World Geography Fall Final Review 2013

Tools of a Geographer Foundations and Physical Geography

Label the following on the map below:
South America
Europe
Africa
Asia

Antarctica
Australia
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
North
America

Pacific
Ocean

Arctic Ocean
Europe
Atlantic
Ocean

Arctic Ocean
Southern Ocean
Indian Ocean

Asia
Pacific
Ocean

Africa

South
America

Indian
Ocean
Australia
Southern
Ocean

Label the following on the map below:

Prime Meridian
Equator
Tropic of Cancer

Tropic of Capricorn
Arctic Circle
North Pole

South Pole
Antarctic Circle

North Pole
Arctic Circle
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator

Prime
Meridi
an

Tropic of
Capricorn
Antarctic Circle
South Pole

Label the following as a component of PHYSICAL geography or CULTURAL geography.

PHYS
CULT
PHYS
CULT

climate
government
vegetation
language

CULT ethnicity
CULT religion
PHYS landforms

xplain the use and what types of things can be found on each of the following maps.
Political Map - boundaries of countries, states. Cities and capitals
Physical Map physical features (bodies of water and landforms) and elevation
Vegetation Map vegetation zones
Climate Map climate zones
Population Density - where people live

Use your notes and textbook to define the following terms.

Large-scale map - gives a close up view of a small area with a lot of detail
Small-scale map -shows a larger area with fewer details
Global grid latitude and longitude
Absolute location - the precise point where a place is located on Earth (latitude and
longitude or exact address)
Relative location - where a place is located in relation to another place
Distortion- changes shape, size and position of Earths features.
Orientation compass rose
Scale - tells you how to read distances on a map
Map projection - deal with distortion
Cartography the study of map making
Magma - melted rock
Hydrosphere - Made up of all of the water on the Earths surface including Oceans,
inland water bodies, groundwater, and ice caps.
Atmosphere- An envelope of gases around the Earth that absorbs radiation from the
Sun,moderates temperatures, distributes heat and water, creates distinct weather
patterns
Biosphere - Includes all forms of life, including humans
Lithosphere - The Earths crust and top layer of the mantle
Erosion The movement of weathered materials such as gravel, sand, and soil
Glaciation the process of being covered with ice or a glacier
Sedimentation - the process by which particles and sediments are deposited after being
eroded away
Ring of Fire - A circle of volcanic mountains that are surrounding the Pacific Ocean

Tectonic activity plate movement

Desalination the process of taking salt from water
Desertification - relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid
Label and describe the stages of the Water Cycle

Condensati
Precipitatio
on
n
Evaporatio
n

Use your notes and textbook to answer the following

questions.
What are the advantages of using globes instead of maps?
1) true size 2) no distortion
What are the advantages of using maps instead of globes?
1) compact (can be folded) 2) are able to show more detail 3) focus on specific areas
What is a physical process? What does it do? the natural forces that change Earths
physical features, including forces that build up and wear down Earths surface.
What is erosion? What are the 3 main types of erosion? The movement of weathered
materials such as gravel, sand, and soil An agent of mechanical weathering Wind,
Water, Glaciers

What is weathering? Give examples of physical and mechanical weathering. Breaks

down rock at or near the earths surface into smaller pieces. Mechanical frost
wedging, seeds Chemical Acid Rain, Carbonic Acid

Use your LACEMOP notes and the textbook to answer the following questions.
The earths atmosphere THINS as elevation increases.
What is continentality? How does it affect places that are not near large bodies of water? How
close to water . The closer to water the more moderate temps.
What is the relationship between a place and its distance from the equator? Explain the effect
on each of the following low latitudes, mid-latitudes, high latitudes. The closer a place is to
the equator, the hotter it is. Low latitudes (tropics) HOT; mid-latitudes moderate,
4 seasons; high-latitude (polar) extremely cold.
How do mountains influence climate? Explain it using the terms rainshadow effect, leeward, and
windward. Windward moist air blows in from the ocean. It hits the mountain and is

forced upward. The air cools as it rises. Cool air cannot hold as much moisture rain
falls. The windward side is lush and green with a lot of vegetation
Leeward the air continues over the mountain, but is now dry. This leads to the rain
shadow effect the leeward side is dry and barren desert like conditions.
What is the relationship between elevation and climate? As elevation goes up, temperature
goes down, this affects climate. They are closely related
What is the significance of the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn? Cancer is the
northern most line of latitude to receive direct sunlight. Capricorn is the
southernmost line of latitude to receive direct sunlight.
Explain why there are seasons. The tilt of the earth and the revolution around the sun
allow for the season.
Label and describe each of the Earths Layers
CRUSTvery thin layer; rocky surface
MANTLEthick layer of rock (2,900 kms thick);
mostly solid, but has pockets of magma (melted
rock)
OUTER COREINNER CORE -

molten (made liquid from heat)

dense and solid

Use your notes and textbook to illustrate and define the following Landforms.
Isthmus
Basin
A narrow stretch of land connecting Area of land drained by a given river
two larger land areas
and its branches; typically
surrounded by lands of higher
elevations.
Archipelago
Island
A group or chain of islands
A body of land completely
surrounded by water on all sides
Source of a River
Mouth of a River
Place where a river or stream
Place where a river or stream meets
begins, often in highlands.
another body of water like an ocean
or sea
Tributary
Sea
A small river or stream that flows
A large body of water completely or
into a large river or stream; a
partly surrounded by land
branch of a river
Peninsula
Strait
Body of land jutting into a lake or
A narrow stretch of water joining
ocean, surrounded on three sides by two larger bodies of water
water

Tools of a Geographer Human/Cultural Geography

Use your population history/population pyramid notes to answer the following questions.
What is the approximate world population now? 7 billion
When did the population boom begin (exponential growth)? 200 years ago
What changes happened that improved life expectancy? Better public sanitation, improved
farming technology, advances in modern medicine
Why did early humans live a nomadic lifestyle? They moved from place to place in search of
food and water
Why do people choose to live in mid-latitudes? The warm climates provide the crop growing
conditions needed for food production
Use your government/economic systems notes to define the following terms.
Democracy (direct) A type of government where the citizens hold power directly
Republic - A type of government where the citizens hold power through elected
representatives
Theocracy - Any system of government in which religious leaders hold the power
Totalitarian - Form of government that has the power to govern without the consent of
those being governed
Monarchy - A system of government headed by a king or queen and may or may not
share the power with citizen bodies
Traditional economy - Custom, traditional ways and beliefs are the base values of this
economic system
Market economy - People are free to choose what to buy and sell. Businesses are
private and profit seeking
Command economy Government Controlled - Found in communist countries like China
or North Korea
Use your Economic Development and Migration notes and textbook to define the terms and answer
the questions below.
Birth rate - the number of births per thousand people per year
Death rate - the number of deaths per thousand people per year
Migration - the movement of persons from one country or locality to another

Population density - the number of people living per unit of an area (e.g. per square mile)

Label the following stages 1-4

Declining birth and death rates. Stage 3

High birth rate, high but fluctuating death rate. Stage 1
Low death rates and low but fluctuating birth rates. Stage 4
Declining death rates and continuing high birth rates. Stage 2

Identify the 3 most important factors in the population of a place.

Medicine

Birthrate

Death rate

Migration

Population Density

Which two of the following would be most influenced by physical geography?

Government
religion

class system

population distribution

economic activities culture

What is the main reason for the differences in economic prosperity in various areas of the world?
an unequal distribution of resources
What are the main pull factors to the United States? Family, school, freedom, economic
opportunity
What was the main pull factor when blacks moved from the southern states to the northern
states? To escape unequal treatment from white people

Identify the following as a Push or Pull factor

PUSH
PULL
PUSH
PUSH
PULL
PUSH
PULL
PULL

Civil War
Economic Opportunity
Apartheid
Genocide
Political Freedom
Famine
Religious freedom
Abundant housing

PUSH Drought
PUSH Lack of employment
PUSH Food and Housing
Shortages
PUSH Persecution
PULL Healthy economy
PUSH Poverty

Population Pyramids

If a country has a population pyramid that looks like B now, but 35 years ago
had a population pyramid that looked like C, then what could be the main
cause of the change? Increased educational opportunities for women

Which of the above population pyramids best represents a less developed

nation? C
Which one of the population pyramids represents the largest number of
countries in the world?
Which of the above population pyramids best represents a developed nation?
The biggest indicator of a rise in the standard of living in a country can be
traced to?

United States and Canada

Use your notes and the textbook to answer the following questions.
Why are Canadas climates generally so much colder than the climates of the
United States?
Higher latitude farther from the equator than the US
The highest point in North America is? Mt. McKinely
Where do populations in US and Canada cluster? Along coasts, rivers, and
other bodies of water
Canada and the United States differ in their: (choose all that apply)
Population Density
Government Health Programs
Types of
Government
Climate
Which French speaking province is interested in gaining independence from
Canada? Quebec
True - Most people of the United States and Canada are immigrants or their
descendants.
Describe the ideal place for a permanent settlement. Flat, plains. Near
water. Mid Latitudes. Access to natural resources and trade
routes

List factors that would hinder settlement. Extreme temps (hot or cold),
mountains, no access to water, too little rain

Use your Economic Development notes and textbook to complete the chart and
answer the questions below.
Higher GDP
per capita
Lower GDP per
capita
Short life
expectancy

Low infant
mortality
High number of
children/woman
Long life expectancy
Low birth rate

More Developed (Wealthy)

Higher GDP per capita

Long life expectancy
Low infant mortality
Low birth rate
Highly industrialized countries

High birth rate

High infant mortality
Highly industrialized
countries
Subsistence
Agriculture
Less Developed (Poor)

Lower GDP per capita

Short life expectancy
High infant mortality
High number of children/woman
High birth rate
Subsistence Agriculture

What is the single most effective thing a country can do to lower birthrate?
Education of women.
Describe the socioeconomic status of most North Americans. It is among
the worlds highest
A megalopolis is an urban area made up of adjoining cities and their suburbs.
Using the map, describe what they all have in common.

are adjacent to bodies of water

Latin America
Use your notes Life in the Central Andes
and the Geography Alive textbook to answer
the following:
Illustrate the 4 Elevation climate zones.
Complete with the names of each
level, elevation ranges and crops
grown.
Tierra Helada - 12,000-15,000
Extreme environment; cold windy climate; often freezes at night;
snow falls at the highest elevations; snow line lies at the upper
edge of this zone; trees are rare; the most common plant life are
low-lying shrubs and hardy grass; crops: quinoa, certain types of
potatoes.

Tierra Fria - 6,000-12,000

Average temps vary from 55-65; night temperatures dip below
freezing at higher elevations; steep, rugged mountains, flat
basins and plateaus lie between the mountains; a high plateau,
the Altiplano, lies between Peru and Bolivia and contains Lake
Titicaca; pines and other conifers grow where is enough rain;
only shrubs and grasses grow in dry areas; crops: potatoes,
wheat, barley, corn, apples, and pears.
Tierra Templada - 3,000-6,000
Climate is temperate; temperature range from 65-75; frost is
rare; pleasant weather lasts all year; palms, bamboo, and jungle
vines are common at lower elevations; broadleaf evergreen
forest is typical at higher elevations; crops: farmers choose
crops based on elevation. Lower level bananas and oranges.
Higher level corn, beans, and other vegetables. Flowers for
export. The main commercial crop coffee.
Tierra Caliente - 0-3,000
Climate is generally hot and humid; average temps range from
75-80; broadleaf evergreen forests cover the eastern slopes of
the Andes; natural vegetation on the western slopes ranges from
lush rainforest to tropical grassland; Perus coast gets little
rainfall and is a desert; crops: farmers plant crops that do well in
the heat- bananas, rice, & sugarcane

Quito, the capital of Ecuador, is located at 9,250 feet above sea level.
According to the diagram on the right, Quito is in which elevation zone?
Tierra Fria

Where is the tree line found? Tierra Helada

What is vertical trade? Who traded with whom? Trading of crops between
different elevations. Lowland and highland areas trade.
What is terracing?

What would be the best title for the picture above? The Columbian
Exchange
What would be considered the New World? North America
What would be considered an undesirable item to have been traded?
Diseases
What would be considered the Old World? Europe
Use your textbook and notes to answer the following questions.

Where are the Andes Mountains located? West coast of South America
What countries do the Andes Mountains run through? Venezuela, Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina
What two oceans does the Panama Canal connect? Atlantic and Pacific
What is the longest river in South America? Amazon River
What areas make up Latin America? Middle America, South America,
Caribbean
What countries in South America are landlocked? Paraguay and Bolivia
What are the pampas? Grasslands in Argentina
What is the major religion of Latin America? Christianity (Roman Catholic)
What types of areas do most people of Latin America live in? Coastal areas
What indigenous groups were in Latin America? Maya, Aztec, and Inca

Use your Spatial Inequality in Mexico City notes and the Geography Alive
textbook to answer the following:
What is spatial inequality? The unequal distribution of wealth or
resources in a geographic area, so that some places are richer than
others.
What is a major cause of rural decline in Mexico? Poverty and
unemployment
What happened in Mexico because of rural decline? People moved to cities
increase urbanization
What are the pull factors that draw farm families to Mexico City? Economic
opportunities, better school, higher standard of living.
With population growth in Mexico City, what are some other things that have
increased? Crime rates, air pollution, poor slum neighborhoods.
What is urbanization? The movement of people from rural to urban
areas, resulting in the growth of urban areas.
What is rural? Countryside. Urban? City.

Europe
Use your notes, the Geography Alive textbook, and the textbook to define the terms
below.
Holocaust - The mass killing of more than 6 millon European Jews by
Germanys Nazi Party
Ethnic cleansing - the expulsion, imprisonment, or killing of an ethnic
minority by a dominant majority in order to achieve ethnic
homogeneity
The British Isles include: Great Britain and Ireland
Where does Europe rank in size of continents? 2nd smallest

Mapping
Label the following on the map below:
Nova Scotia
Northwest Territories
British Columbia
Yukon Territory
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Alberta

Ontario
Quebec
Hudson Bay
Labrador Sea
Baffin Bay
Bering Sea
Greenland Sea

Lake Huron
Lake Ontario
Lake Superior
Lake Erie
Lake Michigan
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean

Greenland
Sea

Bering
Sea
Baffin Bay

Yukon
Territories

Northwest
Territories

British Alberta
Columbia
Pacific
Ocean

Labrador
Sea
Hudson
Bay
Manitoba

Saskatchew
an

Quebec
Ontario
Nova Scotia
L . Superior
L . Huron
L . Ontario
L . Michigan
L . Erie

Atlantic
Ocean

Label the following on the map below:

Idaho
Oregon
Nevada
California
Utah
Tennessee
Kentucky
Missouri

Pacific
Ocean

Illinois
North Carolina
Virginia
South Carolina
Alabama
Georgia
Florida
Pacific Ocean

Orego
Colorado
GreatRio
n
Salt Lake
Grande
Californi
NevadRiver
Idaho
Utah

Atlantic Ocean
Gulf of Mexico
Missouri River
Colorado River
Great Salt Lake
Mississippi River
Rio Grande River

Gulf
Mississip
of
Mexico
piMissouri
River
Illinois
Tennesse
Alabama
Kentucky
Georgia
Florida
Virginia
N.
S.

Atlantic
Ocean

Label the following on the map below:

Guatemala
El Salvador
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Honduras
Costa Rica
Bahamas
Haiti
Dominican Republic
Puerto Rico

Cuba
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Suriname
Chile
Uruguay
Bolivia
Argentina
Brazil

Paraguay
Caribbean Sea
Gulf o fMexico
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Rio Grande River
Gulf of Honduras
Amazon River
Parana River
Lake Titicaca
Paraguay River

Sierra Madre
Occidental

Patagonia
Andes

Mexican Plateau

France

Germany
Spain
Poland
Bulgaria
Romania
Ukraine
Belarus
Switzerland

Label

Rio Grande
the
R.
Mexico
Bahamas
Gulf of
Mexico
Cuba
Dominican
Puerto
Haiti
AtlanticRico
Republic
Honduras
Ocean
Caribbean
Guatemala
El
Nicaragua
Salvador
Pacific
Sea
Ocean
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Columbia
Amazon R.
Ecuador
Peru
Brazil
Andes
Bolivia
Lake
Titicaca
Paraguay
Chile

Patagonia

Argentina
Uruguay

following on the map below:

Denmark
Norway
Finland
Sweden
United Kingdom
Belgium
Netherlands
Iceland

Greece
Italy
Arctic Circle
Prime Meridian

Alps
Pyrenees Mountains
Mediterranean Sea
Red Sea

Caspian Sea
Adriatic Sea

Label the following on the map below:

Ural Mountains
Belarus
Ukraine
Estonia
Latvia
Poland
Slovakia
Romania

Lithuania
Black Sea
Russia
Caspian Sea
Bosnia
White Sea
Estonia
Moscow

St. Petersburg
Vladivostok
Arctic Ocean
Balkan Mountains
Caucasus Mountains
Northern European
Plain

Iceland

Sweden

Finland

Norway

Denmark
United
Kingdom

Netherland
s
Belgium Germany

Belarus
Poland
Ukraine