Section 6 Lecture 2:Prandtl-Meyer Expansion

Waves

Anderson,
Chapter 4 pp.167-190
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

What Happens when

M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, =1.4, T1=288K,

Explicit Solver for
!=

! =0.00001

2
$ # "1 2'$ # +1 2' 2
M 12 " 1 " 3 &1 +
M 1 ) &1 +
M 1 ) tan (* )
2
2
%
(%
(

=8.0

3
$ # "1 2'$ # "1 2 # +1 4 ' 2
M 12 " 1 " 9 &1 +
M 1 ) &1 +
M1 +
M 1 ) tan (* )
2
2
4
%
(%
(
!=
+3

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

=1.0

What Happens when (contd)

! =0.00001
' 4$% + cos "1 ( & ) *
+ 2 # cos

M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, =1.4, T1=288K,

tan ( ! ) =

M 12 " 1

)(

,+

. - "1 21
3 01 +
M 1 3 tan (4 )
2
/
2

! =19.47

180 "1 # 1 &

o
=
sin %
=
19.47
(
!
M
$ 1'

mach line
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

What Happens when (contd)

M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, =1.4, T1=288K,

! =0.00001

Compute Normal Component of Free stream mach Number

Mn1 = M 1 sin ! =
p2
2!
2
=
1
+
M
n
1 "1
p
(! + 1)
1

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

1.0000

= 1.0 (NO COMPRESSION!)

Expansion Waves

So if

>0 .. Compression around corner

M1
M2

"

=0 no compression across shock

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

Expansion Waves (concluded)

Then it follows that

<0 .. We get an expansion wave (Prandtl-Meyer)

Flow accelerates around corner

Continuous flow region
sometimes called
expansion fan
Each mach wave is infinitesimally
weak
isentropic flow region
Flow stream lines are curved and
smooth through fan

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical

Analysis
Consider flow expansion around an infinitesimal corner
Mach Wave

V
V+dV

From Law of Sines

V
Infinitesimal Expansion Fan Flow Geometry

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

$!
'
sin & " " d# )
%2
(

V + dV
$!
'
sin & + )
%2
(
7

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical

Analysis (contd)
Using the trigonometric identities
"!
%
"!%
"!%
sin $ + ' = sin $ ' cos ( ) + sin ( ) cos $ ' = cos ( )
#2
&
# 2&
# 2&

"!
%
"!%
"!%
sin $ ( ' = sin $ ' cos ( ) ( sin ( ) cos $ ' = cos ( )
#2
&
# 2&
# 2&
And
$!
'
$!
'
$!
'
sin & " " d# ) = sin & " ) cos ( d# ) " cos & " ) sin ( d# ) =
%2
(
%2
(
%2
(
* $!'
$!'cos ( ) cos ( d# ) " , cos & ) cos ( ) + sin ( ) sin & ) / sin ( d# ) =
% 2(.
+ % 2(
cos ( ) cos ( d# ) " sin ( ) sin ( d# )
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical

Analysis (contd)
Substitution gives

V
V + dV
=
#
cos ( ) cos ( d! ) " sin ( ) sin ( d! ) cos ( )

cos ( )
dV
1+
=
V
cos ( ) cos ( d! ) " sin ( ) sin ( d! )
Since d is considered to be infinitesimal

cos ( d! ) = 1

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

sin ( d! ) = d!

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical

Analysis (contd)
and the equation reduces to

cos ( )
dV
1
1+
=
=
V
cos ( ) ! sin ( ) ( d" ) 1 ! tan ( ) ( d" )
Exploiting the form of the power series (expanded about x=0)

"
%
1
1
2
= (1 ! x )|x = 0 ! $
(!1)
x
!
0
+
....O
x
(
)
'(
2
1! x
$# (1 ! x ) |x = 0
'&

( )

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

10

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical

Analysis (contd)
Then

" dV 2 %
1
1
" dV
%
= 1+
! 0' + O $
$
2
'
dV
#
&
V
V
#
&
dV %
"
1!
$# 1 !
'
V
V & | dV = 0
V

Since dV is infinitesimal truncate after first order term

1
dV
1
1
"1+
#
"
dV
dV 1 ! tan ( ) ( d$ )
V
1!
1!
V
V
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

11

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical

Analysis (contd)

Solve for d! in terms of dV/V

1
dV
1
1
"1+
#
"
dV
dV 1 ! tan ( ) ( d$ )
V
1!
1!
V
V
dV
1 dV
1 ! tan ( ) ( d$ ) = 1 !
# d$ =
V
tan ( ) V
Since disturbance is infinitesimal (mach wave)

1
sin ( ) =
M
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

12

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical

Analysis (contd)
Performing some algebraic and trigonometric voodoo
2
2
sin

+
cos
)
1
1
(
)
(
2
sin ( ) =
! sin ( ) = 2 =
!
2
M
M
M
2
2
sin

+
cos
)
1
1
(
)
(
2
2
M =
=
1
+
!
=
M
"1
2
2
2
sin ( )
tan ( )
tan ( )

1
= M2 "1
tan ( )
and .
Valid for
Real and ideal gas

1 dV
dV
2
d! =
= M "1
tan ( ) V
V

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

13

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical

Analysis (contd)
For a finite deflection the O.D.E is integrated over the
complete expansion fan

!=

M2

M1

dV
M "1
V
2

Write in terms of mach by

V = M ! c " dV = dM ! c + M ! dc "
dV dM ! c + M ! dc dM dc
=
=
+
V
M !c
M
c
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

14

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical

Analysis (contd)
Substituting in

!=

M2

M1

dV
M "1
=
V
2

M2

M1

$ dM dc '
M " 1&
+ )
% M
c(
2

For a calorically perfect adiabatic gas flow

* ! )1 2# c0 &
# T0 &
c0 = ! RgT0 " % ( = % ( = , 1 +
M /
+
.
2
$c'
$T '

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

And T0 is constant

15

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical

Analysis (contd)
Solving for c, differentiating, and normalizing by c

dc
=
c

1
" 1%
(( ! 1)M ( dM )
$# ! '&
2 "
( !1 2%
M '
$# 1 +
&
2

( !1 2%
"
M '
$# 1 +
&
2

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

(( ! 1)
M ( dM )
=! 2
( !1 2%
"
M '
$# 1 +
&
2

16

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical

Analysis (contd)
Returning to the integral for

!=

M2

M1

dV
M "1
=
V
2

M2

M1

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

%
(
($ " 1)
M ( dM ) *
'
dM
M 2 " 1'
+" 2
*
$ "1 2( *
%
' M
1+
M *
'
&
))
&
2

17

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical

Analysis (contd)
Simplification gives

!=

M2

M1

M2

M1

$
(# " 1) 2 '
M
&
)
dM
2
2
M "1
&1 + "
)=
# "1 2' )
M &
$
1
+
M )
&
%
((
%
2

#
$$
1
+
dM & &%
2
M "1
&
M &
%

" 1 2 ' (# " 1) 2 '

$
dM '
2
M )"
M )
M "1
&
)
(
2
2
M2
M
)= &
)
#
"
1
#
"
1
$
$
2'
2' )
)
*
&
1
+
M
1
+
M
&%
)(
)( (
( M1 % &%
2
2

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

18

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical

Analysis (contd)
Evaluate integral by performing substitution

dM
M !1
M * Ln[M ] + u * , dM = du, M 2 = e2u /
0
) # " !1 2&
M
.
1
1
+
M
%$
('
2
dM
2
M !1
2u
e
!1
M =
) # " ! 1 2 & ) # " ! 1 2u & du
M (
1+
e (
%$ 1 +
%
'
$
'
2
2
2

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

19

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical

Analysis (contd)
Standard Integral Table Form

e2u ! 1
emx ! 1
) # " ! 1 2u & du * ) 1 + bemx du
e (
%$ 1 +
'
2

From tables (CRC math handbook)

emx ! 1
2
!1
mx
du
=
!
tan
e
m
1 + bemx

"(

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

2 ( b + 1) !1
b
tan
emx ! 1
m
b +1
!1 !
b + 1 bm

20

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical

Analysis (contd)
! " 1 mx
#
2&
m
=
2,b
=
,
e
=
M
'
Substituting $
2
%
(
* " !1
dM
" !1
M !1
+1
,
2
2
!1 ,
2
M = ! tan !1 M 2 ! 1 +
2
2
tan
M
!1
+
) # " !1 2& 2
"
!
1
"
!
1
2
,
+1
1
+
M
%$
('
2
2
,2
2

.,
" + 1 !1 *, " ! 1 2
tan +
M ! 1) / ! tan !1 M 2 ! 1
(
" !1
,- " + 1
,0

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

21

.
,,
/=
,
,0

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical

Analysis (contd)
Collected Equations
!=
+ " + 1 #1 &$ " # 1
. + " + 1 #1 &$ " # 1
.
(&
(&
2
#1
2
2
#1
2
tan %
M 2 # 1 ) # tan
M 2 # 10 # tan %
M 1 # 1 ) # tan
M1 # 1 0
"
#
1
"
+
1
"
#
1
"
+
1
-,
0/ -,
0/
'&
*&
'&
*&

Or more simply
*(
% + 1 #1 &( % # 1 2
! = " (M 2 ) # " (M 1 ) $ " (M ) =
tan '
M # 1) + # tan #1 M 2 # 1
(
% #1
() % + 1
(,

Prandtl-Meyer Function
Implicit function more Newton!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

22

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan: Mathematical

Analysis (contd)
And we already know the derivative

d
1
M2 "1
[! (M )] =
# "1 2'
dM
M$
M )
&% 1 +
(
2

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

23

Newton Solver Algorithm

! = " (M 2 ) # " (M 1 ) $ " (M 2 ) = ! + " (M 1 )

Expand in Taylors series

$ #" '
! + " (M 1 ) = " (M 2 ) = " (M 2 ( j ) ) + &
M 2 * M 2 ( j ) + O(M 2 ) + ....
)
% #M ( ( j )

Truncate after first order terms and solve for M2(j)

$! + " (M 1 ) # " (M 2 ( j ) ) &

%
'
M 2 ( j +1) =
+ M 2( j )
) (" ,
+*
.(M ( j )
Note: use radians!

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

24

M2 versus M1, !

M1 = 5
M1 = 3
M1 = 1

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

25

Pressure and Temperature Change

Across Expansion Fan
Because each mach wave
is infinitesimal, expansion
is isentropic

- P02 = P01
- T02 = T01

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

" #1 2 '
$
1
+
M1 )
&
p2 P 01
p2
2
=
!
=&
)
p1
p1 P 0 2 & 1 + " # 1 M 2 )
2
%
(
2
" #1 2 '
$
1
+
M1 )
&
T2 T 01 T2
2
=
!
=&
)
T1
T1 T 0 2 & 1 + " # 1 M 2 )
2
%
(
2

"
" #1

26

Numerical Example
M1=1.5, p1=81.4 kPa, T1=255.6K,

!=1.4, ! =20

M1
20

M2

Compute M2, p2, P02, T2, T02

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

27

Numerical Example (contd)

M1=1.5
Corner entrance mach angle

" 1 %
1 = sin $
'=
# M1 &
!1

1 $ 180
#
= 41.81
asin ! " &
1.5 %

(&
" + 1 #1 $& " # 1
2
! (M 1 ) =
tan %
M 1 # 1) ) # tan #1 M 12 # 1
(
" #1
&' " + 1
&*

0.5%
$ $ 1.4 ! 1
0.5
2
2
%
atan & "
( 1.5 ! 1 ) # ' ! atan ( ( 1.5 ! 1 ) )
" 1.4 + 1
#
=0.207785 radians
Prandtl-Meyer Function

$ 1.4 + 1 %
"
#
1.4 ! 1

0.5

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

28

Numerical Example (contd)

Compute

!(M2)

! (M 2 ) = " + ! (M 1 )

= 20 ! + 0.207785
180

=0.5569

Use Iterative Solver to Compute M2

M 2 ( j +1)

$! + " (M 1 ) # " (M 2 ( j ) ) &

'+M
=%
2( j )
) (" ,
+*
.
(M - ( j )

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

M2=2.2067

29

Numerical Example (contd)

Pressure
Because each mach wave
is infinitesimal, expansion
is isentropic

! "1 2 &
#
% 1 + 2 M1 (
p2 = p1 %
! "1 2 (
%1 +
M2 (
$
'
2

- P02 = P01
- T02 = T01

!
! "1

'
1.4 ! 1 2 ' &"
&
#
1.4
!
1
1
+
1.5
$
%
2
$
%
81.4 =27.655 kPa
$
%
1.4 ! 1
$1 +
2.20672 %
"
#
2
1.4

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

30

Numerical Example (contd)

Temperature
Because each mach wave
is infinitesimal, expansion
is isentropic

- P02 = P01
- T02 = T01

! "1 2 &
#
% 1 + 2 M1 ( =
T2 = T1 %
! "1 2 (
%1 +
M2 (
$
'
2
1.4 ! 1 2 '
&
1.5 %
$ 1+
2
$
% 255.6 =187.76K
$
%
1.4
!
1
2
$1 +
2.2067 %
"
#
2

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

31

Numerical Example (contd)

Exit Mach Angle

" 1 %
2 = sin $
' !( =
# M2 &
!1

1 $ 180
#
asin !
&
' 20
"
2.2067 %

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

= 6.947

32

Numerical Example (concluded)

M1
20
! M 1 = 1.5
%
# p = 81.4kPa #
# 1
#
"
&
o
#T1 = 255.56 K #
# 1 = 41.81o #
$
'
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

M2

! M 2 = 2.2067 %
# p = 27.655kPa #
# 2
#
"
&
o
#T2 = 187.76 K #
# 2 = 6.947 o
#
$
'

33

Maximum Turning Angle

" #1 2 '
$
1
+
M1 )
&
p2 P 01
p2
2
=
!
=&
)
p1
p1 P 0 2 & 1 + " # 1 M 2 )
2
%
(
2

% + 1 &1 ') %
$ (#) =
tan (
% &1
)* %
. % +1 1 4
5 max = 0
& 13 &
/ % &1 2 2

"
" #1

p2 ! 0 " M 2 ! #

+)
. % +1 1 4
&1
2
& 13
, & tan # & 1 = 0
/ % &1 2 2
)+)
% + 1 &1 ') % & 1
2
tan (
M 1 & 1 , & tan &1 M 12 & 1
% &1
)* % + 1
)-

&1 2
# &1
+1

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

34

Maximum Turning Angle (contd)

Plotting as a ! max function of Mach number

{T2, p2} = 0

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

35

Maximum Turning Angle (concluded)

In Reality Viscous Effects
Dominate and Flow Separates
around steep corner before
pressure expands to vacuum

Separated
Flow Region

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

36

Section 6: Home Work

M1=4, p1=0.01 atm, T1=217K,

! =1.25, !1=15, !2=15

Compute After each corner

- Entry and exit Mach wave angles or shock angles
- Mach number,
- static & total pressure
- temperature

M1
15

M2

M3
15

MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow

37