Sampling:

Sampling is simply the process of measuring the value of a continuous-time

signal at certain instants of time. These measurements are uniformly separated
by the sampling period, Ts. If x(t) is the input signal, then the sampled signal,
y(n), is as follows:
y(n) = x(t)| t=nTs .
Sampling is the Process of converting a continuous-time signal into a discretetime sequence x(n). X(n) is obtained by extracting every s where is known as
the sampling period or interval.

Relationship between and x[n] is:

A continuous time signal can be processed by processing its samples through a

discrete time system. For reconstructing the continuous time signal from its
discrete time samples without any error, the signal should be sampled at a
sufficient rate that is determined by the sampling theorem

Nyquist Sampling Theorem:

If a signal is band limited and its samples are taken at sufficient rate then those
samples uniquely specify the signal and the signal can be reconstructed from
those samples. The condition in which this is possible is known as Nyquist
sampling theorem and is derived below.

A real signal whose spectrum is bandlimited to fl Hz [X(f) = 0 for | f |> fl ]

can be reconstructed from its samples taken uniformly at a rate fs > fl
samples/sec. We can say the minimum sampling frequency is fs=2 fl Hz.

Consider a signal x(t) which is noted to be bandlimited to fl. . Sampling x(t) at a

rate of fs Hz, (means fs samples/sec) can be mathematically represented as
multiplying x(t)by an impulse train consisting of unit impulses repeating
periodically every T seconds, where T= 1/ fs

The following three cases present practical interest:

Under sampling: 0 < 2 m
Nyquist rate: 0 = 2 m
Over sampling: 0 > 2 m
it is evident that when 0- m> m or 0>2 m the spectrum of Xs( ) dont
overlap and consequently it can be recovered from its samples with ideal lowpass filter having a frequency response

Application:
Digital audio uses pulse-code modulation and digital signals for sound reproduction. This
includes analog-to-digital conversion (ADC), digital-to-analog conversion (DAC), storage, and
transmission. In effect, the system commonly referred to as digital is in fact a discrete-time,
discrete-level analog of a previous electrical analog. While modern systems can be quite subtle in
their methods, the primary usefulness of a digital system is the ability to store, retrieve and
transmit signals without any loss of quality.