Artie Tunis Connections: Concatenations att and Missed Opportunities, Bond, sepncediteate rm Fanon, Foucault ‘enon SSAGE Nigel C. Gibson Remembering Bond Thad wo dreams about George! 2s worked on a daft ofthis paper forthe George Bond memorial tthe Insitute of Affican Studies at Columbia Univesity. Both involved a book project he was ‘working on, though the details were vague I take the iberty of starting with eum fagments as suggestive not only ofthe speculative undercurrent of this article, but also the paths of Bond, Fencn, and Foucault that crossed but didnot meetin Tunis none of the dreams, I visted him a his office. It ted out thatthe office, which was rather grand, was now in the basement of Columbia's Earl Hal (a space that as no faulty offices a all), Corresponding author: Nic Gibson Ena nelson Ghgalzo2 ______Jeural of sian ond ican Sues you remember George Bond's office in Teachers College from the 1990s, tis was clearly another piace. There are few other deals; we sat down in wellupholtered leather chairs and he told me about the project. The ether dream fragment also had a spatial dimension, It wok place atthe Institute of Aftican Suies in the Schoo! of International and Public Adirs(SIPA) In the rear, George had just met « Dutch Africanist historian snd had invited him upto the Insite Like tho Ieather-chaired Ear Fall oie he Institute, in this dream, was also quit grand place In contrast to the plaster cast phenotypes that sit ox top ofthe bookshelves ouside George Bond's real office at Teacher's College that acted as. daily reminder of anthropology's genealogy, ard the callapsing ceiling tiles at the Insite, this (dream) office was newiy renovated with anuraber of plaques on ‘the walls to some ancestor (perhaps one of them was o Professor Bond himself) The office, much larger than our 118 bors digs at SIPA, was still undee constuction. Perhaps this mean fat the work tthe Institute was unfinished or perhaps tha, since we never had many resources, we were always temporary sojourners in the space tht Columbia had “givens. ‘ss funny now dream language reframeda long-standing debate we ad in the “sues in African Studies” graduate sernar we had co-taupht inthe late 1990s, when I worked with George Bond at the Institute. The debate often tured on questions of indeterminacy. If was more Marxian tnd he tore Weberan, the questions we were asking could be framed at diffrent levels of abazacion, and our discussions of contested trains and constructed categories often eame bak to Grams! ‘We would agre, echoing Stuart Hell, hat the constant tension of the idetional anc the hegersonic in different domains aften produced different outcomes and was linked with understanding the intimate connections between power andthe production of knowledge. We had quite a few conver. sations about events not seen as likely to happen or, perhaps beter, events muffled or obscured by. dominant discourses. Afican studies, like the socal scence disciplines (sociology and antropol. ‘gy), had excluded the work and contributions of the African-American intlligenisi, to whom Bond was intimately connected. As we examined in Contested Terrains, Afican studies beame an xclusive club, removed from the popular debates within the minority intellenals traditions, iplnes and evaluated by its contributions tothe dominant theoretical contributions” (Bond nd Gibson, 202: xvi) In shor, contested terrains was an ongoing coun- tershegemonie struggle in and sometimes against the disciplines. Subterranean connections and undercurrents, the seomingly invisible threads between thinkers across time and space sometimes appearing as inexplicable, often delighted George. I consider ‘hese constellations suggestive of the “invisible threads” that might connect one thier to another {na broad contextual famework—what one might consider an emergent intellectual tredtion that js ofen framed within contested train? But constellations are neither nctworls nor ate they always contested terrains, since they can aso sugges, “missed opportunites.” Is his notion that informs the speculative (ds)connections between Fanon and Foucault discussed inthe paper, Contested Terrains In the profuce to Contested Terrains and Constructed Categories: Contemporary Africa in Focus we argued, “Aftice and Aftican studies were contested terrains as were the principal academic Aiscipines and the analyte categories that they used in characterizing Africa." Affce has been an integral part of Amerie’ historical development and has “always been a contested train,” one ‘constructed by disciplinary paradigms “framed by the selection of empirical dat an their rope. sentation," which have lft their mark on African studies Ati and African studios san idea and ‘reality, “a series of interwoven images and accounts" representing dominant and emergent per spectives. The emphasis of the project, in other words, was on the construction of knowledge and its applications “in epresenting “Aften' and its problems” (Bond and Gibson, 2002. vs xv)Gibson What also becomes clear now, nearly 20 years Iter, that the contested terrain was indeed the Institute of Afican Studies itself, which in those years was kept alive ona shoestring In the high period of neoliberal fundamentals and managerial, Afia (atleast outside of South Atican. opportunities”) seemed to offer the University litle value. This often left us having to fight the ‘mos absurd betes against che treat of closure. I remember, for example, going cap in bane to plead with an administrator fora couple of thousand dollars to run an African language class only {o be told that it wasn't economically feasible. Like indirect rule, eveything had tobe done onthe cheap and everthing needed to be monetized. We had a funky space on the 11* flor of SIPA, fumished with wor out chairs and a 1970s era couch, water leaks and collapsing ceilings. Soi retrospet, Contested Terrains asa book, like the Tnsttute itself, stems like a concatenation of events unlely to recur, produced in art by the commitment and will ofits smal staff the kind ness of strangers ofa least the spiral of George's frends and colleagues, and in the intellectl collaborations that ereated the book “This roflected a relty of African studies at Columbia Univesity and pethaps, the teasion between Bond and me. It was not simply that he was an anthropologist, and 1a rently minted PhD. in political science. While rigorously critical, Bond was committed to the discipline of anthropology to anthropological fieldwork, and indeed to him, understanding one's intellectual ‘genealogy and lineage was of utmost importance.’ And although he treated me as apolitical scien- fist I was in facil disciplined and uncommitted, indeed resistant, to disciplines and had contin ally escaped what fit like the positivism of political science for sojourns in philosophy and ‘comparative literature. However much Bond was a produc of training, Levi Stauss and Gadamer 13 wel s Gramsci informed his conception of the social sciences. And we agreed on serie of the discipline, him fom the inside, me from the outside, and we agreed tobe (sel) ertical and vigilant of the a prov framing and positivist of disciplines, funding agencies, research programs, tnd soon, The concept of contested terns was ths not ony 2 form of erica thinking bt also ‘critique of knowledge production Tn aa important way, Contested Terrains continued the work that Bond had outlined as chal= lenge in his “Caution to Black Afticanists,” published in Phylon (Bond, 1971) He noted tha the ‘younger genoration of “Africaists of African disen:"—of which he included himselt—had taken ‘militant stance” becoming “dissatisfied withthe omissions and presumptions oftheir European peers” (my emphasis) History, he continued, referring othe ant-colonal and civil rights move ‘ents, had “cast them ina different mold and made them sensitive tothe subtle complexities of their role as scholars.” Tht jb as products of this hstory Was fo “examine crtcall te theorei= cal constacs, the assumptions and biases contained inthe disciplines in which they were tained. Put simply, the theoretical constructs, assumptions, and biases of European scholarship have hin dered an accurate appraisal and assessment of African culture” (Bond, 1971: 94) "Bond then goes onto give an example, but he warns thatthe example doesnot fllysuppoe his ‘main argumes rs, instead, suggestive. Here is an instance, I think, of Bond's arguing from the inside out, critical of assumptions and 2 framework that would subvert the rich detail and subtle complexities of meaning: fone asks Bucopean social scientists, who are considered o be authrites on central Aca, abou the ‘erm bazngu (6 muzangu) sey will immediately epy tha is aterm Afcans use only for Europea, ‘Amuzingu then is always European. But ring my vay in cera Afi | found Africans efeting to one anata tazuag. {discovered tht the indigenous meaning ofthe term sa peson in possession of ‘mondo things or gultes Thu, the Yombo, che people who permed me to study hom refered those oftheir ancestors who mde iro hoes as bazang. The tenn was alo spi Lo noted warriors nd hunters and men in possession of many goods. When I prescsed this ebservation to.» Europem ‘mropologit was od that my Gdns ast bo income Ino the mistakes was mie, or bow could4 Jourel of Asin ond can Sues ‘Ewopest autores on central Affican ehzopraphy be considered asthe same onder of creatures as ‘Aincan fos hoe maken? Obviously Jha fille ito the gave err of scepting the patient model (Bond, 1971: 95, my emai) Contested erraine was overtly muldisciplinary and interdsciplinary—a discussion and eitique within, without, and between the disciplines produced in a momeat of awareness af neoliberal ‘hegemony,a quite different moment ftom 1971. And, in asense, Gramsci and Foucault ok the place cf Marx ani Weber We dd agree on te importance of Grams, though pethaps with qite different ‘emphasis indeed, you can hear the tension inthe following from our itroduction, “the question of ‘oatestation and construction tums onthe dilectis of power, history, structure and «gency inthe constructn of knowledge” (Bond and Gibson, 2002: 6) 1'there was dialectic, it was avery loose ‘ne; twas an assemblage rather than a totality 1s his notion of assemblage that infonns this paper. Constructed categories \We wrote coletively but also took reeponsbility for certain sections. banged shead nd walted How's “Contested Terrains” going? I would ask tentatively. He would respond and anounce anew deadline. At one point he told me tat he wrote from the inside out. This was his methed of writing, |i was not pragmatic but painstaking and the begioning point would have to come late. There is no doube thatthe mode of presentation gestured fo elective affinities or concatenatiors, a favorite ‘word of George's at the time, So where to begin? The question was also how to critique the presup- positions of knowledge and challenge modes of thinkin, ofthe almost colonizing a priois of {numental studies of Africa that foreclosed questioning. Dominated by “wranspossble research designs” (diven by international NGOs) “ASican studies was becoming a "domain for imposing policies” nd “Aftica was experiencing a new mode of domination” (ond and Gibsou, 2002: xix), ‘We insisted on de-anchoring paradigms and recognizing subjugated knowledges and dectve affin- ites For George Bond, those elective affinities were indeed personal, When we wrote ofthe inf cnve of Afican scholars ofthe fr half ofthe twentieth century who were on inate terms with the editors ofreligious and secular journals, he included his father-in-law, George Clinon Clement When we vroe ofthe American Society for Afican Culture, he was refering to his faily® “These displaced African” intellectuals” we wrote in Contesed Terrains, “were part of the ‘egional and instiitional networks.” George's Bond family (the Bonds and the Clements) were deeply embedded in these networks and especially connocted with the politics of African and “Affican-Anercan education. For example, George's uncle, Horace Mann Bond, whokad been the fist African-American president of Lincoln College where Nkrumals had graduated in 1939, had ‘been in Ghana when Fanon, then the representative forthe Provisional Government of Algeria, spoke atthe Pan African conference in Acra in 1958. twas there that «certain Omar Fanon? according to areportin the London Times, sused ate, receiving an ovation, when, in contrast to the official ine supporting non-violent action, he had argued for politieal violence as a legitimate strategy. Inte ster colonies—Algera, Kenya, and South Affica—Fanon noted there already was a popular belie tht only armed struggle wil bring bout the defeat of colonialism (Fanon, 1967: 156).© Tunis connections: fragments or possibilities? Bond in Tunis While at Boston University, George Boad spent the summers in Tunis with his family between 1957 and 1959, who hed moved to Sidi Bou Said efter his futher had let his positions PresidentGbson ‘of the University of Libri (hi father was working onan education projet loosely connected with [USAID in Tunis) These were the same years thal Fanon was in Tunis working as an editor on EI Moudjahid, George once told me that he met Fanon. Sadly, Ineverquiozed him about it, But he did tell me that he lived below the FLN office in Carthage. We were "young and... foolish,” Bond remarked reflecting on his ime in Tunis 85 yeas later, regretting notmaking more of the cultural td historical transformations a that Gime. But the experiences, acccrding to his sister Jane, did lead him to consider attending the American University in Cairo instead of Boston University, Tn an email Roger Sanjek in 2013, Bond reminisced, ow wonder it was tobe young and how fol twas not to eagne more actively inthe elu trenformaions ofthe ine andthe hiss moment... From our hose ia Sii-Dow Seid [afew males fom Tunis] beveth us te wats were cam and bive and above ws the sroggle ws viens, marked by the red Blood of ce, apd uimwtely, the sflaions of deaperae women who cured the dead and ‘waned peace. (Sane, 2013) ‘he historic moment of Afficani decolonization not only concerned African and Aican- American elites, but also the subterranean flows of des intimately connected with what be called and indeed was pat of,“ broad socal an intellectual eld whose couracts communicated through the images and rhetoric of Affican nationalism.” The idea is marvelously expressed in an essay ‘Bond wrote about the same time as Contested Terrains, “Fistoriealfsgments and social constuc- ‘ions in Northern Zambia, A Personal story”. George wrote: 1 196, Leononted Zambian nationalism in umber f diferent forms, One of the more skin forms snes mectng oder Yorbe ren nd women wo knew ofthe Ite James Agarey te founder of Achinato College ie Ghana, They hud been rien wt Livngsonin in 1924, when Aggrey vised there aes membet ‘ofthe Pha Stokes Commission on Afican Edueation, During his site had given his famous spec ‘Gh Afie fo the Aftcas and hey bad eerbred his word for hie-nine years. Since Agerey bad ‘wonkee with my grander at Livingstone College in Norh Carolin, I knew ofthe spec, and its ‘eaning was falar o me, Thee older Yorbe ané Thad eonected in fandumetl wa, one xo very * The enduring boomerang Foucault mmed the reappearance othe colonial appar and its tectniques an technologie) in the metopole a “boomerang effec" In his 4 February 1976 Lecture atthe College de France he acknowledged thst while Europese models and teeniques of power are transported tothe colo- es, they ae pracioed and refined and then brought back io “the West” having a “considerable boomerang effect .. onthe apparatuses, fstutions, and techniques of power” The boomerang was that “the West could practice someting rkembing cloniation, or an internal colonislism, on itsel.” 2003: 103). arler Sartre had written ofthe boomerang in his preface to The Wretched of the Earth For Sar, in contrast, the boomerang was a product ofthe epochal movement of an-colonial revolt Ttwas the age of boomerang he said where the violence in colonies “fies right back a us, i stikes sand once again, we have no idea what as its" Sart, 2004 is). (Sarre may have taken this idea of boomerang from Aimé Céssire who wrote of the boomerang effect of colonization” in his 1988 Disease on Colonialism “Based on contempt forthe colonized, "colonialism “bua izes the most civilized man" 2001: 41). “One fine day the bourgeoisie is awakened by a terrific boomerang shock: itis the babarsm of Nazism. Abararism that ad been “reserved exclusively forthe Arabs of Algeria, te ‘cooies'of India andthe ‘nigger’ of Africa (2001: 36) ad returned ome to Europe) Just es Foucault was delivering his lectures atthe College de Franco, the ant-colonil wars in [usopaone A‘fice were having suci a Sartten boomerang eect in Portugal where a revolution ‘was sparked by the Portuguese defeat in Aiea. Foueaul’s concept ofthe boomerang is, however, ta different register and perhaps more applicable to contemporary Europe. ™ Having lost «sense of where i originates one could add that the boomerang keeps returning, becoming the modem social thea! fom which European bourgeois “society must be defended.” ‘By the time Foucault retuned to Franes, late in that momeatous yer of 1968, Fanon was al but forgotten in French intellectual debses. As Richard Philcox suggest in the postfae to his tasla- tion of The Wretched ofthe Earth, prabaps the reason is that “the skeletons ofthe Algerian war and color hierarchy, spectively. [wee] too close forontront” (Phileox, 2004: 244), Andas Fanon's “English biographer, David Macey, points ou, “twas aime tread Althusser, Lacan and Foucault {and} Fanon begen to lok nave (Macey, 2012 xiv). At the same ime, Fnon's writings about racism and colonialism hed found aresonane in the US civil rights and Black Power movemen’ Indeed on Columbia University's campus, stdents took over the Low Library administration ‘building ealing forthe end ofthe University’s collaboration with research forthe Vietnam war as ‘well as an end tothe construction of gym—that would in no way serve the community—in2 Journal of Ason and African Studies “Morningside Park (hen very much par of Harlem). Th University administration's responte was ‘o al in the New York City Police Deparment, who then brutally attacked the students Justa few months ltr, and $0 yeas after James Agarey had receive his PhD from Columbia, George Bond was hired by the Department of Anthropology as ove ofthe University’s very few Black profesor. It was a department that ator declnal him tenure. He was recruited tothe ro- ‘ram in education and anthropology at Teachers College where he would tach for nearly 40 years In November 1975, Sylvre Lotringer who, like Guat, had been a militant activist against the ‘vari Algeria organized a symposium "schizocltue" at Teaches College. The speakers included Guattari and Foucault as well as RD Laing. Apparent it was « madhouse. [am not sue whether George Bond was there. In 2001, Bond became the Wiliam F. Russell Professc inthe Foundations of Education. On receiving the chai, he immediately rocognized tat the honor was a collective one. Indeed these ‘vere intellectual and moral constellations. He mentioned growing up with Bond family academic expectations andthe “constant array of academies and intellectual activists from allover the world passing trough our colletve households" And he spcke ofthe moral covensats that one fad with other poops such as Afianintallacuals and cational and people ofa Jewish background in our Houses. Thee were also other, people who had experienced and ndersood ‘oppression and knew what twas ike ob dadvantged twas hss tletal epimers alliances ha positioned me for my life's work sa eacher and scholar (TC Media Cntr, 2001) Acknowledgement "wih to hak Elie Bong fois comments ona dal ofthe paper Funding “Tai rescreh recived no specifi rant from ay funding agency ithe public, commercial, or not-for go Notes A very warm ad foal man when We met, led me Dr Oibson an I eed oh a Pros Bond: His students calle him Dr Bon. His formality ws reinforce by bis English ecceny, though is carly years wer in Tennesee. He went fo hoo in Vernon, sent adolescest years in Hat ad then i his PRD in London where picked wp and fishione the accent. Aer a number of weeks working it in, be ame ito my fc snd si, please cll me George andi, I eal ou Nigel, Aro ‘twas, George Bond was aways Georgy mind Bu: ten an academic paper ope inte form Soman, at in ths domain, George Bop is Professor Sond. The pape mitors this movement, om George, to Bond. 2, Te fat tha project of ine (edt olection Fano’ psychlaypapesanlated by Lisa Damon) ‘sj fallen trough the very lat mite beaut of copyright ites probably was pr ofthe mac fest dear content. 2. George prefered elective aints to cause, ut hii moto sy tht understand Macca acral ‘hiker. ter words, Weber set himself up against the Marx ofthe at ofthe 19 cea, «Maca hick he viewed a detent and economist, ad aes forthe importance of sbjetity, cle, ‘nerpretation and mening (te lter cones canbe sm in Bon’ neon in Hans Gade), George vias dit anthropologist” ashisclos fiend Lambros Comias remarked (TC Media Cnr, 2014) He vas interested inthe views fom the ground—whebe tbe the meaning ad understanding of pli 1nd religion or the social canton ofthe pat. The bse hyperstctre model en edueed othe ‘rovers base) was (nd continues to be) a dominint ccion of Marian materialism, bt ina move ‘quite distin fom Weber and inded Second iteration! Marxism, Gramset ade mick of Man'sGen - ee 3 ‘comment inthe preface tothe 1859 Conon othe Crue of Pla! Economy that itis the sphere bf the supersnstire(dcoogy, pote, cure, et) that "men ght tet. Tas Becomes an essen ‘basis for Grams’ nation of hegemony, ad by extension trough Gramscian uations 10 the develop- ‘next of Brminglam School cla tude inthe work of Start Hall and ober 4 The formation of Black studies department in the ste 19603 and ery 1970 war product of the socal ‘movemenis ofthe tine, One example was he wallout of Affican ad Afican-Arccanscolas fom ‘he Afican Studie Associaton i Montreal in 1969, The Afian Heritage Associston was founded and ‘edits frst national meeting at Howard Univesity 5 Inded inthe ptt of our notion of contested eins, Thnk one can consider instal aon a ‘rented and elo contented, a roduc of power snd ogemony 6, Twas te ony fl ime member of sat. Pauete Young waste ducatins oureach coordinator work ing wth K-12 schools, and Marys Ran, ts lng eving administrative asta, 7 need, for George th fact dat Thad studied sociology with Jaap Van Veien atthe Univerty of [Aberyatoy pan underradt, wast important des, say, ha adele of i 1. AS pat of her wark withthe Tennesse Valley Authority dung the “New Deal” his mother, Rath, desgned aque wonder black powe: gail uth Clement Bond, Tennesse Valley Auborty Appliqué Quilt Design of Black Fist "Black Powe: ‘Gul 1954, Phot Credit Maggie Ninn, 2005 9, For the sgnfcance of “Omar” se Lewis Gordon (2015: 142. 10, Indes ermed srl in Alea wastaking plac asthe British were suppressing the Land and Freedom ‘movement ia Kens and the itchison of Soul Aca sintering ine at ths tine (1958) the ANC did ot advoate armed struggle, 1, Amessay that | hadh’t known about wil Roger Sanjek mentioned it t what bere George's mema- ‘al (indeed panels at George Bed been involved in organizing before bis det a the American Anshropelogzal Association in November 2014 12 Alps eigess were among thse he read nd most ely his cas notes inte Colona Wars acd ‘Meat Disorders chapter in The Wreched elect wock wt Chases Nicole 13 Inseems of mediel practice, Fanon ins in is ey essay “The North Aficen Syedrome” on a res ‘rociy and humanists in contrast to what he Ses in doctors’ atitades tweed North Affan pints. ‘is writings on payehisty, Fanon doesnt writ about tin tems of violence, though his rita ofthe Algiers schoo! canbe understood in these tees. Its noteworthy that Dad Couper’ opening capt {9 Pachity an Ant Paychatry (1967) tied “violence and pyar”__ Journal of sion and Afican Suds ‘Now secogaind as an infuence on elation psychoanalysis, tisnoteworhy that Ferenc was dear of pyehiaie series in Auswo-Hangarian Empire during Word War One and tha Toagulles was the tetorofpyehnte practices forthe Saash republican goverment daring the civil war Fanon’ pl of “dissension” traded the double meaning ef lenton in French (anaes snd sleratin) in eonrast thse that privileged “madness” a libertion (Guta beeue par ofthe editorial Bor ofthe Coonan Vee in 1986, 2 small Trost group ‘whic acvelysuppored Algerian independence. The paper proiimed in is thi istue a polite of “Algeria first” Aer the Evan sooords Gusta remained clase [Mobamimed] Bor, who was tbe leads ofthe Socialist Algeian Revlutonary Paty, but broke withthe Communi: Voie as it became ‘nereasing Maoist 26 Dase, 201136). Wis wort noting hat even inthe avantgarde milieu of La Ro, nein dock therapy aswell as locuossbock hesspy was adeinsred jus a it as at Bid-Jivle Algeria under Fanoa's dice ‘on, I alto el illuminate the context of Fanos training inte late 1940s and early 1950, and paricalay the reltioship between nowrology, biology and pssciaty. Fanos madiesl dissertation Mental Alsraton,Pencality Shits, Pryehi Disorder an intlecsl Deficiency n Spinecertbellar Hereditary Degenceacy” (1951) bean 9h section on the newologial and biological dimensions of meta ines. Subtiled “Metal Disorders and Newological Diserdr", opening chapter com pared the works of Jackson and Ey and, interestingly, Lacan A the time Neurology an Polity ‘were considered sinc nd arelated disciplines. Te Was ot wel 1953 that tangulizrs, Lara in Beisin and Thorzine nthe United States, were wed to dampen tc hallucinations and clusions asset ‘ed with schizoprenla, abd soon became sssocistd withthe Tromzine shut tht cracterized the ‘wards of ovemedieied and pacified patens in paychintic wars. Fanon eis the eay presi on of Large over the felepne "sa complete lick of underanding of pathological mechan in his 1958 article, coauthored with Astle, “The Pbenomencs of Apistion in Psychiatry: General (Considerations and PsyehopatologicalSguificacs,” (Fanon an Aaselah, 1958), ‘Though Faoe's work was ony a small par ofthe Bloom Hospital he sciotherapy ws sn Jatt what was taking ple et the private La Borde hospital were Oaty and Gusta worked. Tn the colonial context, Fanon came sway esl of« wholesale plication of eociuthapy, becoming intrested ina cial ethnopeychity approach that would be atuned to cate and lived experince Fanon’ 1986 paper on he themati ptiue ts, “TAT and Muslin Women: A Sociology of Peregtion ad Lnagitaton” writen with hares Geroim is an indication of ow he was thinking an shows a _uanved perception of women's agency The life ofthe imagioaton canoe be isolated om elif ‘hey sad rping at aod wih cards rete for Buropeans by Eurepes the Mastin women coud ‘ot formulate an intginaryexslene bu “were able to unleash ther inaginatens when presented witha Blank care (Fanon ad Goronins 1956; 267), tn Black Stn White Mata, be bad already ergued against Ser hat th Black experiance big inthe world quite diferent fom the Whit, Di his emo ® erent yeh tvtre between Blacks and Whites? In arcs? worl, yes, inas fra the psychic. ftructre i prodct of being inthe word (Le. no in ere of th racial essentialist en of bain ie corral ere, et poplar atthe ime the Ags Shoo of Peyehinry (Portas well a 1 Mathr, Kenya (Caches), Fanon argos in Black St that ne can understand bow the Black is & produto the thousands of aneedtes and also enerte neat. In terme of intrubjcsvity. how ould the Back escape the racial gaze (2 conscious nd unconsius Powe)? “These pst, ncluding stabiahing small axtonomous unt inte commamity, whic ae ore com mon t mental el prac, were also part of David Cooper's work a Vilis21 inthe eal 1960 See "ila 21: An experiment in Ant-Payciatry"in Copec (1957). In 1960 the Working group for Inational Prycotherpy an Socotherapy was establish, with ‘eagles and Ouy 8 well Jean Aye and Gata among semen “The South Afar, David Coope cone the erm in opposition psychi inhis 1967 book Paphlany nd Ani-Pychiary. Like some othe ear IntintonalPeyetoterpiss, he arc that therapies ‘ination: were damping opeycbologcl hoa. While psychoanalyst and peyehisty are ofa ‘elated, here ae important dierenes between them and paychoualysis is considered wsceaifc by Some fos ofpsychiauy which considers neurological and somatic causes of mental sare and loksGiron 15 ‘ovaid pharmacological and medial ces (wheter that be isin therapy or SSRIS). While Freud ‘was a tained neurologist, the fos onthe anescous abd tal thepy ad indeed la: tberapist ‘Sse non-medical tie wor nosing the diferent histories and contexts of he elationship Beweca povchinty and psyehonalaysis. ANS pair was mach more ant-pychosnalycal inthe USA then in Fane, where was more marginal and tok ona Lacanin Scour (see Bourg, 2007 108109), ‘henry Tle (1992: 156) wries of Lacan, Gata, nd Oury the “ock tar of the anisyehiatric cstablishment.” It isa wort meting he ite diferent tndences in at-peyehin. Ture pois ot that while Laing wer of the mad asthe aane in a insane wor” emphasizing “he seempbenie expeience a spuly privilege,” Delenze and Guat view the shizprenc as epistemologically ‘reed because she or he fas “efised to Oeipiae” (Turtle, 192: 150) In dnd-Oedl they st Give Lang the “mos revolutonay of he stipychint,” for eventing into notion ofthe “te ae (Deleuze nd Gusti, 1977: 360, 22, Cenainly the tile ie ovoetve of Sartre's understanding of Fano. Framed bythe witht unite theory and practice, the “Dialects of Liberation” congress which tock pls over two weeks in Sly 1967 2 ‘Landon was ergnized by fou c-pyehatry payin who sa atest connection tothe enigoe the dehumanizing practice af psjchiay and the politeal werd. The book eed by Cooper (1968) included esays fiom Herben Marcas, Gregory Bateson, Pal Swezy and others inclaing Sakely Camichus who for Cooper represented the necessity for action, tad an extensive quote fom Paton's ‘The Mrtched of the Barth boot he cenit to abandon Europea «ods, 23, This had been part of Fanon’ thinking not oly 10 yrs ere in eoonil Algeria but lo 15 years cater in Black hn White Mass, Conc Black Sno his works apeychiti in Algo, Bulban (4985: 188) ats tht the Fanon’ "fe and wodk i Algeria bought he fre mas that was implicit ‘aris, and enriched Fanon’ conc of aeation” This wasnt snp uestin of theory ed pace tice, Bullan adds that “the pyeho-exitental emphasis roplated by a psyehorhisorcl ppectve™ 24. Agi we can sea general asog with Cooper scriqu of psyehistry which has “over he lst ceticy ‘ligned self fro closty wih the inated needs ofthe soy within which tuning” (Coupe, 1967 wi, I the carly 1970, Fount was par ofthe Groupe 'nfrmation sls pesca, whieh snade aso analogy, inking the prison and the peyciare bop istittons of confinement 25, Incontas, Deleuze and Guat aw a conection mite Fanon making he following reference to The Wrerhed ofthe Barth: "When Fete Fanon encour x cae of persecition pay inked fo the death ofthe mother, he fst asks hnselfihe as to dea wih an unconscious gull complex followin onthe death of the mothe, a Fread had described in Mourning and Melancholia’ But He s000 Tess ‘hat the moter has ben killed bya French solr, and that he nbjot inl us macdve the ale of colonist whose dscmboweled ghost perpetually appears before him, caning along witht and tea ‘ng par the memary ofthe mother It cold away be ud tat these extreme stations of war tuna, of colonization of die poverty, stds on are unavoabe othe eonstion ofthe Ose! appara ‘sand has precisely bocaussf this ta these simaton avr spay development or explo- Sion—but we have song fectng hat the problem lis esewhere” (Deleuze and Gusta, 1977-96) (On Fanon andthe Black Panthers sc my “Pratiqusfannieas: Aventures de raduetions alates slesDaroés de ater des Bice Unis 31 frig du Sud” (Gio, 2914), 26, Aleander Weheliye (2014 62) th the active elision and active dswowal of ce, colonization, tad ethnic rim in. [he 19751976 lectures and beyond becomes even more prosnuneed if ori mind the unseknowiedged fluene ofthe Black Panther Party (BPP), emocaly the thinking of (George Inchon and Angela Davis, on Foust’ thought inthis period.” Iwas the Foucault's Groupe InZormaton sur ls Przone” wien publibed »pampiet on Jackson's assssination nd need some of his and Davis writings. Foran analysis of Foacel's leat eppopation of Davis end Jackson se Heiner 2007, 27, Alevander Webeliye (2014: 61) suaess that what Foucault ers the boomerang eff was, without ling the sure, allowing Hanah Arends The Oriin of Toaitariaiom. 28, Onthe relation between the ant-cloaa gal, the Pars massacre of 17 Otter 1961 (when a po- LN deeoratration was atacked by police and upto 200 people were kil) and May 1968, see Ross (2002)le Journ of Asian ond Afican Studies References Bond GC (1971) A Caution Black Africans, Phyon 32(1): 9497. 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New York Club UP, pp. 65-90, esse F (2011) Giles Delelewe & Fix Guatan: Inersetng bes, New York: Columbia Univesity Pres. Fanon F (1984) Reneooire dea sci et de pryehiate (tes de couse, Univer of Ti, 1959-60) In: Bensalem L (ed) Bader et Recherches sur a paychologie en Alert, Oran (Aeris): CRIDSSH. FaaonF (1967) Toward ke Afcan Revolution. New York: Grove. Fanon F (2004) The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Faron F and Asa S (1958) The phenomenon of agitation in psychiatry: Genel consideaions and pey- ‘hopathologial signifieance Marcoe Mécale xxv, 380. Fan Fund Azoulay J (1984) Ls socilheapie dans un service bores suns. information poy ‘chiar ique 309): 349-261 Fanon Fund Gernin C (1986) LeA.T chez es femmes musuranes:Socologie de le pecopion do imagination Congr der midecne aint tnewroloques de France et der payt de langue fn aire, Bordeaux (30 ott septerbye), pp. 364-368, Fanon F and Geroimi C (1989) L'Hospialsaion de jour en peychiie: Vals t limites. La Tune “Médicale 310} 689-732 mon Fand Sache (1956) Latitude du musulnan magrbia dean fle. Resse pratique esosologte dela vie socal et dhygdne mentale 1: 24-27 Fuson F, Azoulgy J and SaachezF (1985) Toabls de la sexulte chez Je Nord Acne. Unpublished ‘Masur. Pei Archive Foucault M (1980) PowerEnowlede: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1979. New Yok Vintage Fosesst M (1991) Remarc on Marx: Converzations wi Duco Trombardr. New York: Semtex) FoveaultM (2003) Society Miat Be Defended Lectures tthe College de France 1975-6 Londo: MacMilan, Citsan NC (2014) Patiques fanonenaes: Aventures ds traduction anglaes dee Demag date; des ‘Bias-Unis dF 4frigue du Su Cahiers phiosophigues Mounbet 138). ‘Gandon LR (201) What Fanon Seid: A Philopheal Introduction to His Life and Thought, New York Fordham Unversity Press. Leiner B (2007) Foucault and the Blak Panthers. City anata of urban tends, eure, theory, policy, ‘action 11) 313-356, Laing RD snd Cooper D (964) Reason & Violence: A Decade of Sartre's Philsophy, 1950-1960, London: “aviock Macey D (195) Te Live of Miche! Foucault. New Yor: Vintage, ‘Macey D 2012) Front Fanon: Life. Landon: Verso ‘Menez F 2018) Fanon's Let: Berveen Psychitry and Anticon) Commiment. Intervention: “Inenaronal Journal of Pastcoonal Sues 17): 360-373Gibson a Phlox R 2006) On Retmnsaing 2 Lost Voce, pstac to The Wretched ofthe Bath New York New York: ‘Grove. RossK (2002) May ‘68 and its fterves, Chicago: Univesity of Chicago Pres. Sac R 2013) Personal emai fom Georg Bond, Octobe. ‘Shohut E (2006) Taboo Memories, Diagporie Voice. Durham and London: Duke University Press Sart -P 2004) Peace to The Wretched fhe Barth New York: Grove. Sha (2010) Desire was exerywhee. London Review of Books 31: 34 (December Stole B (2002) Carnal Kaowledge and Inperial Power. Berkeley CA: Berkley Univesity of Calitornia ress. Teyia C (2010) Fanon, Foucault, and the Plies of Psychiaby. I: Ezabeth AH sod Nichols T (ets) anon and the Decolonization of Pilasopy. Lexingon: Rowan & Lil ‘TC MediaCenter (2001) Professor George C. Bond: The New Wiliam. Rexel Pofeirinthe Foundations ‘of Pducton. September I, Avaabie a: hp:/wwecolumbia dale. tmParelelD=3923, ‘TC Medit Centr (2014) Friend Remembered: Lambros Comias and Others Recall George Band, Available 1 pw tc columbia dae mail, ‘Ture $ (1992 Pyehounayle Plies: Frend's French Revolution, Cambridge: MIT Pres, Wehilve AG (2014) Habeas Vscus:Racllaing Assemblages, Bipot. and Black Feminist Theres of ‘th Haman. Durban London: Dake Unversity Pre ‘Young R (2001) Mutor of Posteolonalon London: BlackwelPublibers Author biography lige. Ginn i te er ofthe Journal of stan and African Sues He worked alongside George C. Bond at he Intute Afican Stubs a Colambia University fom 1997-19 and eth co-editor, with (George C. Bond of Concsted Terradns and Coratructe Categorer: Contemporary afr in Focus. His at ‘est bk is Fanonian Practice in South fia’ From Stove Bo to AbablalbareMjondoo