the cooler (necessitated by fouling such as sealing, biofouling, ‘not needed. And, installation is simpler be- cause water piping is eliminated, Another swlvantage is that ACHES can continue 10 operite,slbelt at reduced ca- pacity. by natural convection when there is a power failure, And finally, control ot the process fuid’s, outlet temperature (and thereby the heat duty) is easily accomplished through vari- ‘ous methods, such as switching fans on and off, use of two-speed or variable gpeed mo- tors. use of auto-variable fans (which allow sedimentation, ete.) isthe blade angle to be adjusted even while the fan is in motion), and so on. Limitations. Of course, ACHEs also have some limitations. ‘As noted earlier, the initial capital cost of an ACHE is considerably more than that of a water-cooled unit be- cause air has a much lower thermal conductivity and specific heat than water. In cold climates, extensive winteri- zation arrangements have to be incor- porated to protect against freezing tem- peratures. This increases the ‘initial ‘capital costs even further. ‘An economical approach tempera ture between the outlet process fluid and the ambient air is generally in the range of 10-15°C, whereas in water- cooled exchangers this approach tem: perature can be as low as 35°C. This disadvantage is mitigated by having air cooling followed by trim cooling with water, Because of the larger heat-transfer area, an ACHE requires a larger plot area than a water-cooled exchanger However, this disadvantage can be overcome by locating an ACHE on & piperack so that no valuable plot area is wasted. ‘The low specific heat of air requires that lange quantities of air be forced across the tube bundles. This is accom- plished by large-diameter fan blades rotating at high speeds, which pro- duces high noise levels. ‘The seasonal variation in air tem: perature can affect performance. and expensive control systems have to be Incorporated to ensure stable operation ACHES cannot be located near large obstructions, such as buildings, be- cause air recirculation can set in and reduce efficiency. The design of ACHES is relatively sophisticated. Because of this, there are fewer vendors of ACHEs than there are of water-cooled shell-and- tube heat exchangers. For cooling viscous liquids, ACHEs become even more expensive due 10 the extremely low tubeside heattrans- fer coefficient. (Such liquids yield con- siderably higher heat-transfer coeffi cients when flowing on the outside of tubes in shell-and-tube heat exchang- ers, due to the much higher turbu- lence.) This situation can be remedied to a large extent by the use of tube in- sens. However, this technology has still not become very popular. Optimizing ai and water cooling In many applications where the pro- cess outlet temperature is relatively low, air cooling alone may not be feasi- ble. For example, cooling a light hy- ddrocarbon liquid to 40-45°C may not be feasible at a site where the design ambient temperature is 42°C and the design cooling water temperature is 33°C. In many such cases, a combina- tion of air cooling followed by trim cooling with water can be adopted. For certain other services, air cool- ing may not be economically viable at all. For example, at the site just de- scribed (ambient = 42°C, cooling water = 33°C), air cooling may not be viable for a naphtha stabilizer condenser with inlet and outlet temperatures of 50°C and 45°C, respectively, due to an inor- dinately low temperature difference Here, water cooling alone would be recommended. Thus, there will be services where air cooling alone is suitable, others where a combination of air and water cooling can be used. and still others where only water cooling should be employed, The optimum temperature break- point berween air and water cooling (that is, the temperature at which the process fluid leaves the ACHE and en- ters the water-cooled heat exchanger) has to bé established by the overall economics for the specific project. It will depend on the equipment costs for the air-cooled and water-cooled heat exchangers, the total cost of using water, and the cost of power. Generally speaking, this optimum temperature is around 15-20°C more than the design ambient temperature The important point to note is that even for combination cooling (air plus ‘water cooling), the ACHE will address the major heat duty — 80% or more of the total — thereby considerably re- ducing the cooling water flow. When using combination cooling, it is usually best to design the ACHE for ‘a Somewhat lower ambient temperature than would be used if there were no trim cooling and to design the trim cooler for that process fluid tempera ture which would be delivered by the ACHE at the maximum (or near maxi- ‘mum) ambient temperature. This is be- cause the increase in the trim cooler cost will be much less than the increase in the ACHE cost if it were to handle air at the higher ambient temperature. This concept is illustrated by the fol- lowing example. Example 1. In a refinery, 71.848 kgf of kerosene was to be cooled from 183°C to 43°C. The maximum and ‘minimum ambient temperatures at the site were 42°C and 18°C, respectively. Cooling water was available at 33°C. ‘The other relevant process parameters were: fouling resistance of kerosene = 0.0004. hem?*Cikcal. fouling resis tance of water = 0.0004 hem+*C/kcal, allowable pressure drop of kerosen 1.0 kg/em, allowable pressure drop of water = 0.7 kgiem?, kerosene viscosity = O11 oP at 183°C and 0.9 at 43°C, and total heat duty = 5.87 MM keal/h. ‘The optimum break-point tempera- ture between air and water cooling was calculated to be 58°C. Thus, an ACHE, was designed t0 cool the kerosene from 183°C to 58°C and a trim cooler {using water) to coo! the kerosene from 58°C to 43°C, Because there was to be a trim cooler, 38°C was used as the de- sign ambient temperature. ‘The ACHE was designed with one section having two tube bundles in par- allel and a total bare-tube area of 327 m?. Since the section had a high length-to-width ratio (12.5 mx 3.8 m). ituses three 9-f-dia. fans. ‘A simolation of the ACHE’s perfor- mance established that it the ambient temperature were 42°C, the Kerosene outlet temperature would .be 60°C. ‘Therefore, the trim cooler was designed for this heat duty, that i, {or cooling the kerosene from 60°C to 43°C. A single CHENICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS © FEBRUARY 1997 © 27shell with a heat-transfer area of 157 m? was found to be adequate. Now consider what would happen if the ACHE were to be designed for an ambient temperature of 42°C and the ‘tim cooler for cooling the kerosene from $8°C wo 43°C. The ACHE bare- tube area would increase from 327 m? {0 369 m? (and the fan diameter from 9 ft to 10 ft), whereas the tim cooler heat-transfer area would decrease from 157 m? co 137 m?. Thus. it would be more economical to design the ACHE for an ambient temperature of 38°C and the trim cooler for a kerosene tem- perature equal to the outlet temperature from the ACHE (that is. not $8°C but 60°C) when the ambient temperature is the maximum (42°C). Construction features The American Petroleum Institute's standard API 661. “Air-cooled Heat Ex. changers for General Refinery Ser- vices” (1), outlines the minimum re: quirements for design, materials. fabri- cation. inspection. testing, and prepara tion for shipment of ACHES, Althoush this Standard is intended! specifically for the petroleurn refining iy wideypread in the petrochemical fer tilizer. and general chemical industries as well. In fact. itis considered to be a standard tor all ACHES A discussion of constuction fea tures should with a tew basic definitions: Tube hundie — assembly of tubes, headers. tube supports, und. frames (Figure by, Bay: or section — the smallest inde- pendent part of an ACHE. complete with its tube bundles, fans. drives. mo- siructure, and soon industry. its use Unit one or more bays (se for an individual service. condenser oF Bank — two or more units located ‘one attr anoiner on the same continu: ous structure (Figure 3) A bank consists of two oF more Units, a unit consists of two or more bays, and a bay consists of two oF more bundles, as ilustrated in Figure 4. ions) such as a cooler. 28 « repnuany 1997 « Figure 1.4 tube bundle is ‘an assembly of tubes, headers, tube supports, ‘and frames. W Figure 2.4 bay (or section) consists af two or more tube bundles Forced draft — tube bundles located fon the discharge side of fans (Figure Sa) Induced draft — tube bundles locat ced on the suction side of the fans (Fig ure Sb. Fined tubes ‘The tube bundles are the hear of an ACHE. The ¢ fer coefficient of air makes the use of extended surface tubes (on the airside) lunavoidable. Ihe most common and least expensive form of extended sur- face is the finned tube ‘The base tube may be made of any commercially available material — usually carbon steel or stainless steel tremely low heat-trans CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS The fins are of circular cross-section and are normally made of aluminum, Since it has the most favorable thermal- conductivity-to-cost ratio as well as good cold-working properties. Because these fins can be as thin as 0.4 mm. cis common to pack in 433 fins per meter. For maximum operating. tempera- tures in excess of 400°C, carbon steel fins are used instead of aluminum, ‘These fins are much thicker than alu- ‘minum fins (usually about 0.8 mm), If the atmospheric conditions are corro- sive to carbon steel, the entice finned tubes (carbon steel tubes and carbon steel fins) are galvanized fsom the out Side (tube outer surface and total fin1 Figure 3. A bank consists of ewo oF more units on the same structure. (Photo courtesy of ABB Lummus Heat Transfer.) surface), However, galvanized carbon steel finned tubes cannot be used for process fluid temperatures above 300°C. The use of these tubes is not very provalent. (See (2).) Since the coe jent of linear ex- pansion of aluminum is about wvice that of carbon steel. a between the tube and the fin material develops. As the operating temperature increases. the difference in the coeffi cients of expansion increases and so does the resulting yup resistance. Thus, maximum —uperating temperatures. which depend on the type of bond be- toveen the tube and the fin. have been established. (These are specitied for the various types of finned tubes in the following discussions.) The standard tube OD. is | in., ale though 1 in.. 1% in,, and even 2 in, diameters are employed in cases where the allowable tubeside pressure drop does not permit the use of 1-in-OD. tubes. The standard fin heights are 3% im,, 2 m.,and % n., with the latter two being far more popular. Single, [footed finned tubes. This is a circular fin wrapped helically around the tube under tension (Figure 6a). Full coverage of the base tube by resistance the L-foot offers good protection against atmospheric corrosion These fins tend to become loose over time, resulting in significant deter oration in the airside performance due to the gap between the tube and the fins. Consequently. their use is limited 10 applications where the process-luid inlet temperature is less than 120°C However. the majority of ACHE appli cations have process inlet temperatures less tha thi. Since the sirside performance of these finned tubes is likely to deterio- Section unde | Lee ot IF OCI tin fan——beo ( eo! | Le rate due to the loosening of the fins. they are generally not very popular. One place where they are common is in the corrosive marine atmospheres of offshore platforms. since they afford good protection against atmospheric Corrosion of the base tubes and are su- perior to grooved fins Double, L-footed finned tubes. “These offer better coverage of the base tube (Figure 6b). However, because they are more expensive (about 10-15%) than single L-footed finned tubes. they are preferred only in ex- tremely corrosive atmospheres. The upper limit on process-fluid inlet tem peratures for these finned tubes is 170°C. Grooved (or embedded) or type finned tubes. Here the fin is em: bedded in the tube by first plowing a groove in the tube wall and then stretching the fin material into the groove under sufficient tension to achieve a specified bond strength (Fig. ure 6c). These are the most commonly used finned tubes in ACHEs. G-finned tubes require a heavier tube wall than L-Toored tubes. API 661 (Clause 41.11.31 specifies a minimum tube wall thickness of 2.1 mm for cur bon steel and low-alloy steel. and 1.65 ‘num for stainless steel. For embedded: fin tubes. this thickness is measured st the bottom of the groove, Hence. em bedded fin tubes ave to be thicker than L-footed tin tubes by the depth (which is usually 0.3 om, 1M Figure 4. ACHES consist of bundles ‘combined into bays. bays combined into units, and units combined into banks. \=/ bunts —ol le unit —o! . j sank CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS * FEBRUARY 1997 © 29MEigure 5. The ACHE's fans can be in a forced-draft a) or induced-drafe(b) configuration. | a ‘These finned tubes can withstand process-iluid inlet temperatures of up fo 400°C due to the strong fin bond (the fim/bond resistance is considered negligible). They can also withstand ic operation without any loss. of fivtube contact. The disadvantage of Getinned tubes is that the base tube material is exposed to the atmosphe so their use in aggressive atmospheres. {uch as marine) is not recommended. Bimetallic finned tubes. Bimecllic finned tubes have G-type fins embedded in an outer tube of aluminum that is stretched over the base tube (Figure 64h These tubes ate not used very often, but they we well-suited for applications where the process fluid is at igh pres use of an expensive alloy, In these cases. it may be cheaper to use bimetallic finned tubes with a thinawall inner tube tan to use a heavy base tube with G fin, Extruded finned tubes. These are basically double tubes. The usual con: struction is an inner steel tube encased. in an outer tube of aluminum (Figure 6e). The tiny are extruded from the ‘outer tube by a gold-working process, Applications are similar to those of bimetallic finned tubes. For a detailed discussion of bond resistance and the maximum operating temperatures for various types of high- finned tubes, see (3) hereby’ requiring the 30 + reanuany 1997 © OOLED HEAT EXCHANGERS =H Headers Headers inuoduce the hot fluid into the tubes and collect the cooled fluid ‘They camry the inlet and the outlet nozzles as well as the partition plates that create the required number of tbe passes Headers are arranged 0 that move ‘ment within the side frame is possible 10 accommodate thermal expansion, In ac cordance with API 661 (Chuuse 4.16.12) ifthe temperature difference between the infet 10 one pass and the outlet from the aaljacent pass is greater than ILI". split headers are used to contain the differential expansion. split header is, ltrally. 2 header split into wo (or more, in excep- tional circumstances of very high tubeside fluid temperature difference) headers. one resting over the other. The upper header can slide along the top of the lower header {] accommodate uifferential expansion benween the tubes caw the header, ‘There are Various eypes of header construction. each having specific ud and disadvantages, The most ‘vommon headers ate as follows, Plug headers. This is the most ‘common construction, It consists of rectangular, welded box with inlet noz~ zle(s) in the top plate and outlet noz~ zle(s) in the bottom plate (Figure 7a). The tubes are either welded to the lubesheet or expanded into holes in the tubesheet. The plug hole opposite each tube in the plug-sheet allows mechani- ‘CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS cal cleaning of each tube and plugging in case of leakage This type of header is relatively cheap and can be used for pressures up (0 175 bar. The disadvantage of plug headers is that for frequent cleaning of tubes in dirty services (where the foul- ing resistance is greater than 0.0004 hem?**C/kcal), removal of the large number of plugs is time-consuming and costly. Thus, plug headers are pre- ferred for clean and moderate- to high- pressure (40-175 bar) applications. Cover-plate headers. For dirty ser- vices, coversplate headers (Figure 7b) are preferred because its much easier to remove the cover plates than the numer- cous plugs of plug headers. For easy re- moval. cover-plate headers are equipped ‘with jack-serews and lifing lugs, ‘At higher pressures. this header type becomes expensive as the cover- plate thickness increases. Therefore. coverplate headers are usually not used for pressures in excess of 40 bar. Manifold headers. For very high pressures, round manifold headers (Figure 7c) are generally used. The tubes are welded to the manifold by means of stubs Due to manuticturing limitations he number of tube rows per manifold is restricted to one or two. Thus. the choice of number of tube passes is lim- ited. For example. if a manifold has fone row of tubes. the number of tube passes has to be equal 0 the number of rows. If a manifold has two rows of tubes. the number of tube passes has to be half the numberof tube rows. Since cleaning of the insides of the tubes can be carmed out only chemical Iy or by cutting the U-bends. this type Of construction isnot recommended for diny services. However. for pressures above 175 bas. it is virwally mandatory that manifold headers be used. Bonnet headers. In a bonnet con- struction (Figure 7). a semicircular bonnet is welded or bolted to the tubesheet. This is a relatively cheap construction. but it has an inhazent dis- advantage in that the piping must be removed for cleaning or even for plug- xing a leaking tube.W Figure 6. Finned tubes are available in a variety of fin styles Lfooted (a), double L-footed (b), grooved G-type (c), bimetallic (), and extruded (e) Other tube bundle features ‘Tube supports. The finned tubes are supported by special aluminum Support boxes or by zine collars east on the tubes themselves je frames. The ACHE’ side: frame serves eo purposes. First, supports the headers and the tubes and makes the tube bundle a contained assembly that can be trans: poned and erected conveniently, See fond, it serves as a seal and prevents the bypassing of air. Tube-to-tubesheet joint. At low to medium pressures (ess than 70 har the tubes ure expanded into double yoves in the tubesheet, At high pres sures (greater than 70 bar), howev the tubes are strength-welded to the lubesheet, (Strength-welding. produces {proper filler-welded jomt swith a igher strength than a seul-weld- which as no fillet. ‘Axial fans employed in ACHES us place very large volumes of air against Tow static pressure (typically 0.6-0.8 in. weg.) These fans have characteristic pe formance curves that are specific to each fan manufacturer. The designer should have avcess to fan curves that provide in- Formation regarding volume (or mass} of ait state pressure, absorbed power, and noise, Some fan manufacturers even fur nish computer soltware to aid the de- signer in proper fan selection, Fan diameter usually varies he ‘oven 6 ft and I8 fl although fans with smaller and larger diameters are em ployed in special circumstances. A fan consists of two basic compo- nents — the hub and the Blades ‘The hub is mounted on the tan shaft and the blades are-mounted on the hub, The hub may be mide of east fon, cast aluminum, of fabricated 1. Manufacturers usually conduct attic and dynamic balancing of the hhub in the shop. Two iypes of hubs awe With «a manually adjustable hub. the blade angle ean be altered only when the Fan is stationary. An auto-variable hub includes a device (usually a pneu- ‘matic controller) that can alter the blade angle even whole the fan 1S in mouon. 1n order 1 control ar flow. Control is usu- ally effected by means of a signal from ‘atemperature indicator/controller (TIC) responding (0 the outlet temperature of the process fluid. (See (4).) silable Wi Figure 7. ACHEs can use plug (a), cover-place (b), manifold (c), or bonnet (d) headers. Blades can be of either metal (usual- ly aluminum) or fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP), Plastic blades are suitable ‘only for temperatures of up 10 70°C Fan performance (air low rate and Matic pressure) is determined by the number of blades. blade tip speed. blade angle. and blade width, The effect of a change in tip speed fon a fan's performance is dramatic. The volume of air flow varies directly with the tip speed. the pressure varies aas the square of tip speed. and the power consumption varies as the cube ‘of tip speed. Tip speed is normally lim: ited 10 61 mvs, as noise becomes exces- sive at higher speeds, Increasing the number of blades in- creases the fan’s ability to work under pressure. Thus. one could use a 6- blade fan operating at a lower tip speed 1 deliver the same volume of air as a 4-blade fan, However, this can be carried too far — as the number of blades increases beyond six. multi- blade interterence may actually reduce the efficiency of the fan, since each blade works in the disturbed wake of the preceding blade, Therefore, the number of blades has 1g be selected carefully by the fan vendor. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS * FEBRUARY 1997 © 31AIR-COOLED HEAT EXCHANGERS 7° - 10.500 mm long. were ‘CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS © FEBRUARY 1997 © 43AIR-COOLED HEAT EXCHANGERS ee {0 be used. as the ACHES were to be mounted on a 10-m-wide piperack Since the heat duties were rather small. a combined design was prepared wherein three tube bundles ‘one for each service) were combined in a sin- gle section, using G-finned tubes with 12.5-mm-high aluminum fins. spaced at 43 fins/m, ata transverse pitch of 60 mm, as elaborated in Table 9. Two fans, 3.657 m in diameter, were select ed to force the total air flow rate of 575.200 ke/h against a static pressure of 13 mm we.. consuming 16.4 kW ch: two motors of 18.75 KW each were selected to drive the fans, Split headers were used to handle all three bundles. since all of them had design Temperatures in excess of 200°C und the first two had a high temperature difference (heween the inlet and the outlet temperatures of the process fluid) as well It may be noted that the air outlet temperature from ACHE #3. was rather high. at 119°C. This was a di- rect consequence of the high MTD. which required a relatively small heat- transfer area and theretore a rather small face atea. through which only a relatively Tow flow rate of air could be passed The disadvantage in combining dit ferent services in one section isthe loss of individual control, Consequently this practice is not recommended for condensers. but is himited 10 prextact cookers Recirculation ACHEs There sare situations where 3 mini mum cubewall temperature must be maintained. An example is the over head condenser for & Sour water strip per. where if the tubewall temperaty falls below 70°C. solidification foulin takes place due to the deposition of ammonium salts. Sinee the ambient lemperature varies trom day to night and from season t0 season, 2 special urangement is needed to maintain a constant air temperature (he de ambient temperature) at all times to the fans delivering air to the condenser tube bundles (forced draft. M4 1 Bhavstover woo tower rb. Tube = 1m Figure 12. Automatic louvres on recirculation ACHEs maintain a constant air temperature to the fans. Such a situation can employ’ recir ‘culation ACHE. wherein automatic lou vers at the top and side(s) of the hous- ing eoatrol the extent of recite As shown in Figure 12. a part of the ait leaving trom the top of the tube bundles is reeiteulated and mixes with tees) att teri sidets), $0 that the combined temperature iy precisely the design ambient temperature, Obviously. the lower the ambient temperature. the ater will be the extent of recitcula tion, Automatically controled louvers sensi he sir temperature just below the fans) at both the top and the sidets) jensure the desired sir temperature at ll times. This arrangement ean also be used for cooling heavy grle Socks with high pour points One uificully with recirculation ACHES will be stanup during fof even summer evenings if the ent temperature Fal elow the ambient temperature. This problem can be overcome hy placing steam coils below the tube bundles — the cold um bient air is warmed up to the design ambient temperature by passing low. pressure steam through the coils and having total ait recitculation until the air temperature reaches the design am- bient temperature. The steam supply ‘winter, ub FEBRUARY 1997 © CHEMICRL ENGINEERING PROGRESS ‘ean then be stopped. as the ACHE will be able to take care oF itself Mumidified ACHES Normal aiirvonled heat exchange ean cool a process fluid only to a perature that is higher than the dry hull temperature ot the Therefore. in hot arid areas. she utilay of air cooling is severely limited. imbient at However. by humidifying the hot dry ait, the temperature canbe brought down considerably. thereby cextending the capability of air cooling signiticantly Humiditied ACHES are normally of the induceddratt (ype, Water is sprayed into the air stream betore it comes in contact with the heat ey changer surface, thereby lowering the vir temperature ue to evaporation, Mist efiminators are needed 10 prevent Uroplets of water trom entering the tube bundle, The water that does not evaporate is collected in a basin be neath the eooler and recirculated, The installed cost of humidified ACHES is rather high, And. the cost of makeup water represents an additional expense. Another limitation of humidl- fed air cooling is that soft fvater must be used. otherwise there will be scalingof the finned tubes with consequent de- terioration in cooler performance. However. since humidification en- hances the cooling capability consi erably, a proper economic study will have to be carried out to establish the viability of this type of exchanger. It is important to remember that in arid areas. the scarcity of water may ne- cessitate this mode of cooling for ser- vices with streams that must. be cooled to temperatures below summer day temperatures ‘An important factor to consider is that humidification of the coolant air will be required only during the da time in the summer, which may repre- sent only 45% of the total operation of the equipment, Certainly. the selec- tion of the design ambient temperature ‘will have to be done very carefully Tube inserts Tube inserts considerably enhance the tbeside heatransfer coefficient under laminar flow conditions. ‘The first-generation tube inserts were (wis ed tapes that imparted a swirling mo- tion to the tubeside fluid. thereby’ a mentin eration tube inserts are wire-fin tube i Sens 1Figure 13) that inerease turbu: lence dramatically by promoting radial mixing from the tubewall 10 the center fof the tubes. thereby eliminating the houndary-wall problem. By vinue of the increased tubeside (and. thereby overall) heat-transter coefficient, wire fin tube inven are very useful in ACHES cooling viscous liquids. espe: cially in an offshore plattorm where Toor space ist a premium, Example 1. Thiee coolers we be designed for an offshore plattorm sand incorporated in a plot area of 2.2 m % 7.0 m, The process parameters are detailed in Table 10. The design ambi cent temperature was 40°C. The oviginal design used carhon steel tubes that measured 1 in, O.D.x 12 BWG (minimum. under groove). Due 10 the rather high viscosity. laminar flow in all three coolers resulted in extremely low tubeside heat-ransfer coefficients Consequently, the required plot area was hheat transler. The secon Table 10. Process parameters and thermal design for Example 11, designing three coolers for an offshore platforms pon | acne | Actes Fi had Srnatic ot | Tubin oit | Tabi oi flow rate toh 20m 148 asa inetiomperewo,-C 7m 6 8 Outetenperatre, Ey Ey = pean pressure, en abe 2 m 70 ‘Alowate presse don. tem a7 10 mn Fouling restance, rma ome aot | tome Haat ay cal "300 ‘aa | a0 inlet seas

: {655 mn The feaures othe thermal de ae detailed in Table 10, Three fans. 1524 im in dliameter. were emploved (0 dive the total air low of 188.530 kg/h across the three tube bundles. It should be zhted here that the overall heat-transfer coefficients of 133, 207, and 261 keal/hem?°C_ob- tained with wire-fin tube inserts are that changes considerably from inlet to outlet, With the increase in viscosity. the tubeside heat-transter coefficient de creases as the Mid lows From top 10 botom. As mentioned previously. a higher finning density is favorable When the aside heat-trunsfer coetficient is controlling and a lower finning density is favorable when the tubeside heat-trans: fer coefficient is controlling. Thus. as the tubeside heatransfer coefficient de- creases. the tubeside resistance becomes more and more controling and a lower finning density becomes more favorable. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS © FEBRUARY 1997 + 45AIR-COOLED HEAT EXCHANGERS Consequently. when cooling a viscous liquid, it is often advanta- geous to have a higher finning densi- ly im the upper rows and a lower finning density in the lower rows, ‘The degree of overdesign may be slightly less. bur there will be an ap- preciable savings in power consump- tion. Furthermore. the greater the variation in viscosity of the tubeside liquid. the greater is the potential for this type of variable finning, The vacuum-column bottoms cooler discussed in Example 6 earlier had wo sections. each having two tube bun- des. and each bundle having 50 tubes per row. eight rows, and ten tube pass- es, The fin density was 276 finy’m. The effect of altemative finning can be evaluated by Keeping the fin density at 276 fins/m in the top six tube rows and hanging it to 197 finsim in the lower two tube rows. The fan power require- ment drops from 18.92 KW to 18.4 kW, NT Literature Cited 1. American Petroleum Institute, Ait- cooled Heat Exchangers for General Refin- ley Services” API Standard 661. 3rd ed, American Petroleum lasitute, Washington, DC (Ape. 1992). 2 Rhoades, M. E. and L. D. Pal, “Coro- sion Resistance of Aluminum and Galva nized Fins on Air-Cooled Exchanger Tub- ing” in “Heat Transfer — Adana 1993, AICHE Symposium Series, 89 (295), pp. 268-273 1999), 3 Taborek J. "Bond Resisance and Design “Temperatures for High Fined Tubes — A, Reappraisal.” eur Fransfer Engincering. 8 2) pp. 20-3 11987, 4. Monroe. R. C., “Consider Vanable Pish Fans." Hsdrcarbon Processing, $9121 pp. £22-128 Dec. 1980), 'S American Petroleum Insitute, “General Purpose Steam Turbines for Refinery Ser ‘oe’" API Standard 61 | ded, American Petoleum Insti, Washington, DC (Aus ust 1984, eatimed May 1991), 6 MeKetta. J Ju ede "Heat Taner Design Methods.” Marcel Dekker. New York (290, 7. Lokauskas, changer” in “Heat Exchangers: Thermal Hydraulic Fundamentals and Design” S Kalk, eu. eds. Hemisphere Publishing [New York, pp. 9-83 (1981) Briggs, D.E, and EH. Young, “Conse: tion Heat Tranter and Pressure Drop of [Ar Flowing Across Taangula Pitch Banks Houston” AICHE Symposium Series. 59 (4D, pp 1-10 19631. 9. Robinson, KK. and D.E. Briggs, “Pres: sure Drop of Air owing Acros Trangu: Mpcooled Hest Ex lar Pitch Banks of Fianed Tubes” in “Heat “Transfer — Los Angeles” AICKE Sompo- Sim Series. 62 (64) p. 177-188 (1966) 10, Webb, RL "Ainide Heat Transfer in Finned Tube Exchangers” Heat Exchange Engineering, 1 (3), pp. 34-49 Uan.—Mar 1980), 11, Tubular Exchanger Manufactorers As- sociation, “Standards of the Tubular Es changer Manufacturers Association.” Tth (ed, TEMA, New York (1988), 12, Kern, D.Q. and A.D. Kraus, “Extended Surface Heat Transfer” McGraw-Hill New York (19 13, Farrant PE. "Nove an its fauence on Air Cooled Heat Exchanger Design in Heat Eschangers — Theory and Prac te" J Taborek eles. Hemisphere Publishing, New York. pp. 383-396 983) 1M, Paikert P, and K. Ruff, “Site of te Art {for Design of Ait Cooled Heat Exchangers vith Nowe Level Limitation,” in Heat Ex changers — Theory snd Practice” 3. Tae bore, ct al. eds. Hemisphere Publishins New York. pp. 383-396 1983), 1S, Sallenbach, H. G.. "Save Energy — Use Natural Comsoction Ai-Cooled Eschang em? Hyducarton Processing. pp. 79-86 ialy 1983) 16, Rozenman, J etal, “The Esect of Un ‘equal Heat Loads on the Performance of Ax-cooled Condens.” n “Heat Tranter = Reseach and Design.” AICE Sompo: sum Sere, 10188) pp. L888 (198, 17, Larinoff, M.W, et al, “Design and Spec ‘cation of Air-cooled Steam Condensers (Chem, Eng. 85 (12), pp. 86-94 (May nvm) 46 + FEBRUARY 1997 © CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS whereas the degree of overdesign falls from 8.85% t0 8.25%. Switching 10 276 fins/m in the upper four rows and 197 fins/m in the lower four rows re- duces the fan power requirement fur- ther 10 1788 kW and reduces the overdesign to 7.56%. Thus. for a 1.2% reduction in overdesign, the power ‘consumption is cut by 5.87% Natural convection In cases where the heat duty is very ‘small and the tubeside heat-transfer co- efficient is rather low, no fans need be used, so that power consumption is saved (15). This is illustrated by the following example. Example 12. A vacuum residue cooler fora refinery was to be designed based on the following data: heat duty 476.400 keal/h, flow rate = 17,604 kg/h, inlet temperature = 267°C. outlet temperature = 720°C, inlet viscosity 18 cP. outlet viscosity = 25.3 cP. foul- ing resistance = 0,002. hem’+*Chke; and allowable pressure drop = 1.0 elem! Carbon steel tubes. 25mm OD. 2.5 mm thick < 6.0 m long, were to he used A naturaldratt ACHE was de: ed ay follows. 1 had one section fone tube bundle. 40 tubes/row: four tube rows, and eight tube passes. Fin height was 12,5 mm, transverse tube piteh was 60 mm. and fin density was 433 finvim, A J-m-high stack was incorporated, “The tubesiee and ainsi heattranster coefficients were 61.83. healhhens ¢ and 2398 Kealfhem’* C. representin Os und 18.1% pf the overall resis tance, respectively. The airside pressure drop was only 0.376 mm Ww... whereas the wbeside pressure drop. was. (174 kyfem®. The total huare-tube area was only 66,0 me, Since the a flow rate w: only 24,267 hovh, the air outlet tempers Ture Was rather high, at 118°C. Louvers ‘were provided to cut off the air How (even though it was small) when the unit ‘was not in use, so as to prevent congeal- ing of the vacuum residue, It should be noted that since the tubeside heat-transfer coefficient was extremely low. the use of fans wouldy vs vot Ry sa ‘\ XIN WASH E71 aw IN Figure 13, Wire-in tube inserts improve heat transfer by increasing turbulence. (Photo courtesy of Cal Gavin, Lid.) have resulted in a negligible increase in the overall heat-tansfer coefficient, However, the cost would have been sig nificantly higher because of the costs for the fans, drives. plenums, and so on. Air-cooled vacuum steam condensers ‘Steam turbines are very widely used in the chemical process industries for driving not only electric generators. but also. various types of pumps, fans. compressors. and other equipment Steam condensers are required 10 con- dense the exhaust of these turbines and retum the condensate to the boiler. This condenser can either cooled of air-cooled. (The advan and disadvantages of each are the same aas elaborated at the bx article.) Atypical A-trame aie vacuum steam condenser (ACVSC) is shown in Figure 9. The main problem with the ACVSC iy not the condensation of the steam. but the evacuation of the noneondens ables, (The noncondensibles are the gases that enter the vacuum section of the power cycle from the atmosphere as well as from the chemicals used for the treatment of boiler feedwater.) be waters Acknowledgment ‘The authori grateful 10 the management of Engineers India Lid. for permission to pub: lish this aricle and acknowledges the we of Heat Transfer Research, Inc.'s ACE. com puter program forthe worked out examples. ure to eliminate the noncondensables ccan cause freezing of condensate in winter. loss of performance due to blanketing of the heat-iransfer surface. and absorption of noncondensables by condensate and subsequent corrosion fof tube metal, Thus. a successful ACVSC must continuously and totally collect and eliminate all noncondens- ables from the system, The wapping of noncondensables Inside the condenser tubes is a direct ‘consequence ofthe variation of coolant air temperature across the tube bundle. ‘Consider a single-pass condenser hav four tube rows. The tubes of the lowest row are exposed to the coldest sir while the tubes oF the upper rows are expowed to progressively hotter ait Theretore. the tubes in the lowest row condense more steam (due fo the high et MTD), while those inthe upper rows condense less und less. steam: Consequently. the pressure drop will be the highest in the tubes in the lowest row and progressively lower in the tubes of the upper rows, This will cause a backHlow of noncondensables from the tubes of the upper rows 10 the tubes of the lowest row, which can eventually lead to gas blanketing of a substantial fraction o the heat-transfer surface, This problem will be less acute in, but not absent from, a 2 paswi-tow coutruction, In order to address this situation. a correction factor has been proposed by Rozenman et al. (16), wherein extra heat-iransfer area is incorporated as per the penalty factor evaluated, Further Reading “Aircooled Heat Exchangers” in “Heat Ex- changer Design Handbook.” Vol 3, Sec- tion 3.8, Hemisphere Publishing, New York (1987). American Instiante of Chemical Engi ‘eers, “Ait Cooled Heat Exchangers: A Guide to Performance Evalsic,” Equipment Testing Procedure EI, AIC, New York (1978) ‘American Petroleum Institute, “Measure ‘ment of Noise from Air-cooled Heat Ex: changers” API Recommended Practice 631M, Ist od. American Peroleum last tute, Washington. DC (June 1981, raf firmed Oct. 1985) Baker, W. J, “Selecting and Specifying Air cooled Heat Exchangers.” Hydrocarbon Processing, pp. 173-177 (May 1980). Bel, K. Ju "Some Comments on Con denser” Chem. Eng. Progress, 6 (4). pp. 78-80 (Ape 1970) Berryman, B. and C. Russell, “Asessing ‘Airside Performance of Air-cooled Heat Exchangers.” Process Engineering. pp 60-62 Ape. 1986), Gardner, K. A. “Fin Eiiency of Several Trans, ASME. ‘Types of Straight Fins” 67. pp. 621-631 (1985), Special. patented d developed by some A For u detailed presentation of the prob Jem caused by: incomplete evacuation ‘of noncondensables. the reader should weonsult (16, 171 fe A. MUXHERIEE assur nt const nthe Heat apa Mass Taster Dopt of Epes Ing ie, New Oat 01-91-1037 5, ax 1191-1137 559, where ne Ns been fang shal-andute hen exchangers ieudng ‘race cencensets an eeguater het) dale as conscrableaxponencs nent Stehangr net eythane 998 onianon loumal and mi presente 99 92960 De Ingots! Sasson atte 1h memazens ‘Angst 90H an hones rial engieering om Jadavpur Un. (Caleta, ra 2 memba of he nian Inet of Cranial Engineer note Ian Soar Heat ane Mass Taster CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS FEBRUARY 1997 © 47