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H1 , H 2 ,..., H k
Bc 2: Nu ta c:
-
n1
H1 , H 2 ,..., H k 1 , ta c nk
Hk
H1 , H 2 ,..., H k
Bc 2: Nu ta c:
- n1 cch khc nhau thc hin H1 .
-
nk
Hk
Gi Pn l s hon v ca n phn t, ta c Pn = n!
5. S dng chnh hp gii bi ton m:
Bi tp
I) Bi Ton m S Phng n C Lin Quan n Thc T.
< 1 > T 5 bng hng vng, 3 bng hng trng v 4 bng hng ( cc bng
hoa xem nh i mt khc nhau ), ta chn ra mt b gm 7 bng.
a. C bao nhiu cch chn ra b hoa trong c ng mt bng hng ?
b. C bao nhiu cch chn ra b hoa trong c t nht 3 bng hng vng v 3
bng hng ?
Li gii
Bi ton m s phng n c lin quan n thc t
< 20 > Ta thy c 33 cch lp trng thi v ng vi mi cch chn trng ,
c 4
cch chn khi thi.
Do , c tt c: 33. 4 =132 cch lp h s.
< 21 > a. Ta c: 5 cch chn ng i t X n Y, ng vi mi cch chn
ng c 4 cch chn ng i t Y n Z.
Do , c tt c: 5. 4 = 20 cch chn ng i t X n Z qua Y
b. Theo a) c 20 cch chn ng i t X n Z qua Y
Khi tr v ng vi mi cch chn ng , t Z n Y c3 con ng chn,
do c 3 cch.
ng vi mi cch chn ng , t Y v X ch cn li 4 cch chn.
P P6 P7 P8
Ta s tnh
P6, P7, P8 :
- Tnh P6 :
S xu di 6 k t l ch in hoa hoc ch s l: 366 . V mi v tr c 36 cch
chn.
S xu di 6 k t l ch in hoa v khng cha ch s no l: 266 .Vy:
P6 366 266
- Tng t:
P7 367 267
P8 368 268
Vy, ta c:
P P6 P7 P8 = 2684483063360
< 26 > S cch tng sch l s cch chn 6 cun sch t 9 cun c k th t.
Vy s cch tng l:
A96 60480
A126 665280
1
2
cch chn 1 hc sinh nam v C15 cch chn 2 hc sinh nam.
C25
Do c
c. C
3
C40
9880 cch lp ban cn s lp 3 ngi.
1
C25
.C152 2625 cch lp mt ban cn s lp gm 1 nam v 2 n
3
C15
455 cch chn 3 n sinh nn c 455 cch lp ban cn s lp
3 ngi ton n.
D c: 9880 455 = 9425 cch lp
ban cn s 3 ngi ma trong c t nht mt nam
< 28 > Nhn xt: Vic phn cng vo 1 tnh khng c s sp xp
1
C C3.C12 cch phn cng cc thanh nin tnh nguyn v tnh th nht.
Vi mi cch phn cng cc thanh nin tnh nguyn v tnh th nht th c
C21.C84 cch phn cng cc thanh nin tnh nguyn v tnh th 2. Vi mi cch
1
4
phn cng cc thanh nin tnh nguyn v tnh th 1 v tnh th 2 th c C1 .C4
V d 7
C102
C103
Cch 2: Chn 3 bng hng bch v 2 bng hng nhung. Lp lun tng
t nh trn, ta cng c
C102 . C103
A1 A2 ... A10 . Xt
A1 A2 ... A2 n
n 2,
Li gii:
Bi ton m s phng n c lin quan n hnh hc
c72
7!
6.7
21 ng thng.
2! 7 2 ! 1.2
10!
45 im
2! 10 2 !
10.6.2 =120 im
Khi , s cc giao im bng: 45 + 30 +120 = 195 im
< 3 > a. Ta c: * Mi a gic li n cnh th c n nh.
*Mi on thng ni 2 nh bt k, khng k th t, th hoc
l 1 cnh, hoc l mt ng cho ca a gic .
Cn2 n
Cn3
n!
(n 1)(n 2)n
3! n 3 !
6
Cn14
Cn1
Cn3 Cn1.Cn13
(n 2)(n 1)n
(n 2)(n 1)n 6n(n 3) n(n2 9n
n(n 3)
6
6
6
3
A1, A2,..., A2n l C2n
A1A2...A2n (n 2, n Z) i qua tm
Cn2 .
C23n 20Cn2
(2n)!
n!
2n(2n 1)(2n 2)
n(n 1)
20
20
3! 2n 3 !
2! n 2 !
6
2
2n 1 15 n 8 .
Ghi nh
Khi gii bi ton m lin quan n s t nhin ta cn lu :
Nm vng qui tc cng nhn.
Ta thng gi s t nhin cn tm l
n a1a2 a3 ...an
sau
Bi tp:
< 1 > ( HQG HCM - 99) Vi cc s 1,2,5,7,8 c th lp c bao nhiu s
gm 3
ch s phn bit tho mn iu kin:
T luyn:
< 15 > C bao nhiu s t nhin c 3 ch s ?
< 16 > Cho A = {1,3,5,6,8}.
C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 4 ch s ly t cc ch s trong tp A ?
< 17 > Cho A = {0,1,2,3,5,7,9}.
T tp A c bao nhiu s t nhin gm 4 ch s i 1 khc nhau.
< 18 > Vi tp E = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch
s phn bit v:
a. Trong c ch s 7.
b. Trong c ch s 7 v ch s hng ngn lun l ch s 1.
<19 > Vi 5 ch s 1,2,3,4,5 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s i 1
khc nhau:
a. Khng bt u t ch s 1
b. Khng bt u t 123.
< 20 > Cho E = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}. C th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s
i 1 khc nhau ly t E trong mi trng hp sau:
a. L s chn.
b. Mt trong 3 s u tin bng 1.
< 21 > T cc s 0,1,2,...,9 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 6 ch s khc
nhau sao Cho trong cc s c mt ch s 0 v 1.
< 22 > Vi cc ch s 0,1,2,3,4,5 ta c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s
khc nhau sao cho trong cc s phi c mt ch s 5.
< 23 > Cho cc ch s 0,2,4,5,6,8,9. Hi c th lp c bao nhiu s:
a. C 3 ch s m trong mi s cc ch s khc nhau.
b. C 4 ch s khc nhau v c ch s 5.
< 24 > Vi 5 ch s 1,2,3,4,5 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s phn
bit v tho mn:
a. Mi s nh hn 40000.
b. Mi s nh hn 45000.
< 25 > Cho cc s 0,1,2,...,9 c bao nhiu s l gm 6 ch s khc nhau nh hn
60000 xy dng t 10 ch s .
<26 > T cc s 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 c th lp c :
a. Bao nhiu s t nhin gm 5 ch s khc nhau.
V d 3
Li gii
B/ Bi Ton m S Phng n Lin Quan n S T Nhin
<1> Cch 1: t E = {1,2,5,7,8 }.
Gi s t nhin gm 3 ch s l n
a. Do n chn nn
a1a 2 a3 ( a1 0 )
A42
= 24 (s).
b. Do n nh hn 278 nn a1 {1;2}.
Trng hp 1: Nu a1 = 1 th a2 E\{a1} a2 c 4 cch chn
a3 E \ {a1,a2} a3 c 3 cch chn
c 1.4.3 = 12 cch chn .
Trng hp 2: nu a1 = 2 th a2 E\{2,8} a2 c 3 cch chn
a3 E \ {a1,a2} a3 c 3 cch chn
c 1.3.3 = 9 cch chn .
Vy: c 12 + 9 = 21 cch chn s c 3 ch s phn bit v nh hn 278.
Tc l c 21 s tho mn ycbt.
c. Do n chn nn a3 {2,8} v s cn tm nh hn 278 nn a1
2.
Trng hp 1: nu a1 = 2 a1 c 1 cch chn
a3 {2,8} a3 c 2 cch chn
a2 E \ {a1,a3} a2 c 3 cch chn
c 1.2.3 = 6 cch chn .
Trng hp 2: nu a1 = 2 a1 c 1 cch chn
a3 {2,8}\{a1} a3 c 1 cch chn
a2 E \ {a1,a3} a2 c 3 cch chn
c 1.1.3 = 3 cch chn .
Vy: c 6 + 3 = 9 cch chn s t nhin chn gm cc ch s khc nhau v nh
hn hoc bng 278. Tc l c 9 s tho mn ycbt.
< 15 > Cc s t nhin l: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
Gi s t nhin c 3 ch s cn tm l :
a1a 2 a3 ( a1 0 )
a1a2 a3a4 ( a1 0 )
A64
6!
360 s.
21
5.A64
b. Gi s cn tm l
a1a2 a3 a4 a5
( a1
0)
A53
cch chn.
a1 0 )
a1 c 5 cch chn.
a2 c 4 cch chn.
a3 c 3 cch chn.
a4 c 2 cch chn.
a5 c 1 cch chn.
Vy c : 5.4.3.2.1 = 120 s.
* Gi s t nhin gm 5 ch s i 1 khc nhau, bt u bng ch s 1
l: 1abcd th :
a c 4 cch chn
( v a E \ {1})
123 xy
gm 5 ch s khc nhau.
x c 2 cch chn
( v x E \ {1,2,3})
y c 1 cch chn
( v y E \ {1,2,3,x})
c 2.1 = 2 s.
Vy: cc s t nhin gm 5 ch s khc nhau, khng bt u bng ch s123
gm c 120 - 2 = 118 s.