INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

IB CHEMISTRY
Purpose of internal assessment
Internal assessment is an integral part of the course and is compulsory for both SL and HL
students. It enables students to demonstrate the application of their skills and
knowledge, and to pursue their personal interests, without the time limitations and
other constraints that are associated with written examinations.
The internal assessment requirements at SL and at HL are the same. This internal
assessment section of the guide should be read in conjunction with the internal
assessment section of the teacher support materials.
Guidance and authenticity
The work submitted for internal assessment must be the students own work. However, it
is not the intention that students should decide upon a title or topic and be left to work on
the internal assessment component without any further support from the teacher. The
teacher should play an important role during both the planning stage and the period when
the student is working on the internally assessed work.
Teachers and students must discuss the internally assessed work. Students should be
encouraged to initiate discussions with the teacher to obtain advice and information, and
students must not be penalized for seeking guidance. As part of the learning process,
teachers should read and give advice to students on one draft of the work. The
teacher should provide oral or written advice on how the work could be improved, but not
edit the draft. The next version handed to the teacher must be the final version for
submission.
Authenticity may be checked by discussion with the student on the content of the work,
and scrutiny of one or more of the following:

the students initial proposal

the first draft of the written work
the references cited
the style of writing compared with work known to be that of the student
the analysis of the work by a web-based plagiarism detection service such as
http://www.turnitin.com.

The same piece of work cannot be submitted to meet the requirements of both the internal
assessment and the extended essay.
Practical work and internal assessment
General introduction
The internal assessment requirements are the same for biology, chemistry and physics.
The internal assessment, worth 20% of the final assessment, consists of one scientific
investigation. The individual investigation should cover a topic that is commensurate with
the level of the course of study.
Student work is internally assessed by the teacher and externally moderated by the IB.
The performance in internal assessment at both SL and HL is marked against common
assessment criteria, with a total mark out of 24.
The internal assessment task will be one scientific investigation taking about 10 hours and
the write-up should be about 6 to 12 pages long. Investigations exceeding this length will
be penalized in the communication criterion as lacking in conciseness.
The practical investigation, with generic criteria, will allow a wide range of practical
activities satisfying the varying needs of biology, chemistry and physics. The investigation
addresses many of the learner profile attributes well.
The task produced should be complex and commensurate with the level of the course. It
should require a purposeful research question and the scientific rationale for it. The
marked exemplar material in the teacher support materials will demonstrate that the
assessment will be rigorous and of the same standard as the assessment in the previous
courses.

Some of the possible tasks include:

a hands-on laboratory investigation

using a spreadsheet for analysis and modelling
extracting data from a database and analysing it graphically
producing a hybrid of spreadsheet/database work with a traditional hands-on

investigation
using a simulation provided it is interactive and open-ended.
Some tasks may consist of relevant and appropriate qualitative work combined with
quantitative work.

Proposed IA Scheme
10 hour scheme

Please note that the days are assigned but they are not
intended to follow 10 consecutive days.
Day
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8

10

Task
Teacher explains IA Requirements
Present each criterion for Individual investigation
Finish each criterion and provide exemplars for
students to evaluate.
Students work on IA components
Write a fully focused research questions: must have
variables identified.
Library Daycomplete Background research. Expect
at least one primary resource
Play Day work on design and leave at least 3 days
before final design implemented.
Experimental Implementation
Complete experimental
Teacher Review and Monitor Process could check
authenticity
Check for original data collection that could support a
conclusion.
Does data processing reflect consistency with data? Is
there another way to process that will yield a better
comparison? Propagation of Error?
Correct interpretation of processed data?

REPORT FORMAT

Front page:
LINCOLN SCHOOL
IB CHEMISTRY
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT
STUDENT NAME
CANDIDATE NUMBER
MAY 2016
TITLE

Page 0:
Index.

Page 1-10:

Research Question
Introduction
Background Information
Predication
Procedure
Procedure Modifications
Data Collection and Processing
Conclusion
Evaluation
Bibliography
RUBRIC (to be completed by me and external moderator)
Title of Investigation:
Personal

Exploration

Analysis

Evaluation

Communication

Total

Engagement
x/2

x/6

x/6

x/6

x/4

x/24

Personal Engagement
Mark
Descriptor
0
The students report does not reach a standard described by the descriptors
below.
1
The evidence of personal engagement with the exploration is limited
with little independent thinking, initiative or insight.
The justification given for choosing the research question and/or the topic
under investigation does not demonstrate personal significance, interest
or curiosity.
There is little evidence of personal input and initiative in the designing,n
implementation or presentation of the investigation.
2
The evidence of personal engagement with the exploration is clear
with significant independent thinking, initiative or insight.
The justification given for choosing the research question and/or the topic
under investigation demonstrates personal significance, interest or
curiosity.
There is evidence of personal input and initiative in the designing,
implementation or presentation of the investigation.
Exploration
Mark
Descriptor
0
The students report does not reach a standard described by the descriptors
below.
1-2
The topic of the investigation is identified and a research question of some
relevance is stated but it is not focused.
The background information provided for the investigation is superficial or
of limited relevance and does not aid the understanding of the context of the
investigation.
The methodology of the investigation is only appropriate to address the
research question to a very limited extent since it takes into consideration few
of the significant factors that may influence the relevance, reliability and
sufficiency of the collected data.
The report shows evidence of limited awareness of the significant safety,
ethical or environmental issues that are relevant to the methodology of
the investigation.
3-4
The topic of the investigation is identified and a relevant but not fully focused
research question is described.
The background information provided for the investigation is mainly
appropriate and relevant and aids the understanding of the context of the
investigation.
The methodology of the investigation is mainly appropriate to address the

5-6

Analysis
Mark
0
1-2

3-4

5-6

research question but has limitations since it takes into consideration only
some of the significant factors that may influence the relevance, reliability and
sufficiency of the collected data.
The report shows evidence of some awareness of the significant safety,
ethical or environmental issues that are relevant to the methodology of
the investigation.
The topic of the investigation is identified and a relevant and fully focused
research question is clearly described.
The background information provided for the investigation is entirely
appropriate and relevant and enhances the understanding of the context of
the investigation.
The methodology of the investigation is highly appropriate to address the
research question because it takes into consideration all, or nearly all, of the
significant factors that may influence the relevance, reliability and sufficiency
of the collected data.
The report shows evidence of full awareness of the significant safety, ethical
or environmental issues that are relevant to the methodology of the
investigation.
Descriptor
The students report does not reach a standard described by the descriptors
below.
The report includes insufficient relevant raw data to support a valid
conclusion to the research question.
Some basic data processing is carried out but is either too inaccurate or
too insufficient to lead to a valid conclusion.
The report shows evidence of little consideration of the impact of
measurement uncertainty on the analysis.
The processed data is incorrectly or insufficiently interpreted so that the
conclusion is invalid or very incomplete.
The report includes relevant but incomplete quantitative and qualitative raw
data that could support a simple or partially valid conclusion to the research
question.
Appropriate and sufficient data processing is carried out that could lead to a
broadly valid conclusion but there are significant inaccuracies and
inconsistencies in the processing.
The report shows evidence of some consideration of the impact of
measurement
uncertainty on the analysis
The processed data is interpreted so that a broadly valid but incomplete or
limited conclusion to the research question can be deduced.
The report includes sufficient relevant quantitative and qualitative raw data
that could support a detailed and valid conclusion to the research question.

Appropriate and sufficient data processing is carried out with the accuracy
required to enable a conclusion to the research question to be drawn that is
fully consistent with the experimental data.
The report shows evidence of full and appropriate consideration of the
impact of
measurement uncertainty on the analysis
The processed data is correctly interpreted so that a completely valid and
detailed conclusion to the research question can be deduced.
Evaluation
Mark
0

Descriptor
The students report does not reach a standard described by the descriptors
below.
1-2
A conclusion is outlined which is not relevant to the research question or is
not supported by the data presented.
The conclusion makes superficial comparison to the accepted scientific
context.
Strengths and weaknesses of the investigation, such as limitations of the
data and sources of error, are outlined but are restricted to an account of
the practical or procedural issues faced.
The student has outlined very few realistic and relevant suggestions for the
improvement and extension of the investigation.
3-4
A conclusion is described which is relevant to the research question and
supported by the data presented.
A conclusion is described which makes some relevant comparison to the
accepted scientific context.
Strengths and weaknesses of the investigation, such as limitations of the
data and sources of error, are described and provide evidence of some
awareness of the methodological issues* involved in establishing the
conclusion.
The student has described some realistic and relevant suggestions for the
improvement and extension of the investigation.
5-6
A conclusion is described and justified which is relevant to the research
question and supported by the data presented.
A conclusion is correctly described and justified through relevant
comparison to the accepted scientific context.
Strengths and weaknesses of the investigation, such as limitations of the
data and sources of error, are discussed and provide evidence of a clear
understanding of the methodological issues* involved in establishing the
conclusion.
The student has discussed realistic and relevant suggestions for the
improvement and extension of the investigation.
Communication
Mark
Descriptor

0
1-2

3-4

Moderator
s
Award

The students report does not reach a standard described by the descriptors
below.
The presentation of the investigation is unclear, making it difficult to
understand the focus, process and outcomes.
The report is not well structured and is unclear: The necessary information
on focus, process and outcomes is missing or is presented in an incoherent or
disorganized way.
The understanding of the focus, process and outcomes of the investigation is
obscured by the presence of inappropriate or irrelevant information.
There are many errors in the use of subject specific terminology and
conventions*.
The presentation of the investigation is clear. Any errors do not
hamper understanding of the focus, process and outcomes.
The report is well structured and clear: the necessary information on focus,
process and outcomes is present and presented in a coherent way.
The report is relevant and concise thereby facilitating a ready understanding
of the focus, process and outcomes of the investigation.
The use of subject specific terminology and conventions is appropriate and
correct. Any errors do not hamper understanding.
Moderators Comment
Structure and Clarity
Relevance and Conciseness
Chemistry Terminology and Conventions

i.e. incorrect/missing labelling of graphs, tables, images; use of units, decimal places. For
issues of referencing and citations refer to the academic honesty section.

SAMPLE
Effects of Fruit Enzymes Relative to Commercial Cosmetics in Denaturing Gelatin
Research Question
How effective will grapefruit, pineapple, and grape enzymes be in denaturing protein relative to
commercial toners containing glycolic or salicylic acid?

Introduction

Individuals seeking younger, smoother, and clearer skin often turn to commercial cosmetic products that
promise skin cell renewal, turnover, and hydration (Category, n.d.). However, said commercial products
often extract the chemicals (e.g. glycolic acid C 6H4O3 and salicylic acid C7H6O3) from the plants that
produce and convert them into more concentrated forms (C 6H4O3 from sugar cane and C7H6O3 from white
willow bark) . Because high end products tend to provide better results than drugstore cosmetics,
consumers frequently purchase expensive products on the premise that with faithful use, they will
achieve youthful, attractive skin. Fruit enzymes have similar effects on skin - they remove the uppermost
layers of dermas to reveal fresh skin and promote skin cell turnover. Specifically, pineapple (bromelain
enzyme), grapes (tyrosinase enzyme), and grapefruit (glutathione-S-transferase) enzymes have are
effective in denaturing the collagen proteins (the main protein in skin along with keratinocyte) (World
Health, 2005). This research will provide evidence whether or not fruit enzymes - a cheaper alternative can generate comparable results to commercial cosmetic products in
resurfacing skin (denaturing gelatin).

Background Information
C6H4O3 and C7H6O3 remove the top layers of
skin to reveal the deeper dermas through the
reactions they create with H+ ions and the hydrocarbons
found in collagen (Cox, 2010). Essentially, they create new bonds with the H and O atoms in the
molecules of the protein chain therefore disrupting the chains pattern and the covalent bonds and ruining
the collagen protein chain (Derry, Connor, Ellis, Jeffery, & Jordan, 2009) (of the skin cell from the dermas
sebaceous gland) (Pacik, n.d.). However, while C 6H4O3 and C7H6O3 can be effective in resurfacing the
skin, higher end products can be costly and skin can become used to the acid over time rendering it
ineffective.
Enzymes tenderize meat by denaturing the proteins within the tissues of the flesh.

In skin,

enzymes attach themselves to the collagen proteins molecules and remove them from the main
structure, (Derry, 2009) therefore creating peptides and loosening the layer of skin cells (see Figure 1).
After the proteins bonds are broken, they are then further denatured into amino acids. (Encyclopedia
Britannica, 2012) When the enzymes have denatured the skin cells collagen, the cells become loose
enough to be gently rinsed or exfoliated off to reveal deeper skin. Grapefruit, grapes and pineapple are
being tested because they are recognized as the most effective fruits in resurfacing skin; grapes and
grapefruit are nearly always readily available at supermarkets as well.

Figure 1: How Enzymes Work (Biology 1A: Lecture #6, n.d.)

Figure 2: Collagen Structure (Shoulders, & Raines, 2009)

Gelatin is essentially boiled animal skins and is a nearly pure form of

collagen and keratinocyte - collagen (C 2H5NOC5H9NOC5H10NO2) is the
main protein in the deeper dermas and keeps skin smooth and elastic
(Collagen, n.d.). Keratinocyte is the main protein of the upper layers
of dermas; therefore, gelatin, a combination of collagen and
keratinocyte, is the best substitute for skin in this experiment. (Gelatin
Manufacturers Institute of America, n.d.) It will be used to determine the
effectiveness of enzymes and acids in denaturing the dermas proteins.

Predication
Based on the knowledge that C6H4O3 and C7H6O3 are derived from plants and purified into more
concentrated forms, the acids will be more effective in denaturing the bonds in the collagen of the gelatin
as they are more concentrated acids and do not need to fit the molecules as enzymes do to denature
protein (Derry, 2009).

Procedure
1.

Record the masses of fifteen 50mL (0.001g) beakers and label. The mass will later be used to
calculate the change in mass of gelatin.

2.

Make 15 samples of 30mL lab grade gelatin in the beakers. Have them strongly set and cover
with parafilm to prevent evaporation (gelatin is largely comprised of water and collagen). Only
make one batch as the ratio of gelatin to water will be slightly different the second time; the
gelatin must be of the same firmness to obtain consistent data.

3.

Juice the pineapple, grapefruit, and red grapes (with seeds), cover with parafilm and refrigerate
until needed. Use only one fruit of each type to maintain the concentration of the enzymes per
individual fruit (one grapefruit may have more enzymes/mL than another).

4.

Take the gelatin and record the mass of the beaker and gelatin.

5.

Filter juices through cheesecloth into a clean 150mL beaker. This will remove most of the pulp
from the juice and the remainder will be purer juice. (The purer juice will have a stronger, more
visible, effect on the gelatin than if it has pulp.) Change the cheese cloth with each fruit to
prevent contaminating the other juices.

6.

Use a 10mL beaker (0.05mL) and measure 10mL of pineapple juice. Use same beaker to
ensure the same precision throughout.

7.

Take one pre-prepared gelatin and pour the juice onto the surface of the gelatin.

8.

Start the clock.

9.

After 20 minutes, pour off the juice from the gelatins surface. Do not exceed 20 minutes and do
not pour off the juice prematurely; in order to create consistent results, the time the juices
enzymes and H+ ions have to denature the gelatin must be the same for each trial. It ensures
that only the effectiveness of the enzymes and acids are measured; only the substance changes
- mass and time do not change.

10. Gently rinse the surface of the gelatin and the sides of the beaker with two pipettes (2mL pipette)
of distilled water to remove any denatured gelatin.
11. Record mass of gelatin after rinsing. Calculate the change in mass of the gelatin.
12. Repeat steps 5-11 with the grape and grapefruit juices.
13. Repeat steps 6-11 with the Clean and Clear and Hada Labo facial toners

Procedure Modifications
The gelatin was initially left uncovered after being set, however, upon noticing that the mass of the
gelatin changed as a result of water evaporating from it while refrigerated, the 2nd batch of gelatin was
covered with parafilm.
After the practice trial, the fruit juices were determined to be too thick to filter through the filter paper,
therefore cheesecloth was substituted.

Initially, pure salicylic acid was used, however, it was found that it was non water soluble due to its lack of
polarity and could not be used to dilute the acid. To replace the acid, both the Clean and Clear and Hada
Labo toners were used as they contained salicylic and glycolic acid.
Data Collection and Processing

Changes in Mass of Gelatin After 20 Minutes of Chemical Exposure

Fruit/ Facial Initial Mass Beaker + Start Time Time After Mass After Change in
Gelatin
20 Minutes
Mass of
of Beaker
(1
20 Minutes
Product
Mass(0.00
(1
Gelatin
(0.001g)
minute)
(0.001g)
Tested
1g)
minute)
(0.002g)
Grapes

Grapefruit

Pineapple
Clean and
Clear Toner
(0.5%
Salicylic
Acid)
Hada Labo
(Glycolic
Acid)

29.580
29.135
30.058
29.042
29.849
30.376
29.367
29.539
29.272
29.522
29.290

54.133
53.907
55.442
53.190
53.169
51.478
55.281
55.877
53.389
54.065
54.906

12:59 PM
1:00 PM
1:01 PM
1:04 PM
1:05 PM
1:06 PM
12:04 PM
12:05 PM
12:06 PM
12:11 PM
12:12 PM

1:19 PM
1:20 PM
1:21 PM
1:24 PM
1:25 PM
1:26 PM
12:24 PM
12:25 PM
12:26 PM
12:31 PM
12:32 PM

53.962
53.717
55.276
53.242
53.171
51.479
54.998
55.730
53.278
54.049
54.687

+0.171
-0.190
-0.166
+0.052
+0.002
+0.001
-0.283
-0.147
-0.111
-0.016
-0.219

29.549

53.398

12:13 PM

12:33 PM

53.380

-0.018

29.632
29.245
29.798

53.058
53.122
57.461

12:22 PM
12:23 PM
12:24 PM

12:42 PM
12:43 PM
12:44 PM

52.881
53.130
57.393

-0.177
+0.008
-0.068

Table 1

Chemical Substance
Grape
Grapefruit
Pineapple

Average Change in Mass (0.002g)

-0.062
+0.018
-0.180

Clean and Clear Toner (0.5% Salicylic

Acid)
Hada Labo (Glycolic Acid Toner)

-0.084
-0.079

Table 2

Figure 3: Average Changes in Mass of Gelatin per Substance (0.002g)

Conclusion
The research focused on determining the effectiveness of fruit enzymes relative to commercially
available toners containing C6H4O3 and C7H6O3 in resurfacing skin. It was found that pineapple created
the largest loss of mass in the gelatin (0.180g 0.002g average) and created loss nearly double that of
each toner and the grapes (see Figure 3). Pineapple is a substance that is frequently used to tenderize
meat, therefore, it is known that it is effective in denaturing proteins. It was possible that the pineapple
was more effective than the C6H4O3 and C7H6O3 in denaturing the collagen because it contains both citric
acid (C6H8O7) and bromelain (pineapple enzyme) (Jordan, 2012). Relative to simple glycolic and salicylic
acid, pineapple juice has both the denaturing power of citric acid and bromelain, indicating that it has
twice means of denaturing collagen; the acid denatures the protein through its covalent bonds and the
enzymes disrupt the protein chains. This may explain why pineapple, relative to the toners, denatured

twice as much of the gelatin. The initial prediction was that the toners would denature more gelatin,
however, it is possible that said amount of denaturation is the most desirable in creating fresh skin, which
is why both commercial toners denatured approximately the same amount. The goal of commercial
products is not to remove the most skin, but to create a product that will create the best results on the
majority of peoples skin. The Clean and Clear toner cost 40RMB and Hada Labo 80RMB, each of which
were only 100mL while the pineapple (27RMB) produced in excess of 200mL, diluting homemade
pineapple juice may be more cost effective in renewing and clearing skin, assuming that the chemicals
would have the same effect on skin as on gelatin. Although it may be more cost effective to create
homemade cosmetics, realistically, juicing fruit on a daily basis is both time consuming and messy.
Additionally, commercial cosmetics have a longer shelf life than fruit; it is more practical to use them
rather than fruit. Although pineapple is more successful in denaturing the collagen found in gelatin by
nearly double, it is not a realistic replacement for daily cosmetics. Further research may investigate
ways to preserve the bromelain enzyme and citric acid found in pineapples making them commercially
available to consumers in the form of daily cosmetics.

Evaluation
It was likely that a significant source of systematic error was the degree of firmness of the gelatin.
Because the gelatin used for the grapefruit was set weaker than the gelatin for the other fruits (they were
made separately), it may have been that the degree of firmness of the gelatin changed the extent to
which it was denatured. Additionally, before weighing them, the gelatin exposed to the grapefruit had
been left uncovered in a refrigerator for approximately 5 hours; loss of water due to evaporation may
have caused the gelatin to absorb the grapefruit juice rather than to denature. To reduce this error, all
gelatin should be made from the same batch such that the effect of the chemicals is more evident and is
closer to the sole variable affecting the gelatin.
Also, due to time constraints, only 3 samples of gelatin were made per juice/cosmetic product. To gain
more accurate results, more samples are needed a minimum of at least 5 samples per substance.
Doing so will make the data more reliable as it would be possible to determine the outliers of the data,
with only 3 samples, it is not possible to accurately determine what is and is not relevant in the data.
Specifically, the changes in mass of the gelatin exposed to pineapple juice were different by nearly
0.100g in the largest and smallest changes. Because each sample varied by more than 0.030g in the
pineapple, it is difficult to determine how effective the pineapple juice was relative to the other
substances. Furthermore, it may prove beneficial to leave the substances on the gelatin for more than
20 minute as the changes may be more apparent in the mass, therefore making it easier to compare as
current changes are minute. To strengthen the reliability of this experiment, several more replicates
would need to be taken for each substance, currently, there is not enough supporting evidence to declare
with certainty that pineapple is the most effective in denaturing gelatin. In the conducted experiment,
there were too many variables that were not controlled and resulted in systematic error (e.g. difference in

firmness of the gelatin and how the gelatin was refrigerated). However, because the average change in
the mass of the pineapple was nearly double that of the toners and grapes, it is likely that the pineapple
was in fact more effective than the commercial toners, grapes, and grapefruit. The pineapple juice
contains both H+ ions and bromelain enzymes; relative to the weaker concentrations of glycolic acid in
the Hada Labo toner and the salicylic acid in the Clean and Clear toner, the pineapple juice was more
effective in denaturing the collagen proteins of the gelatin.
Word Count: 1872
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