THEENCOUNTERSOFTHE

UNITEDSTATESAND
THESOVIETUNIONINTHE

SPACERACE

FeliciaBarber,NicoleKennedy,HannahKilroy

WebsiteLink:

70420810.nhd.weebly.com
ProcessPaper496

WechoseourtopicbybrainstormingoffofthelistofsampletopicsfromtheNHS
website.Wewereinterestedinthesampletopic"Apollo13:ExplorationinSpace,"anddecided
topickatopicthathadtodowithspace.Ourgroup'stopicistheSpaceRacetothemoonduring
theColdWar.TheSpaceRacecausedagreatadvancementintechnologyanditallowedhumans
totraveltothemoon.
Whenwebeganourresearch,wewerelookingforarticlesaboutthebigideasofthe
SpaceRaceanditsmissions.Onceweunderstoodourtopicbetter,webegantodevelopan
argumentandfocusinonspecificideastoresearch.Weusedprimarysourcestounderstand
moreofwhatpeoplethoughtoftheSpaceRaceatthetime.Aswegotfurtherintotheproject,we
decidedwhatourargumentwasandbegantoorganizeevidence.Wecreatedaroughdraft
websiteandputourthoughtsinorder.Afterreceivingfeedbackfromourroughdraft,we
reorganizedourargumentlayoutandrewordedourthesis.Weaddedcauseandeffectdiagrams,
interactivelinksandpicturestoconveyourargumentinamoreinterestingway.Werealizedthat
democracyandliberalvaluesallowedAmericatowintheSpaceRace,whichhelpedthemwin
theColdWar,andrealizedthatthatwaswhatwewantedtofocusonasourargument.
Ourgroupdecidedtocreateawebsitetopresentourproject,whichwechosebecauseitis
funtodesign,easytoorganizeandeditchanges.Weorganizedourprojectbytheeventsand
missionsthathappenedduringthespacerace,andbythereactionsandperspectivesoftheUnited
StatesandtheSovietUnion.Wewantedanappealingwebsitethatprovidedinteresting
informationforviewers.
IntheColdWar,thepostWorldWarIIpowerstrugglebetweentheUnitedStatesandthe
SovietUnion,thehostileencountersbetweenthetwocountrieswereshownthroughtheSpace
Raceasaproxywar.Theyusedproxywarstoprovethateachwasthesuperiorcountry,andto
gainglobalpower.TheSpaceRacestartedsothatthecountriescouldprovethesuperiorityof
theirvaluesusingpropaganda,andtodevelopbettermilitarytechnology.Theirdifferent
governmentstyles,theU.Shadliberalvaluesofdemocracyandcapitalism,theUSSRhad
traditionalvaluesofcommunism,resultedintheU.Sdevelopingagenuineinterestinspace,
alongwiththepropagandabenefits,whiletheSovietUniononlyworriedaboutpropaganda,
whichledtheU.Stolandingthefirstmanonthemoon,winningtheSpaceRace.America's
liberalismallowedforNASA,foreignscientists,andaflowofresourcestosupportanddevelop
thespacetechnology.TheSpaceRaceissignificanttodaybecauseofthedevelopmentof
changedrelationshipsbetweentheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates,theideologyshiftto
mostlydemocracyandveryfewcommunistcountries,andscientificdiscoveriesaboutthe
universeandnewtechnology.

AnnotatedBibliography

PrimarySources:27

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Oct.2015.
Thisarticleisfromanewspaperthatwaspublishedin1957,twoyearsbeforetheUnited
StateslandedontheMoon.IfoundthisarticleonthedatabaseJSTORfromtheBoston
PublicLibrary.ThearticlestatesthatthegoaloftheSpaceRaceistolandamanonthe
moon.Thearticleisveryoptimisticaboutlandingamanonthemoon,unlikemanyother
peopleatthislatepointintheSpaceRacewhenthepublicislosinginterest.Itsaysthat
theUnitedStatestechnologyisalmostabletoreachthemoon.ItpredictsthattheUS
willreachthemoonfirst,andthattheUSneedstogiveNASAmoremoneytoreachthe
moon.ThisconnectstoPresidentKennedysgoaloflandingamanonthemoonbecause
thisarticleacceptsthataswinning.Thisarticlealsoconnectstotheexchangebetweenthe
UnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionbecausetheUSpublishespropagandaarticleslike
thistokeepAmericanspositiveandhopefulthatwewillbeattheSovietUnion.

Bille,Matt.Telephoneinterview.28Oct.2015.
MattBillegrewononCapeCanaveral,FloridawatchingtheApollomissionstakeoff.He
thengrewuptobeanAirForceofficerintheheightoftheColdWar.Now,heworksas
anauthor,publishingbooksonspaceexplorationhistory,includingtheNASApublished
book,
TheFirstSpaceRace:LaunchingtheWorldsFirstSatellites
(2004),a
groundbreakingaccountoftheearlySpaceAge.HetoldusabouthowtheSovietsdidnot
realizewhatagroundbreakinginventionSputnikwasuntilothercountriesstartedto
congratulatethem.Thentheyrealizedhowtheycouldharnesstheiraccomplishmentfor
propaganda.WelearnedthathethinksthattheUnitedStateswontheSpaceRacebecause
welandedamanonthemoonfirst.Thatwasthebiggestaccomplishmentofthetime,and
theSovietscouldnotmatchit.HealsoemphasizedhowintertwinedtheSpaceRaceand
therestoftheColdWarwerewitheachother.Heagreedwithourargumentthattensions
fromtheColdWarwereaninitialmotivationofspaceexploration,butthatastheUnited
Statesstartedlearningmore,theyquicklybecamemoreinterestedinthescientific
knowledgeandtechnologyinsteadofjustthepropagandafactor.Hehelpedusunderstand
theencountersbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionintheColdWarandhow
thateffectedspaceexploration.

Eberhart,Jonathan."SpaceRacePaceQuickens."TheScienceNewsLetter87(19June1965):
387397398.SocietyforScience&thePublic.Web.

JonathanEberhartexplainsthescientificaspectsbehindtheSpaceRaceandwhatthe
averageAmericanperspectiveswereduringthetimeoftheColdWar.Thisprimary
sourceshowsthemathematicalcomponentsofthesatellitesandflight,andthedifferent
datesofeachremarkableevent,comparingthetimebetweeneachsidesachievingwhat
hasalreadybeenaccomplished.Welikedhowthissourcewascompletelyfactualandhad
noopinions,exceptforgivingapossibleideaofwhatwasbelievedbybothsides,butthat
wasclearlystated.Itrelatestoourtopicbecauseitisaboutspaceexploration

Greenberg,D.S."SovietSpaceFeat:ItProvidesNewArgumentsforLargerMilitaryRole,
UndercutsLunarLandingCritics."
Science
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JSTOR[JSTOR].Web.12Oct.2015.
Thisarticlefromthe
Science
magazinethatIfoundthroughtheJSTORdatabase
describestheeffectsoftheSputnikaccomplishmentsoftheSovietUnionontheUnited
Statesmilitary.ManypeoplebelievedthattheSovietUnionnowhadabettermilitary
becauseoftheirrockettechnology,andthattheUnitedStateshadnohopeofcatchingup.
ItstatesthatitcreatedpotentialforanintensifiedarmsracebetweentheUSandthe
USSRinthenewterritoryofspace,buttheUSdidntwantthat.ItquestionstheUnited
Statesspendingandwhetheritshouldspendthatmuchonthespaceprograminsteadof
catchingbackupinthespaceprogramintheAirForce.ItsaysthatNASAatthatpoint
wasstillconfidentthattheywouldwinthemoonrace,butthattheirprogramcannotbe
rushed.ThisarticleconnectstotheexchangebetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSoviet
Unionbecauseofthecommentsmadebackandforthandthepossibilityofanarmsrace,
andwhattheUStriedtodotopreventthat.SputnikgavetheUSSRamilitaryadvantage
overtheUSandtheyhadtorespondtothatwhiletryingtokeeppeace.

Goodpaster,A.J.,Gen."MemorandumofConferencewiththePresident."Letter.08Oct.1957.
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ThisisamemorandumofaconferencewithPresidentDwightD.Eisenhower,writtenby
BrigadierGeneralA.J.Goodpaster.Thedocumentwasonlydeclassifiedtenyearsafterit
wastakenbecauseofthesensitivematerialinit.Theconferencewasdiscussingonhow
theUnitedStatesshouldreacttotheSputniklaunching.Thisconferencetookplaceas
soonasthePresidentheardthenewsthattheSovietshadlaunchedtheveryfirstsatellite
intospace.Welearnedabouttheinitialreactionstothenewsandtheperspectiveof
Americansinthetimeperiod.TheconferencedecidedhowtheU.S.wouldreacttothe
lostbattleandwasapinnaclemomentofdiplomaticexchange.ItshowedhowtheUnited
StateshadtoputonastrongfacadetoreassurethepublicandconvincetheSovietUnion
thattheyhadthesituationundercontrolandwouldemergeasthesuperiorcountry.

Herter,ChristianA."CircularTelegramFromtheDepartmentofState."LettertoAllDiplomatic
Missions.10Oct.1957.
History.state.gov
.OfficeoftheHistorian,BureauofPublic
Affairs,UnitedStatesDepartmentofState,n.d.Web.27Sept.2015.
Thisisthetelegramthatwassenttoalldiplomaticmissionsregardinghowtheyshow
behaveinresponsetotheSputniklaunching.TheUnitedStateskeptuptheirstrongface
andreassuredtheothercountriesthattheyarestilltechnologicallyadvanced.Theyalso
wentontosaythatSputnikposednorealdangerandthattheU.S.hadthesituationunder
control.ThistelegramwasusefulinseeingtheexchangesbetweenAmericaandherallies
inatimewhentheyhadbeenbeatenbytheSovietUnionatatimeoftenserelationships
andonthevergeofwar.TheUnitedStateshadtoappearasasturdy,unyieldingforcein
theirexchangeswithothercountriestoreassurethemthattheyaresuperiortotheSoviet
Union,despitetheirinferiorityintechnology.

"ImpactofU.S.andSovietSpaceProgramsonWorldOpinion:ASummaryAssessment."
NASA
.U.S.InformationAgency,OfficeofResearchandAnalysis,7July1959.Web.6
Dec.2015.
TheU.S.InformationAgencywantedtogiveanupdateontheimpactsofthecompetition
betweentheUnitedStatesandSovietUnionoftheirspaceexplorationasthedecadewas
comingtoaclose.TheirOfficeofResearchandAnalysis,areliablegovernmentagency,
gatheredthefactsandaskedpeoplewhattheythoughtabouttheraceforspacebetween
thesetwosuperpowers.Theygaveninecriteriafortheirsummeryandaskedtheresidents
fromthedifferentcontinentsaroundtheworld.thisarticlewasveryhelpfulandvery
detailedinexplainingwhatdifferentpeoplethoughtaboutthebeginningsoftheSpace
Race

Kennedy,JohnF."WeChoosetoGototheMoon."TheSpaceEffort.RiceUniversity,Houston.
12Sept.1962.TheHistoryPlace.Web.13Sept.2015.
JohnF.Kennedy'sspeechconfirmsthespaceraceandstatesAmerica'sgoaloflandinga
manonthemoonbeforetheendofthe1960's.HetalksabouthowAmericaandhumans
needtolearnaboutspacebecauseitisthereandunknown.Healsodefendsthegreat
expenseofthespaceprogram.Whenthespeechwasdelivered,theUnitedStateswas
losingtherace,andhemotivatedpeopletowanttowin.Kennedysucceedingincausing
thebudgetofNASAtoberaisedsotheycouldadvanceinthespacerace.Itwasusefulin
seeinghowPresidentKennedymotivatedtheUnitedStatestomakeanationaleffortto
landamanonthemoon.ItconnectstotheexchangebetweentheSovietUnionand
AmericaandhowKennedyhadtoremotivatethecountrytogetbackintherace.

Kennedy,JohnF.,President."Kennedy'sCubanMissileCrisisSpeech."22Oct.1962.
Historywiz.Web.10Nov.2015.

KennedymadethisspeechovertheradiototheAmericanpeoplewhenhegained
knowledgeoftheSovietmissilesonCuba.Thespeechwasmadeintheheightofthe
ColdWar,andthisevent,whichisknownastheCubanMissileCrisis,wasamajor
turningpoint.Thespeechinformedthepubliconwhathadhappened,thattheSovietshad
placedmissilesonCubacapableofannihilatinganycityintheUnitedStates,then
Kennedywentontoexplainthesevenstepshewasgoingtotakeinresponse.Thesteps
were:(1)blockadeanymilitarycargotoCuba,(2)increasesurveillanceonCubaandits
militarybuildup,(3)setintopolicythatanylaunchedmissilesfromtheSovietintothe
WesternHemisphereistheSovietUniondeclaringwarontheUnitedStates,(4)
reinforcedtheGuantanamobase,(5)callforameetingoftheOrganofConsultation
undertheOrganizationofAmericanStates,(6)callforanemergencymeetingofthe
SecurityCounciloftheUnitedNations,(7)askChairmanKhrushchevtohaltand
eliminatethisclandestine,reckless,andprovocativethreattoworldpeaceandtostable
relationsbetweenourtwonations.Thisspeechhelpedusunderstandthementalityofthe
Americanpeoplebackthenandrealizewhatashockandscareitmusthavebeen.Itis
significanttoourtopicbecauseitshowstheencountersbetweentheUnitedStatesandthe
SovietUnionintheArmsRace.

Kranz,EugeneF.
FailureIsNotanOption
.NewYork,NY:Simon&Schuster,2000.Print.
GeneKranzworkedatNASAforthreedecades.Hejoinedin1960asanAssistantFlight
director,andhewastheflightdirectorfortheApollo11missionthatsuccessfullylanded.
ThisbookdescribestheeventsofhistimeatNASAthroughhispointofview.Itwas
veryusefulinseeingadetaileddescriptionofthemissionsfromsomeonewhowasapart
oftheteam,becauseitprovidedaninsideperspectivetotheinnerworkingsofNASA.
Wealsolearnedaboutthepressureofsucceedingthatwasweighingonthem,andthatis
alsowhythebookwascalled
FailureisnotanOption
.

Khrushchev,NikitaSergeevich,andStrobeTalbott.
KhrushchevRemembers:Volume2:The
LastTestament
.Harmmondsworth:Penguin,1974.530.Print.
InthismemoirbyNikitaKhrushchev,theformerFirstSecretaryoftheSovietUnion,on
histimeastheleaderofthecommunistworldpower.Hewasoneofthemajorpolitical
leadersduringtheColdWarandhadahandinmanyoftheimportantdecisions.The
bookrecountsKhrushchevspersonalthoughtsandopinionshewasnotabletopublically
express.WeusedaquotefromthisbookthatwasKhrushchevrecountingaconversation
withareporterabouttheamountofnuclearweaponstheSovietUnionhadcomparedto
theUnitedStates.TheUnitedStateshadenoughweaponstodestroytheentireSoviet
Uniontwotimesover,whiletheSovietsonlyhadenoughtodestroyAmericaonce.He
makesasnarkycommentabouthowunnecessaryitistohavethatmanybombsbecause
thereisnopointinannihilatingacountrytwice.Itissignificanttoourprojectbecauseit

showstherelationshipbetweentheleadersintheColdWar.Khrushchevtalksaboutthe
ArmsRaceandtheSovietpolicytowardsnuclearweaponswhichhelpedusunderstand
thefullpicturewithperspectivesfrombothsides.

Mendelsohn,Everett.
ADialoguewiththeSoviets:NuclearWeapons,DisarmamentandNuclear
Energy.
N.p.:NuclearProliferationInternationalHistoryProject,1979.Print.
Thispamphlet,writtenbyEverettMendelsohn,awellrespectedHarvardprofessoronthe
HistoryofScienceforover50years,andtheAmericanFriendsServiceCommittee,was
arecountingoftheCommitteesrecenttriptotheSovietUnion.Theytalkedwithover
100Sovietscientists,politicaladvisorsandcitizensonthepoliciesthatcontrolnuclear
weapons,thescientificcommunitythatwasdevelopingthenuclearweaponsandthe
stepstheyaremaking,ornotmaking,todisarmsandcutbackonnuclearweapons.They
saidthattheSovietswerenotbackingdownontheirnuclearweaponsandwereinfact
optimisticaboutbeingabletoachievethenuclearenergycapacitythattheywant.(14)
ThissourcewasusefulinhelpingusunderstandsomeoftheSovietperspectivesabout
nuclearweaponsintheArmsRace.Itissignificanttoourresearchbecauseitgaveusthe
perspectivesoftheSovietstowardsnuclearweapons,whichwerethepinnacleofthe
ArmsRace.

"MercuryTeamWinsCollierTrophyAward."TheScienceNewsLetter84.17(1963):260.
JSTOR.SocietyforScience&thePublic.Web.27Sept.2015.
FromtheScienceNewsLetter,whichwasoneofthebiggersciencejournalsatthetime,
thisisanarticlethatcelebratesaneventthatwasthegreatestsofarinitstime.Gettingan
Americanmanintospacedeservedawards,andthesevenastronautsinvolvedweregiven
trophies.Itwasinterestingforustoseetheexcitementbehindaneventthatwouldsoon
betopped,butthatreceivedalotofattentionbyAmericans.Wewereabletoseethe
reactionandappreciationfromtheperspectiveofscientistsduringthespacerace.This
wasoneofthefirstexplorationsintospace.

"NationalSecurityCouncilReport,NSC68,"UnitedStatesObjectivesandProgramsfor
NationalSecurity","April07,1950,HistoryandPublicPolicyProgramDigitalArchive,
USNationalArchives.
ThissourcewasaNationalSecurityCouncil,oftheUnitedNations,reportthatdiscussed
theconflictbetweentheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStatesinthebeginningoftheCold
War(1950s).ThisreportwaswrittenbyPresidentHarryS.TruemanandJamesS.Lay.
WelearnedthattheUnitedStatesdidnotknowthatmuchabouttheSovietnuclear
weaponstockpile,andthattheirguessofhowmanyweaponsthetheyhadwasmuch
largerthanwhatitactuallywas.TheUnitedStatesandtheSecurityCouncilwereworried
abouttheSovietsnuclearweaponcapabilitiesanddiscussedtheUnitedStatesnational

securitypolicyinresponsetotheSovietthreatofnuclearwar.Thissourcewashelpfulin
realizingthattheUnitedStatesdidnotreallyknowhowmanynuclearweaponsthe
Sovietshaduntilspysatelliteswereemployedtofindout.Thissourcerelatestoourtopic
andthethemeofencountersbecauseitexplainstheencountersbetweentheSovietUnion
andtheUnitedStatesintheColdWar.

Nixon,Richard."PresidentialDailyDiaryEntry."TheOfficeofaPresidentialPapers20July.
1969:1.NationalArchivesIdentifier[DocsTeach].Web.12Oct.2015.
PresidentNixon,inhisdailyeventdiary,wroteaboutthe"interplanetaryconversation"
hehadwithastronautsNeilArmstrongandBuzzAldrin,justaftertheycompletedthe
firstevermoonlanding.Thephonecalloccurredat11:45P.M.,Nixon'slastcallofthe
day,withtwomenwhowerestandingonthemoon.Thephonecallprovidedimmediate
evidenceoftheUnitedStates'successintheSpaceRaceandtheirimmensetechnology
advancementsovertheSovietUnion.Thisphonecallgoesdownininternationalhistory
asamarkerofthemoonvictory,andtheendtotheSpaceRace,proving,onceagain,the
successofdemocracy.

Odish,Hugh."TheMeaningoftheInternationalGeophysicalYear."NASA.U.S.Presidents
CommitteeonInformationActivitiesAbroadRecords,4Dec.1958.Web.06Dec.2015.
HughOdishwastheU.SdirectorfortheIGY(InternationalGeophysicalYear),sowhen
heisprovidingaspeechforfellowmembersoftheNationalPressCommittee,people
listenclosely,becauseheknowswhathe'stalkingabout.Heexplainsthesignificanceof
theIGY,andthefourreasonsforitsimportance.HenoteshowtheIGYwasapeaceful
activityfortheworld,whichinsomewaysitwas,becausetheworldworkedtogether,but
hewasalsowrong,becauseitsparkedcompetitionbetweentheUnitedStatesandthe
SovietUnion,leadingtotheColdWarproxywar,theSpaceRace.Thissourceis
significantbecauseitshowsthattheentireworldwasinvolvedintheIGY,andhowthe
IGYledtotheSpaceRace.

"PersonnelGrowsby500PayrollHits52million."
TheMarshallStar
3Jan.1962:1.National
ArchivesIdentifier[DocsTeach].Web.12Oct.2015.
Thesenexttwosourceshaveverysimilarideas.MarshallSpaceFlightCenter'sbudget
wasdoubledintheirattempttobecomevictoriousinthebattleforspacedominance.As
aneffectofPresidentKennedysspeech,moremoneywasbeingputintospaceand
engineeringprograms.Withmorepeopleandmoremoney,theytheoreticallyshouldbe
abletomakeuptimetosurpassthemoonattemptsoftheSovietUnion.Alsolikethe
articlebelow,theGeorgeC.MarshallSpaceFlightCenterisstrainingitselftoreachthe
finalvictory.
TheMarshallStar
showstheAmericanpowertobesuperiorandbeatthe
Sovietstothemoon.


"PresidentRequestsFundstoSpeedUpProgram."
TheMarshallStar
31May.1961:1.National
ArchivesIdentifier[DocsTeach].Web.12Oct.2015.
Thisarticlewaspublishedbythesamenewspaperastheoneabove,butthisarticlewas
publishedayearprior.TotryandbesttheSovietUnionintheSpaceRace,President
KennedyasksformoremoneytobegiventotheAmericanSpaceProgramstotryand
catchuptotheearlySovietsuccess.Herequested$130.5milliontobeouttowardsthe
Apolloproject,inanefforttolandamanonthemoon.Kennedyhopedthatbyhavinghis
countryputmoreofitselfintothespaceprogram,andwiththeirheightenedeffort,that
theycouldovertaketheSovietUnioninfirsts.Thissourceisagreatrepresentationofthe
tensionandthedesiretobeattheothercountrybetweentheSovietUnionandUnited
StatesduringtheColdWar.

Scott,Jeff."Bombs,Rockets&Missiles."Aerospaceweb.N.p.,16Jan.2005.Web.25Oct.
2015.
Thisarticlewasfromajournalofscientistsaboutthedifferencesbetweenbombs,
rockets,andmissiles,andtheirhistory.Weconsciouslylookedforasourcelikethisafter
weknewweweretryingtodeterminehowmilitarytechnologyandspacetechnology
translatedbetweenoneanother.Itgivesdefinitionsofthethreeweaponsandshowsthe
differencesbetweenthem.Thisarticlewassignificantinteachingusabouttheusesof
thesetechnologies,sothatwecouldunderstandhowtheywereusedduringtheColdWar.
Scientistsofthistimeusedtheirknowledgetobeabletobuildbetterweaponsand
rockets,andscientistsofnowusethisknowledgetobuildbetterproductsforthefuture.

T.,J."SpaceExplorationasPropaganda."
Science
,NewSeries131.3403(1960):799.JSTOR
[JSTOR].Web.12Oct.2015.
ThisarticleisfromthedatabaseJSTORfromtheBostonPublicLibrary.Ittalksabout
howtheUnitedStatesisviewedbyothernations.Thisarticlewaspublishedbeforethe
UnitedStateslandedonthemoon,afterSputnikandbeforetheUSsProjectMercury.
ThearticlestatesthattheUnitedStatesmustupholditssupremepositionwithinother
nations,andthatothernationsjudgecountriespartiallybasedontheirspaceprograms.
ThisisanothermotivatorfortheUnitedStatestoparticipateintheSpaceRace.Itsays
thattheSovietUnionhasexceededeveryonesexpectations,sotheyareviewedasbetter
thantheUnitedStatesbecausetheyhavefallenbehind.ThearticlesayshowPresident
EisenhowerclaimsthattheSovietUnionsaccomplishmentshaveappealedmoretothe
public,buttheUnitedStateshasdonegoodwork.ItsaysthattheUnitedStatesmightnot
thinkthattheyareinferiortotheSovietUnionbasedontheseaccomplishments,butit
matterswhattherestoftheworldthinksabouttheUnitedStates.Itquestionswhether
spaceexplorationisapoweracceptedbypeopleinothercountries.Thisissignificantto

thecontextofourprojectbecauseitshowsthemotivatorsoftheSpaceRaceandhowthe
UnitedStateswantedtoproveitssupremacy.

"Telegram,KhrushchevtoKennedyre:YuriGagarinApril30,1961."30April1961:1.National
ArchivesIdentifier[DocsTeach].Web.12Oct.2015.
DirectlyfromtwoofthemainleadersfromduringtheColdWar,apolitical
congratulationswasgivenfromKennedytoKhrushchevformanagingtoflyYuri
Gagarinintospace,thefirstsuccessfulmannedspaceflight.Inresponse,Khrushchev
thankedKennedyforhiscongratulationsandhopedthatthetwocountieswouldwork
togetherinthefuture.Thementionedpossiblepartnershipisknowtojustbeafacade,
afterEisenhower'srejectedproposaltoworktogetherfromyearsagoneverhappened.
Thisarticleshowshowtheseleaderstrytoactasthebiggerandmorepowerfulperson,as
theytrytoshowtheirdominanceovereachother.

UnitedStates.Congress.Senate.
Apollo204Accident.ReportoftheCommitteeonAeronautical
andSpaceSciences,UnitedStatesSenate,withAdditionalViews
.ByClintonP.
Anderson.Washington:U.S.Govt.Print.Off.,1968.
www.history.nasa.gov
.NASA,10
Sept.2015.Web.12Oct.2015.
ThisistheaccidentreportofApollo1fromtheUnitedStatesCongressinvestigation.
Thegovernmenthadtoinvestigatetheincidentbecauseofitsdevastationandfailure.
Apollo1wasthefirstApollomission,anditendedtragically.Thecommandmodule
caughtonfirewhileonthelaunchpad,killingthethreeastronautsonboard,
Lt.Col.
VirgilI.Grissom,Lt.Col.EdwardH.White,andRogerB.Chaffee.Thisissignificant
becausetheresultsoftheinvestigationhelpedreformfutureApollomissionengineering
designs.Thetestproceduresandmanufacturingprocesseswerereformedbecauseofthis
incident.WithoutthechangestothelaterApollomissionsenactedbecauseofApollo1,
wemightnothavebeenabletolandamanonthemoonbeforetheSovietsdid.The
sourceisrelevanttothethemeexplorationbecauseApollo1wastheUnitedStatesfirst
attemptatsendingmentothemoon.

"U.S.AstronautsCouldFlyWithoutSpaceSuits."TheScienceNewsLetter86.17(1964):259.
JSTOR.SocietyforScience&thePublic.Web.27Sept.2015.
AlsowrittenbytheScienceNewsLetter,thisarticlewasabouthowsomepeoplethought
thatastronautscouldtravelintospacewithoutspacesuitsaftertwosuccessfulmissions
wherethespacesuitswerenotneeded,untilothersrealizedthatiswasnotworththerisk,
andthattheyshouldinsteadtrytomodifythespacesuitstomakethembetter.Wefound
thissourcehelpfulbecausewecanfollowhowthescientistswentthroughtheprocessof
decidingwhattodoaboutthespacesuits.It'salsoimportanttoseethattheyrealizedthat

theyneededthesuitsforspacewalks,becauseiftheyhadtriedtogotothemoonwithout
them,theywouldn'thavecompletedthemission.

"VanguardI."
Science
.Vol.127.N.p.:AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience,
1958.688.Print.Ser.3300.
ThissourceisascientificjournalthatwefoundthroughthedatabaseJSTOR.Itisabout
theUnitedStatessecondsatellite,VanguardI,andhowitworks.Ittalksaboutthe
differentpartsoftheVanguardrocket,andthedesignandfunctionofeachone.They
usedtheideasofeachofthesefunctionstodesignforthefuture.Vanguardwasessential
toAmericashalfoftheSpaceRacebecauseitallowedthemtodoresearchinspacethat
theywouldincorporateintolatermissions.Thisjournalconnectstothethemeof
explorationinspacebecauseVanguardallowedtheUnitedStatescollectinformation
aboutspaceandapplyittofutureexploration.

Wasserman,Harvey,ed.
NoNukes:MUSERecordBook
.NewYork:MusiciansUnitedforSafe
Energy,1979.Print.
Thisisabookletincludedinarecordthatplaysthe"NoNukes:TheMUSEConcertfora
NonNuclearFuture"concertatMadisonSquareGarden,NewYork,onSeptember
1923,1979.Theorganizationisagainstnuclearweaponuse,andistryingtorallythe
publicagainstsupportingit.Thebookletcontainsinformationonthedangersofthe
atomicbomb,fromitsharmfuleffectstotheemployeesbuildingit,tothedevastating
effectswhenitisdetonated.Italsowarnsofthedangersofusingnuclearreactorsfor
energy,claimingthattheyalsohavedetrimentalhealtheffects.Thebookletstrongly
urgesthereadertoopposetheuseofnuclearenergy,forthehealthandenvironmental
concerns.Itwashelpfultoourresearchbecauseitgaveanopposingperspectivetothe
onewewereusedto(thegovernmentsupportingnuclearenergy).Thissourceisrelevant
toourthemebecauseitshowsasideoftheAmericanpublic'sopiniononthenuclear
energywhichwasusedintheArmsRace.

Weaver,KennethF."FirstExplorersontheMoon."Editorial.
NationalGeographic
Dec.1969:
n.pag.
TheFlightofApollo11NationalGeographicMagazine
.NationalGeographic
Society.Web.07Oct.2015.
KennethF.Weaverisanexperiencedjournalist,writingforNationalGeographicforover
30years.HewaspromotedtotheAssistantEditorwhenhewrotethisarticle.Becauseof
hisposition,WeaverwasabletoexperiencetheexcitementandintensityoftheApollo11
lunarlandingfromthecontrolroominHouston.Hestartsbyexplainingthesuspense
whilewatchingtheuneasylanding,thendetailsthechecksandsetuptheastronautsdid
oncetheyhadlanded.Hetellsabouttheexperienceofthefirsthumanfootprintonthe
moonandthedifferentscientificinstrumentstheysetup.Itwasahelpfularticlebecause

itwasabletohighlightthepublicsexcitementanddescribehowgreatafeatitwasatthe
time.Itconnectstothethemeexploration,asitwasthefirsttimehumanswereableto
explorethemoonfirsthand.Ithassinceleadtotheexplorationofoursolarsystemand
theknownuniverse.

Wilford,JohnNoble."MenWalkonMoon."
TheNewYorkTimes
21July1969:n.pag.
TheNew
YorkTimes
.TheNewYorkTimes.Web.12Oct.2015.
Thisarticlewaswrittenbytheawardwinningjournalist,JohnNobleWilford.Hewasthe
recipientoftwoPulitzerPrizesforNationalJournalism.Thearticlewastheheadlining
storyontheJuly21st,1969editionoftheNewYorkTimes,anesteemednewspaper.The
articleisrenownedforitselegantuseofdatatodescribetheeventsoftheApollo13lunar
landing.Wilfordretellsthesuspenseofthelunarlandingfromthemissioncontrolroom,
includingdialoguebetweenHoustonandTheEagle.Wilfordskillfullyweavedsome
scientificdataaboutthemissionintothearticle,whichhelpedusrealizethegreatfeatthe
astronautsaccomplished.Thisisausefularticlebecauseitgivesafirsthandviewonthe
eventandthefirstreactionstoit.Landingamanonthemoonwasonehugestepforward
intospaceexploration,andAmericasgreatestvictoryintheSpaceRacewiththeSoviets.

Wright,Quincy.AmericanPolicyTowardRussia.WorldPolitics2.4(1950):463481.Web.
05.Nov.2015.
ThisisanarticlewrittenfortheWorldPoliticsJournalbyQuincyWright,arenowned
politicalscientist.Heservedaspresidentofmanyscholarlybodiesincluding,American
PoliticalScienceAssociation(194849)andtheInternationalPoliticalScience
Association(19501952).HeadvisedJusticeRobertH.JacksonattheNurembergTrials,
andoftenprovidedadvicetotheU.S.StateDepartment.Wrightwroteaboutthe
AmericanpoliciestowardstheSovietUnionduringtheColdWar.Theywerepower
position,democracy,conciliationandcontainment.Heexplainedeachpolicyandhowit
wascurrentlybeingused.Wealsolearnedaboutwhatprinciplesguidedthepolicies.For
Americaitwassecurityforourcountry,ouralliancewiththeUnitedNations,andour
systemofdemocraticvalues.Thisarticlewasusefulbecauseithelpedusunderstandthe
politicalideasthatguidedtheColdWar,includingtheArmsRace.TheArmsRacewas
closelylinkedwiththeSpaceRace,soknowledgeabouttheArmsRacewillhelpus
understandthefactorsthatcontrolledtheSpaceRace.

"WomaninOrbit."
BritishMedicalJournal
1.5347(1963):1689690.
JSTOR[JSTOR]
.Web.20
Sept.2015.
Thisarticlewasaboutthefirstwomaninspace,ValentinaTereshkova.Ittalkedabout
howshecameincloseorbittoanothercosmonautColonelVelerjBykovsky.Thearticle
alsogavesomemedicaldetailabouthertimeinspaceandherlanding.Italsodescribed

themissionasanadvancementforsciencetoseehowwomensbodiesreactinspace
versusmensbodies.ThearticlewaswrittenintheBritishMedicalJournal,awell
establishedmedicaljournalfoundedinthelate1800s.Fromthisarticlewelearnedabout
thefirstwomaninspace,oneofthetriumphsoftheSovietUnionandoneofthedefeats
fortheU.S.

Wingo,Walter."Russia'sLaddertotheMoon."
Science
NewsLetter16Nov.1963:31415.
JSTOR[JSTOR].Web.12Oct.2015.
ThisnewspaperarticlethatIfoundonJSTORhasmoreofaskepticalviewoftheSpace
Race.ItstatesmanyoftheSovietUnionsaccomplishmentsandplansforthefuture,and
saysthatNASAispredictingthatAmericanswillbethefirstonthemoon,butdoubts
that.Although,thisarticlesinformationabouttheSovietUnionsaysitisbasedoffof
remarksbyRussianworkersinvolvedintheSpaceRace,andbyPremierNikitaS.
Khrushchev'sannouncements.ManyofthestatementsfromtheSovietUnionmustbe
takenwithagrainofsaltbecausetheyaremonitoredandareusedforpropaganda.This
articleconnectstotheexchangebetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionbecause
theSovietUnionusespropagandatomakeeveryoneelsebelievetheyaredoingbetter
thaninreality,andtheUnitedStatesbelievesit.

SecondarySources:31

"Apollo11."History.com.A&ETelevisionNetworks,n.d.Web.27Sept.2015.
ThisarticlefromtheHistorywebsite,whichcoversallofhistory'smajorevents,gaveus
anoverviewoftheentireprogramandmostofitsindividualmissions.Itprovidesuswith
atimestampoftheApollo11mission,whichwashelpfulingettinganideaforhowlong
ArmstrongandAldrinhadtowork,especiallysincetheywentthroughgruelingtriangle
beforeenteringspace,stressfulexperiencesinthespace,andquarantineddaysfollowing
theirjourney.Ithelpedusdecidewhereweshouldbefocusingourresearch,andhowwe
wantedtoexpressitinourfinalproject.Thissourcewasimportantinhelpingusput
togetherthebackgroundoftheApolloprogramupuntilApollo11,andthenafewofthe
missionsafter.

"Biography:NikitaKhrushchev."PBS.PBS,1999.Web.20Sept.2015.
ThisarticlegaveusinformationontheSovietleaderNikitaKhrushchev.Welearned
abouthisbackgroundbeforebecomingtheFirstSecretaryoftheUSSR.Wealsolearned
abouthowherelaxedthepoliticalclimateintheSovietUnionthroughdenouncing
Stalin'sactionsandremovingsomeofhispolicies.Thearticlealsomentionedhis
involvementintheCubanMissileCrisisandhowhewasremovedfrompowerasaresult
ofitsfailurefortheUSSR.ThisarticlewaspublishedonthePBSwebsite,whichisa

wellknown,reputablesource.KhrushchevwasanimportantpersonintheSpaceRace
andColdwarbecausehewastheSovietleaderforachunkofit.Heoversawthelaunch
ofthefirstsatellite,dog,manandwomaninspace,whichwerehugetriumphsforthe
USSRintheSpaceRaceandtheColdWaroverall.

"BuzzAldrin|Astronaut,Apollo11,Gemini12Biography."BuzzAldrin|Astronaut,Apollo
11,Gemini12Biography.N.p.,n.d.Web.20Sept.2015.
Takendirectlyfromthewebsitededicatedtohim,thisbiographyonBuzzAldrinactually
focusesmoreonhiscareerafterhismagnificentmoonwalk,whichiskindofstrange
consideringallofthepreparationthatheneededtogettospaceinthefirstplace,andhow
heisreallyonlyknownforhisachievementinouterspace.Itexplainshisfamily
backgroundandlinkstotheair,alongwithhishistorybeforeNASA.Italsotalksalot
abouthiscompanies,books,andprogramsthathecreatedafterhismoontrip.Thiswasa
goodamountofinsightintothesecondmanonthemoon,andhowhereactedtohisone
ofakindspaceexperience.

Byrnes,MarkE."NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration."DictionaryofAmerican
History.Ed.StanleyI.Kutler.3rded.Vol.5.NewYork:CharlesScribner'sSons,2003.
523524.U.S.HistoryinContext.Web.22Sept.2015.
WefoundthisarticlefromtheU.S.HistoryinContextGaleDatabase.Itisaboutthe
NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration,itspurpose,andhowitplayedarolein
theSpaceRace.IttalksabouthowNASAwasformedandsomeofthespecificmissions
itran.TheUnitedStatesletNASAhavecompletecontrolofspaceforthem,excluding
militaryoperations.ThisinformationwasusefulbecauseitexplainedhowAmericawon
theSpaceRacethroughNASAbecauseNASAwasunited,insteadofhavingmorethan
oneUSprogramscompetingforfunding.NASAwasapartofexploringSpacefortheUS
anditgavehistoricalcontextbecauseNASAistheUnitedStates'SpaceProgramandis
stillinchargeofallspaceactivitiestoday.(Nicole)

"TheColdWar."
NuclearArmsRace
.AtomCentral,n.d.Web.11Nov.2015.
Writtenbysomeonefrom"theatomicbombwebsite,"thisarticleanalyzesthescientific
andpoliticalaspectssurroundingtheColdWaraftertheinventionoftheatomicbomb.It
talksabouthowtheSovietsdevelopedanatomicbombusingthetechnologythattheU.S.
usedinthemakingoftheirs.ItalsomentionshowthearmsraceandtheCubanMissile
Crisishelpedtoavoidhavinganuclearwarthatwoulddestroytheworld.Thisarticleis
importantinhelpingusunderstandthecombatstalematebetweentheSovietUnionand
UnitedStates,andhowtheygotaroundittofighteachotherinproxywarsandtheSpace
Race,shownthroughhistoricalbackgroundandevidence.

Das,SaswatoR."TheMoonLandingthroughSovietEyes:AQ&AwithSergeiKhrushchev,
SonofFormerPremierNikitaKhrushchev."ScientificAmericanGlobalRSS.N.p.,16
July2009.Web.13Sept.2015.
ThisinterviewwaswithSergeiKhrushchev,sonofNikitaKhrushchev,aformer
presidentoftheSovietUnion.SergeilivedthroughtheSpaceRaceandhastheabilityto
giveAmericansanideaoftheSovietperspectiveduringtheColdWarandSpaceRace.
HegivescontextonwheretheSovietswerementallyandscientificallybeforeandafter
theU.S'moonendeavors(physicallyKhrushchevwasatthegroundofChernobylbefore
theincident,buttheSovietSpaceProgramwasstuckunderthemanagementofSergei
Korolov,amanthatwasnotascientist,andtheyweremakingabsolutelynoprogress),
andtellsabouthowtheirachievementswerereceivedintheSovietUnion.

Dunbar,Brian."ProjectMercury."
NASA
.NASA,30Nov.2005.Web.27Sept.2015.
ThisarticlefromtheNASAwebsitegivesusadetailedhistoryofProjectMercury.It
givesasummaryontheobjectiveoftheprogramtoputanAmericaninspace,andhow
themissionswereexecuted.Wealsolearnedabouttheadvancementsanddatathat
helpedtheUnitedStatessendmoremenintospaceandtrytooneuptheSovietUnion.
ProjectMercurywasthefirsttimeanAmericanmadeitoutofEarthsatmosphereand
wasthegatewaytospaceexploration.ThissourceshowedhowtheUnitedStatestrailed
theSovietUnionforthemajorityoftheSpaceRace,butoftheirdedicatedeffortstotry
andbalancethescale.

Dunbar,Brian."YuriGagarin:FirstManinSpace."NASA.NASA,13Apr.2011.Web.13Sept.
2015.
BrianDunbarisasmarthistoricalwriteremployedbyNASAtochronicletheworld's
spaceachievements.Thiswasashortlittlearticlegivinganoverviewofhappeningson
April12andYuriGagarin,andthencontinuingintoothermajorspaceevents.Itgivesa
shortreportonNASA'sacknowledgementsofaSovietmaninspace,evenifitissomuch
lateraftertheevent.NASAlikestokeepthingsshortandeasy,whichishelpfulfor
researchtobeabletofindwhatweneedquicker.Dunbarmanagedtofindinformation
fromthenotoriouslysecretiveSovietSpaceProgramtouseinhisarticle.

Edwards,Roberta,andStephenMarchesi,
WhoisNeilArmstrong?
NewYork,NY:Grosset&
Dunlap,2008.Print.
Wereallyenjoyedusingthissourcebecauseitprovidedtrue,factualinformationabout
NeilArmstrong,theApolloProject,flightmechanicsandtheSpaceRaceinan
interesting,humorousway.ItprovidesafulltimelineofNeilArmstrong'slife,including
thesmallestdetailsandtidbitfacts.Thiswasactuallyabookthatwaswrittenforkidsto
providearathershortbiographyonNeilArmstrong,butwefounditveryhelpfulon

understandingwhereArmstrongcamefrom,hisloveforflying,andhisroleintheSpace
Race.

"FlyingintoSpace:TheRacetobeFirst."SpaceExplorationReferenceLibrary.Ed.Lawrence
W.Baker,etal.Vol.1:Almanac,Volume1.Detroit:UXL,2005.106127.World
HistoryinContext.Web.26Sept.2015.
WefoundthisarticlethroughtheWorldHistoryinContextDatabase.Itwasveryhelpful
inlearningaboutallofthespecificspacemissionswithinaspaceprogram,suchasthe
Sputnikprogramwhichhad10launchesaftertheinitialsuccess.Ittalkedaboutother
aspectsoftheSpaceRacetoo,suchasSovietsecrecy,theformationofNASA,andsy
satellites.ItconnectstoexplorationinspaceandtheexchangebetweentheUSSRandthe
USwiththespysatellitesandpropaganda.Italsoprovideshistoricalcontextofthe
beginningsofspacetravel.

Garber,Steve."ExplorerInformation."
ExplorerInformation
.NASA,10Oct.2007.Web.13
Sept.2015.
SteveGarberisaninformationalwriterwhoalsoworksforNASA,whoreallyknows
whathe'stalkingabout.ThissourcegavemanyscientificdetailsabouttheExplorerI,
includinghowitwasbuiltanditsdesign.Italsoincludessmallbiographiesonthemany
scientiststhatworkedontheproject.Thearticlealsohassomepicturesofthesatellite
andtheboostervehicle.ThearticlewasfoundontheNASAhistoricalwebsite,andthe
factsmatchthosefoundinotherarticles.Itwashelpfulinunderstandingthetechnical
detailsaboutAmericasfirstsuccessfulsatellite,andthestoryonhowitwasbuilt.

"JohnF.Kennedy."SpaceExplorationReferenceLibrary.Ed.LawrenceW.Baker,etal.Vol.4:
PrimarySources.Detroit:UXL,2005.5059.WorldHistoryinContext.Web.20Sept.
2015.
ThisarticleexplainstheimportanceofJohnF.Kennedy'sspeechtoCongressduringthe
SpaceRace.WefoundthisarticlefromtheHistoryinContextdatabase.Hisspeechto
Congresswascalled"PresidentKennedy'sSpecialMessagetotheCongressonUrgent
NationalNeeds."PresidentKennedyhadtoboostpublicmoraleandrallythembehinda
causetorecoverfromtheirrecentfailures,includingspacefailuresandtheBayofPigs.
ThisaddstotheexchangebetweenAmericaandtheUSSRasAmericafellbehind,and
theexplorationbecauseitexplainshowKennedycreatedmorefundstoexploreforthe
SpaceRace.ThiswasbeforeKennedy'sspeechatRiceUniversitycalled"Wechooseto
gototheMoon,"andthegoalswereverysimilar.

Launius,RogerD."SputnikandtheOriginsoftheSpaceAge."
SputnikandtheOriginsofthe
SpaceAge
.NASA,n.d.Web.13Sept.2015.

Thearticlewaswrittenby
RogerD.Launis,ontheNASAwebsite.Launisisthe
AssociateDirectorofCollectionsandCuratorialAffairsattheSmithsonianInstitutions
NationalAirandSpaceMuseuminWashington,D.C.Between1990and2002,heserved
aschiefhistorianatNASA.Inaddition,hehaswrittenoreditedmorethantwentybooks
onaerospacehistory.
ThearticlegoesindepthonthecreationandlaunchingofSputnik
aswellasAmericasresponsetoit.Itprovidesmanyspecificdetailsontheworkingsof
theAmericangovernmentandhowtheyhandleddefeatinlaunchingthefirstartificial
itemintospace.Thisarticlewashelpfulinunderstandingthecommotionthatthe
successfulSputniklaunchcreatedinAmericaandhowthegovernmentfranticallytriedto
reversethepublicsfearthattheSovietUnionwasmoretechnologicallyadvancedthan
theUS.

"LivinginanAtomicAge:TheSpaceRace."NebraskaStudies.Org.N.p.,n.d.Web.13Sept.
2015.
WhilewewerejuststartingourbasicresearchoftheSpaceRaceintheColdWar,to
buildupourunderstanding,westumbledacrossthisstraightforwardreportofthemajor
events.ItmentionshowtheRussianshadanearlyandpowerfullead,attackingthe
mindsetsoftheAmericans,butthattheAmericanswereabletofighttheirwaytothe
moonfirst.ItalsomentionshowthespaceraceaffectstheschoolsofAmerica,andnot
justthegovernment.Thedetailsthatareembeddedinthisarticleprovidebothatimeline
andadescriptionofhowthetwosidesactedwhilebattlingeachotherforpowerinthe
SpaceRace.

Logsdon,JohnM."TenPresidentsandNASA."
NASA
.NASA,19May2008.Web.20Sept.
2015.
Fromthearticle,welearnedaboutthepresidentsoftheUnitedStatesduringtheCold
Warandtheirrolesin.Welearnedaboutthemissionsthattheywitnessedinofficeand
theirreactionstothem.Itgaveusinsightonhowthedifferentpresidentsviewedthe
projectsandtheSpaceRaceingeneral.ThisarticlewaswrittenbyJohnM.Logsdon,a
formerDirectoroftheSpacePolicyInstituteatTheGeorgeWashingtonUniversityfor
theNASAwebsite.Thearticlewasusefultousbecauseitgaveusinsightontheleaders
ontheAmericansideoftheSpaceRace,andhowtheyproceededtodealwiththese
projectsinoffice.

McDowell,Jonathan."SpaceRace."Telephoneinterview.29Oct.15.
WeinterviewedDr.McDowelltogainmoreinsightontherelationshipbetweenthe
UnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionduringthetimeoftheSpaceRaceandtheColdWar.
HeisanastrophysicistattheHarvardSmithsonianCenterforAstrophysics.Hegaveus
insightabouttheUnitedStatesperspectivesontheSovietsbeforespysatellites,likehow

theUSwasscaredofthehundredsofmissilestheybelievedtheSovietshadbecauseof
propaganda,wheninreality,afterspysatelliteswereinvented,theUnitedStates
discoveredtheyonlyhadtwelve.Heexplainedsomeofthemostsignificantscientific
discoveriesfromthespacerace,likeunderstandingtheatmospherewhichhelpedus
preventmoreglobalwarmingandpollution.Heexplainedsomeofthereasonswhythe
UnitedStateswontheSpaceRace,anditwasveryhelpfultohearhisdifferent
perspectivesthatwehadnotlearnedelsewhere.HesaidthattheUnitedStateswon
becausewewerenotasfarbehindinthebeginningoftheSpaceRacelikeeveryone
thought,wejusttookalittlelongerbecausewewereperfectingourtechniqueswhich
helpedusmoreinthelongrun.Thisinterviewwasveryhelpfulinmanypartsofour
argument,includinghistoricalcontextoftherelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandthe
SovietUnion,andscientificsignificances.Healsoexplainedtheencountersbetweenthe
thetwocountriestheeffectsoftheirpropaganda.

McGowen,Tom.
SpaceRace:TheMission,theMen,theMoon
.BerkeleyHeights,NJ:Enslow,
2009.Print.
Theauthorofthisbook,TomMcGowen,waschosenasa2000HonorBookbythe
SocietyofSchoolLibrariansInternational.Thebookoutlinesthewhole"racetothe
moon",fromtheSputniksatellitelaunchingtotheUnitedStateslandingamanonthe
moonintheApollomissions.Itgavedetaileddescriptionsofallthemissionsaimedat
landingonthemoon.Welearnedaboutthespacecrafts,howtheywerebuilt,whatthey
lookedlikeandwhattheirpurposeswere,theastronautsintheApollomissionsandhow
theyhadtogothroughrigoroustrainingtobechosen.Ithelpedusunderstandhowthe
explorationofthemoonbecamethegoalofthecountryintheSpaceRace.Inaddition,
thebooktouchedonhowtheAmericanvictoryonthemoonchangedtheexchangewith
theSovietUnionbecausewecameoutasthesuperiorcountry.

"TheRaceforSpace."ColdWar.FordLibraryMuseum,n.d.Web.27Sept.2015.
TakenfromtheFordLibraryMuseumWebSite,monitoredbythegovernment,this
articlegoesoverthepresidentsthatwereinofficeduringthespacerace,andwhattheir
thoughtswereaboutwhathadbeensetinmotion.Ithelpsareaderunderstandthe
decisionsthatweremadeduringtheSpaceRace,andtheresourcesthatwereputinto
beatingtheSovietstothemoon.It'sinterestingforustoseethattheSovietswereso
secretiveabouttheirwork,untilitallcameoutafter,buthowtheUnitedStateswas
documentedduringthisperiod.Intheend,theSovietUnion'smethodshinderedtheir
researchandtheUnitedStatesprosperedintheSpaceRace.

Smith,Woody."ExplorerSpacecraftSeries."
ExplorerSpacecraftSeries
.NASAHistory
Division,22Feb.2006.Web.26Sept.2015.

WefoundthissourcethroughthecitationsofthearticleFlyingintoSpace(alsocited)
fromHistoryinContext.ItgivesbriefdescriptionsofeachtheExplorermissions,which
wasfiftynineintotal.Ittalksaboutthenamingofthemissions,andhowsomemissions
mightnotbelongwithinacertaincategory.Thearticledescribesthepurposeofthe
Explorermissionsandthatinformationwasgathered,includinginformationaboutair
density,energyparticleexploration,andradioastronomy.Thissourcewashelpfulin
gaininginformationaboutexplorationinspacethoughtheExplorerSeries.

"TheSovietSpaceProgram."SovietSpaceProgram.N.p.,n.d.Web.20Sept.2015.
ThissourcefocusesontheSovietSpaceProgramintheirsideoftheSpaceRace.It
focusesontheirleader,SergeiKorolov,andhowunderhim,theSovietswereledtomany
victories.ItshowstheyearsofeachSovietSpaceprojectthatwascompletedandthe
sciencethatwasputintocompletingtheseprojects.Welikedhowdetailedthissource
was,andhowmuchinformationhadbeenfoundout,consideringhowsecretivethe
SovietUnionhadbeeninthedaysoftheColdWar.Itisalsosurprisingconsideringhow
theydidnotkeepgoodtrackoftheirrecordsoroftheirhistory.

"TheSpaceRace."DigitalHistory.n.p.,2014.Web.13Sept.2015.
ThisarticlewasanoverviewontheUnitedStatesrealizingthattheSovietshadsucha
greatlead,andthattheyneededtooutsmartandoutthinkthemtobeabletocatchupand
evenpullaheadoftheSovietsspaceachievements.Itacknowledgesthesetbacksthatthe
UnitedStatesdealtwithontheirwaytovictory,buthowtheytriumphedintheendtoput
amanonthemoon.WithouttheU.SbeingforcedtomaneuveraroundtheSovietsand
replanandretestalloftheirdesigns,theywouldn'thavesucceededtotheextenttheydid,
becausetheywouldhavebeenlessmotivatedtobeattheSovietUnion.

"TheSpaceRace."JohnF.KennedyPresidentialLibrary&Museum.JohnF.Kennedy
PresidentialLibrary&Museum,n.d.Web.20Sept.2015.
ThisisanotherarticleaboutJohnF.Kennedy'sinfluenceontheSpaceRace.Thearticle
explainshowhemotivatedAmericanstowintheSpaceRace.PresidentKennedycaused
oneofthegreatestmobilizationsofresourcesandmanpowerinU.S.historywithhis
influenceandhisspeeches.HeestablishedtheSpaceRaceandhowtowinit.Hemade
Americansbelievetheycouldwinandrestoredtheirconfidence.Hechangedtocourseof
theSpaceRacebychoosingtogotothemoon.Thisisapartoftheexchangebetweenthe
USandtheSovietUnion,andhowPresidentKennedyralliedthecountrybackintothe
race.

"SpaceProgram."JohnF.KennedyPresidentialLibrary&Museum.JFKLibrary,n.d.Web.20
Sept.2015.

WelearnedaboutJohnF.KennedyandhisroleintheSpaceRacefromthisarticle.As
presidentatthetime,KennedyinspiredAmericatostrivetolandingamanonthemoon,
andheachievedit.ThatprovidedamajormoraleboostforAmericans,anditput
AmericaintheleadintheSpaceRaceagainsttheSovietUnion.Kennedyjumpstarted
theneedforvictoryintheUnitedStates.ThisarticlewaswrittenfortheJohnF.Kennedy
Librarywebsite,whichisarespectableandesteemedinstitutioninBoston.Thiswas
usefulinlearningaboutKennedy'scontributionstotheSpaceRaceandhowhegotan
Americanonthemoon.

"SpaceRace."SpaceRace.RoyalAirForceMuseum,n.d.Web.12Sept.2015.
ThiswebsiteisanonlineexhibitionoftheSpaceRacefromtheRoyalAirForce
Museum.ItincludesarticlesabouttheColdWarandmanyofthebigstepsoftheSpace
Race.Italsohaspicturesanddiagramsoftheexhibit.Theirinformationisusedat
schoolsinBritain.Thewebsitewasusefulforgeneralinformation,images,anda
timelineofevents.Itprovideshistoricalcontextanddescribesthegeneralstepsto
America'sexplorationinSpace,likeinformationaboutthespacestationsinthetwo
countriesandthemissions.

"TheSpaceRaceandtheColdWar."ScienceandItsTimes.Ed.NeilSchlagerandJoshLauer.
Vol.7.Detroit:Gale,2001.WorldHistoryinContext.Web.20Sept.2015.
WefoundthissourcefromtheHistoryinContextdatabase.Itgivesageneralexplanation
oftheSpaceRaceandtheColdWarandhowtheyconnect.Ittalksabouttheoriginsof
theColdWarandhowtheSpaceRaceemergedfromit.ItexplainsalloftheUnited
StatesfailuresastheSovietUnionkeptachieving"firsts"inSpaceandPresident
Kennedy'simportantroleofrallyingAmericaandrestoringanationalinterestinspace.
ThisarticlewasusefulforhistoricalcontextandasummaryoftheexplorationofSpace.
ItreemphasizedKennedy'sroleintheSpaceRaceandthegreatachievementofthe
UnitedStatesreachinghisgoal.

"SpaceRaceExhibition."SpaceRaceExhibition.NationalAirandSpaceMuseum,n.d.Web.12
Sept.2015.
ThissourceisonlineexhibitionoftheSpaceRacefromtheSmithsonianNationalAirand
SpaceMuseum.Itdescribesdetailedstepsofthespaceraceincludingthemilitary
origins,spying,andthelegacy.Thewebsitehaspicturesoftheexhibitsandofreplicasof
thespaceshipsthatwereusedduringtherace.Itwasusefulinseeingsomeofthe
differentpointsofviewsoftheleadersoftheUnitedStatesandRussiaandhowthey
approachedthechallengeforsuperiority.Thisexhibithelpedwithhistoricalcontext,
exploringthesolutionstogettingtospace,andtheexchangebetweenRussiaandthe
UnitedStatesastheycompeted.


"Sputnik."
ColdWarMuseum
.TheColdWarMuseum,n.d.Web.13Sept.2015.
Inthearticle,theauthorgivesabackgroundonthecreationofSputnikandtheSpace
Age.IttalksabouthowtheSputniklaunchcreatedafrenzyintheU.S.andthatthe
governmentwasundertremendouspressuretolaunchtheirownsatellite.Thesatellite
thatwassupposedtobelaunched,theVanguard,wasbehindschedule,so
Dr.Wernher
vonBraunandhisteamwereassembledtoconverthismissileJupiterCtotheboosterfor
ExplorerI,thefirstAmericansatelliteinspace.
Thewebsitethatthearticlewaswritten
onisrunbytheColdWarMuseum,areputableinstitute.Itwashelpfulingaininga
broadideaoftheearlySpaceRaceandwhatpromptedit.

"Sputnik."EuropeSince1914:EncyclopediaoftheAgeofWarandReconstruction.Ed.John
MerrimanandJayWinter.Vol.4.Detroit:CharlesScribner'sSons,2006.24282431.
WorldHistoryinContext.Web.20Sept.2015.
Sputnikwastheworld'sfirstartificialsatellite.Itwasahugeaccomplishmentforthe
SovietUnionandstunnedtheUnitedStates.Thisarticleexplainshowitwasdeveloped
andtheimpactontheworld.Wefoundthisarticlefromthelibrarydatabase"Historyin
Context."SputnikwasthefirstaccomplishmentintheSpaceRace.Thearticleshows
howSputnikwaspropagandafortheSovietUnion,andhowitchangedthecountry's
internationalimage.Itmadeitlooklikeatechnologicallyadvancedsuperpowerequalto
theUnitedStates.Thisalsoincreasedtheattractivenessofcommunismtoothercountries
becausetheSovietUnionwasnowagreatmodel.IttellsabouthowtheUnitedStates
respondedtonotwinning.TheinformationonSputnikhelpsourresearchin
understandingtheexploringpartofSpace,andtheexchangewiththesuccessofthe
SovietUnion.

Trueman,ChrisN."WhatWastheColdWar?"HistoryLearningSite.TheHistoryLearningSite,
n.d.Web.13Sept.2015.
ThisarticlewaswrittenbyaprofessorofHistoryandPoliticsintheUK.Thearticlewas
oneofmanyonapageofarticlesabouttheColdWar.Thisarticleprovidedabrief
summaryofwhytheColdWarstartedandtheeventsleadinguptothewar.Itstatesthe
feelingsbetweentheUSandtheUSSRinthetime,andalsoteachesthedifferences
betweenahotwarandaColdWar,whichisveryimportantinunderstandingwhyhistory
wascarriedouttheywayitdid.Itwasusefulingaininganoverviewofthebeginningof
theColdWarandwhatweshouldresearchindepthinthefutureforourproject.

Trueman,ChrisN."TheNuclearArmsRace."HistoryLearningSite.HistoryLearningSite,09
Mar.2015.Web.4Nov.2015.

ThisarticleisfromChrisTrueman,alateprofessorofhistoryintheU.K.Thisarticlewas
anoverviewofthenucleararmsraceintheColdWar.Itexplainedtheideologythat
drovethearmsracethatthequantityofweaponsacountrypossessedcorrespondedwith
thepowerofthatcountry.TheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionwerecompetingto
provethattheywerethemorepowerfulcountry.Thenthearticlegavestatisticsonthe
numberofnuclearweaponsinyearsandhowtheyexponentiallyincreasedtoabsurd
numbers.By1961,therewereenoughbombstodestroytheworld,yetbothcountries
continuedtomassproducethem.Itwassignificanttothethemeencountersbecauseit
explainedthehostileinteractionsbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion,which
iscloselylinkedwiththeSpaceRace.

Williams,DavidR.,Dr."SovietLunarMissions."
SovietMissionstotheMoon
.NASA,27Sept.
2005.Web.27Sept.2015.
ThewebsitewaswrittenbyDr.DavidR.Williams,theheadofNASA/JohnsonSpace
CentersDirectorateofSpaceandLifeSciencesandaCanadianSpaceAgencyastronaut.
ThewebsiteisallabouttheSovietUnionsLunaprogram.Theywerethefirstmanmade
objectstoeverreachthemoon,whichwasahugetriumphfortheUSSRanda
devastatingfailurefortheUnitedStatesintheColdWarconflict.Thewebsitegaveus
detailedinformationonthedesign,structureandobjectivesofeachmission,andthe
faultsthatcausedsomeofthemtocrash.Inaddition,theLunaprogramprovideduswith
thefirstimagesofthesurfaceofthemoon,ahugestepforwardinspaceexploration.It
wasusefulinseeinghowtheSovietUnionconductedtheirsideoftheSpaceRace.

Thesis:
IntheColdWar,thepostWorldWarIIpowerstrugglebetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSoviet
Union,thehostileencountersbetweenthetwocountrieswereshownthroughtheSpaceRaceasa
proxywar.Atfirst,theexplorationofspacewasmotivatedbythetwocountriesdesiretoprove
thesuperiorityoftheirvaluesthroughpropagandaandtodevelopmilitarytechnologywhichwas
usedintheArmsRace.Theirdifferentgovernmentsystemsandtheirapproachestodeveloping
spacetechnologywithliberalandtraditionalvaluesresultedintheUnitedStatesdevelopinga
genuineinterestinscientificknowledgeinadditiontothepropagandabenefits,whiletheSoviet
Unionstayedpurelyfocusedonpropaganda.TheUnitedStateswontheSpaceRacebecause
theywerethefirsttolandamanonthemoonbecauseoftheirliberalvalues.TheSpaceRaceis
significanttodaybecauseithelpedtheUnitedStateswintheColdWar,establishingthemasthe
dominantworldpower.

Pictography
AmericanFlag[
ThereDish
,2010]

http://www.hobicell.com/coolamericanflagwallpaper/coolamericanflagwallpaperdesktopb
ackgroundsfreecute.html

AmericanPropagandaPoster[Pinterest,1960s]
https://smediacacheak0.pinimg.com/736x/5a/13/14/5a131419043cab397325ebafd269e008.jpg

ArmsRacePoliticalCartoon[WordPress,1964]
https://cersipamantromanesc.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/cuban_missile_crisis_cartoon.gif?w=3
39&h=257

ArmstrongontheMoon[History.com,1969]
http://www.history.com/thisdayinhistory/armstrongwalksonmoon

AtlasDICMB[HighTechEdge,1959]
http://www.hightechedge.com/wpcontent/uploads/atlasdicbm1959.jpg

CleantheSovietfilthoffofthemoonNEEDSTITLEANDCITATIONINWEBSITE(Soviet
Era)
http://www.paolacasoli.com/2014/12/spaceracepropagandausavsurssamatterofposters/

ColdWarFlags[Wikipedia,2007]
https://rosaticanadianhistory.wikispaces.com/file/view/ColdWarFlags.jpg/342764196/646x34
6/ColdWarFlags.jpg

ColdWarmetal[Atomicexpress,1990s]
http://www.atomicexpress.net/wpcontent/uploads/2012/03/cold.war_.macro_.jpg

Earth[NASA,2014]
http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/latestfull_3.jpg

EarthsAtmosphere[NuffleFoundation,2006]
http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/sites/default/files/The_Earth_and_Atmosphere.jpg

EarthObservationsFromGeminiIV[NASA,1965]
https://www.nasa.gov/imagefeature/june41965earthobservationsfromgeminiiv

GeminiIIILaunch[NASA,1965]
http://www.nasa.gov/content/march231965launchoffirstcrewedgeminiflight


GeminiIVEVA[NASA,1965]
http://www.nasa.gov/feature/geminiivlearningtowalkinspace

GermanV2RocketinWW2[MercoPress,1944]
http://en.mercopress.com/2012/03/30/germanv2rocketfromworldwariifoundineastcoasto
fengland

HexagonSpySatellite[Space,1995]
http://i.space.com/images/i/000/012/217/i02/hexagonspysatelllitedescription.jpg?1316352861

HOMELAND!THESTARTOPROGRESSANDPEACEYOUFIRSTLYLITABOVE
EARTH!GLORYTOSCIENCE,GLORYTOWORK!GLORYTOSOVIETBUILD!
SovietPropaganda[VisualNews,1960s]
http://www.visualnews.com/2014/10/06/33sovietpropagandapostersspaceage/

ISS,Moon,andAtmosphere
http://astrobob.areavoices.com/files/2012/01/ISSmoonandatmosphere1024x641.jpg

IGYlogo[NAS,1957]
http://www.nas.edu/history/igy/

JohnF.KennedySpecialMessagetoCongress[]
http://d2hej51cni6o0x.cloudfront.net/images/americandecades/adps_0001_0007_0_img1733.jpg

JohnF.Kennedy"WeChoosetoGototheMoon"SpeechRiceUniversity[Rice,1962]
http://news.rice.edu/2012/08/30/jfks1962moonspeechstillappeals50yearslater/

JonathanMcDowell
http://bostonskeptics.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/06/230668_6527372801_674707801_33954
0_8195_n2.jpg

JupiterCMissileforU.S.Army[DesignationSystem,1956]
http://www.designationsystems.net/dusrm/m19.html

JupiterCmissile[USArmy,1958]
http://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist/explorer_III_001.jpg

LETSCONQUERSPACESovietPropaganda[VisualNews,1960s]

http://www.visualnews.com/2014/10/06/33sovietpropagandapostersspaceage/

MapofNuclearSilos[LivingHistory,2007]
http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/media/life0602.jpg

MattBille
http://www.mattwriter.com/

Moon
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Howling_at_the_Moon_in_Mississauga.j
pg

NASALogo[NASA,1960]
http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/themes/NASAPortal/images/nasalogo.png

NATIONALSECURITYCOUNCILREPORT,NSC68,"UNITEDSTATESOBJECTIVES
ANDPROGRAMSFORNATIONALSECURITY"[DigitalArchive,1950]
http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/116191

NewYorkTimesHeadlines[NYTimes,1969]
https://www.nytimes.com/store/frontpagenewyorktimesreprintnskeep.html

Numberofnuclearweapons[Wikipedia,2014]
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpile
s.svg/2000pxUS_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg.png

OurtriumphinspaceAnthemtoSovietCountry!"SovietPropaganda[VisualNews,1960s]
http://www.visualnews.com/2014/10/06/33sovietpropagandapostersspaceage/

PoliticalCartoon[HaikuDeck,1960s]
http://9835bb9feb9fb776ffeb8512833177f375bfc9e117209d1deddc.r20.cf2.rackcdn.com/0238D
3E848A849979E773B478FA965A9.jpg

PoliticalCartoon[
JuniorHistorians
,1945]
http://www.juniorhistorians.com/coldwarpresidencies

PoliticalCartoonoftheArmsRace[Blogspot,1940s]
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/2AfvLcRcshI/U_0TRGO5xGI/AAAAAAAAAWI/B93VVDCp2mU/s
1600/imagen23e1321041057706.png


ProCommunistPropaganda[Zazzle,1940s]
http://rlv.zcache.com/ussr_cccp_cold_war_soviet_union_propaganda_postersr99d9341dc29f4d4
294fb8417c61c30da_i3579_8byvr_1024.jpg

ProjectGeminipracticingdockingmaneuvers[Wikipedia,1965]
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Gemini_6_7.jpg

SatellitesaroundEarth[NASA,2009]
http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/312936main_image_1283_1024768.jpg

SovietFlag[Wikipedia,2006]
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/20
00pxFlag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png

SovietPropaganda[
BusinessInsider
,1961]
http://www.visualnews.com/2014/10/06/33sovietpropagandapostersspaceage/

SoyezRocketLaunch[PicturesAboutSpace,1967]
http://picsaboutspace.com/soyuzspaceprogram?p=4#img12192658103191588170

SovietPropagandaonSputnik[Reddit,1957]
https://smediacacheak0.pinimg.com/236x/c9/7a/84/c97a8493f0cc6c9f38caa05b7b51e9ae.jpg

SputnikCommunistPropaganda[PBWorks,1957]
http://bashapedia.pbworks.com/f/sputnik1.gif

SputnikHeadlinesinNewYorkTimes[NYTimes,1957]
http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1004.html

SputnikNewspapers[Needham,1957]
http://www2.needham.k12.ma.us/nhs/cur/Baker_00/0304/BakerLMMB304/images/newspap
ers.gif

SputnikSatellite[Wikipedia,1957]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1#/media/File:Sputnik_asm.jpg

StockpileofB61nuclearbombs[TopWar,2013]
http://cdn.topwar.ru/uploads/posts/201310/1381895568_137250377499.jpg


"THEPATHFORHUMANSISOPEN"SovietPropaganda[
RussiaTrek
,1957]
http://www.visualnews.com/2014/10/06/33sovietpropagandapostersspaceage/

TitanIIMilitaryBoosterforGeminiProject[NASA,1964]
http://www.nasa.gov/sls/multimedia/gallery/slsinfographic3.html

TsarBomba[AtomicHeritage,1961]
http://www.atomicheritage.org/history/soviethydrogenbombprogram

UnitedStates'firstspacewalkbyEdwardH.White[
NASA
,1965]
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/image/gemini_4.jpg

U.S.testofabumperV2[
NASA
,1940s]
https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_644.html

U.S.PostageStamp[NOAA,1957]
http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/magazine/igy/unitedstates_220.jpg

U.S.ArmymissileP1test[ColdWar,1958]
http://www.coldwar.org/pictures/pershing_missile/Early_test_of_P1_and_ground_equipment.jpg

U.S.NuclearWeaponStockpiles[UnionofConcernedScientists,2013]
http://blog.ucsusa.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/12/HansUSarsenal19832013.jpg

VeilNebula(explodingstar)[NASA,2013]
http://www.nasa.gov/imagefeature/veilnebulasupernovaremnant

WernhervonBraun[Britannica,1962]
http://media.web.britannica.com/ebmedia/45/68450049BFC7E37.jpg

WW2NaziSoldiers[HuffingtonPost,1936]
http://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/crop_0_26_2401_1499,scalefit_630_noupscale/5616b72b14
00002a00c797ec.jpeg

Videography
WeGototheMoonSpeech[Youtube,1962]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=592qeCgxCko

Apollo11MoonLanding[NASA,1969]
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11.html