ARTISTIC THINKING UNIT INSTRUCTION PLAN

utilizingthe
MU Art Education Lesson Plan Format
DevelopedbyDr.KathyUnrath
*Lessonplansare
always
accompaniedbyateachermade
exemplarofpotentialstudentwork!

1. NAME : Kelsi Brosnahan

2. TITLE OF UNIT: Wire Sculpture Stop Motion Animation
3. GRADE LEVEL(S): 5th grade
4. STANDARDS:
NATIONALVISUALARTSSTANDARDS
:
o Elaborateonanimaginativeidea.VA:Cr1.1.3a
o Demonstrateanunderstandingofthesafeandproficientuse
ofmaterials,tools,andequipmentforavarietyofartistic
processes.VA:Cr2.2.3a
o Applyknowledgeofavailableresources,tools,and
technologiestoinvestigatepersonalideasthroughtheart
makingprocess.VA:Cr1.2.3a
o investigateanddiscusspossibilitiesandlimitationsof
spaces,includingelectronic,forexhibitingartwork.
VA:Pr4.1.3a
o Identifyexhibitspaceandprepareworksofartincluding
artistsstatements,forpresentation.VA:Pr5.1.3a
o Speculateaboutprocessesanartistusestocreateaworkof
art.VA:Re7.1.3a
o Determinemessagescommunicatedbyanimage.
VA:Re7.2.3a
o Interpretartbyanalyzinguseofmediatocreatesubject
matter,characteristicsofform,andmood.VA:Re8.1.3a
o Evaluateanartworkbasedongivencriteria.VA:Re9.1.3a
SHOWMEVISUALARTSSTANDARDS
:
o Processandtechniquesfortheproduction,exhibitionor
performanceofoneormoreofthevisualorperformedarts.
o Theprinciplesandelementsofdifferentartforms.
o Interrelationshipsofvisualandperformingartsand
relationshipsoftheartstootherdisciplines.
MissouriFineArtsGRADELEVELEXPECTATIONS
(GLEs):
o GLE:1.1C.FA1
o GLE:1.2A.FA1
o GLE:1.3C.FA1
o GLE:2.1A.FA2

o GLE:2.2F.FA2
o GLE:3.2A.FA3
ISTESStandards
o ISTE1a
o ISTE1b
o ISTE2a
o ISTE2b
o ISTE2d
o ISTE4a
o ISTE4b
o ISTE4d
o ISTE5a
o ISTE5b
21stCenturyLearningandInnovationSkills
(4Cs)
o Criticalthinking
o Communication
o Collaboration
o Creativity

5. RATIONALE and GOALS FOR THIS LESSON:

Whyisthisimportanttoteach?
o Studentswilllearnaboutsculptureandthreedimensional
forms.Itisimportantforstudentstobetaughthowtousethe
toolsthatareusedforstopmotionfilmingbecausetheywill
belearningtousetoolsthatwewilluseineverydaylife.
Theywilllearnhowtoproperlyusethecameratocapture
theirimagesandacomputertocreatetheirshort.
Whatdoyouhopetoaccomplish?
o Studentswillbeabletoidentifythreedimensionalforms,
constructivelyusetechnologytoextendtheirartwork,andbe
abletoproblemsolve,aswellasworkingcollaboratively.

6. ENDURING BIG IDEA:

(DefinetheBIGIDEA)
Whatisthebigideathatisbeinginvestigatedinthislesson?
o Thebigideathatisbeinginvestigatedtocreatinga
moveablethreedimensionalartforms.Studentswillproblem
solveandworkcollaborativelytocreateastoryintheirshort.
Howwillyouconnectthebigideasandthemesaboutartandartists
workwiththeartmakingpartofthislesson?
o Wewilllookatafewdifferentartisttogetinspiration.Wewill
firstlookatAlexanderCalderskineticsculpturesandhis
earlierworkonTheCircus.AlongwithCalderwewilllookat
otherstopmotionartistslikeTimBurtonandNickParkand
howtheyusesmallmoveablesculpturestocreatetheir

stopmotionfilms.

7. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
Studentswilldiscoverandinvestigatehowtomakeastopmotionfilm
usingthreedimensionaltechniques.
Whatisgoingtobeyourplanofactionforyourthreedimensionals
figuresstopmotionfilm?
Whatactionisourfiguregoingtobeperforming?
Whatisthestorythatyouandyourpartnerarecreatingforthe
collaborativefilm?
Howareyougoingtoshowtheactionofyourfigure?Whatangleis
goingtobethemostdynamicangle?
Namethethreeartistthatwediscussed.
Whatisastopmotionfilm?
Howlongdoesittaketocreateafullyanimatestopmotionfilm?
WhatdifficultiesdidyourunintothatyouthinkCalder,Burton,and
Parkmighthavealsoexperienced?
Whatwentwell?Whatdidnotgowell?
Whatcouldyoudodifferentlytoimproveyourwork?
Whatwouldyouchangetomakethisprojectbetter?

8. KNOWLEDGE BASE AND KEY CONCEPTS:

WhatwillstudentslearnandKNOWaboutartandartmakingfromthis
lesson?(Listasfactsaboutartandartistsandworksofart)
o Studentswilllearnhowtocreateastopmotionclipononeof
thefollowingwebsites(giphy.com,gifpal.com,imgflip.com).
Alongwiththreedimensionalfigures.
o AlexanderCalder
o AlexanderCalderTheCircus
o KineticArt
o NickParkWallaceandGromit,ShauntheSheep
o TimBurtonNightmareBeforeChristmas,CorpseBride,
Frankenweenie,Vincent
Whatwilltheylearnfromthearthistoryandcriticismdiscussion?
o StudentswilllearnabouthowCaldercreatedkinetic
artworksthatactuallymoved.
o Theywilllearnaboutmajorartiststhatareworkingnowin
thefilmindustryonstopmotionfilmsalongwithlearning
abouttheirfilms.
o Studentswillalsolearnhowtocriticallylookateachother's
clipsandcommunicatetheirideasandthoughtaboutone
another'sworksofart.
Whatwilltheylearnfromtheartproductionpartofthelesson?

o Stopmotiontakesawhiletocreateafullfeaturefilm.The
studentswillbeveryshortandtheywillonlybeabletoshow
asmallanimation.
o Studentswilllearnaboutworkingcollaborativelybycreating
aslightlylongercliptogetherwiththeirthreedimensional
figures.

9. OBJECTIVES:
Studentswillbeabletocreateathreedimensionalfigure.
Studentswillbeabletoproblemsolveintheirartisticprocess.
Studentswillknowwhatthreedimensionalformsare.
Studentswillknowwhatstopmotionis.
Studentswillcompleteastoryboardoftheirfiguresstopmotionclip.
Studentswilldecideonthebestdirectionfortheirclipsthroughplay
andexperimentation.
Studentswillcreateastopmotionclipwithwiththeirthreedimensional
figure.
Studentswillgivecriticalfeedbackoneachother'sfilms.

10. VOCABULARY:
threedimensionalform,kineticart,stopmotion
11. LESSON SEQUENCE - LESSON VIGNETTES:
Onthefirstdaywewillintroducekineticandstopmotion,alongwiththe
artists.Day23studentswillcreatetheirstoryboardandplanoutwhatactions
theirsculpturewillbeperforming.Day45studentswillthencreatetheirwire
figureandgiveitacostumethatiffittingtotheirstopmotionclip.Day67
studentswilltakeaseriesofphotosoftheirfigurefortheirstopmotionclip.Day
8studentswilltakethephotographsanduploadthemtoeithergifpal.comor
imgflip.comandcreatetheirstopmotionclipoftheirfigureinaction.Day9
studentswillvieweachothersstopmotionclipsandgivefeedbacktoeach
other.Day10studentswillsharetheirworkdigitally.

AnticipatorySet
(Openingthatengagesandmotivatesstudents)
o Whatquestionscanyouaskthestudentsthatwillengage
themandleadthemtoanunderstandingoftheideasinthe
lesson?
AfterlookingatCalderscircusvideowhatdoyou
thinkkintecartmeans?Howcanyoucreateakinetic
artpiece?
HowdoesBurtonsmoviescomparetoCalders
circus?Whatwaysaretheysimilaranddifferent?
Howcouldwecreateastopmotionfilm?
o Whatquestionswillyouposeaboutthearttheyview?

Whyarethesefilmsconsideredart?Whatisthe
messagethattheyaretryingtoconvey?Howarethe
artistcreatingmeaningthroughtheirstopmotionart?
o Whatquestionswillyouusetoputstudentsinapositionto
understandtheconcepts,skillsandtechniquesinvolvedin
yourstudioactivity?
Whatiskineticartandhowcanitbemade?Whatis
stopmotionartandhowcanitbemade?Howwillyou
positionyourfiguretogetthebestphotosforthe
stopmotionclip?Whatmessageareyoucreating
withyourstopmotionclip?
Bodyoflesson
Studentswillbeusetheirthreedimensionalskillsto
createtheirfigureandcostume.Theywillthemusephotographyto
createastopmotionfilm.
Closure
Wheneveryonehascompletedtheirclipasaclasswewill
viewanddiscussourclips.Onceeveryonehasgotfeedbackfromtheir
peerswewilldecidedonwheretodisplayourclips.Wecanupload
themtoMrs.Brosnahansschoolpage,orwecanuploadthemtoa
placethatmightworkbetter?

Standards

VA:Re7.1.3a
VA:Re7.2.3a
VA:Re8.1.3a

ISTA5a

MajorLearningActivities:

21stCSkill

Activity:Introducekineticandstopmotionart.
Whatiskineticandstopmotion?(Day1)
Objective:Studentswillknowwhatkineticand
stopmotionartis.
WhoisAlexanderCalder?
Studentswillbeintroducedtotheartist
AlexanderCalder.Wewilllookathiskineticart
piececalled
The
Circus.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6jwn
u8Izy0
WewillthendiscusshowCalderuses
manydifferentpartsofwiresculpturestocreate
alargekineticsculpturethatisinteractive.We
willlookathowaddingmovementaddsdepth
toCaldersartwork.

WhoisTimBurton?
Studentswillthenbeintroducedtotheartist
TimBurton.Wewilllookafewdifferentclipsof
hismorepopularstopmotionmovies.
NightmareBeforeChristmas,Frankenweenie,
Vincent,TheCorpseBride
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPblZa10_

Communication
and
collaboration

Criticalthinking

Pk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29vIJQohU
WE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4p9WKnD
QzQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxQcBKUP
m8o

Studentswillthenbeaskedafewquestions
thattheycandiscusswiththeircolorgroups.
Whatisstopmotion?Howisitmade?
Howdoyouthinkthecharactersweremade?
Howaretheysimilarandhowaretheydifferent
toCalder'skineticartpieces?
Discusshowlongyoubelieveittookforafull
filmlikeBurtons.(Accordingtorecordson
NightmareBeforeChristmasittookafullweek
tofilmjustoneminuteofthefilm,altogetherthe
filmtook3yearstofullycomplete.)
Whywouldittakesolongtocreatetheshot?

Fortherestofthetimestudentswillusetheir
chromebookstoresearchotherstopmotion
artist.Theycompilealistofotherstopmotion
artist.Studentswillusekidrexsearchengineto
findotherartist.Theywillthenbeallowedto
useyoutubetofindvideosoftheartist'swork.

Closing:Thelasttentofiveminuteseachcolor
groupwillshareandmakealistofone
interestingthingtheylearnedorfoundontheir
ownresearch.Theneachtablewillsharetheir
factthattheylearnedwiththeclass.Eachcolor
groupmusthaveadifferentfact,norepeats.

VA:Cr1.2.3a
VA:Cr2.2.3a
VA:Cr1.2.3a
VA:Re8.1.3a

ISTE1a
ISTE1b
ISTE2d
ISTE3a
ISTE4b
ISTE5a

Activity:PlanningStoryboard(Day23)
Objective:Studentswillcompleteastoryboard

Icancreateaseriesofimagesthatrepresent
theactionsthatmythreedimensionalfigurewill
beperforming.

Studentswilltalkaboutwhatactionstheir
figurescouldpossiblydo.Whatisthestoryor
meaningthatyouaretryingtoconvieinyour
stopmotionclip?

Communication
and
collaboration

criticalthinking

creativity

ISTE5b

Studentswillsketchtheirstoryboard.Theywill
takepicturesoftheirstoryboardandupload
themontheirplanningguidethatIhaveshared
withthemongoogledrive.

Materials
Pencil
paper
chromebook
camera
planningguide

Closing:Shareyourthoughtswithyourcolor
groupontheprocesssofar.Howdoyouthink
yourstopmotionisgoingtoturnout?What
problemsdoyouthinkmightoccurwhen
actuallycreatingyourstopmotionclip?

VA:Cr1.1.3a
VA:Cr2.2.3a
VA:Cr1.2.3a

ISTE1a
ISTE1b
ISTE2d
ISTE3a
ISTE4b
ISTE5b

Activity:Createthreedimensionalfigure(Day
45)
Objective:Studentswillbeabletocreatea
threedimensionalwirefigurealongwitha
costumethatfitstheactionthatwillbegoing
intothestopmotionclip.

Introduction:Iwillshowthestudentsafew
examplesofthreedimensionalwirefigureswith
costumes.Wewilltalkabouthowcreatingtheir
figureandcostumewillaffecttheirstopmotion
clip.Dotheyneedtomaketheirfigurethicker,
shorter,taller?Whatneedstobedonewiththe
clothingoftheirfigure?Dotheyneedajersey
orjustregularclothes.Allofthesewillaffect
theirdecisionincreatingtheir
threedimensionalfigurefortheirstopmotion
clip.

Studentswillthenusethisguidetocreatea
wirefigure.Thisismadeintoagiantposter
thatwillbedisplayedduringtheentireproject
forstudentstoreferbackto.

communication
and
collaboration

criticalthinking

creativity

Usingtheirstoryboardideastudentswillcreate
clothingfortheirwirefigurethatmatchestheir
storyfortheirstopmotionclip.

Materials:
NeedleNosePliers
CraftWire
MaskingTape
Scissors
Needles
Thread
Fabric
Storyboard
Othersuppliesaslongastheyareapproved
withtheteacher
VA:Cr1.1.3a
VA:Cr2.2.3a
VA:Cr1.2.3a
VA:Re7.2.3a
VA:Re8.1.3a
VA:Re9.1.3a

ISTE1a
ISTE1b
ISTE2d
ISTE4a
ISTE4b

Activity:PhotographingFigureActions(Day
67)
Objective:Studentswilltakeseveral
photographsoftheirfinishedwirefigure.

ShowstudentsstopmotionclipthatIcreated
withmythreedimensionaltirefigure.
http://gifmaker.me/PlayVideoAnimation.php?fol
der=20151210206AsgkHuEmsGlCCDEMaxqbq
&file=output_kCrSHV.mp4

Studentswillbeworkingwiththeirfinishedwire

Communication
and
collaboration

criticalthinking

creativity

Collaboration

ISTE4d
ISTE5a
ISTE5b

figure.Theywillbeusingaplainblack
backgroundthatwillbesetupforthem.Inthis
areastudentswilltaketheirfigureandplace
themintheirposesandtakeseveralphotos
eachtimetheyposethem.Studentswillreflect
ontheprocessthatBurtonwentthroughto
createhisfilm.
Eachcolorgroupwillbegivenacameraalong
withtheirblackbackdrop.Togethertheywill
taketurnscapturingtheirfigures.Thereshould
beseveralphotosforeachstudentduetothe
factthattheyneedtophotographthe
progressionoftheslightmovesoftheaction.
Eachtimethephotoistakenitneedstobetake
fromthesameangle.

Towardstheendoftheclasswewilldiscuss
whatchallengeswearefacingwhiletryingto
capturethefiguresphotographs.Whatcanwe
dodifferentlytoimproveourphotos?

Incasethereareafewstragglers,wewillfinish
orfixorphotosthenexttimeclassmeets.

Materials:
Finishedwirefigure
BlackPaper/clothforbackdrop
Camera(6oneforeachcolorgroup)

Closing:Howmanyphotosdidyoutake?Do
youbelievethatyoutookenough,ornot?

VA:Cr1.1.3a
VA:Cr2.2.3a
VA:Cr1.2.3a
VA:Re7.2.3a
VA:Re8.1.3a
VA:Re9.1.3a

ISTE1a
ISTE1b
ISTE2d
ISTE4a
ISTE4b
ISTE4d
ISTE5a
ISTE5b

Activity:StopmotionVideo(Day8)
Objective:Studentswillcreateastopmotion
clip

Studentswilluploadtheirphotographstotheir
chromebooks.

Studentswillthenuseoneofthefollowing
websitestocreatetheirstopmotionclip.

http://www.gifpal.com/
https://imgflip.com/imagestogif
https://giphy.com/create/gifmaker

Onthewebsitethestudentswilluploadallof
theirphotos.Theywillmakesurethatallthe

Criticalthinking

Creativity

Collaboration

10

photosareintheorderthattheyneedtobeto
createtheirstopmotionclip.

Studentswillplaywithtimeandrunoftheirclip.
Whiletheyareworkingontheirstopmotionclip
Iwillbecheckingontheirprogressasthey
work.

Materials:
chromebook
camera

Closing:Attheendoftheclassstudentswill
sharetheirthoughtsontheirprocessofthe
day.

VA:Cr2.2.3a
VA:Re7.1.3a
VA:Re7.2.3a
VA:Re8.1.3a
VA:Re9.1.3a

ISTE5a
ISTE5b
ISTE5d

Activity:Sharestopmotionclipsandcritic(Day Collaboration
9)
Objective:studentswillgivefeedbackontheir
peersstopmotionclips

Nowthatthestudentshavecreatetheirfinal
cliptheywillsharetheirclipwiththeirpeers.

Ontheircomputertheywillhavetheir
stopmotionclip(orGIF)pulledupontheir
computers.Studentswillwalkaroundtheroom
vieweachclip.

Ateachcomputerthestudentswillhavetwo
windowsopen.Onewiththestopmotionclip
antheotherwithablankgoogledoclabeled
StopmotionPeerReview.Studentswillrotate
aroundandwatchthestopmotionclipandthen
leaveacommentonthegoogledoc.

Studentswillneedtoremembernetiquette.All
feedbackneedstobehelpful.

Closing:Askthestudentstoshareathought
thattheirpeerhadaboutthestopmotionclip
thattheymighthavenotthoughtaboutbefore.
Didtheylearnsomethingnewaboutthierclip
thattheydidnotseebefore?

VA:Pr4.1.3a

Conclusion(Day10)

Collaboration

11

VA:Pr5.1.3a

ISTE2a
ISTE2b

Activity:Sharestopmotionclipdigitally

Objective:Decideasaclasswherethe
criticalthinking
studentsstopmotionclipswillbeshared.

Sothatwecanshareourclipswithothersand
viewlater,wherecanwepublishour
stopmotionclip.

Studentsstopmotionclipscanbepublishedon
myColeCampartwebsiteorwecanlookat
otheroptions.

Howwouldpublishingourstopmotionclips
onlinebebeneficial?Whataresomeprosand
consofpublishingonline?

Studentswillsharetheirstopmotionclip
throughtheirgoogledrivewithme.Iwillthen
saveanduploadtheirstopmotionclipstothe
votedonwebsite.

Closing:Whatdidyoulikeaboutthisproject?
Whatwouldyouchangeifyoucoulddothis
again?Givesomeadviceforthenextclassthat
doesthisproject.

12. ASSESSMENT/RUBRIC:
Studentswillbegivenarubricoutlinethattheywillturnintomeafterthey
havesharedtheirstopmotionclipongoogledocs.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pAnZl9e15GD2qloltk_iZGZZGwwxU
LTUbpG9iMzJOzs/edit

13. STUDENT ENGAGEMENT AND ADAPTATIONS FOR SPECIAL

NEEDS:
Howwillyoudifferentiateforyourdiverseclassroompopulation?
o Havingstudentsworktogetheratdifferentperiods
throughouttheprojectwillkeepthemaccountableforeach
other.Theywillhaveastoryboardthattheywillcreateatthe
beginninganduseittorefertothroughtheirproject.
Howwillyoukeepstudentsengaged?
o Studentswillbeabletostayengagedbyhavingtheir
storyboardtoreferto.Theywillalsohaveeachothertohold
accountable.Theysitincolorgroupsandeachgrouphas
tasklikegettingmaterialsandputtingworkaway.Alsoeach

12

studentshasapencil.Whentheyarehavingabaddaytheir
pencilgetstakenaway.Whentheyareabletoturnitaround
theywillearntheirpencilback.Studentswanttokeeptheir
pencilbecauseitistheirtreattotakehomeattheendofthe
yearwhentheyhavebeengood.
Whatwillyoudotochallengestudentswhoarehighlytalented?
o TochallengestudentsthatarehighlytalentedIwillallow
themtoaddmoretotheirstopmotioniftheydesire.Ifeel
likethisisalreadyaprettyintensiveprojecttobeginningwith
soIdonotforeseehavingtocreatemoreforthem.
Whathaveyouplannedforthosewhofinishearly?
o ForstudentsthathavefinishedearlyIwillhavethemlookto
seeiftheycanaddmoretotheirstopmotionfilm.Theywill
usetheirthreedimensionalfigurethattheycreatedand
createeitheranotheractionclipforthemoraddontotheclip
thattheyhavealreadycreated

14. MATERIALS, TEACHING RESOURCES/REFERENCES:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6jwnu8Izy0
AlexanderCalderTheCircus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPblZa10_Pk
TimBurtonNightmarebefore
ChristmasWhatsThis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29vIJQohUWE
TimBurtonFrankenweenie
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4p9WKnDQzQ
TimBurtonVincent
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxQcBKUPm8o
TimBurtonTheCorpse
Bride

http://www.gifpal.com/
https://imgflip.com/imagestogif
https://giphy.com/create/gifmaker
http://gifmaker.me/PlayVideoAnimation.php?folder=20151210206AsgkHuEmsGl
CCDEMaxqbq&file=output_kCrSHV.mp4
Myanimation
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pAnZl9e15GD2qloltk_iZGZZGwwxULTUbp
G9iMzJOzs/edit
Stopmotonrubric
Chromebooks
6digitalcameras
Projector
Paper
Craftwire
NeedleNosePliers
Maskingtape
Needle
Thread
Cloth(variety)
Pencil

15. PREPARATION REQUIRED:

13

Whatmaterials,tools,andresourcesdoyouneedforthisclass?
o Ihavelistedaboveseveraltools,resourcesandtoolsthatI
wouldabsolutelyneed,butitwouldbeabonusifour
technologyinstructorwouldbeabletocomeintotheclass
onthefirstdayandtalkmorewiththestudentsontheir
netiquettewhentheyareworkingontheinternet.
Whatdoyouneedtopracticeandprepareforthislesson?
o Tobepreparedfortheprojectstudentswillneedtohave
theirchromebooks,googledriveloginandaccesstothe
websites.Allofthewireneedstosectionedoutforeach
student.Eachcolorgroupwillalsohaveasmallinofscrap
fabricfortheirwirefiguresclothing.
Whatdidyoulearnfromcreatingyourteachingexemplar?
o WhatIlearnedfromcreatingtheteacherexemplarwasthat
itisimportanttogivestudentstime.Formeitwasabreeze
tocreatemythreedimensionalfigureandthenphotograph
andupload.ItwaseasyformetogointooneoftheGIF
websiteandcreatemystopmotionsincewedidthisduring
oursemester.WhatIrememberfromfirstcreatingaGIFis
tryingtofigureouttheplacementandtimingofthephotos.I
thinkthateachstudentwillstillbeabletocreatetheirfigure
andstopmotionclipontheirown.Iamconfidentthatthe
studentswillbeabletocreatetheirworkandholdeachother
accountableintheircolorgroups.

16. TEACHER REFLECTION:

Howwillyouknowthatthislessonis
successfulandmeaningful?Listindicators.
IbelievethatIwillbeabletoknowifthislessonissuccessfuland
meaningfulformystudentsbygaugingtheirunderstandingforkineticand
stopmotionartthroughtheirprocessofcreateandtheirreflectionattheendof
theproject.DuringtheprocessoftheprojectIcantellifstudentsareclickingwith
thetopicornot.Itiskeytoalwaysbeaskingthehigherthinkingquestionswhile
theyareworkingthroughtheirprocesstokeepthemengagedinwork.Iftheyare
abletostayengagedandthengivemeaningfulfeedbackontheirownandtheir
peersworkswillindicatehowmeaningfulthislessonwasforthestudents.