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usaemfonf a&muf&mt&yfwikd ;f wGif rdrw d @kd vrl sK;d olw@kd &&Sad om vkycf onf jrefrmjynfu vkycf xuf tyHk a=u;a&; udpaP =umifjh zpfap OuUX twGi;f a&;rª; yg0grsm; acwfopf pHepfopfu urBm}uD;. ajra=umudk
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cwf oHk;oyfavh&Sdonf? a'o tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif a'otoD;oD;wGif trsm;pk}uD;xuf tenf;i,f tvGeaf =uuGpJ &myg? usaemfh rdwaf qG rmefatmifom; enf;wl tvGet f ajymus,v f aS o;.? xdo k @kd us,af jym
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aomif;*%ef;xd &Sad =umif;vnf; a'ocHrsm;u azmuf rdrdvlrsKd;rsm;. ta&;udpPrsm;wGif olwdk@pGrf;Edkifoa&G@ wa,muftm;}uD; cspf=uw,fuG? enf;enf;av; ES m wzsm; acgif ; wvH k ; omaeol r sm;u tcsif ; csif ;
onfcsygonf? qd&k v#if xdik ;f Edik if . H c¶dik t f awmf rsm; awmh ulnaD y;=uyg.? oma&; ema&; udprP sm;ay:ayguf tdwfuav;azmif;vma&m jy\emuwufvma&m uG e f , uf o zG , f ,S u f o G , f u m vuf w G J n D n mpG m
rsm;wGif &ckid o f m;rsm; vma&mufaexkid af e=uonfrmS u r&Sdwm &Sdwm tyxm; 0dkif;0ef;=uo!fhtwGuf vk y f r &bl ; ” [k nnf ; nL;ajymqd k o nf ? od k @ aomf usaemfw@kd . vl@tzG@J tpnf;. aumif;usKd ;udk o,fy;kd =u
,Hrk mS ; oHo,&Szd , G f rvd+k yD? t=urf;zsi;f wGuq f csuf tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;rsm; t=um;wGif “&cdkifwdk@onf olu, kd w
f ikd v
f nf; ,ckxufwikd f y&[dw vkyif ef;rsm;udk apvdka=umif; a&;om;tyfygonf?

Sustainable Agriculture for Burma

Nicolas Parenteau
In my home country Canada we’ve been and start their own model farms and good organic fertilizer for free! We have use the waste straw to feed his or her
hearing a lot over the past few years about teach their communities about sustainable also started an ecological sanitation project. animals, to make them more comfortable
the concept of sustainability; governments agriculture. Our eco-san toilet, based on the Kerala by covering the ground with straw, and use
draw policies based upon it, businesses are We promote a diverse selection of system, will be the first of its kind in the straw for mulch or compost. Education
proud to adopt sustainable ways of animals, fruits, vegetables, and cereals in Thailand. It will safely contain and process is the key for initiating a change in the
production, and consumers are looking for order to provide communities with a varied, human excreta into beneficial fertilizer, unsustainable practices. Through practical
sustainably-produced goods. This is a nutritious diet and increased food security. closing the loop between sanitation and trainings and demonstrations at the farm
reaction to the realization that “developed A varied diet consisting of many different agriculture. Self-sufficiency is a key aspect and theoretical lessons at the office, our
nations’ methods of production” are ingredients at every meal is necessary for a of sustainability. There should be no need students will learn and experience some
unsustainable. A few examples of this healthy body. Eating only rice is not healthy, to purchase outside inputs in a self- sustainable ways to farm and will then go
unsustainability include: anoxic rivers as the body will lack many essential sufficient system. Wasted material will be back to their communities in Burma and
depleted of fish and other aquatic life vitamins that can be found only in fruits used to fuel the next generation of crops share their new knowledge with the
because of cultural eutrophication caused and vegetables. NEED is addressing this and animals. members of their communities. A
by chemical agricultural runoff and problem with a project designed to create a Changing attitudes and harmful community using sustainable means of
industrial pollution; the massive increase recipe book with varied and healthy meals, agricultural practices can be very difficult, production is stronger than one who uses
in cancer cases due to the exponential taking into account the seasonal availability and it’s a huge challenge. But it can be very unsustainable practices and will be more
increase in pesticide and household of certain crops. rewarding if farmers adopt more successful and healthier in the long term.
chemical use; the disappearance of fish At the farm, we are also making sustainable methods of production. For
stocks in the oceans due to overfishing; the compost from our own and other local example, instead of burning the rice straw Let’s all work for a sustainable Burma.
reduction of biodiversity resulting from organization’s food waste, creating a very and creating air pollution, a farmer should
clear-cutting of forests; and the most well-
known issue of all, climate change resulting a&;vmwJh ‘ay;pm’
mainly from our insatiable appetite for
environmentally unfriendly energy sources.
tom;xJu avmufaumif waumifta=umif;
t,f'w D m&Sihf æ od & atmif v d k @ &cd k i f t rsKd ; om; owif ; pmrS w qif h &ckid o f rdik ;f qdik &f m aqmifyg;rsm; ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m
We need a different development path
for Burma. We need sustainability to be on av;pm;pGm pma&;wifjytygw,f&Sifh &ifzGifhvdkuf&ygonf? aqmif;yg;rsm; xnhaf y;yg
top of the agenda right now before it’s too usru Zmwd xm;0,fòrd@uyg? tck xdik ;f Edik if H csKaH zmf rdu ef;
av;pm;pGmjzifh pma&;om;tyfygonf t,f'w D mcifAsm;
late. Here at NEED, we are building a yeHrmS aeygw,f? usrwd@k qrD mS t"du toufarG;0rf; csKaH zmf/ yeH
model sustainable farm, where we grow ausmif; tvkyu f a&vkyif ef;yg? vlrsK;d awGuawmh &cdik /f zuf'&,fEiS hf &cdik t fh a&; ajz=um;ay;yg usaemfw@kd owif;pmzwfom;rsm; &S&d mod@k t,f'w D m
chemical-free organic vegetables, fruits, xm;0,f/ rGe/f Arm/ +rdwf tygt0if wdik ;f &if;om;aygi;f pHk udk,fwdkif vma&mufI pmzwfol y&dowfrsm;ESifh
rices, and medicinal plants, and will soon vma&mufvkyfudkifpm;aomuf ae=uygw,f? odk@ wd k u f ¶ d k u f a wG @ qH k c J h o nf h t wG u f txl ; aus;Zl ; wif
start to raise some animals. We try to
trsm;pk[m ¶d;k ¶d;k om;om; vkyu f ikd pf m;aomuf ae t,f'DwmrSwqifh a=umif; OD;pGmajymvdkygonf?
counter chemically intensive conventional
=uayrJh tJ'x D rJ mS ud, k v f rl sK;d tcsi;f csi;f 'kuaQ y;aewJh usaemfwdk@ a&vkyfom; trsm;pk[m &cdkifjynf
methods of farming, as it invariably poisons
the environment and accumulates toxins in vlwa,mufta=umif;udk trsm;odatmif wifjycsif usaemf o d v d k a omud p P w ck u d k ar;jref ; vd k y gonf ? t&yf&yfrS vma&mufc=hJ uwJh olawGyg? usaemfw@kd tae
the bodies of consuming humans and ygw,f? olaewmu ygeaH vSqyd rf mS yg? xdik ;f pum;vnf; usaemfu ausmufawmfòrd@e,fuyg? usaemfov d akd om jzifh &cdkifowif;pmwapmifxGufaewmudk 0rf;omyg
aumif;aumif;u|rf;usif wwfygw,f? ol[m xdkif; ar;cG e f ; wck u d k t,f ' D w mtaejzif h j zpf a p tzG J@tpnf; onf? tcuftcJ trsKd;rsKd;=um;xJu rjzpfjzpfatmif
animals.
Moreoever, we grow things in an tm%mydik af wGe@J aygi;f +yD; ud, k t k aQ y;o wckckujzpfap ajz=um;ay;apvdkygonf?
hf csi;f csi;f ud'k u xkwaf 0ae=uwmudv k nf; aus;Zl;wifygonf? usaemf
integrated and biointensive way, in order vdk Armtpdk;&axmufvSrf;a&;udk owif;ay;+yD;vn;f usaemf=um;bl;oavmufqdkv#if e,fpyfa'o wGif ajymcsif o nf r S m &ck d i f o rd k i f ; qd k i f & m aqmif y g;rsm;
to maximize the amount of calories 'kuQay;wwfygw,f? ol'kuQay;vdk@ ArmaxmifxJrSm &cdkiftzGJ@tpnf; trsm;tjym;&Sdonf[k od&.? xdk ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m aqmif;yg;rsm;udk tenf;qHk; wyk'f
harvested per square meter. This is very cHae&wJo h &l o
dS vdk xdik ;f Edik if w
H iG ;f rSm r=umc% pdwq f if; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vHk;udk “(1) wnDw!Gwfwnf; avmufxnfo h iG ;f ay;yg&ef wifjytyfygonf?
important as it can greatly help the farmers &J ud, k qf if;&J ol@a=umifh usrwd@k Armjynfom;awG cHae pkpnf;xm;aom tzG@J tpnf;wck &Syd goavm? (2) z,f udv
k aS rmifom( ajrmufO;D )
with little land due to land confiscation =u&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'DrSmu usrwdk@ Armjynfom; '&,fjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmufEikd cf v hJ #if &cdik v f jl ynfukd
csKHazmfygeef}uD;
policies in Burma. Using this method of
awGukd tumtuG,af y;rJh tzG@J tpnf;uvn;f wckrS &cdik o f m;rsm;u tkycf sKyfciG &hf ygrh vm;” [laom ar;cGe;f
xdik ;f Edifk if aH wmifyikd ;f
growing, they might be able to harvest
r&Syd g? olw@kd vkd tom;xJuavmufaumifawG 'kuaQ y; ESpcf k jzpfygonf? Tar;cGe;f ESpcf u k kd usaemfw@kd omref
enough food for their families even on a &cdkiftrsKd;om;owif;pmukd pma&;om;ay;ydk@vdkygu
reduced amount of land. Our farm will wmudk cH=u&ovdk/ xdkif;awG&Jh tEdkifusifhjcif;jcif;udk jynfolrsm; oabmaygufem;vnfatmif &cdkiftrsKd;
pmwdkufaowWmtrSwf ANN
serve as an agricultural school for the vnf; r=umc%cHae=u&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh jrefrmjynf om;owif;pmrSwqifh ajz=um;ay;apvdkygonf?
ta&;udk aqmif&u G af e=uwJh tzG@J tpnf;awG awmfveS f omxGef;a0 P.O Box 159
Burmese community in Chiang Mai.
Mae Ping P.O
Hopefully our students will go back to their a&;tzG J @ tpnf ; awG e J @ Armjynf o m;awG b uf u a&vkyfom;
Chiang Mai
communities inside Burma &yf w nf a qmif & G u f a y;wJ h xd k i f ; tzG J @ tpnf ; awG y g csKaH zmf xdik ;f Edik if aH wmifyikd ;f
 orkdif;qdkif&maqmif;yg; &cdik t
f rsK;d om;owif;pm 'DZifbm 2007 ckEpS f pmrsuEf mS 3

“ordik ;f a=umif;udk avhvmpDcsiaf &” omjr

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atmfEiS hf qufpyfv#u&f +dS yD; yifv,fvid_ ;f }uD; onf odoo d mom &Davsmu h svm;avh r[d jzpfygonf? jyefajymjyr,f em;axmif” wnf a xmif c a&? eef ; wnf a & t&yf u k d
v_id ;f i,f¶@kd onf urf;aomifezl;od@k wbke;f yg? rd k ; wG i f ; cgqd k v #if “0gqd k 0 gacgif / &S d & cd k i f } uD ; rsm;onf yef ; 0S u f w rrf ; “bk&m;ryGifhcifu 0goka'0 nDaemif ukvm;wefjrpf0rS ;f u ede+f yD;au av;òrd@jrpf
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a'owGif jrpfacsmif; tif;tdik t f vGeaf ygrsm; onf &Dòzd;v#uf[dygonf? &cdkifig;rsm;yg0ifonf? ysufokOf;+yD;aemuf ukvm;wefjrpf0Srf;wGif pGm ajcmufq,f[cd a& rSwx f m;? òrd@awmfwd
+yD; jrpfacsmif;rsm;onf yifv,fxo J @kd pD;0if xdk@a=umifh &cdkifig;rsm;onf/ &cdkif&Dudk Ip¶dik ;f ao# 0rf;yl ttlr[dyg? ( 0cGu/f &Sad 0omvDðrd@a[mif;udk wnfaxmifa&a0;? emrnfuawmhcg yOPm/ y&de/f +cdw/f pHy0uf/
onf? ajrmufyikd ;f &Sd ewfjrpf r,ljrpf ukvm; óud u f + yD ; &cd k i f & D w G i f a ysmf o nf ? &cd k i f + rD &Dtdk;) t0D;uvmrJrJ tdrfrSma&muf&J&J/ ( a0omvD acwfO;D rif;qufpmG bDpD 5316 ae&OP&m/ awmifileef@ avmif;=uwfvwf?
wefjrpf av;òrd@jrpfrsm;wGif jrpfvufwuf obm0ESihf &cdik v f rl sK;d rsm;udk cGcJ mG I tjcm; *%ef ; ) xd k z uf a 'zuf avS m f w uf e ef @ / rSmpAsm jA[R%&mZmrS jA[Ro'd rd< if;xd rif; xif&Sm;ca& bk&ifwduawmhcg rif;&ifjzL/
aygi;f rsm;pGm [donf? awmifbufY jrpfwkd wyg;odk@ vm;csifvdkpdwf[drnf yxifyg? tv,frSm &Gufwdkifeef@? (ip&dkif;) t0D; (26) quf ESpaf ygi;f (1990) wdik af tmif &Snf '\&mZm/ tavmrmjzLeef@ rif;xD;¶d@k jzpf
acsmif ; wd k r sm;onf t&S d r S taemuf o d k @ 0d o ravmbom;rsm; raxmuf r n‡ m a&muf &cdkif¶dk@onf &cdkiftpm;tpm &cdkif ca&a0;? a,+yD;au rm&,krif;pGm "n0wD aw? atacwfwpd mG Armjynfu yk*zH cwf/
pD;qif;onf? zrf ; qD ; ,l v m;o!f h t cgrS o m ygawmf r l t[m&rsm;udk tmoDojzpfum wrf;w òrd@udk wnfaxmif+yD;au "n0wDacwfudk tif;0acwf¶dk@eef@acwfòydifESrfh? aemufqHk;
xif&mS ;aom jrpfacsmif;rsm;rSm 'vuf b0odk@az&mufvm;rnfjzpfygonf? avh[dygonf? wrf;wo!fh tpm;tpm bDpD 3325 rSm tpðya&? "n0wDacwfpmG ajrmufOD;acwfpGm (at'D 1430 uedef
acsmif; trf;acsmif; rtDacsmif; vrl;acsmif; rsm;rSm &cdik f iyd/ oabFmxd;k ygonfh &cdik rf ek @f (yxr/ 'kw, d / wwd,) ponfjzifh at'D at'D 1785) txdoufwrf; &Sn=f umca&
qm;jyifacsmif; wef;vGaJ csmif; awmifuw k f ywf0ef;usiu f kd ES@H E@HS pyfpyfod wD/ oHwrJG S ieDwal jcmuf/ ponf¶@kd jzpfonf? 327 xd wnfwchH a&? rm&,k rif;pGm av;t a0;? ajrmufO;D eef;awmfukd wnfaxmif&if;
acsmif; olaX;acsmif; jy!fhacsmif; oHwGJjrpf &Sd&cdkifrsm;onf rdrd¶dk@ywf0ef;usif[d &cdkif &cdik w f csK@d u rdr¶d @kd . taqG &cdik if g;em wwf/ vSHtwwf/ oHv#uftwwfwdudk eef @ rif ; apmrG e f ewf & G m pH v m;ca&?
usdefwvDacsmif;ESifh *Gacsmif;¶dk@jzpfonf? ig;rsm;ta=umif;udk ESH@ESH@pyfpyf odxm;[ef rnfrsm;udk rdaysmufum wjcm;t&yfoHk; u|rf;usifwwfajrmuf+yD;au wdkif;jynfudk aemuf r if ; wd quf + yD ; au wnf a xmif
&cdkifjrpfacsmif;rsm;wGif jzm;&Dtwuftus wlygonf? &cdkifom;rsm;. "avhp¶dkufESifh ig;emrnfemrrsm;udk v#mwGd tmwGd ac: (62) ESpw f ikd wf ikd f xD;eef;pd;k pHca&? rif;eHvES iS hf uwfaw? rif;bm}uD;vufxufrm b*F g
[donf? jzm;twufwGif yifv,fig;rsm; jzpfpOfrsm;udv k nf; &cdik if g;rsmonf twGi;f v#uf[duwfygonf? &cdkifig;rsm;jrifygu eDv*k%f rif;¶dk@vufxufrm qifwdtrsm; (12) òrd@udk odrf;ydkufatmifjrifcvdk@ &ef
onf uke;f wGi;f jrpfacsmif;rsm;od@k 'k;d ,dak yguf od tpif;odrsm; jzpfygvrd rhf nf? edpOf vlr_ “ig;pdrf;jrif ig;uifypf” [k pdwfqdk;qdk;jzifh }uD; ydik cf a&? wdik ;f oljynfom;awGuvnf; atmif j rif a c: o#pf a omif ; bk & m;}uD ; ud k
0if a &muf I &cd k i f j ynf w G i f om;ig;yk Z G e f udprP sm;Y &cdik o f m;rsm;ESihf &cdik if g;rsm;onf tjypfwifaumif; wifygvrd rhf nf? &cdik o f m; qiftwwf jrif;twwfrm xl;c|efxuf wnfxm; ud;k uG,cf pGmvwf? &cdik Ef ikd if aH wmf
tvGefaygrsm;onf? tu|r;f w0if wGq d +kH rJjzpfonf? &Sad cwfO;D u rsm;onf/ &cdkifig;rsm;ta=umif;udk rrdtyf ca&a0;? at'D (1) &mpkESifh (2)&mpkrm udk vufatmufcH bk&if (12) yg;eef@ tkycf sKyf
yif &cdik o
f m;b0Y &cdik if g;rsm;onf xif[yf yg? &cdik if g;rsm;ESihf &cdik if g;emrnfrsm;udk owd Edik if jH cm;ESihf ul;oef;a&mif;0,f azmufum; ca&a0;? rif;zavmif;/ rif;&mZm¶dk@ vuf
¶_wikd ;f ompG &cdik +f rD eDa=umif;wGd&onf? &eDjcif;uyifv#if tz&cdkifjynfudk owd&eD Edkifvdk@uaumif; csrf;omºuG,f0ca&? z¶Hk xufrm &cdik t f ifyg,mpGm wjyif;}uD;us,f
uAsmq&m¶dk@u &cdkifa'oudk “¶dk;rawmif &cdkifordkif;t& 0goka'0rif;aemuf jcif; r[kwyf gvm;? ,cktcg &cdik af csmif;/ jrpf/ umu|ef;rm b¶kuvdk@ac:wJh oabFmqdyf crf;em;ca&? &Dwyftiftm;vnf; uaumif;
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usronf Tta&;twGuf tðyoabmaqmifonfh awG@qaHk qG;aEG;r_ vrf;a=umif;
ukd azmfaqmif&efoEdXM mefcsrw S x f m;+yD;jzpfI tpk;d &ESiw hf uG oufqidk &f mygwt D zG@J tpnf;
tm;vk;H ukv d nf; tðyoabmpdw"f gwjf zifh yg0ify;l aygi;f &ef zdwaf c:tyfygonf?
usrwk@d .Edik if o H nf vl@tcGit hf a&;ukd tjynf@t0av;pm;vku d ef mr_EiS thf wl +idr;f csr;f pGm
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Ekid if rH sm; tygt0if tdref ;D csi;f Ekid if rH sm;ESihf &ifE;DS pGmtusK;d wl yl;aygi;f aqmif&w G &f if; a'owGi;f
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aom Edik if w H umrdom;pk0if Ekid if w H cktjzpf tðyoabmaqmifonfh tcef;u¾rS yg0ifvm
Ekdifrnf[kvnf; usr,kH=unfygonf?
(atmifqef;pk=unf) Ek0d ifbm (8) 2007