4.1-4.

2 SOLUTIONS AND
SOLUBILITY

Solutions

A solution is a type of mixture that is the same throughout.

It can be physically separated but all portions of a solution
have the same properties it is a homogeneous mixture
It is made of a solute and solvent which can be separated
because they are not changed into new substances
Some common solutions: Kool-aid, gasoline, seawater

Types of Solutions

Most solutions are made of solids dissolved in

liquids.
Solutes, solvents, and solutions can be gases,
liquids, and solids
Examples:

When carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in a sugary

drink, we enjoy it as soda (gas dissolved in liquid)
Bronze (solid) is a solution in which tin is the solute
and copper is the solvent
The air we breathe (gas) is a solution: nitrogen is the
solvent and oxygen and carbon dioxide are the solutes

Suspensions

Are NOT solutions!!

The particles are larger than those found
in a solution
Instead of dissolving, these larger
particles turn the water cloudy
Example: Mixing flour in water causes
the water to become cloudy. It could be
separated by filtering.

Key Terms
Solute: a substance that is dissolved in a
solution
Solvent: a substance that dissolves a
solute
Solubility: of a substance is the amount of
that substance that will dissolve in a
certain amount of solvent at a given
temperature

NOTE: The solvent is substance present in the

highest concentration!!

Describing a Solutions Concentration

Concentration: The amount of a substance

(the solute) that is contained in another
substance (the solvent) at a given
temperature
Dilute: A solution that has a low
concentration of solute
Saturated: A solution that contains the
maximum amount of solute that can be
dissolved in the solvent at that
temperature

Temperature and Solubility

One way to change the solubility of a solute is

by raising the temperature
Effect of temperature increase on SOLIDS:

Solids dissolve faster

A greater amount of solid dissolves

Effect of temperature increase on GASSES:

Gasses become less soluble in water

Think about boiling water: as tap water
approaches boiling point in the pan any gas that
was dissolved comes out of the solution by rising
to the surface

Temperature and solubility

SOLUTE

INCREASED
TEMPERATURE

DECREASED
TEMPERATURE

SOLID

INCREASE IN
SOLUBILITY

DECREASE IN
SOLUBILITY

GAS

DECREASE IN
SOLUBILITY

INCREASE IN
SOLUBILITY

TO SUM THIS UP:

Solubility of Gas is INVERSELY related to Temperature
Solubility of Solid is DIRECTLY related to Temperature

Supersaturated

Supersaturated: a solution that contains

more dissolved solute than is normally
possible
This can occur if more solute is added as
temperature is increased
If slowly cooled the solute can remain
dissolved
Very unstable; if disturbed or if more solute
is added it will quickly solidify and form a
precipitate

Pressure and Solubility

SOLUTE
Solid
Gas

INCREASED DECREASED
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
No effect on No effect on
Solubility
Solubility
Increase in Decrease in
Solubility
Solubility

TO SUM THIS UP:

Solubility of Gas is DIRECTLY related to Pressure
Pressure does not effect the Solubility of Solids

Why wont oil dissolve in water?

Solubility depends on molecular structure!!!!

When a substance dissolves, its molecules separate
from one another and become evenly mixed with
molecules of the solvent
Water molecules have a negative region and a
positive region; they are said to be POLAR
The molecules of oil do not have positive and
negative regions; they are NONPOLAR
Their molecules are not attracted to each other!
Polar solvents only dissolve polar solutes
Like dissolves like

Solubility Chart