Chapter 13 Solutions

Group 5
(Ilao, Lagman, Lasangre, Lavarro, Ligores)

Solution
- In physicochemical terms, solutions may be
prepared from any combination of solid, liquid or
gas, the three states of matter
- Liquid preparations that contain one or more
soluble chemical substances dissolved in a
suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible
solvents

Types of Solution
1. Solid Solution
a. Solid in solid

3. Gaseous
Solutions

b. Liquid in solid

a. Solid in gas

c. Gas in solid

b. Liquid in gas

2. Liquid Solution
a. solid in liquid
b. Liquid in liquid
c. Gases in liquid

c. Gas in gas

Factors affecting the rate of

solubility
1. Particle size an increase in surface area to the solvent
will increase rate of solution.
2. Agitation increases the rate of solution by removing from
the surface of the solute.
3. Temperature heating a liquid also causes solution to take
place more rapidly by increasing the frequency which solvent
molecules collide with the surface of the dissolving mixture

Factors affecting solubility of

solute
1. Temperature
a. Endothermic reaction
b. Exothermic reaction
2. Molecular Structure The general
rule: like dissolves like
3. Effects of other substance
4. pH

Relative Terms of Solubility

Descriptive Term

Parts of Solvent Required

Very Soluble

Less than 1

Freely Soluble

1 10

Soluble

10 30

Sparingly Soluble

30 100

Slightly Soluble

100 1,000

Very Slightly Soluble

1,000 10,000

Practically Soluble/Insoluble

10,000 and over

Organic Molecules
1. Molecules having 1 polar functional group
soluble to the the
total lengths of 5Cs
2. Molecules having branched chains are more
soluble than the
corresponding straight-chain compound.
3. Water solubility decreases with increase in MW
4. Increased structural similarity between solute
and solvents

Inorganic Molecules
1. Monovalent cation and anion of an ionic compound
are generally
water soluble
2. Only one of the two ions is monovalent
compounds are water
soluble
3. Both ions are multivalent - poor water soluble.
4. Common salts of alkali metals are usually water
soluble
5. NH4 and quaternary NH4 salts are water soluble

Inorganic Molecules
8. Chlorides, bromides and iodides are water soluble
Exceptions: salts of silver & mercurous ions
9. Acid salts corresponding to an insoluble salt will be
more water
soluble than organic salts.
10. Hydroxides and oxides of compounds other than
alkali metal
cations & the ammonium ion are generally water
insoluble.
11. Sulfides are water insoluble except for their alkali