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v/;k; 1
HkkSfrd ,oa jklk;fud ifjorZu
ge lHkh tkurs gS fd inkFkksZ dks tc ck; tkZ nh tkrh gS rks og viuh voLFkk ifjorZu dj ysr gS vkSj ,d u;k inkFkZ izkIr gksrk gSA
tSls
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vr% izd`fr esa gksu okys ifjorZu HkkSfrd ;k jklk;fud izo`fr ds gksrs gS %&
v- HkkSfrd ifjorZu %& og ifjorZu ftlesa inkFkksZ dh HkkSfrd voLFkk ifjofrZr gksrh gS ysfdu muds jklk;fud la?kVu ,oa jklk;fud xq.kksa
esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugh gksrk gS] HkkSfrd ifjorZu dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.k %&
1- ty dk voLFkk ifjorZu
2- ukSlknj dk fi?kyuk
3- lksus dk xyuk
4- HkkSfrd xq.k tSls vk;ru] voLFkk] rki] ?kuRo rFkk jax esa ifjorZu
c- jklk;fud ifjorZu %& og ifjorZu ftlesa jklk;fud la?kVu rFkk jklk;fud xq.ksa esa ifjorZu gksrk gS rFkk izkIr u;k inkFkZ ewy inkFkZ
ls fHkUu gksrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
mnkgj.k %&
lksfM;e
ckbZ dkcksZusV
gkbMks
lksfM;e
Dyksfju vEYk
ty
DyksjkbM
vU; fdz;k,a %& dks;ys dk ngu] yksgs ij tax yxuk] nw/k ls ngh cuuk] vo{ksi.k ngu] fd.ou vkfnA
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jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k %& fdlh Hkh inkFkZ esa gksu okys jklk;fud ifjorZu] jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k dgykrh gSA
jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k esa tc inkFkZ ,d :i ls nwljs :i esa cnyrk gS rks mldk nzO;eku lajf{kr jgrk gS] ysfdu jklk;fud la?kVu rFkk
jklk;fud xq.k ewy inkFkZ ls fHkUu gksrs gSA
bu vfHkfdz;kvksa dks jklk;fud lehdj.k ls iznfkZr djrs gSA ifjofrZr gksus okyk inkFkZ fdz;kdkjd rFkk ifjofrZr inkFkZ fdz;kQy dgykrk
gSA
jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k,] fdz;kdkjdks ds la;ksx djus rFkk fdz;kQy cuus ds vk/kkj ij fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gS %&
I. la;kstu ;k ;ksxkhy vfHkfdz;k %& nks ;k nks ls vf/kd rRoks dss la;kstu ls u;s rRo ds fuekZ.k dh vfHkfdz;k
1- vdkcZfud la;kstu %&
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
,Fksu
,fFky DyksjkbM+
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II. foLFkkiu vfHkfdz;k %& og vfHkfdz;k,a] ftuesa fdlh ;kSfxd esa ,d ijek.kq ;k lewg ds LFkku ij nwljk ijek.kq ;k lewg foLFkkfir gksrk
gSA
mnkgj.k %&
1. CuSO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + Cu
f}foLFkkiu vfHkfdz;k %& os foLFkkiu vfHkfdz;k,a ftuesa nks fdz;kdkjdksa ds ewydksa esa ijLij fofue; ls nks u;s ;kSfxdksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk
gS rks bl fdz;k dks f}foLFkkiu vfHkfdz;k dgrs gSA
mnkgj.k %&
bl vfHkfdz;k esa ;kSfxd AB esa ls B dk rFkk CD esa ls D dk foLFkkiu gksus ls u;s ;kSfxd AD rFkk CB dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
vU; jklk;fud mnkgj.k %&
III. vi?kVuh; vfHkfdz;k %& og jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k ftuesa dksbZ ;kSfxd VwV dj nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ljy inkFkksZ dk fuek.kZ gksrk gSA
1- rki vi?kVu %& tc fdlh ;kSfxd dks ek nsdj xeZ fd;k tkrk gS rks og rkih; vi?kVu ds dkj.k ek vokksfkr dj vi?kfVr
gks tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k %&
2- fo/kqr vi?kVu %& og vi?kVuh; vfHkfdz;k ftlesa fdlh inkFkZ dh nzoh; voLFkk esa fo/kqr /kkjk izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks og vius v.kqvksa
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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3- izdkkh; vi?kVu %& izdkkh; fofdj.kksa dks vokksf'kr dj fdlh ;kSfxd dk vius ljyre v.kqvksa esa VwVukA
VI. "ek{ksih ,oa "ekkks"kh vfHkfdz;k, %& os jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k,a ftuesa ek dk vokks"k.k ;k mRltZu gksrk gS] "eh; vfHkfdz;k,
dgykrh gSA
bu "eh; vfHkfdz;kvksa esa fdz;kdkjd ds v.kqvksa esa mifLFkr ijek.kqvkdsa ds e/; ca/k VwVrs jgrs gS tcfd fdz;kQyksa ds e/; u;s ca/kksa dk fuekZ.k
gksrk gS] ifj.kkeLo:i mRinksa dh dqy tkZ fdz;kdkjdksa dh dqy tkZ ls de ;k vf/kd gksrh gSA
1- "ek{ksih vfHkfdz;k %& tc fdz;kQyksa dh dqy tkZ fdz;kdkjdksa dh dqy tkZ ls vf/kd gks rFkk vfHkfdz;k esa "ek mRlftZr gksrh gSA
2- "ekkks"kh vfHkfdz;k %& tc fdz;kQyksa dh dqy tkZ fdz;kdkjdksa dh dqy tkZ ls de gksrh gS rFkk vfHkfdz;k esa "ek vokksf"kr gksrh
gSA
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, / , /
+
VII vkWDlhdj.k rFkk vip;u vfHkfdz;k,a %& jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k,a] gkbMkstu rFkk vkWDlhtu ls la;ksx djus ds dkj.k vkWDlhdj.k
rFkk vip;u dgykrh gSA
1- vkWDlhdj.k %& og jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k ftlesa dksbZ rRo vkWDlhtu ;k _.kfo/kqr rRo ls la;ksx djrk gS ;k gkbMkstu ;k /kuk;u dks
eqDr djrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
mnkgj.k %&
1+
bl vfHkfdz;k esa dkcZu vkWDlhtu ls la;ksx dj dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbZM cukrk gS vFkkZr~ bl vfHkfdz;k esa vkWDlhtu
3-
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bu nksuks vfHkfdz;kvksa esa Cl2 dzek% Fe, rFkk SnCl2 esa tqMdj FeCl2 rFkk SnCl4 cukrk gS vFkkZr~ Dyksjhu dh of) gks jgh gS tks fd _.k
fo/kqrh rRo gSA
bl vfHkfdz;k esa ,fFky ,Ydksgy ls tc ,lhVSfYMgkbM curk gS rks blesa nks gkbMkstu ijek.kq de gks tkrs gSA
2- vip;u %& og jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k ftlesa gkbMkstu ijek.kq ;k /kuk;u dh of) gksrh gS vFkok vkWDlhtu ijek.kq ;k _.kk;u dh
deh gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k %&
bu nksuksa vfHkfdz;kvksa esa Cl2 dk MgCl2 esa rFkk I2 dk HgI2 esa vip;u gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ ?ku fo/kqrh rRo ls la;ksx gksrk gSA
3-
mDr nksuksa vfHkfdz;kvksa esa inkFkZ ls vkWDlhtu dh deh gks jgh gSA
4-
bu vfHkfdz;kvksa esa
vkWDlhdj.k %& bls fobySDVkWuhdj.k Hkh dgrs gS rFkk blesa dksbZ rRo] ijek.q vk;u ;k v.kq bySDVkWu dk R;kx djrk gSA blls inkFkZ ij
/kukosk esa of) gksrh gS rFkk _.kkosk kflr gksrk gSA
1- ijek.kq dk vkWDlhdj.k %&
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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vip;u %& bls bySDVksuhdj.k Hkh dgrs gS rFkk blesa ijek.kq vk;u v.kq ,d ;k vf/kd bySDVkWu xzg.k djrk gS ftlls inkFkZ ij _.kkosk
dh ek=k c<+rh gS rFkk /kukosk esa deh gksrh gSA
1- ijek.kq
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+
_.kk;u %&
3- v.kq %&
jsMkWDl ;k viksip; vfHkfdz;k %& pawfd fdlh Hkh jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k esa ;fn ,d inkFkZ vkWDlhdr gksrk gS rks nwljk vipf;r blfy,
jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k esa vkWDlhdj.k rFkk vip;u lkFk&lkFk gksrs gS] vr% bu jklk;fud vfHkfdz;kvksa dks jsMkWDl vfHkfdz;k dgrs gSA
mnkgj.k %&
vkWDlhdkjd %& bySDVkWu xzg.k djus okyk ;k ftldk vip;u gks] og inkFkZ vkWDlhdkjd dgykrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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mDr vfHkfdz;kvksa esa Fe bySDVkWu R;kxrk gS vr% bldk vkWDlhdj.k gksrk gS vFkkZr~ og vipk;d gS tcfd C4SO4 esa Cu2+ bySDVkWu xzg.k
djrk gS ftlls mldk vip;u gksrk gS vr% og vkWDlhdkjd gSA
vkWDlhdj.k & vip;u esa vUrj
S.No.
1
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5
vkWDlhdj.k
vip;u
ean ,oa rhoz vfHkfdz;k,a %& dqN jklk;fud vfHkfdz;kvksa dks iw.kZ gksus esa dbZ fefuV dbZ /k.Vs ;k dbZ okksZ dk le; yx tkrk gS] bUgs
en vfHkfdz;k,a dgrs gS tSls yksgs ij tax yxuk
dqN vfHkfdz;k,a dqN gh lSd.M esa iw.kZ gks tkrh gS bUgs rhoz vfHkfdz;k,a dgrs gS tSls vk;uksa ds e/; dh jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k,saA
mnkgj.k %&
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SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
v/;k; 2
jklk;fud lkE; vk;fud lkE; ,oa vEy {kkj
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ean ;k rhoz xfr ls gksus okyh jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k u dsoy osx }kjk fu/kkZfZ jr gksrh gS] oju~ lkUnzrk] nkc] rki vkfn voLFkkvksa esa ifjorZu djds
muds e/; lkE; LFkkfir dj jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSA
2-1 vfHkfdz;k dk osx %& fdlh Hkh jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k dk osx] fdz;kdkjdksa ds yqIr gksus dh nj ;k fdz;kQyksa ds cuus dh nj ij fuHkZj
djrk gS ftldk Kku bdkbZ le; esa gq, ifjorZu ls fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ fdlh jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k esa Hkkx ysus okys fdz;kdkjd ;k fdz;kQy
dh lkUnzrk esa bdkbZ le; esa gksus okyk ifjorZu vfHkfdz;k dk osx dgykrk gSA
1- vfHkdkjdksa dh lkUnzrk %& jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k dk osx] vfHkdkjdksa dh lkUnzrk ds lekuqikuh gksrk gS D;ksfd jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k esa
v.kqvksa esa e/; VDddj gksrh gS tks fd lkUnzrk c<+us ds lkFk c<rh gSA
mnkgj.k %&
Ibl vfHkfdz;k esa vkWDlhtu dh lkUnzrk nqxquh dj nsus ls vfHkfdz;k dh xfr nqxquh gks
+
tkrh gS ysfdu ukbfVd vkWDlkbM dh xfr dks nqxquk dj nsxs rks vfHkfdz;k dh xfr c<us ds LFkku ij ?kV tk;sxhA
II- nks vyx&vyx ij[kufy;ksa esa leku yEckbZ ds nks eSXuhfk;e rkj ds VqdM+s ysrs gSA vc ,d ij[kuyh esa
leku gksrs
gq, Hkh nwljh ij[kuyh esa gkbMkstu xSl rsth ls eqDr gksrh gS D;ksfd bl ij[kuyh esa HCl dh lkUnzrk vf/kd gksrh gS ftl dkj.k
v.kqvksa ds e/; VDdj dh lEHkkouk vf/kd gksrh gS vkSj vfHkfdz;k ds osx esa of} gksrh gSA
2- rki dk izHkko %& vfHkfdz;k dk osx] rki ds Hkh lekuqikuh gksrk gS vFkkZr~ rki esa of) gksus ls vfHkfdz;k dk Hkh osx c<+rk gSA
mnkgj.k %& leku vk;ru 25ml ds rhu chdj esa leku lkUnzrk M/5 dk vkWElsfyd vEy ysrs gSA vc ge ,d chdj dks cQZ esa] nwljs
dks dejs ds rki ij j[krs gS vkSj rhljs chdj dks 350K ij xeZ djrs gSA blds ipkr~ izR;sd chdj esa leku lkUnzrk M/20 KMnO4
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
ds foy;u dh dqN cwan Mkyrs gS vkSj budk fujh{k.k djrs gS] rhuks chdj esa KMnO4 dk jax vn; gksus esa vyx&vyx le; yxrk gS
tSls 350K xeZ foy;u esa KMnO4 dk jax rqjUr vn; gks tkrk gS tcfd cQZ esa j[ks chdj esa Kmno4 dk jax vn; gksus esa vf/kd le;
yxrk gS vkSj dejs ds rki ij j[ks foy;u esa Kmno4 dk jax nksuks ds e/; ds le; esa vn; gksrk gSA ,slk blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd rki
esa o`f) gksus ls v.kqvksa dh xfrt tkZ c<+ tkrh gS vkSj v.kqvksa ds folj.k esa gqbZ o`f) ls vfHkfdz;k ds osx es o`f) gksrh gSA
3- mRizsjd %& os inkFkZ tks jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k dh xfr dks ean ;k rhoz dj nsrs gS ysfdu vfHkfdz;k ds iw.kZ gksus oj inkFkZ dh lajpuk rFkk
mlds Hkkj esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugh gksrk gS rFk vfHkfdz;k dk iFk ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA
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gekjs 'kjhj esa gksus okyh vusd tSo jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k,a] tSo mRizsjdksa ;k ,Utkbe ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k %&
4- izdkk dk izHkko %& vusd jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k,a izdkk dh mifLFkfr esa gksrh gS rFkk bUgsa izdkk jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k,a dgrs gSA
mnkgj.k %&
1- izdkk lays"k.k
2- QksVksxkz Qh
2- mRdze.kh; vfHkfdz;k %& os jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k,a ftuesa fdz;k dkjd rFkk fdz;kQy ijLij cnyrs jgrs gS rFkk ;s nksuks fnkkvksa esa pyrh
jgrh gS vkSj dHkh iw.k ugh gksrh gSA bUgsa fdz;kdkjdksa rFkk fdz;kQyksa ds e/; mYVs rhj yxkdj O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k %&
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mRdze.kh; vfHkfdz;k,a nks izdkj dh gksrh gS %&
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
1- lxkaeh vfHkfdz;k %& og vfHkfdz;k ftlesa fdz;kdkjd rFkk fdz;kQy ,d gh izkoLFkk esa gksrs gSA
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2- fo"kekaxh vfHkfdz;k %& og vfHkfdz;k ftlesa fdz;k dkjd rFkk fdz;kQy ,d gh izkoLFkk esa ugh gksrs gSA
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2-3 vuqRdze.kh; vfHkfdz;k,a %& os jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k,a ftuesa fdz;kdkjd iw.kZr;k mRiknksa esa ifjofrZr gks tkrs gS rFkk iqu% fdz;kdkjdks
esa ugh cnyrs gS] vuqRdze.kh; vfHkfdz;ka, dgykrh gSA vuqRdze.kh; vfHkfdz;kvksa ds fuEukafdr y{.k gksrs gSA
1- vxz fnkk esa pydj iw.kZ gks tkrh gSA
2- lnSo [kqys ik= esa gksrh gSA
3- fdz;kdkjd lkekU; voLFkk esa iqu% fdz;kdkjdksa esa ugh cnyrs gSA
mnkgj.k %&
jklk;fud lkE; %& fdlh mRdze.kh; vfHkfdz;k dh og voLFkk ftlesa vfHkdkjdksa rFkk fdz;kQyksa dh ek=k,a fLFkj jgrh gS rFkk le; ds lkFk
ifjofrZr ugh gksrh gS] jklk;fud lkE;koLFkk dgykrh gSA
jklk;fud lkE; %& fdlh mRdze.kh; vfHkfdz;k dh og voLFkk ftlesa vfHkdkjdksa rFkk fdz;kQyksa dh ek=k,a fLFkj jgrh gS rFkk le; ds
lkFk ifjofrZr ugh gksrh gS] jklk;fud lkE;koLFkk dgykrh gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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lkE; fLFkjkad %& fdz;kQy rFkk fdz;kdkjdksa dh lkUnzrk dk vuqiku fufpr rki rFkk lkE;koLFkk ij fLFkjkad gksrk gS ;k fdlh
mRdze.kh; vfHkfdz;k dk lkE; fLFkjkad vxz ;k izrhi vfHkfdz;k ds osx fLFkjkadks ds vuqikr ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
=
= "0 "80 9
0
"80 9
2- rki
lkekU; vfHkfdz;k
3- LVksbfdvksesVh
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
[
]
=
[ ]
1- nqcZy fo/kqr vi?kV~; %& tyh; foy;u esa vkafkd vk;fur pkydA ;s ;kSfxd xfyr ;k foy;u voLFkk esa fo/kqr dk pkyu ugh
djrs gSA ;s ;kSfxd xfyr ;k foy;u voLFkk esa fo/kqr dk pkyu ugh djrs gSA
462 7 ;$ "<
"
6
fo/kqr vi?kV~;ksa dk fo;kstu %& ge tkurs gS fd dksbZ Hkh jklk;fud ;kSfxd nks ;k nks ls vf/kd vk;uks ls feydj cuk gksrk gS rFkk bldk
iqu% vk;uksa esa VwVuk fo;kstu dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.k %& lksfM;e DyksjkbM+ lk/kkj.k ued &&& ;g lksfM;e rFkk Dyksjhu vk;uksa ls cuk ;kSfxd yo.k gksrk gS
ftlesa nksuks vk;u fo/kqr vkd"kZ.k }kjk vkil esa ca/ks jgrs gS] ysfdu tc bls ty esa Mkyk tkrk gS rks ;g vius vk;uksa esa fo;ksftr gks tkrk
gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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vEy 'kCn ysfVu kCn ,sflM~l ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ [kV~Vk gksrk gS] tcfd {kkj vjch Hkk"kk ds 'kCn ,ydyh ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gS
ikS/kks dh jk[kA
vEy ds y{k.k %&
PH ekidze %& og ekidze ftldh lgk;rk ls vEy&{kkj dh vEyrk ;k lkUnzrk ds _.kkRed ykWxfjFke lk/kkj.k y/kqx.kd dks PH dgrs
gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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PH
foy;u
1 M NaoH
14
1 M NH3
11.6
Blood
7.3-7.5
Urine
5.5-7.5
Coffee
4.5-5.5
Tomato Soup
4.0-4.4
Leman Juice
2.0-2.4
1 M Hcl
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
v/;k; 3
/kkrq] v/kkrq ,oa blds izeq[k ;kSfxd
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jklk;fud vkorZ lkj.kh esa dqy rhu rjg ds rRo ik;s tkrs gS] ftudh Kkr la[;k 109 gSA ;s rRo rhu izdkj esa foHkDr gksrs gS % /kkrq] v/
kkrq ,oa mi/kkrqA bues ls lokZf/kd rRo /kkrq dh Js.kh esa vkrs gS ftudh la[;k yxHkx 80 gSA
/kkrq, rFkk muds ;kSfxd gekjs nSfud thou esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krs gS] tSls dSfYl;e gfM~M;ksa esa] esXuhfk;e ikS/ks esa DyksjksfQy ds dsUnzd
esa] vk;ju jDr es ik;k tkrk gSA
/kkrq,a vkorZ lkj.kh ds S, d rFkk f CykWd esa fLFkr gksrh gSA tcfd v/kkrq,a nk;ha vkSj ik;h tkrh gSA v/kkrqvksa rFkk /kkrqvksa dks ,d lh<huqek
ykbZu }kjk i Fkd fd;k tkrk gS rFkk bl lh<h ij vkus okyh rRo] mi/kkrq dh Js.kh es vkrs gSa [Si, Ge, As, Sb & Te bR;kfn]
/kkrqvksa ds lkekU; xq.k %&
5 - rU;rk mifLFkr] ftl dkj.k /kkrqvks dh iryh ijr rFkk rkj [khps tk ldrs gSA
6 - ijek.kqvksa dk fufpr T;kfefr ljapuk esa tqM+s gksukA
/kkrqvks dh izkfIr %& /kkrq,a eqDr ,oa l;qaDr nksuks voLFkkvksa esa izd fr esa ik;h tkrh gSA /kkrqvks dh izd fr] ueh] 02] lYQj] gSykstu
vkfn ls f;k djus dh gksrh gSA ftl dkj.k ;s bues f;k djds ;kSfxdks ds :i esa Hkw&iiZVh es ikb tkrh gSA **lksuk** ;g ukscy ;k mRd`V
/kkrq gS tks fd izd`fr esa /kkrq ds :i es gh ik;k tkrk gS rFkk fdlh Hkh nsk dh vFkZO;oLFkk mlds **Lo.kZ HkaMkj** ij gh fuHkZj djrh gSa
**leLr /kkrqvksa esa ls yksgk izd`fr es lokZf/kd ik;k tkrk gSA**
[kfut %& vf/kdkak /kkrq,a ;kSfxdks ds :i esa i`Foh ds /kjkry ij ;k Hkw xHkZ ds uhps ikbZ tkrh gS] ftUgs [kuu }kjk fudkyk tkr
gS vr% os ;kSfxd ftUgs [kkuks ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS [kfut dgykrs gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
vr% lHkh v;Ld [kfut gksrs gS] ysfdu lHkh [kfutks }kjk /kkrq fu"d"kZ.k laHko ugh gksrk gS] ;g dsoy mUgh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa laHko gksrk gS tc
ml ;ksfxd esa /kkrq dh mifLFkfr vf/kd gksrh gSA
/kkrqvks ds ;kSfxdks ds vfrfjDr lHkh v;Ldks es jsr] iRFkj] dadj rFkk vU; vokafNr inkFkZ ik;s tkrs
gS] ftUgs /kkrq fu"d"kZ.k ls igys v;Ld ls i Fkd djuk vko;d gksrk gSA vr% /kkrqdeZ og izf;k gS ftles /kkrqvksa dks muds v;Ldks
ls fu"df"kZr fd;k tkrk gSa
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1 - v;Ld dk ihluk ;k pw.khZdj.k %& pwafd v;Ld izkd frd :i ls cM+s&cMs VqdM+ksa ds :i es ik;k tkrk gSA bu VqdM+ksa dks
pq.khZdj.k dh rduhd }kjk cMs&2 nfy=ks esa NksVs&2 VqdM+ks esa dkVdj ckWyfey ;k LVSEi fey esa ckjhd pw.kZ esa cny fn;k tkrk gSA
2- v;Ld dk lkUnz.k %& og fof/k] ftlesa izkdfrd :i ls izkIr v;Ld esa ls vkqf);kW fudkydj /kkrq dh ek=k dk izfrkr c<+k;k
tkrk gS lkUnz.k dgykrk gSA bu vkqf);ksa dks vk/kk=h xSx
a dgrs gSA bl vk/kk=h esa ls cM+s iRFkjksa rFkk vU; vuko;d VqdM+kas dk gkFk ls chudj
vyx dj ysrs gSA
v;Ld dks fuEukafdr fof/k;ksa }kjk lkfUnzr fd;k tkrk gS %&
xq:Roh; i`FFkdj.k %& ;g fof/k xq:Rokd"kZ.k fl)kUr ij dk;Z djrh gSA bl fof/k esa pwf.kZr v;Ld dks ,sl IysVQkWeZ ij j[krs gS tks fd
<yoka gksrk gSA vc bl ij ty dh /kkjk izokfgr djrs gS] ftlls de /kuRo gksus ds dkj.k feh] jsr vkfn rks cgdj ckgj fudy tkrs gS]
ysfdu /kkrq ds d.k Hkkjh gksus ds dkj.k ogh jg tkrs gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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i. pqEcdh; i`FFkdj.k %& ;g fof/k eq[;rk yksgs ds v;Ldksa dks lkafnzr djus ds dke vkrh gSA bl fof/k }kjk pqEcdh; vkqf);ksa dks
iFd fd;k tkrk gSA blds fy, fils gq, v;Ld dks fo/kqr pqEcd ;qDr is ij pdzkdkj ?kqek;k tkrk gS] ftlls uhps fxjrs le;
pwf.kZr v;Ld nks <sfj;ksa ds :i esa ,df=r gksrk gS] ftlesa ls ckgj okyh <sjh vkqf);ksa dh gksrh gS rFkk vUnj okyh <sjh 'kq) v;Ld
dh gksrh gS D;ksfd blesa oS/kqr pqEcdh; vkd"kZ.k ds dkj.k pqEcdh; inkFkZ gksrk gSA
i. >kx Iyou fof/k %& ;g fof/k foys;khyrk ds xq.k ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS vFkkZr~ v;Ld ,oa vkqf};ksa ds d.kks dh ikuh ,oa rsy
esa Hkhxus ds xq.k esa vUrj ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl fof/k }kjk eq[;rk lYQkbM v;Ldksa dk lkUnz.k fd;k tkrk gS D;ksfd blds
v;Ld rsyls rFkk vkqf);kW ikuh }kjk Hkhxrh gSA lYQkbM v;Ld ds pw.kZ dks ikuh ds lkFk feykdj isLV cuk ysrs gS rFkk blesa
FkksMh ek=k es phM+ dk rsy vkSj lksfM;e ,fFky tsUFksV feykrs gSA dqN le; ipkr~ bl feJ.k esa ls >kkx fudyus yxrs gS tks fd
phM ds rsy }kjk curs gS vkSj ,fFky tsUFksV ds dkj.k v;Ld ds d.k ij vk tkrs gSA bl feJ.k esa ok;q ds >ksdksa dks rsth ls izokfgr
djrs gS] ftlls >kx curs gS vkSj gYds d.k lrg ij vk tkrs gS rFkk vkqf);ka uhps ry esa jg tkrh gSA lrg ij mifLFkr >kx
dks nwljsa ik= esa LFkkukarfjr dj ysrs gSA
bl izfdz;k dks >kx Iyou fof/k blfy, dgrs gS D;ksfd v;Ld ds d.k >kx ds lkFk Iyfor rSjrs jgrs gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
i.
jklk;fud fof/k %& bls fuyk{ku Hkh dgrs gS rFkk bl fof/k esa v;Ld ls vkqf);ka nwj djus ds fy, rFkk /kkrq ds iFFkdj.k gsrq
v;Ld rFkk v/kk=h dh fdz;k fdlh inkFkZ ls djok;h tkrh gSA bl fof/k dk mi;ksx eq[; :i ls ,Y;qfefu;e ds lkUnz.k gsrq fd;k
tkrk gSA
3- lkafnzr v;Ld dk /kkrq vkWDlkbM esa ifjorZu %& bl izdze esa nks fof/k;ksa }kjk lakfnzr v;Ld dks vkWDlkbM esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk
gSA
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I. HktZu %& bl fof/k esa lkfUnzr v;Ld dks mlds xyukad ls de rki ij ok;q dh mifLFkfr esa rFkk ijkorZuh Hkh esa xeZ fd;k tkrk gS
ftllsa /kkrq v;Ld vkWDlkbM esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA ;g fof/k eq[; :i ls lYQkbM v;Ldksa dks lkfUnzr djus ds dke vkrh gSA
+
+
?kkfRod lYQkbM
?kkfRod vkWDlkbM
II. fuLikru %& bl fof/k esa Hkh lkafnzr v;Ld dks ijkorZuh Hkh esa ok;q dh vuqifLFkfr esa mlds xyukad ls de rki ij xeZ fd;k tkrk
gSA bl fof/k }kjk eq[;rk ty;ksftr vkWDlkbM] dkcksZusV v;Ldksa dk lkUnz.k fd;k tkrk gSA
/kkrq ;kSfxdksa dk vip;u %& HktZu dk fuLrkiu esa cus vkWDlkbMksa ls eqDr /kkrq izkIr djus ds fy, mudk vip;u djok;k tkrk gSA
vip;u ds fy, eq[;rk dkcZu dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vip;u ds fy, dksd rFkk /kkrq vkWDlkbM dks feykdj okR;k Hkh esa xeZ djus
ls /kkrq vyx gks tkrh gS rFkk blesa mifLFkr vkWDlkbM] dkcZu ls la;ksx dj CO ;k CO2 esa cny tkrh gS] bl lEiw.kZ izdze dks izxyu
dgrs gSA
;fn izxyu fdz;k }kjk /kkrq vkWDlkbM vipf;r ugh gksrk gS rks bldk vip;u /kkrq foLFkkiu ;k oS/kqr vi?kVu }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
4- /kkrqvksa dk 'kqf)dj.k %& mijksDr o.kkZfdar fof/k;ksa }kjk 'kq) /kkrq,a izkIr ugh gksrh] vr% 'kq) /kkrq,a izkIr djus ds fy, vkqf);ksa ds
vk/kkj ij vusd fof/k;ka dke vkrh gS] ftlesa ls vklou] m/oZikru] xyfud i`FFkdj.k ;k oS/kqr vi?kVu gSA oS/kqr vi?kVu }kjk vf/kdkak /
kkrqvksa dk 'kqf)dj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
fo/kqr vi?kVuh; fof/k esa /kkrq ds yo.kh; foy;u dks ,d lsy esa ysrs gS] ftlesa ,uksM+ rFkk dSFkksM+ dh nks NM+s gksrh gS] blesa ls ,suksM eksVh
gksrh gS tks fd vkq) gksrh gS rFkk 'kq) /kkrq dh cuh dSFkksM+ iryh NM+ gksrh gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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bl fof/k }kjk eq[;rk rkack] ,Y;wfefu;e] pkanh rFkk lksuk bR;kfn /kkrqvksa dk 'kqf}dj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
rkcsa dk v;Ld %& ;g pkuksa ds e/; vYiek=k esa eqDr voLFkk esa ik;k tkrk gSA l;qaDr voLFkk esa rkacs dk fuEukaafdr v;Ld gS %&
v;Ld dk uke
v;Ld dk lq=
vkWDlkbM
Cu2 O
lYQkbM
CuFeS2Cu2S
dkcksZuVs
esyd
s kbV
CuCo3 Cu (OH)2
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l;qaDr voLFkk
rkacs dk fu"d"kZ.k %& fdlh Hkh /kkrq dk fu"d"kZ.k] mlds v;Ld ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
1 - eqDr rkacs dk %& rakcs dh cM+h&cM+h pkuks dks rksM+dj mldk pw.kZ cuk fy;k tkrk gS] blds ipkr~ bl pw.kZ dsk ty ds rst
izokg }kjk /kks;k tkrk gS] ftlls pw.kZ esa mifLFkr xanxh tSl feh] dadM+] iRFkj vkfn cg dj vyx gks tkrs gSA blds ckn 'ks"k rkacs
dks xyk fy;k tkrk gS vkSj mls lkapksa esa Hkj nsrs gSa dqN le; ipkr~ B.Mk gksus ds ckn rkacs ds xqVdks dks fudky ysrs gSA
2 - vkWDlkbM rFkk dkcksZusV v;Ldks ls %&
1 - nksuks ds v;Ldks dk pw.kZ cukdj mudk ruq H2SO4 ls fu{kkyu djus ij CuSO4 es ifjofrZr gks tkrk gS] ftldk oS|qr
vi?kVu djus ls dkWij /kkrq ds :i esa izkIr gksrh gSA
2 - f}rh; fof/k esa v;Ldks ds pw.kZ dks fu ikfnr djus ls CO2 rFkk ueh fudy tkrh gSA vkSj ks k vkWDlkbZM ;k dkcksZusV
esa pwf.kZr dksd feykdj ijkorZuh Hkh esa xeZ fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls vkWDlkbM dk vip;u gksrk gSA vkSj dkWij /kkrq izkIr
gksrh gSA
3 - lYQkbM ls %& dkWij ikbjkbVht] dkWij dk eq[; v;Ld gksrk gS] ftlls 78 izfrkr dkWij dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA bl v;Ld
ls dkWij fuEukafdr inks esa izkIr dh tkh gS %&
1 - v;Ld dk ihluk %& nfy= dh lgk;rk ls v;Ld dks NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ks esa cnydj LVsEi fey esa ihl dj eghu pw.kZ
cuk ysrs gSA
2 - lkUnz.k %& v;Ld dks >kx Iyou fof/k }kjk lkfUnzr fd;k tkrk gS A blds fy, pwf.kZr v;Ld dks eFkus ds fy, mlesa
phM+ dk rsy rFkk vEy feykdj ok;q ds rst >ksadks ls eFkk tkrk gS] ifj.kkeLo:i >kx vR;f/kd ek=k esa mRiUu gksrs gS
vkSj dkWij lYQkbM dsfUnzr gksdj nzo dh lrg ij vk tkrs gS rFkk vkqf);ka rRo esa gh jg tkrh gSA Vafd;ks esa bl >kx
dks ,df=r djus ls Cu2S ds d.k ry ij cSB tkrs gSA
3 - HktZu %& ijkorZuh Hkh esa ok;q dks izokfgr dj lkfUnzr v;Ld dks Hkwuus ij CS2 mRiUu gksrh gS rFkk Cu vkSj Fe
dk dqN Hkkx muds vkWDlkbM es ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA lYQkbM v;Ld esa dqN ek=k es vklsfZ ud rFkk ,UVheuh ds vkWDlkbM
ik;s tkrs gS tks fd ok ikhy gksrs gS vr% mudk ijkorZuh Hkh esa ok iu gks tkrk gSA ijkorZuh Hkh esa fuEukfadra izf;k,a
gksrh gS %&
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
1- 2 CuFeS2 = O2 Cu2S +2 FeS + SO2 vkWDlhtu ds lkFk dkWij ikbjkbVht dks HkftZr djus ij D;wizl lYQkbM
rFkk Qsjl lYQkbM izkIr gksrs gSA
2- nksuks gh lYQkbM vkWDlhd r gksdj ek% D;wizl vkWDlkbM rFkk Qsjl vkWDlkbM esa cny tkrs gSA
Cu2S + 3o2 ______ 2 Cu2O + 2 So2
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izxyu %& okR;k Hkh es HkftZr v;Ld dks Mkydj mlesa dqN ek=k es ckyw rFkk dksd feykdj mldk izxyu fd;k tkrk gSA bl f;k esa
Cu2O3, FeS ls f;k djrk gS] ifj.kkeLo:i D;wizl lYQkbM rFkk Qsjl vkWDlkbM curs gSA ;g Qsjl vkWDlkbM ckyw ls f;k djds Qsjl
flfydsV dhV cukrk gSa ;g xyuh; gksrk gS rFkk gYdk gksus ds dkj.k nzo dh lrg ij rSjrk jgrk gSA bl dhV ds uhps fi?kyk gqvk Cu2S
rFkk FeS gksrk gS ftls dkWijeSV dgrs gSA bls Hkh esa fLFkr fNnz }kjk ckgj fudky fn;k tkrk gSA
1cslsej ize %& bl ize }kjk rkack] QQksysnkj :i es izkIr gksrk gS] blds fy, okR;k Hkh esa dkWij eSV dks cSlsej ifjofrZ= esa
Mky nsrs gS] tgka ij dkWij lYQkbM vkWDlhd r gksdj Cu2O nsrk gS tks Cu2S ls f;k dj rkez /kkrq es ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA cSlsej
ifjofrZ= dks >qdkdj laxfyr voLFkk esa Cu dks jsr ls cus lkapksa esa Mky fn;k tkrk gS] ftles ls BaMk gksrs le; SO2 ?kqyh gqbZ voLFkk esa
ckgj fudyus yxrh gS vkSj /kkrq dh lrg QQksysnkj gks tkrh gS] blhfy, bls QQksysnkj rkack (Blister Copper) dgrs gS] ftlesa 98 %
rkack gksrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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okR;k Hkh %& ;g 15&20 QqV aph rFkk 3&5 QqV O;kl dh LVhy dh cuh Hkh gksrh gS ftldk Hkhrjh Lrj vfXu lg bZVksa dk
gksrks gSA bl Hkh ds pkjks rjQ ,d tSdsV gksrk gS ftles xeZ ty izokfgr gksrk jgrk gSA bl Hkh ds uhps dh vksj kqfaMdk,a gksrh gS ftlds
}kjk xeZ ok;q ds >ksadks ls dksd dk ngu gksrk jgrk gSA
2 - rkacs dk
kks/ku %&
1 - gjh ydfM+;ks }kjk %& mi;qZDr izf;k }kjk izkIr rkacs esa vkWDlkbM dk dqN vak jgrk gS ftls gVkus ds fy, cSlsej
ize }kjk izkIr QQksyns kj rkez dks laxfyr fd;k tkrk gS fQj mles gjh ydM+h ds yV~Bs ?kqekrs gS ] ftlls gjh ydM+h
ls fudyus okyh xSlh; gkbMksdkcZu] Cu2O dks dkWij es vipf;r dj nsrs gSA
2 - fo|qr vi?kVu }kjk %& iw.kZr;k 'kq) djus ds fy, rkacs dk fo|qr vi?kVu djk;k tkrk gS] ftlds fy, vEyh;
dkWij lYQsV ds foy;u ;qDr ,d lsy ysrs gS rFkk mlesa kq) rkacs dh iryh NM+ dk dSFkksM+ vkSj vkq) rkacs dh
eksVh NM+ dk ,uksM+ rVdkdj mlesa fo|qr izokfgr djrs gS] ftlls rkack ,uksM+ ls vyx gksdj dSFkksM+ dh vksj xfr
djus yxrk gS] ifj.kkeLo:i dSFkksM+ eksVh gks tkrh gS vkSj vqkf);k ,uksM+ iad ,uksM_
+ eM+ ds :i esa ,uksM+ ij ,df=r
gks tkrh gS] vr% bl izdkj izkIr rkack 100% 'kq) gksrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
yksgs dk /kkrqdeZ %& ;g ,d ,slh /kkrq gS tks fd izkf.k;ksa rFkk ouLifr;ksa ds 'kjhj dk vko;d vax gksrk gS A ;g izkf.k;ska dh jDr
lapkj iz.kkyh dks lqpk: djrk gS D;ksafd ;g muds jDr ds gheksXyksfcu es ik;k tkrk gSA
blds egRo dk vuqeku blh ls yxk;k tkrk gS fd vU; /kkrqvks dh vis{kk yksgs dk mRiknu chl xquk vf/kd gksrk gSA
izkphu dky ls gh yksgs ds fu"d"kZ.k dh fof/k;ka mUur gSA mnkgj.kr;k fnYyh esa dqrqcehukjh ds lehi fLFkr ykSg LrEHk gS] ftl ij
o"kksZ ckn Hkh tax ugh yxk gSA
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yksgs dk mi;ksx blds foy{k.k ;kaf=d xq.kks ds dkj.k bekjrsk] iqyks] tgktks] jsy dh iVfj;ks] ekhuks] vkStkjks bR;kfn esa o`g) Lrj
ij fd;k tkrk gSA
yksgs dk eq[; v;Ld %& ,Y;qfefu;e ds ipkr~ yksgk dh la;qDr voLFkk esa lokZf/kd ek=k es i`Foh ij ik;k tkrk gSa ;g eqDr voLFkk
esa ugh ik;k tkrk gSA ;g l;qaDr voLFkk eas vkWDlkbM] lYQkbM rFkk dkcksZusV ds :i esa izd`fr esa ik;k tkrk gSA
-l-
voLFkk
vkWDlkbM
v;Ld dk uke
v;Ld dk lq=
gSesVkbZV
Fe2O3
eSXusVkbZV
Fe3O4
fyeksukbZV
Fe2O3, H2O
lYQkbV
vk;ju ikbZjkbZV
Fe2S
dkcksuZ Vs
flMsjkbZV
FeCO3
yksgs ds fu"d"kZ.k %& yksgs dk /kkrqdeZ ds fy, eq[;r;k vkWDlkbM ;k dkcksZusV ds v;Ldks dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dkWij fu"d"kZ.k ds
leku] yksgs ds fu"d"kZ.k fuEukafdr izf;k,a gksrh gS %&
1- v;Ld dk pw.kZu %& nfy= dh lgk;rk ls v;Ld dks NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ks es cnydj LVsEi fey esa ihl dj eghu pw.kZ cuk ysrs gsA
2- lkUnz.k %& yksgs ds lkUnz.k ds fy, pqEcdh; i Fkdj.k fof/k iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
3- HktZu %& ijkorZuh Hkh esa v;Ld ds lkFk&lkFk ok;q Hkh izokfgr dj v;Ld dk HktZu fd;k tkrk gSA v;Ld esa C,P,S, vklsZfud bR;kfn
eq[; vkqf);ksa ds :i esa jgrh gSA HktZu }kjk Co2, PO5, CS2 rFkk vU; vkqf);ksa ds ok ikhy vkWDlkbM curs gS tks fd ok iu }kjk
v;Ld ls fudy tkrh gS rFkk vkSj vf/kd HktZu djus ij Qsjl&vkWDlkbM] Qsfjd vkWDlkbM esa ifjofrZu gks tkrh gSA
4- izxyu %& izxyu ds fy, HkftZr v;Ld dks okR;k Hkh esa Mkyk tkrk gS tks fd 80&100 QqV ph rFkk 20&25 QqV O;kl dh gksrh gSA
bl Hkh esa ij ls yksg v;Ld] dksd o FkksM+h ek=k es pwus dk iRFkj feyk jgrk gSA yksgs ds izxyu esa iz;qDr okR;k Hkh dk rkie ij
ls uhps dh vksj c<+rk gSA okR;k Hkh esa yxh kqafMdkvksa esa ok;q izokfgr djus ls dksd dk ngu gksrk gS] ftlls CO curh gS tks fd v;Ld
dks /kkrq esa cny nsrh gSA ;g yksgk okR;k Hkh ds uhps ds Hkkx esa ,df=r gsk tkrk gS] ftles dkcZu] flfydk QkWLQksjl bR;kfn vkqf);k Hkh
foys; gks tkrh gSA bl yksgs dks dPpk yksgk ;k <yoka yksgk dgrs gSA Hkh ds e/; Hkkx esa /kku dh Hkwlh es feyk;k x;k pwus dk iRFkj rki
}kjk vi?kfVr gksrk gS rFkk CaO vkSj Co2 nsrk gS ftles ls CaO flfydk ls la;ksx dj dSfYl;e flfydsV nqxZyuh; dhV cukrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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bl izdkj izkIr dPps yksgs esa 3&4% dkcZu gksrk gSA ;g dBksj fdUrq Hkaxqj gksrk gS] ftls xeZ djds ihVus ls blds fNnzks esa mifLFkr
dkcZu ds d.k ckgj fudy tkrs gS ftlls blesa 0-1 ls 0-25% dkcZu cpk jgrk gSA ftlls ;g eqyk;e gksdj] etcwr rU; rFkk vk/
kkrorZuh; gks tkrk gSA vr% bldk mi;ksx yksgs ds rkj tathjs dhys bR;kfn cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
; xU/kd dk vEy ;k ly;wfjd vEy H2SO4 ******** bls vEyksa dk jktk Hkh dgrs gS D;ksfa d bldk mi;ksx vusd vkS/kksfxd bdkbZ;ksa
esa fd;k tkrk gSA
HCl, HNO3 ;qfj;k ds fuekZ.k esa
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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5- vkSkf/k ds :i esa
1- fojatd ds :i esa
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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4- flfydsV cukus esa & ftudk mi;ksx fo/kqr midj.k] iz;ksxkkyk midj.k] vkIVhdy ysasl rFkk fizTe bR;kfn cukus esa fd;k tkrk
gSA
5- dhksyxj & flfydk dk izfr:i&MkbusekbV lhesUV ds fuekZ.k esa mi;ksxh gS
v- lk/kkj.k ued ;k lksfM;e DyksjkbM %& ;g leqnz ;k [kkjs ikuh dh >hyksa }kjk izkIr gksus okyk yo.k gSA bl yo.k dks izkIr djuk
vR;Ur ljy dk;Z gS D;ksfd ;g [kkjs ikuh ds okiu ls izkIr gksrk gSA bl yo.k esa eSXuhfke rFkk ikSVsfk;e yo.kksa dh Hkh vkqf);ka gksrh
gS] ftUgs nwj djus ds fy, HCl xSl izokfgr dh tkrh gS] ftlls kq) lksfM;e DyksjkbM izkIr gksrk gSA ;g ty esa ?kqyukhy yo.k gSA
mi;ksx %&
3- [kk| lkexzh tSls vpkj bR;kfn dks lajf{kr j[kusa esa mi;ksxh
4- teko feJ.k cukusa esa lgk;d
c- [kkjk lksMk ;k lksfM;e dkcksZusV Na2Co3 %& bls diMs ?kksus dk lksMk ;k lksMk ,sk Hkh dgrs gSA bldk jklk;fud lw=
Na2CO3.10H2O dgrs gSA ;g lQsn fdzLVyh; Bksl gksrk gS ftldk foy;u {kkjh; gksrk gSA
mi;ksx %&
1- fofHkUu mRiknksa ds vkS/kksfxd fuekZ.k esa tSls dkap] lksfM;e flfydsV] dkxt] cksjDl] gkbiks] csfdax ikMj bR;kfn esa
2- ikuh ds enqdj.k esa
3- diM+s /kksus esa
4- xyu feJ.k esaA blesa lksfM;e dkcksZusV ds vykok ikSVsfk;e dkcksZusV gksrk gSA
l- lksfM;e ckbZ dkcksZusV ;k ehBk lksM+k NaHCO3 %& ;g lQsn fdzLVyh; Bksl gksrk gS] tks fd ty es vis{kkd`r de foy;khy
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
gksrk gSA bls tSls gh xeZ fd;k tkrk gS ;g Na2CO3 esa vi?kfVr gks tkrk gSA
mi;ksx %&
1- cSfdax ikMj cukusa esa
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;g lQsn fdzLVyh; Bksl gksrk gS tks fd vR;f/kd Toyukhy gksrk gS vkSj peMh rd tyk nsrk gSA ;g ty esa foys; gS bldk tyh; foy;u
{kkjh; gksrk gS rFkk lkcqu ds ikuh ds leku fpduk gksrk gSA
mi;ksx %&
1- fofHkUu m/kksxksa esa tSls lkcqu] viektZd] dkxt jatd rFkk flYd m/kksx esa
2- iSVksfy;e 'kqf}dj.k esa
3- CO2ds vokks"k.k esaA
; flYoj ukbVsV AgNO3 %& ;g jaxghu] ikjnkhZ] fdzLVyh; Bksl gksrk gS ftls ywukj dkfLVd Hkh dgrs gSA ;g ty esa vf/kd
foys;khy gksrk gSA
mi;ksx %&
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
y fQVdjh K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O %& ;g ,d f}dyo.k gS] ftlesa ,Y;qfefu;e lYQsV rFkk ikSVsfk;e lYQsV gksrs gSA ;g
ty esa ?kqyukhy gSA fdzLVyu ty dh ek=k vf/kd gksus ij fQVdjh xeZ djus ls Qwy tkrh gSA
mi;ksx %&
1- ty enqdj.k esa
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o uhyk FkksFkk ;k dkWij lYQsV CuSO4.5H2O %& ;g uhys jax dk fdzLVyh; pedhyk inkFkZ gksrk gS ftls xeZ djus ij ty
ds v.kq vyx gks tkrs gSA
mi;ksx %&
v/kkrq lYQj xU/kd %& ;g izkphu dky ls Kkr rRo gS tks fd izd`fr esa eqDr rFkk fofHkUu ;kSfxdks ds :i esa feyrk gSA lkekU;r;k
Tokykeq[kh QVus ij ykok ds lkFk fudyrk gSA vusd >juks] dqvksa rFkk ckofM+;ks esa lYQj ds vusd ;kSfxd ik;s tkrs gSA Hkkjr o"kZ esa izkphu
dky ls gh vusd fpfdRldksa }kjk lYQj dk mi;ksx dj dbZ nokbZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA lYQj dks laLd`r esa ^^lYojh** dgrs gS ftldk
rkRi;Z ^^rkcs dk ukkd** gS vFkkZr~ rkacs dks lYQj ds lkFk xeZ djus ij rkacs ds leLr xq.k /keZ u"V gks tkrs gSA
lYQj ds jklk;fud xq.kksa dk v/;;u loZizFke ^^ysokft;j** uked oSKkfud us fd;k FkkA
ijek.kq dzekad %& 16] bySDVkWfud foU;kl %& 1s2]2s2] 2P6]3s23P4
ijek.kq Hkkj %& 32
vij:i ,o vij:irk %& fdlh rRo ds nks ;k nks ls vf/kd :i tks ,d nwljs ls HkkSfrd xq.kksa rFkk T;kferh; lajpuk esa fofHkUurk nkkZrs
gS] ijUrq leku jlk;fud xq.k j[krs gS] rRo ds vij:i dgykrs gSA rRoksa ds bl xq.k dks vij:irk dgrs gSA
lYQj ds vij:i %& fdzLVyh; ,oa vfdzLVyh; nksuksa gh izdkj ds vij:i lYQj nkkZrk gSA
v fdzLVyh; vij:i %& fdzLVyh; ,oa vfdzLVyh; nksuksa gh izdkj ds vij:i gksrs gSA
I.
jksfEcd lYQj ;k ,YQk lYQj %& ;g lYQj esa vfoys; rFkk dkcZuMkbZ lYQkbM esa foys; vij:i gksrk gS tks fd
lkekU; rki ij Hkh vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gSA bl vij:i dks tc vfrmPp rki 368-6k ;k 96-50C ij xeZ fd;k tkrk gS rks
vU; fdzLVyh; vij:i ^^eksuks fDyfud** lYQj esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
eksuks fDyfud ;k chVk lYQj %& bls 'kadq lYQj Hkh dgrs gS D;ksfd blds fdzLVy lqbZ ds vkdkj ds leku gksrs gSA ;g Hkh
ty esa vfoys; rFkk CO2 esa foys; gksrk gSA ;g 368-6 K rki ij LFkk;h gksrk gS] ysfdu blls rki ;g
I. lYQj esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA vr% 368-6 K rki ladze.k gksrk gS D;ksfd bl rki ij nksuks vij:i lgvfLro esa jgrs gSA
nksuks vij:i lg vfLrRo esa jgrs gSA
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1- IykfLVd lYQj %& BaMs ty esa mcyrs gq, lYQj dks Mkyus ij jcj ds leku dksey lYQj izkIr gksrk gS ftls IykfLVd lYQj
dgrs gSA ;g vLFkkbZ vij:i gksrk gS tks fd jksfEcd lYQj esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA jkseu Hkk"kk esa bls y xkek lYQj dgrs gS
2- lYQj nw/k ;k MsYVk lYQj %& ;g nokbZ cukusa esa iz;qDr gksus okyk lQsn jax dk fdzLVyh; lYQj gksrk gSA
3- dksy;M+h lYQj %& gkbMkstu lYQkbM H2S dks ruq ukbfVd vEy HNO3 esa izokfgr djus ij ;g vij:i izkIr gksrk gSA
;g vkS"kf/k cukusa esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA
xeZ djus ij ;k dqN nsj ckn dksyk;M+h lYQj Lor% gh jksfEcd lYQj esa cny tkrk gSA
lYQj ds mi;ksx %&
4- vkSkf/k cukusa esaA jDr nksk fuokj.k rFkk peZ jksxksa esa vkSkf/k mi;ksxh
5- jcj ds oYdhuhdj.k esa
QkWLQksjl %& bl rRo dh [kkst lu~ 1669 esa teZuh ds oSKkfud czkaM us ew=] jsr rFkk dks;ys ds vklou }kjk dhA bl rRo dh foks"krk
;g gksrh gS fd ;g va/ksjs esa pedrk gS blfy, QkWLQksjl dgk x;kA
vR;f/kd fdz;kkhy gksus ds dj.k ;g dsoy QkWLQsV ;kSfxdksa esa la;qDr :i ls ik;k tkrk gSA
ijek.kq dzekad 15 % ijek.kqHkkj 31 % v.kw lw= 15P31
1lQsn QkWLQksjl %& ;g kq) voLFkk esa ik;k tkus oky lQsn jax dk gksrk gS tks fd ihys jax esa /khjs&/khjs cnyrk tkrk gSA ;g
yglqu dh xa/k ;qDr tgjhyk QkWLQksjl gksrk gSA QkWLQksjl dh prqLQydh; P4 O;oLFkk esa P-P-P ds e/; 600 dk dks.k gksus ds dkj.k blesa
vf/kd ruko gksrk gS] ;gh dkj.k gS fd lQsn QkWLQksjly fdz;kkhy gksrk gS rFkk ok;q dh mifLFkfr esa ;g Toyukhy gksrk gS blfy, blsa
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
BaM ty esa j[kk tkrk gSA e`nq izdqfr ds dkj.k bl ljyrkiw.kZd dkVk tkrk gSA
1- yky QkWLQksjl %& ;g xa/k jfgr tfVy Ja[kyk okyk QkWLQksjl gksrk gSA bldh T;kferh; lajpuk esa P-P-P ds e/; 1000 dk
cU/k dks.k gksrk gSA bldk ngukad mPp gksrk gSA
2- dkyk QkWLQksjl %& bldh lajpuk ijrnkj gksrh gS rFkk vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gSA ;g Hkh xa/k jfgr gksrk gSA
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mijksDr vij:iksa ds vykok cSaxuh rFkk xgjk yky QkWLQksjl Hkh vij:i gksrs gSA
mi;ksx %&
1- fn;klykbZ cukusa esa mi;ksxh&yky QkWLQksjl&QkWLQksjl czksat uked feJ /kkrq ftlesa dkWij] fVu RkFkk QkWLQksjl gksrk gSA
2- /kq,sa ds xqCckjsa] vkx ds xksys] vkx ds [ksy dk iznkZu rFkk jax fcjaxh pedrh fn;klykbZ lQsn QkWLQksjl
3- pwgs ekjusa dh nok dk feJ.k & QkWLQksjly ds ;kSfxd &&&& ftad QkWLQkbm $ dSfYl;e QkWLQkbM+
v vktksu O3 %& ;g ,d xSl gksrh gS tks fd vkWDlhtu dk vij:i gksrh gS ;g ok;qe.My esa ,d ijr ds :i esa gksrh gS tks fd lw;Z
ls vkus okyh gkfudkjd ijkcSaxuh fdj.kks ls gekjh j{kk djrh gS] vr% ;g lqj{kkRed ijr gSA
mi;ksx %&
1- rhoz vkWDlhdkjd
4- jksx.kqukkd ds :i esa
5- ty 'kqf)dj.k esa
6- dhVk.kqukkd ds :e esa
7- gok dks 'kq) djus ds fy,
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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1- bldk ruq foy;u jksxk.kqukkh gksrk gS] ftls ?kko rFkk pksV ij yxk;k tkrk gS
2- lkUnz foy;u jkWdsV bZ/ku ds vkWDlhdkjd ds :i esa iz;qDr gksrk gS
3- ydM+h dh yqxnh ds fy, fojatd ds :i esa
6- iqjuksa fp=ksa dks iqu% pedkus ds fy, ysM (Pb), H2S ls fdz;k dj PbS esa ifjofrZr gksdj eVeSyk gks tkrk gSA H2O2 vkWDlhdkjd
xq.kksa ds dkj.k PbS dks lQsn PbSO4 esa vkWDlhd`r dj nsrk gSA
l veksfu;k NH3mi;ksx %&
1- ukbVkstu ;qDr moZjdksa ds fuekZ.k esa] tSls veksfu;e ukbVsV] veksfu;e QkWLQsV] veksfu;;e lYQsV] ;wfj;k cukusa esa
2- ukbfVd vEy cukusa esa
n ukbfVd vEy HNO3 %& ;g 'kksjs dk vEy gS tks fd rhoz vEy gksrk gSA ;g izeq[k vkWDlhdkjd gksrk gSA
mi;ksx %&
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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1914 ls gekjs jkV esa lhesUV dk vkS|ksfxd mRiknu izkjEHk gqvkA foxr~ 60 o"kksZ ls jktLFkku Hkh lhesaV mRiknu esa vxz.kh gSA bl le; jkT;
esa fprkSM+] C;koj] fuEckgsMk] fljksgh rFkk xksVu esa lhesUV QSfDV;k fLFkr gSA
lhesUV dk jklk;fud laxBu %&
123456-
pwuk
50-60%
(CaO)
flfydk
20-25%
(SiO 2)
,yqfeuk
05-10%
(Al 2O 3)
eSXuhfk;e vkWDlkbM
02-03%
(MnO2)
QSjl vkWDlkbM
01-02%
(fe 2O 3 )
lYQsV
01-02%
(SO 3 )
;fn lhesUV lQsn cukuh gks rks mlesa fe2O3dk mi;ksx ugh djrsA
fuekZ.k izfdz;k %& loZizFke pwus ds iRFkj rFkk flfydk dk vuqikrh feJ.k esa ysdj ckjhd ihlrs gSA bl izkIr feJ.k dks /kw.kZu Hkh esa 17701870K rki ij tykus ij ;g feJ.k ^^fDyadj** esa cny tkrk gS tks fd flfydsV~ rFkk ,yqfeusV~l dk tfVy feJ.k gksrk gSA
bl feJ.k esa CaSO4.2H2O Hkkjkuqlkj feykdj ckjhd ihl ysrs gSA
ikuh dh mifLFkfr esa blds teusa esa yxus okyk le;] ftIle dh ek=k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
lhesUV esa ikuh feykusa ls ;g tSy inkFkZ esa cny tkrk gS tks fd FkksMs le; ipkr~ dBksj Bksl esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA
orZeku esa lhesaV dh xq.kork cuk,sa j[kus rFkk dherksa esa deh ykus ds fy, blesa ykbZ,sk feykrs gS] ftlesa lhesaV ds leku xq.k gksrs gSA
lhesaV cukusa esa pkoy dh Hkwlh dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS D;ksfd blesa flfydk dh dkQh ek=k gksrh gSA
IykLVj vkWQ isfjl P.O.P. %& ;g ftIle dk gh ,d dBksj :i gS tks fd lQsn jax dk vfrfpduk inkFkZ gksrk gSA bldk mi;ksx
ty ds lkFk yqxnh cukdj fd;k gSA pwafd ikuh feykus ds dqN le; ipkr~ ;g dBksj gks tkrk gS blhfy, Hkou fuekZ.k esa lheaV ds vykok
pwus rFkk P.O.P. dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
P.O.P. dk fuekZ.k dSfYl;e lYQsV ;k ftIle ds vkafkd futZyhdj.k }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA blds fy, ftIle dks eghu pw.kZ cukdj 393403K rki ij Hkh esa xeZ fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls CaSO4 ds ds ,d v.kq ds 1@2 v.kq ikuh dk fefJr gks tkrk gS vr% P.O.P; CaSO4
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
dk v)Z gkbMsV dgrs gSA ;fn bl jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k esa rki dks fu;af=r ugh fd;k tkosa rks iwjk feJ.k ty tkrk gS rFkk izkIr er Tofyr
IykLVj dgykrk gSA
+
mi;ksx %&
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SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
v/;k; 4
dkcZu rFkk dkcZu ds egRoiw.kZ ;kSfxd
gekjs nSfud thou esa dke vkus okys dbZ inkFkksZ esa dkcZu] rRo izeq[krk ls ik;k tkrk gS] dkcu vius fofkV xq.kksa ds dkj.k brus ;kSfxdksa
dk fuekZ.k djrk gS fd budh la[;k vU; lHkh rRoksa }kjk cuk, x;s ;kSfxdksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh gSA
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4- ;g leprqQydh; T;kfefr nkkZrk gS] ftlesa bldh pkjks la;kstdrk,a lepqQyd ds pkjksa dksuks dks bafxr djrh gSA
5- dkcZu dh izR;sd la;kstdrk ds e/; 109028* dk dks.k gksrk gSA
6- dkcZu ijek.kq dh eq[; foks"krk bld J`a[kyu gS] ftlds dkj.k dkcZu ijek.kq vkil esa ;k nwljs vU; rRoksa ds lkFk feydj dbZ
;kSfxdkas dk fuek.kZ djrs gSA
7- dkcZu ijek.qk ,dy] f}ca/k ;k f=ca/k }kjk tqM+s jgrs gSA
8- ;s vkils esa lo`r ;k foo`r J`a[kyk }kjk tqM+s jgrs gSA
v- gkbMksdkcZu %& dkcZu ;k vU; rRo izdfr esa dHkh Hkh LorU= voLFkk esa ugh ik;s tkrs gS rFkk LFkkf;Ro ds fy, vU; rRoksa ds lkFk
la;ksx dj v.kq rFkk ;kSfxd dk fuekZ.k djrs gSA
pwafd dkcZu ijek.kq dh la;kstdrk 4 gksrh gS] ftls iw.kZ djus ds fy, ;g vusd ijek.kqvksa ls la;ksx djrk gSA
os ;kSfxd tks dkcZu rFkk gkbMkstu ls feydj cus gksrs gS] gkbMksdkcZu dgykrs gSA
mnkgj.k %& CH4 esFksu] C2H6 ,Fksu] C3H8 izksisu
gkbMksdkcZu dk oxhZdj.k %&
J`a[kyu dh izofr ds vk/kkj ij gkbMksdkcZu dks eq[;rk nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gS %& 1 pdzh; 2 vpdzh; vpdzh;
gkbMks&dkcZu ca/k ds vk/kkj ij fuEukafdr rhu izdkj esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS%&
,%/ ;!
, / ;!
, / ;!
,;
,
,
/
/
/
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
ukedj.k %& dkcZu ds vusd ;kSfxdksa ds dkj.k budh igpku dfBu gksrh gS] blhfy, ^^vUrjkZ"Vh; fokq} vkSj vuqiz;qDr jlk;u la/k**
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE & APPLIED CHEMISTRY. I.U.P.A.C. dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa ds ukedj.k viuh
i}fr esa fd; ftlds vuqlkj
dkcZfud ;kSfxd esa mifLFkr dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij mldk iwoZyXu fy[kk tkrk gSA
2.
bu ;kSfxdksa dk vuqdj.k dk fu/kkZj.k] ;kSfxd esa mifLFkr ca/k ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA
3.
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1.
gkbMksdkcZu dk iwjk uke] iwoZyXu rFkk vuqyXu dks tksM+dj fy[kk tkrk gSA
1 esFk
2 ,sFk
3 izksi
4 C;wV
5 isUV
6 gsDl
7 gsIV
8 vkWDV
9 ukWu
10
10 Msd
iwoZyXu
,;
,
,
vuqyXu
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2.
3.
4.
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1.
n=1
CnH2x1+2=C1H4=CH4 ;k esFksu
n=2
C2H2x2+2=C2H6 ;k ,sFksu
n=3
C3H3x2+2=C3H8 ;k izksisu
n=4
C4H4x2+2=C4H10 ;k C;wVsu
foks"k %& pwafd f}ca/k rFkk f=ca/k gsrq U;wure nks dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh vko;drk gksrh gS vr% bu Js.kh ds ;kSfxdksa esa n=1 ugh gksrk gSA
n=2 C2H2x2 = C2H4 ;k CH2 = CH2 ,Fkhu ;k ,fFkyhu
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
n=2
n=3
n=4
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vij:i %& dkcZu viuh la;kstdrk iw.kZ djus ds fy, gkbMkstu ds vfrfjDr vkWDlhtu] lYQj] ukbVkstu] QkWLQksjl] gSyktu~l bR;kfn
ls jklk;fud fdz;k dj vusd izdkj ds ;kSfxd cukrk gS] pwafd bu lHkh ;kSfxdksa esa dkcZu mifLFkr gksrs gq, Hkh buds xq.k/keZ fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs
gSa] vr% fdlh Hkh rRo ds nks ;k nks ls vf/kd :i tks xq.k /keksaZ esa ,d nwljs ls i;kZIr fHkUu gksrs gS] vij:i dgykrs gS vkSj rRokdsa dk ;g
xq.k vij:irk dgykrk gSA
dkcZu esa nks izdkj ds vij:i esa dkcZufd ;kSfxd dh T;kfefr fufpr jgrh gS vFkkZr~ dkcZu ijek.kq fufpr O;oLFkk esa l;ksftr jgrs gSaA
I ghjk %&
1- dkcZu dk vfrkq) :i
4- ghjk] fdzLVyh; ikjnkZd gksrk gS] D;ksfd dks;ys dh rgks ij pkuksa dk vR;f/kd nkc iM+rk gSA
5- ghjk] prq"Qydh; T;kfefr dk gksrk gS vFkkZr~ blesa izR;sd dkcZu ijek.kq pkj vU; ijek.kqvksa ls f?kjk jgrk gSA
6- dkcZu dh pkjksa la;kstdrk,a 4 dkcZu ijek.kqvksa }kjk iwjh gksus ds dkj.k buesa eqDr bySDVkWu ugh gksr]s ftl dkj.k ;s fo/kqr ds dqpkyd
gksrs gSA
7- ghjs esa lglatkstd cU/k izcy gksrs gS rFkk buesa f=fofe; tky gksrk gS] ftl dkj.k ghjk vR;Ur dBksj gksrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
mi;ksx %&
1- cgqewY; jRuksa] vkHkw"k.kksa esa
2- Qksuksxzke dh lqbZ cukus esa
3- dkp dkVus esa
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II xzsQkbV %& ;g ^^xzsQks** 'kCn ls cuk gS] ftldk eryc fy[kukA bls kq: esa lhls dk vij:i ekuk x;k Fkk] blfy, fy[kus okyh isafly
dks ^lhls okyh isafly* vkt Hkh dgk tkrk gS] ftlesa okLro esa xzsQkbV gksrk gSA
1- dkys ?kwlj jax dk inkFkZ
5- xzsQkbV esa izR;sd dkcZu ijek.kq] vU; rhu dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ls tqM+dj oV~dks.kh; oy; lajpuk cukrs gS] tks ijLij feydj ijr
lajpuk cukrh gS
6- blesa 4 bySDVksu eqDr ,oa xfrkhy gksrs gS] vr% xzsQkbM] fo/kqr dk lqpkyd gksrk gS
izR;sd ijr ds e/; nqcZy cU/k rFkk muds e/; vf/kd nwjh gksus ds dkj.k ijrsa ,d nwljs ij fQlyrh jgrh gSA
xzsQkbV dk mi;ksx %&
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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Dyksjks&yqvksjks dkcZu@fQzvkWu %& ,sYdsuksa ds ikWyh Dyksjksyqvksjks O;qRiUu viuh la;kstdrk iwjh djus ds fy, dkcZu ijek.kq tc Dyksjhu
rFkk yksjhu ijek.kqvksa ls la;ksx djrk gS rks buls cus ;kSfxd Dyksjks&yqvksjks dkcZu ;k fQz;kWu ;k CFC dgus gSA bu ;kSfxdksa ds ukedj.k
ds fy, fQzvkWu esa mifLFkr dkcZu] gkbMkstu vkSj yksjhu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;kvks dk mi;ksx djrs gSA
tSls %& XYZ
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
fQzvkWu uke
CFCl3
fQzvkWu & 11
CF2Cl2
fQzvkWu & 12
C2F2Cl4
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v.kql=
q
C2F3Cl5
C2F4Cl2
mi;ksx %&
;g CNG; i`Foh dh xgjkbZ esa iSVksfy;e dh ijh ijr ds :i esa ik;h tkrh gS ;g xSlsa] iSVksfy;e ds [kuu ds lkFk ckgj fudyrh gS rFkk
bUgs mPp rki ij laihfM+r fd;k tkrk gS] rc bUgsa CNG dgrs gSA
foks'krk, %&
2- dkcZu dh izfrkr ek=k de gksus ds dkj.k ;g vU; iSVksfy;e mRiknksa ls vf/kd csgrj gksrh gS D;ksfd bls ngu djus ij CO rFkk
CO2 dh ek=k de gksrh gSA
3- LPG dh rqyuk esa gYdh gksus ds dkj.k ;g lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gS ;fn LPG dk fjlko gks rks Hkkjh gksus ds dkj.k
uhps lrg ij ,d= gks tkrh gS vkSj nq/kZVuk gks ldrh gS tcfd CNG dk fjlko gksus ij ;g ok;q esa QSy tkrh gSA
1- bZa/ku ds :i esa
2- i;kZoj.k dks iznw"k.k eqDr djus ds fy, iSVksy rFkk Mhty ds fodYi ds rkSj ijA
cgqyd POLYMER %& cgqyd og dkcZfud ;kSfxd gksrk gS] ftldk Lo;a dk v.kqHkkj vfr mPp gksrk gS] ysfdu ;g ,d ;k ,d ls
vf/kd izdkj ds de v.kqHkkj okys NksV&NksVs vusd v.kqvksa dk feydj cuk gksrk gSA]
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
2- laysf"kr
1- izkd`frd cgqyd %& izd`fr }kjk iznr & jcj] LVkpZ] lsY;qyksl] jsthu bR;kfnA
2- laysf'kr cgqyd %& ekuo }kjk fufeZr & laysf'kr jcj] d`f=e jsks] IykfLVd bR;kfn
d`f=e jsks %&
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1- ukbykWu&66 %& ;g vR;f/kd etcwr df=e jskk gSA ;g df=e jskk ,fMfid vEy rFkk gsDlk esfFkyhu MkbZ ,ehu dh bdkbZ;ksa ds
la/kuu ls cuk gksrk gSA bl jsksa dh ;g fokskrk gksrh gS fd blesa nksuks ;kSfxdksa ds 6&6 dkcZu ijek.kq gksrs gS] blhfy, bls ukbykWu&66
Hkh dgrs gSA
;g ikWfy,sekbM cgqyd Hkh dgykrk gS D;ksfd blesa ,ekbM cU/k -CO-NH mifLFkr gksrk gSA bldk xyukad mPp gksrk gS rFkk ;g dbZ
foyk;dksa esa v?kqyukhy gksrk gSA
HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH+nNH2-(CH2)6-NH2
,sfMfid vEy
gsDlkesfFkyhu Mkb,ehu
[-CO-(CH2)4-CO-NH-(CH2)6-NH-]n + n H2O
ikWyh,ekbM cgqyd ukbykWu 66
mi;ksx %&
3- Vsjhyhu %& bls MsdzkWu Hkh dgrs gS rFkk bldk fuekZ.k ,fFkyhu XykbdkWy vkSj VjFkSfjd vEy dh la/kuu fdz;k }kjk gksrk gSA bldh
lcls cMh fokskrk ;g gksrh gS fd ;g kqd rFkk xhyh voLFkk esa Hkh viuh vkd`fr esa jgrk gSA blds vykok ;g vYiu;h vokks"k.k]
fkdu jks/kh] lw;Z rki ,oa ekSle ds izfr izfrjks/kh gksrk gSA
mi;ksx %& diM+s] ukoksa dh iky] csYV] fQYe] pqEcdh; Vsi bR;kfnA
1- js;kWu %& ;g iqu% fufeZr lsY;wykst gksrk gS] ftls cukus ds fy, lsY;wykst dks NaOH lksfM;e gkbMkWDlkbM ds foy;u esa fHkxksdj
lkQ dj dkcZuMkbZ lYQkbM CS2 esa ?kksyk tkrk gS] ftlls lsY;wyksl izkIr gksrk gSA blds ipkr~ foy;u dks ruq H2SO4 esa
Mkyus ij eghu pednkj jsks curs gS] tks fd okLri esa js;kWu gksrs gSA
mi;ksx %& oL=] /kkxs] nfj;kW cukus esaA
IykfLVd %& ;g og cgqyd ;kSfxd gksrs gS] ftUgs bPNkuqlkj vyx&vyx lkapks esa <kyk tkrk gSA IykfLVd cgqyd fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gS
%&
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
ikWyh,Fkhu %& ;g yphyk rFkk lqn`<+ IykfLVd gksrk gS] ftls mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr esa mPp rki rFkk nkc ij ,Fkhu ds cgqyhdj.k }kjk izkIr
fd;k tkrk gSA bldk mi;ksx lkeku ykus dh FkSfy;ka] ikbi] V~;wc] cksry bR;kfn cukusa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
2- ikWyhokbfuy DyksjkbM PVC %& okbfuy DyksjkbM ds cgqyhdj.k }kjk PVC izkIr fd;k tkrk gS ftldk mi;ksx FkSfy;ka] twrs] pIiy]
f[kykSus] ikbZi] fo/kqrjks/kh ijrsa] Qksuksxzke dh fjdkWMZ] bR;kfn cukusa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
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3- vkWjykWu %& bls okbfuy lkbukbM ds cgqyhdj.k }kjk izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA bldk jklk;fud uke ikyhokbfuy lkbukbM ;k ikWyh ,fdzyks
ukbVkby PAN gksrk gSA bldk mi;ksx LosVj] ckfFkax lwV] u] rfd;s] xs bR;kfn cukusa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
4- ikWyhesfFky esFk,fdzysV %& ;g dBksj rFkk ikjnkhZ IykfLVd gksrk gS] ftls esfFky esFk ,fdzyVs ds cgqyhdj.k }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSA bldk
mi;ksx dkjksa ds ykbV doj] vkd"kZd lkbucksMZ] ysal] jkskunku] ok;q;ku dh f[kM+fd;ka bR;kfn cukus ds fy, dkWap ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k
tkrk gSA
5- ikWyh LVkbjhu %& bls LVkbjhu ds cgqyhdj.k }kjk cuk;k tkrk gS] ftldk mi;ksx cksryksa ds <Ddu] NksVs jsfM;ksa ds dsfcusV] jsfQztjsVj
ds Hkkx] f[kykSu] da?ks nhokjksa dh VkbYl] pk; ds di] iSafdx lkexzh esa fd;k tkrk gSA
jcj %& ;g vkblksizhu dk cgqyd gksrk gS tks fd izkd`frd voLFkk esa ,d o{k }kjk nzo ds :i esa izkIr fd;k tkrk gS ftls ysVsDl jcj{khj
dgrs gSA
bl ysVsDl esa ,lhfVd vEy feykus ij vR;Ur Bksl jcj gks tkrk gS] ftldh izR;kLFkrk ,oa yuu lkeF;Z vR;Ur de gksrh gS] ftl dkj.k
blls vU; mRikn ugh cuk;s tk ldrs] vr% oYdhuhdj.k dh fdz;k }kjk blesa dk;Z dj lYQj feyk;k tkrk gS ftlls bldh xq.kork rFkk
ruu lkeF;Z c<+ tkrh gSA ;g jcj dBksj] vizR;kLFk ,oa de f?klus okyk gksrk gS] ftldk mi;ksx Vk;j] V;wc cukusa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
laysf"r jcj %& bl jcj dk izknqHkkZo ml le; gqvk tc izFke foo ;q) ds nkSjku teZuh dks izkdfrd jcj feyuk cUn gks x;k] rc
ogka ds oSKkfukdsa us 2]3 MkbZ eSfa Fky&1]3 C;qVkMkbZu dk cgqyhdj.k fd;k] ftlls izkIr mRikn jcj leku Fkk] ftls oSKkfudksa us C;wuk uke fn;kA
C;wuk izkIr djus ds fy, mijksDr dkcfud ;kSfxd dks Na ds }kjk Co2 ds okrkoj.k esa mRizsfjr dj izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
C;wuk = BuNa = Bu = C;wVkMkb}Zu] Na = lksfM;e
mi;ksx %& iSVksy uy] rsy Vafd;k] Vk;j&V~;wc] fpfdRlk midj.k] twrks ds rys] xsLdsV bR;kfn cukus esaA
lkcqu ,oa viektZd %& fMVtsZUV 'kCn xzhd Hkk"kk ds 'kCn ^^fMVjthu** SOAP & DETRTGENT ls cuk gksrk gS ftldk eryc
LoPNdrkZ ;k TO WIPE CLEAN ls gSA
lkcqu %& ;s lksfM;e ;k ikSVsfk;e yo.k gksrs gS] ftlesa 12 ls 18 dkcZu ijek.kq okys mPp olh; vEy vkfyd] fLV,fjd ,oa ikfefVd vEy
gksrs gSA
lkcquhdj.k %& bl fdz;k ds vUrxZr olk rsy dh fdz;k NaoH/KoH ls djok;h tkrh gS] ftlls olk esa mifLFkr dkcksZfDlfyd vEy]
{kkj ls fdz;k dj lksfM;e yo.k lkcqu rFkk fXyljkWy curk gSA blds ipkr~ foy;u esa Nacl lksfM;e DyksjkbM feykus ij lkcqu i`Fkd
gks tkrk gSA ugkus ds fy, lksfM;e yo.k ;qDr rFkk 'ksfoax fdze] 'kSEiw ds fy, ikSVsfk;e yo.k ;qDr lkcqu dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
foks"k %& lkcqu dks ikjnkhZ cukus ds fy, fXyljhu dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
laysf"kr viektZd %& lkcquksa dk izpyu orZeku le; esa de gksus ds dkj.k laysf"kr viektZd vf/kd mi;ksx esa yk;s tk jgs gSA ;s
viektZd lksfM;e ,fYdy lYQsV ;k yEch J`[kayk oky casthu lYQksfud vEy ds lksfM;e yo.k ls curs gSA
R-O-SO2O-Na+ R-C6H5-SO2-0-Na+
lksfM;e ,fYdy lYQsV
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;g lkcquksa dh rqyuk esa vPNs gksrs gS D;ksfda ;s dBksj yu esa foys; gksus ds dkj.k vPNs ifj.kke nsrs gS] tcfd lkcqu dBksj ty esa foys;
ugh gksrk gS D;ksfd lkcqu esa mifLFkr dSfYl;e ;k eSXuhfke] ty ls fdz;k dj lksfM;e ds LFkku ij Ca+2 ;k Mg+2 vk tkrs gS rFkk lksfM;e
lkcqu Ca ;k Mg lkcqu esa cny tkrk gS tks fd ty esa vfoys; gksrk gS rFkk fpifpik ,oa xans >kx tSlk inkFkZ curk gS vkSj diM+k lkQ
ugh /kqyrkA bldh rqyuk esa viektZd] ty esa mifLFkr Ca ;k Mg vk;u ls fdz;k dj Ca ;k Mg ds lYQksusV cukrs gS tks fd ty esa
foys; gksrk gS vkSj dBksj ty esa xans >kx ugh cukrk rFkk diM+s Hkh lkQ ?kqyrs gSA
izkjEHk esa cuk;s tkus okys viektZd lksfM;e ,fYdy lYQsV ls curs Fks] tks fd thok.kqvksa }kjk vi?kfVr ugh gksrs gS] ysfdu orZeku esa tks
viektZd curs gS] mUgs yEch Ja[kyk okys lksfM;e ,fYdy csathu lYQksusV ls cukrs gS] tks fd e`nq gksrs gS vkSj thok.qvksa }kjk vklkuh ls
vi?kfVr gksrs gS vkSj ty dks de iznwf"kr djrs gSA
bu viektZdksa dh {kerk c<kus ds fy, buesa vdkcZfud QkWLQsV feyk;k tkrk gS] ftlds dkj.k dBkjs ty esa mifLFkr Ca2+ ,oa Mg2+ vk;uksa
dh foys; djus dh {kerk c<+ tkrh gSA diM+ksa dk lQsn rFkk mTToy djus ds fy, bu viektZdksa esa fojathdkjd ds :i esa lksfM;e ij
vkWDlkscksjV feyk;k tkrk gSA
dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh yEch Ja[yk oky fljk v/kqzoh; gksrk gS tks fd diM+ks ij yxh fpdukbZ ,oa xanxh dks ?kksydj xanxh dks diM+ks ls
vyx djrk gSA ty esa foys; fljk ?kqzoh; gksrk gSA
ihM+dukkh isLV~hlkbM %& os jklk;fud ;kSfxd tks dhVks rFkk vU; NksVs cM+s izkf.k;ksa dks u"V djusa esa iz;qDr gksrs gSA ihM+dukkh dgykrs
gSA ;s ihM+d ukkh d`f"k mRiknksa rFkk ekuo iztkfr dks Hkh vizR;{k ;k izR;{k :i ls uqdlku igqapkrs gSA
ihM+dukfk;ksa dks fuEu Hkkxksa esa oxhZdr fd;k x;k gS %&
1.
dhVukkh
v"Vikn ukkh
lw = dfe"ukkh
ew"kd ukkh
eksyLdh lkbM+
6.
Qaxl ukkh
7.
'kkd ukkh
2.
3.
4.
5.
dhVukkh %& os ihMdukkh ftudk mi;ksx d`f"k mRikn rFkk laxzfgr mit dh ukkd dhVks ls j{kk djus gsrq fd;k tkrk gS
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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2- os jlk;u ftuds lEidZ esa vkrs gh dhV u"V gks tkrs gSA
3- /kweu fo"k %& bl fo"k dk vlj dhVks ds 'okl rU= ij gksrk gS] ftlds dkj.k 'olu ufy;k vo:) gks tkrh gS rFkk vUr esa dhV
ej tkrk gSA]
mnkgj.k %& QkWLQhu] ,Fkhyhu MkbZ DyksjkbM] esfFky czksekbM B.H.C. bR;kfnA
4- tho nzO; fo"k %& bu fo"kksa dk izHkko dhVksa dh dksfkdkvksa ds thonzO; ds izksVhu dks u"V djrk gS rFkk dhV ej tkrk gSA
SUCCESS
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Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
v/;k; 5
dkk
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dkk %&
;g tkZ dk ,d :i gksrk gS] ftlds }kjk n`f"V laosnuk mRiUu gksrh gS rFkk ;g gekjh vka[kks ds jsfVuk dks izHkkfor
dj gesa oLrqvksa dk vkHkkl djokrh gS A
mnkgj.k %& ,d lqxzkgh FkekZehVj dks lw;Z ds izdkk esa j[kus ij mlesa ikjk p<+ tkrk gS] tks bl rF; dh iqf"V djrk gS fd izdkk esa eh;
izHkko gksrk gS rFkk blls ;g fl) gksrk gS fd izdkk tkZ dk ,d :i gksrk gS A
dkk dh izd`fr %& tkZ ds bl :i dh izd`fr dks le>us ds fy, le; ≤ ij vusd oSKkfudksa us vius ek fl)kUr izLrqr fd,
tks fuEu gS %&
1- izdkk dk df.kdk fl)kUr %& U;wVu 1660 bZ- ds vuqlkj izdkk] d.kksa dk cuk gksrk gS A ;s d.k vn`;] vla[;] lw{e rFkk
gYds gksrs gS vkSj lHkh fnkkvksa esa izdkk ds osx 3x108 ehVj@lSa- ls pyrs gS A tc ;s vkWa[k ds jsfVuk ij vkifrr gksrh gS vka[kksa
dks izdkk dk vkHkkl gksrk gS rFkk oLrq,a fn[kkbZ nsus yx tkrh gS A
foks"k %& pwafd ;g fl)kUr O;frdj.k] foorZu] /kqzo.k tSlh egRoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa dks le>kus esa vlQy jgk] blfy, bls ekU;rk ugh feyh A
2- izdkk dk rjax fl)kUr %& gkbxsal 1678 bZ- ds vuqlkj] *izdkk rjaxksa ds :i esa izdkk L=ksr ls fudydj lHkh fnkkvksa esa
izdkk ds osx ls pyrh gS rFkk rjax lapj.k ds xq.kksa ;qDr dkYifud ek/;e bZFkj }kjk lapfjr gksrh gS A ;g fl)kUr ijkorZu] viorZu
ds lkFk &lkFk dsoy O;frdj.k] /kqzo.k izHkko dks gh le>k ldk] blds vykok izdkk fo|qr izHkko] dkEiVu izHkko ,oa je.k bR;kfn
?kVukvksa dks le>k ugh ldk A
3- izdkk dk fo|qr pqEcdh; xq.k %& tsEl DykdZ esDlosy 1873 bZ- us xf.krh; lw=ksa dh lgk;rk ls fl) fd;k fd izdkk fo|qr
pqEcdh; rjaxksa dk cuk gksrk gSA
4- izdkk dk DokUVe fl)kUr %& eSDl Iykad 1900 bZ- esa izfrikfnr fd;k fd izdkk NksVs &2 iSdsV~l] ftUgs DokUVe dgrs gS]
ds :i esa cuk gksrk gS A
DokUVe dks vkbUlVhu us QksVksu dgk rFkk fuEukafdr lq= }kjk QksVksu dh tkZ crkbZ%&
C .
pwafd izdkk ds fdlh izHkko dks ,d fl)kUr }kjk ugh le>k;k tk ldrk vr% izdkk dh izdfr }Sr rjax ,oa DokaVe izdkj dh
gksrh gS A
izdkk ls lacfU/kr dqN ifjHkkkk,Wa %&
1- niZ.k %& ;fn fdlh dkap dh ifV~Vdk ij pkanh ;k fudy dh ikWfyk dj ns rks og niZ.k cu tkrk gS] ftlls izdkk dk ijkorZu
gksrk gSA niZ.k nks izdkj ds gksrs gS %&
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Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
A. lery niZ.k %& lery dkap dh IysV ds ,d i`"B ij ijkorZd ikWfyk djus ls cuk niZ.k A
B. xksyh; niZ.k %& dkap ds [kks[kys xksys ds ,d i`"B ij ijkorZd ikWfyk djus ls cuk niZ.k A ;s Hkh nks izdkj ds gksrs gS
A
(a) mRry niZ.k %& xksyh; niZ.k ds mHkjs gq, fgLls ds vUnj dh rjQ ikWfyk djus ls cuk niZ.k
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(b) vory niZ.k %& xksyh; niZ.k ds mHkjs gq, fgLls ij ijkorZd ikWfyk djus ls cuk niZ.k A
[k
?k
eq[; v{k %& niZ.k ds /kqzo odzrk dsUnz dks feykus okyh js[kk A
;
gS A
Qksdl fcUnq %& og fcUnq tgkWa ij izdkk fdj.ks ijkorZu ds ipkr feyrh gS ;k feyrh gqbZ izrhr gksrh gS] Qksdl fcUnq dgykrk
SUCCESS
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Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
1- ySal %& nks odz ;k ,d odz rFkk ,d lery i`"B ls f?kjk viorZd ek/;e A
odz i`"B lnSo xksyh; gksrk gS A
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2- vory ySal %& bUgs vilkjh ySal dgrs gS rFkk buds fdukjs eksV vkSj e/; irys gksrs gS A ;s Hkh fuEukfdar pkj izdkj ds gksrs
gS %&
(a) mHk;kory ySal %& nksuksa i`"B vory gksrs gSA
SUCCESS
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Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
ftl i`"B ls izdkk ySal] ds Hkhrj izosk djrk gS mls izFke i`"B rFkk ftl i`"B ls izdkk] ySal ls ckgj fudyrk gS] mls f}rh; i`"Bdgrs
gS A
7- eq[; v{k %& odz dsUnzksa dks feykus okyh js[kk A
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8- izdkfkd dsUnz %& ySal ds Hkhrj eq[; v{k ij fLFkr og fcUnq ftlls xqtjus okyh izdkk fdj.ks fcuk eqM+s lh/kh fudy tkrh gS]
izdkfkd dsUnz dgykrh gS A
11- Qksdl nwjh %& izdkfkd dsUnz rFkk eq[; Qksdl fcUnq ds e/; dh nwjh A bls f }kjk iznfkZr djrs gS A
ySal lq= %& ySal dh Qksdl nwjh
pwafd ySal dh Qksdl nwjh ukius ds fy, fpUg dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A ;fn ySal mry gks rks Qksdl nwjh + /kukRed rFkk vory ySal
dh Qksdl nwjh & _.kkRed gksrh gS A
1- ySal dh 'kfDr %& Qksdl nwjh dk O;qRdze] vFkkZr~ ySal dh Qksdl nwjh ftruh de gksxh ySal dh 'kfDr mruh gh T;knk gksxh A
p = 1/f=1/ehVj = Mk;IVj
mry ySal dh kfDr /kukRed + rFkk vory ySal dh kfDr _.kkRed & gksrh gS A
2- ySal dh Qksdl nwjh f) rFkk odzrk f=T;k R) esa lEcU/k
SUCCESS
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Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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izdkk dk ijkorZu %& og ?kVuk] ftlesa izdkk dh fdj.k ,d ek/;e ls fudydj nwljsa ek/;e dh lrg ls Vdjkdj okil blh
ek/;e esa ykSVrh gS A
1- fu;fer ijkorZu %& og ijkorZu ftlesa izdkk dh fdj.ksa fdlh lery niZ.k lrg ij vkifrr gksdj ,d
fufpr fnkk esa ijkofrZr gksrh gS A
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Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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2- folfjr ijkorZu %& og ijkorZu ftlesa izdkk dh fdj.ksa fdlh [kqjnjsa lrg ij vkifrr gksdj fHkUUk&fHkUUk fnkkvksa esa ijkofrZr
gksrh gS A blsa vfu;fer ijkorZu Hkh dgrsa gS A
lery niZ.k esa izfrfcEc %& fp=kuqlkj lery niZ.k AB ds lkeus ,d oLrq P j[kh gqbZ gSA izdkfkr fdj.ks] tks oLrq P ls fudyrh
gS PO rFkk PO ij vkifrr gksdj OR rFkk OR fnkkvksa esa ijkofrZr gks tkrh gSA tc ;s fdj.ksa ijkofrZr gksdj vka[k ij igqaprh gS
rks P ls vkrh gqb izrhr gksrh gS vr% P, oLrq P dk izfrfcEc dgykrk gSA
2- oLrq] lery niZ.k ls ftruh vkxs gksxh] niZ.k ls mruh gh nwjh ij izfrfcac ihNs cusxkA
3- izkIr n izfrfcEc ikoZ izfrfcEc gksrk gS D;ksfd izfrfcEc dk vkdkj rks oLrq ds vkdkj ftruk gh gksrk gS ysfdu fcEc dk
nk;ka&ck;ka Hkkx] izfrfcEc dk dzek% nk;ka&ck;ka Hkkx gksrk gSA
SUCCESS
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Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
3- ;fn dksbZ fdj.k xksyh; niZ.k ij Qksdl esa ls gksrh gqbZ ijkofrZr ds fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij fdlh niZ.k }kjk oLrq dk izfrfcEc fdj.ksa
[khap dj cuk;k tk;sa vkSj fdlh izdkk L=ksr ls pyus okyh izdkk fdj.k] ijkofrZr gksdj okLro esa fdlh fcUnq ij feyrh gS rks
izfrfcEc okLrfod gksrk gSA ;g mYVk gksrk gS rFkk bls insZ ij izkIr ugh fd;k tk ldrk D;ksfd bl fLFkfr esa ijkorZu ds ipkr~
fdj.ksa fdlh fcUnq ij ugh feyrh oju~ ihNs c<+kus ij feyrh gqbZ izrhr gksrh gSA
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xksyh; niZ.k }kjk izfrfcEc dk fuekZ.k %& fp=kuqlkj oLrq AB dks vuUr rFkk niZ.k ds odzrk dsUnz ds e/; j[krs gSA A ls pyus
okyh izdkk dh fdj.k AM, eq[; v{k ds lekUrj niZ.k ij vkifr gksrh gS rks ijkorZu ds ipkr~ ;g fdj.k Qksdl fcUnq F esa
ls xqtjsxhA A ls pyus okyh vU; fdj.ksa AM tks odzrk dsUnz esa ls gksrh gqbZ niZ.k ij vkifrr gksrh gS rks ijkorZu ds ipkr~ vius
gh ekxZ esa ykSV tkrh gSA ijkofrZr fdj.ksa MN o MA fcUnq A ij ,d nwljs dks dkVrh gSvr% AB dk izfrfcEc AB okLrfod]
NksVk o mYVk gksxk rFkk ;g Qksdl o odzrk dsUnz ds e/; cusxkA
izdkk dk viorZu %& oLrqr% izdkk dh fdj.ksa] lekaxh rFkk ikjnkhZ ek/;e esa lh/kh js[kkvksa ds :i esa xeu djrh gS ysfdu tc ;s
izdkk fdj.ksa ,d ikjnkhZ laekxh ek/;e ls nwljs ikjnkhZ lekaxh ek/;e esa izos k djrh gS rks og i`Fkdkjh i`"B ij vius iFk ls fopfyr
gks tkrh gS] bls gh izdkk dk viorZu dgrs gS] ftldk eq[; dkj.k ,d ek/;e ls nwljs ek/;e eas tkus ij izdkk ds osx esa ifjorZu
gksuk gSA
) 1 2
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Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
fuokZr~ rFkk gok esa izdkk dk osx vf/kdre gksrk gS] ysfdu l?ku ek/;e esa ty]dkWp esa vis{kkd`r de gksrk gS] ijUrq vko`fr ogh
jgrh gSA
;fn izdkk dh fdj.k fojy ek/;e ls l?ku ek/;e esa tkrh gS rks izdkk ds osx esa deh vk tkrh gS rFkk fdj.k vfHkyEc dh vkSj
>qd tkrh gSA
;fn izdkk dh fdj.k l?ku ek/;e ls fojy ek/;e esa xeu djrh gS rks izdkk ds osx esa o`f) gksrh gS rFkk fdj.k vfHkyEc ls gV
tkrh gSA
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viorZu ds fu;e %& fp=kuqlkj ABCD ,d dkap dh ifV~Vdk gS] ftl ij lQsn dkxt j[kk gqvk gSA izdkk dh fdj.k PQ dkxt ds
ry esa flYyh ds Qyd AB ij vkifrr gksrh gS rks viorZu ds dkj.k vius iFk ls fopfyr gks tkrh gS rFkk vfHkyEc dh vkSj >qdrh gqbZ
QR fnkk esa viofrZr gksdj RS fnkk esa flYyh ls ckgj fudy tkrh gSA vr% fp= ls Li"V gksrk gS fd fdj.ksa PQ, QR ,oa vfHkyEc rhuksa
,d gh ry esa gS] ;gh viorZu dk igyk fu;e gSA
bl iz;ksx ls LiV gksrk gS fd izdkk fdj.k PQ dkap dh flYyh ij vfHkyEcor~ vkifrr~ gksrh gS rks og nwljs vU; fdlh ek/;e esa Hkh
] izkjafHkd fnkk esa gh lapfjr gksxh rFkk mldh fnkk esa dqN Hkh fopyu ugha gksxkA
=og
viuh
= .
viorZu dk f}rh; fu;e ;k Lusy dk fu;e %& mijksDr iz;ksxkuqlkj Vh lQsn dkxt ij dkap dh ifdk dh lhek cuk ysrs gS rFkk
PQ & PS dks vafdr djus ds fy, fiusa yxk dj Q dks R ls feyk nsrs gS ftlls viofrZr fdj.k QR izkIr gksrh gSA fcUnq Q ls vfHkyEc
[khapdj vkiru dks.k [
dk eku Kkr djrs gSA
] vkSj viorzu dks.k
dqN inkFkksZ ds viorZukad dkap = 1-50] ikuh = 1-33] fXyljhu = 1-47] ghjk = 2-47] dkcZuMkWb lYQkbM = 2-64
fujis{k viorZukad %& tc izdkk dh fdj.k fuokZr ls pydj fdlh ek/;e esa izosk djrh gS rks fuokZr ds lkis{k ml ek/;e dk viorZukadA
ok;q dk fujis{k viorZukad 1-0003
SUCCESS
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Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
fdlh ek/;e dk gok ds lkis{k viorZukd dk izdkk dk gok esa osx ,oa izdkk dk fdlh ek/;e esa osx dk vuqikr
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1- ek/;e dh izd`fr ij
2- ek/;e ds /kuRo ij
3- izdkk ds jax ij
foks"k %& 1- cSxauh jax ds izdkk dk viorZukad lokZf/kd rFkk yky jax ds izdkk dk viorZukad lcls de gksrk gSA
viorZu ds mnkgj.k %&
ikuh ls Hkjs chdj ds isans esa j[ks esa j[ks flDds ls unh ds iSans dk ij mBk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsuk %& fp=kuqlkj tc ge
ikuh ls Hkjs chdj ds isans esa j[ks flDds dks ns[krs gS rks flDds ls izdkk dh fdj.k l?ku ek/;e ty ls fojy ek/;e gok esa izosk
djrh gS vkSj ifjofrZr gks tkrh gS ftlls flDdk okLrfod fLFkfr esa fn[kkbZ u nsdj vifjofrZr fdj.k dh lh/k esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS A
2- jkf= esa rkjksa dk fVefVekuk %& rkjksa ls fudyus okyh izdkk dh fdj.ks tc ok;qe.My dh fofHkUu ijrksa ls xqtjrh gS rks bu
ijrksa dk ?kuRp rFkk rki vyx &vyx gksus ls ;s ckj&ckj viofrZr gksrh gS] QyLo:i rkjksa dh vkHkklh fLFkfr Hkh vuojr cnyrh
jgrh gS] ftlls ;s fVefVekrs gq, izrhr gksrs gS A
3- lw;ksZn; &lw;kZLr ds le; f{kfrt ls uhps gksus ij Hkh lw;Z dk fn[kkbZ nsuk %& ok;qe.Myh; ?kuRo ,d leku ugh gksus
ds dkj.k nksuks fLFkfr;ksa esa lw;Z f{kfrt ls uhps gksrs gq, Hkh blfy, fn[kkbZ nsrk gS fd lw;Z ls fudyus okyh izdkk fdj.ks fojy ek/
;e ls l?ku ek/;e iFoh dh lrg ij igqWaprh gS rks ok;qe.My dh izR;sd ijr ls viofrZr gksrh gS A ftl dkj.k fdlh Hkh izs{kd
dks lq;Z f{kfrt ls uhps gksrs gq, Hkh f{kfrt ls ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gS A ;gh dkj.k gS fd fnu dh yEckbZ esa 4 fefuV dh of) dh
gksrh gS D;ksa fd okLrfod lw;ksZn; rFkk lw;kZLr vkSj vkHkklh lw;ksZn; rFkk lw;kZLr izR;sd esa 2&2 fefuV dk vUrj gksrk gS A
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Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu %& fdlh l?ku ek/;e ls fojy ek/;e tkrh gqbZ izdkjk fdj.k i`FFkdkjh i`"B ij dzkafrd dks.k ls vf/kd
dks.k ij vkifrr gksrh gS rFkk mlh ek/;e esa mldk iqu% ijkorZu gks tkrk gS] ftls iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu dgrs gS
dzkafrd dks.k %& tc izdkk fdlh l?ku ek/;e ls fojy ek/;e esa viofrZr gksrk gS rks ftl vkiru dks.k ds fy, viorZu dks.k
90 fMxzh dk gks] mls ek/;e dk dzkafrd dks.k dgrs gS A
iw.kZ vkarfjd ifjorZu dk nSfud thou esa mi;ksx %&
1- ty esa j[kh ij[kuyh dk peduk %& fp=kuqlkj ty ls Hkjs ,d chdj esa dkWap dh [kkyh ij[kuyh dks /khjs &/khjs blrjg Mqcksrs
gS fd mlesa ikuh ugh tk,] rc ,slh fLFkfr mRiUUk gksrh gS fd vkiru dks.k dk eku dzkafrd dks.k ls vf/kd gks tkrk gS rFkk iw.kZ vkarfjd
ijkorZu ds dkj.k ij[kuyh pedrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gS A
2- izdkk rUrq%& og lk/ku ftlds }kjk izdkk dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd lapfjr fd;k tkrk gSA blesa 10&6 ehVj eksVkbZ ds dkp
ds vR;Ur irys jsks gksrs gS] ftUgsa jLlh dk :i nsdj cVk tkrk gSA bu /kkxksa ij DysfMax dh f;k }kjk de viorZukad okys inkFkksZa dk ysi
fd;k tkrk gSA tc buds ,d fljs ij izdkk Mkyk tkrk gS rks dkp rFkk DysfMax dh iF;dkjh lrg ij izdkk fdj.k dk iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu
gks tkrk gSA
SUCCESS
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Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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2iw.kZ ijkorZd fizTe%& fp=kuqlkj ,d ledks.k fizTe gksrk gS ftlesa 90o dk ,d dks.k rFkk nks dks.k 45o&45o ds gksrs gSA blesa
dkp dk kafrd dks.k 42o dk gksrk gSA tc izdkk dh fdj.ksa fdlh Hkqtk ij 45o ls vkifrr gksrh gS rks mldk iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu gksrk
gSA vr% bl fizTe dk mi;ksx izdkk fdj.k 90o ;k 180o eksMus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
izdkk dk o.kZ fo{ksi.k%& fp=kuqlkj fdlh fizTe ij tc fefJr ;k osr izdkk dh fdj.k vkifrr gksrh gS rks viorZu ds ipkr~ og vusd
jaxksa esa foHkDr gks tkrh gS] vr% osr izdkk dk viorZu ds ipkr~ vusd jaxksa esa foHkDr gksuk ^^o.kZ&fo{ksi.k** dgykrk gSA bl jaxhu ifV~Vdk
esa lkr jax gksrs gS] ftls LiSDV~e dgrs gSA bl LiSDV~e esa jax dk e fuEu izdkj gksrk gS%& 1- cSx
a uh Violet 2- uhyk Indigo 3- vklekuh
Blue 4- gjk Greeen 5- ihyk Yellow 6- ukjaxh Oragne 7- yky Red
bUgsa fuEu rjhds ls ;kn djrs gS%& VIBGYOR focX;ksj
SUCCESS
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Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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tc oLrq vuUr ij fLFkr gks%& bl fLFkfr esa j[kh gqbZ oLrq ls vkus okyh fdj.ksa lekUrj gksrh gSA ;fn ;s fdj.ksa eq[; v{k ds lekUrj
gS rks ysal Qksdl F ij okLrfod] mYVk rFkk vR;Ur NksVk izfrfcEc izkIr gksrk gS] ysfdu ;gh fdj.ksa eq[; v{k ds lekUrj u vkdj
dqN >qdh gqbZ vkrh gS rks izfrfcEc Qksdl ry ds fdlh fcUnq ij izkIr gksrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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ii. tc oLrq vuUr ,oa 2F ds e/; fLFkr gks%& fp=kuqlkj bl fLFkfr esa izfrfcEc F rFkk 2F ds e/; curk gS tks fd okLrfod] NksVk
rFkk mYVk gksrk gSA AB, AB dk izfrfcEc gSA
vi. oLrq F rFkk 2F ds chp fLFkr gks%& bl fLFkfr esa izfrfcEc AB] ysal ds nwljh vksj 2F o vuUr ds chp] okLrfod] mYVk rFkk
oLrq ds vkdkj ls cM+k gksrk gSA
v. tc oLrq F ij fLFkr gks%& bl fLFkfr esa izfrfcEc AB] ysal ds nwljh vksj vuUr ij curk gS tks fd okLrfod] mYVk rFkk oLrq
ds vkdkj ls dkQh cM+k gksrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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vi. oLrq F rFkk 2F ds e/; fLFkr gks%& bl fLFkfr esa izfrfcEc AB] ysl
a ds mlh vksj vFkkZr oLrq dh vksj vkHkklh] lh/kk ,oa cM+k curk
gSA blh vk/kkj ij ljy lw{enkhZ cuk gqvk gSA
1- pesa esa 2- dSejs esa 3- lw{enkhZ rFkk nwjnkhZ ;a=ksa esa 4- fizTe f}us=h esa 5- LykbM iz{ksih esa
vk[k dh lajpuk%& vk[k gekjs kjhj dk vR;Ur egoiw.kZ Hkkx gS] ftlds }kjk gesa n`f"V Kku gksrk gS rFkk ge vkl&ikl dh oLrqvksa dks
ns[k ldrs gSaA ;g ,d bap O;kl dh xksykdkj lajpuk gksrh gS ftlds izeq[k Hkkx rFkk muds dk;Z fuEu izdkj gS%&
1- 'osr iVy%& ;g vusd ijrksa ls cuk vikjnkZd] vk[k ds lkeus dk Hkkx gksrk gSA ;g ck; vk?kkrksa ls vk[k dh lqj{kk djrk gSA
2- LoPN eaMy dkWfuZ;k%& ;g ikjnkZd rFkk osr iVy ds e/; mHkjk gksrk gSA bls ikjnkZd rg Hkh dgrs gS D;ksafd ;g osr iVyds
ijh rFkk fupys Hkkx dks tksM+rh gSA vk[k ds blh Hkkx ls izdkk dh fdj.kssa izosk djrh gSA
3- vkbfjl ifjrkfjdk%& ;g vikjnkZd inkZ gksrk gS] ftldk jax lkekU;r;k dkyk gksrk gSA blds e/; ,d fNnz gksrk gSA
4- rkjk iqryh%& vkbfjl ds e/; fLFkr fNnz] tks ekalisfk;ksa dh lgk;rk ls vkdkj esa ifjorZu NksVk ;k cM+k djrk gSA iqryh ds vkdkj
dk fu;a=.k vkbfjl }kjk gksrk gS rFkk blds vkdkj esa ifjorZu izdkk dh rhozrk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
iqryh dk vkdkj izdkk esa NksVk rFkk de /kqa/kys izdkk esa Lor% gh cM+k gks tkrk gSA
5- us= ysal%& yphys ikjnkZd inkFkZ dk cuk rFkk ekalisfk;ksa dh lgk;rk ls vius LFkku ij fLFkr ,d ysal gksrk gS tks vkbfjl ds ihNs
fLFkr gksrk gSA bl ysal dh izfr mry gksrh gSA ftlds lkeus okys ry dh ork f=T;k 1 lseh- vkSj ihNs ds ry dh ork f=T;k
6 mm gksrh gSA ekalisfk;ksa ds ruko esa ifjorZu gksus ls bldh ork f=T;k esa ifjorZu gksrk gS ifj.kkeLo:i ns[kus okyh oLrq dk okLrfod]
NksVk rFkk mYVk izfrfcEc curk gSA
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6- dksjkWbM jDr iVy%& ;g osr iVy ds uhps dkys jax dh f>Yyh gksrh gS tks vk[k esa vkus okys izdkk dk vokks"k.k djrh gSA
7- tyh; nzo%& us= ysal rFkk dkWfuZ;k ds e/; Hkjk gqvk iryk ikjnkZd nzo( blesa lk/kkj.k ued ?kqyk jgrk gS] ftl dkj.k vkalw uedhu
gksrs gSA bldk viorZukad 1-337 gksrk gSA
8- dkpkHk nzo%& us= ysal rFkk jsfVuk ds e/; Hkjk gqvk ikjnkZd nzo bldk viorZukad Hkh 1-337 gksrk gSA
9- jsfVuk n`f"ViVy%& ;g jDr iVy ds uhps fLFkr gksrh gS tks fd vk[k dh lcls Hkhrjh f>Yyh gksrh gSA ;g ikjnkZd gksrh gSA tc
izdkk dh fdj.ksa ysal ls viofrZr gksdj dkpkHk nzo ls xqtjrh gS vkSj bl iVy ij Qksdl gksrh gS rks n`f"V raf=dkvksa }kjk efLr"d dks
izdkk laosnuk dk Kku gksrk gS rFkk oLrq fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA jsfVuk ds e/; ea ,d o`kkdkj ^^ihr fcUnq** gksrk gS] tc bl fcUnq ij oLrq dk
izfrfcEc iM+rk gS rks oLrq,a Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ^^va/k fcUnq** og fcUnq gksrk gS& ftlls n`f"V raf=dk,a efLrd dks tkrh gS rFkk bl
fcUnq ij izdkk dk vlj ugha gksrk gSA
vk[k dh leatu {kerk%& vk[k ds lkeus fLFkr oLrq ls fudyus okyh izdkk fdj.ksa tc us= ysal ls viofrZr gksrh gS rks dkpkHk nzo esa
ls xqtjdj jsfVuk ij Qksdl gks tkrh gS rFkk ogak ls laosnuk,a vkWfIVd uoZ n`f"V raf=dk }kjk efLr"d dks izkIr gksrh gS rFkk gesa oLrq fn[kkbZ
nsrh gSA
lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vk[k dh ekalisfk;ksa ij fdlh Hkh izdkj ruko ugha gksrk] rc jsfVuk ij vuUr nwjh ij j[kh oLrqvksa dk Li"V
izfrfcEc curk gSA ;g rHkh laHko gksrk gS tc ysal rFkk jsfVuk ds e/; nwjh us= ysal dh Qksdl nwjh ds cjkcj gksrh gSA oLrq tc us= ds ikl
fLFkr gksrh gS rks jsfVuk ds ihNs dh vksj vLiV izfrfcEc cuuk pkfg,] ysfdu ,slk ugha gksrk D;ksafd bl fLFkfr esa ekalisfk;k fldqM+ dj ysal
dks e/; ls eksVk dj nsrh gS ftl dkj.k ysal dh Qksdl nwjh de gks tkrh gS ,oa izfrfcEc iqu% jsfVuk ij curk gSA
leatu {kerk%& ysal dh Qksdl nwjh esa Lor% gh ifjorZu gksus dh {kerkA
n`f"V ijkl ,oa nwj fcUnq rFkk fudV fcUnq%& fudV fcUnq rFkk nwj fcUnq ds e/; dh nwjh] n`f"V ijkl dgykrh gSA
fudV fcUnq%& oLrq dh vk[k ls og U;wure nwjh dh fLFkfr tgk ij oLrq dks Li"V ns[kk tk lds euq"; dh vk[k ds fy, nwjh dk eku 25
lseh
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
nwj fcUnq%& oLrq dh vk[k ls og vf/kdre nwjh dh fLFkfr tgk ij oLrq dks LIk"V ns[kk tk lds ekuvuUr
n`f"V nks"k rFkk mlds fuokj.k%& tc us=ksa dh n`f"V ijkl esa dksbZ fHkUurk vkrh gS vFkkZr~ leatu {kerk 25 lseh ls vuUr rd ugha gksrh
gS rks bls n`f"V nks"k rFkk us= dks nks"k ;qDr us= dgrs gSA
us= esa fuEukafdr us= nks"k gksrs gS%&
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1- fudV n`f"V nks"k%& bl n`f"V nks"k esa ikl j[kh gqbZ oLrq,a LI"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gS ysfdu nwjh j[kh oLrq,a Li"V fn[kkbZ ugha nsrh gS
D;ksafd bl fLFkfr esa jsfVuk ls iwoZ gh izfrfcEc cu tkrk gSA
mipkj%& fudV n`f"V nks"k esa vory ysal dk mi;ksx djrs gS D;ksafd blls vuUr nwjh dh oLrq ls vkus okyh lekUrj fdj.ksa ysal ls
vil`r gksdj ml fcUnq ls vkrh izrhr gks tks nks"k ;qDr us= ds Li"V ns[kus dk nwj fcUnq gSA
2- nwj n`f"V nks"k%& bl n`f"V nks"k esa ikl dh oLrq,a vLi"V rFkk nwjh dh oLrq,a Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA D;ksafd izfrfcEc jsfVuk ds ihNs
curk gSa
mipkj%& mfpr Qksdl nwjh ds mry ysal dk iz;ksx djus ls oLrq dh vkHkklh nwjh c<+ tkrh gS rFkk jsfVuk ij Li"V izfrfcEc curk
gSA
1- tjk n`f"V nks"k izsl ck;ksfi;k%& vf/kdkakr;k o`) O;fDr;ksa esa gksus okyk n`f"V nks"k] D;ksafd vk;q c<+us ds lkFk us=ksa dh leatu
{kerk de gksrh tkrh gS] ftlls ikl&nwj fLFkr oLrq,a lkQ fn[kkbZ nsrh ugha nsrh gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
mipkj%& f}Qksdlh ysal dk pek] uhps mry ysal rFkk ij vory ysalA
2- n`f"V oS"kE; nks"k ASTIGMATISM%& dkWfuZ;k dh xksykbZ esa vfu;ferrk ds dkj.k mRiUu us= nks"kA bl us= nks"k esa leku
nwjh ij fLFkr {kSfrt ,oa m/okZ/kj js[kkvksa dk ,d lkFk Li"V izfrfcEc n`f"Vxkspj ugha gksrk gSA
mipkj%& csyukdkj ysal ;qDr pekA
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og izdkfkd ;a= ftldh lgk;rk ls NksVh&NksVh vFkkZr~ lw{e oLrqvksa ds izfrfcEc dks cM+k dj vklkuh ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA izkIr izfrfcEc
vkHkklh rFkk oLrq ds vkdkj ls dkQh cM+k gksrk gSA
lw{enkhZ ;a= nks izdkj ds gksrs gS%&
ljy lw{enkhZ%& bl lw{enkhZ dh lgk;rk ls NksVh oLrq dks vkof/kZr djds cM+k fd;k tkrk gS rFkk vklkuhiwoZd mldk fujh{k.k dj ldrs
gSA bl ;a= esa de Qksdl nwjh dk mry ysal gksrk gS ftls gsaMy dh lgk;rk ls idM+k tkrk gSA bl lw{enkhZ ls izfrfcEc izkIr rHkh gksrk
gS rc oLrq dks ysal ds izdkk dsUnz rFkk Qksdl fcUnq ds e/; j[kk tkrk gS] ftlls oLrq dk izfrfcEc vkHkklh] lh/kk rFkk oLrq ls cM+k gksrk
gSA
"4! 5'!
SUCCESS
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Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2- la;qDr lw{enkhZ%& lw{ere oLrqvksa ;k thok.kqvksa dks ftl izdkfkd ;a= }kjk Li"V ns[kk tkrk gS] la;qDr lw{enkhZ dgykrh gSA
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lajpuk%& ;g ,d yEch csyukdkj /kkrq dh uyh gksrh gS ftlds ,d fljs ij vfHkn`;d ysal yxk gksrk gSA bl ysal dh Qksdl nwjh
de rFkk }kjd NksVk gksrk gS rFkk ysal mry izfr dk gksrk gSA blh rjg uyh ds nwljh rjQ ,d vU; iryh uyh yxh gksrh gSA
ftlds ck; fljs ij vfHkus= ysl
a E yxk jgrk gS tks fd vk[k dh rjQ gksrk gS] ftldh Qksdl nwjh vf/kd rFkk }kjd cM+k gksrk
gSA nUrqj p dh O;oLFkk ds dkj.k bl iwjh uyh dks vkxs&ihNs f[kldk;k tkrk gSA
2- dk;Z fof/k%& vfHkn`;d ysal ds lkeus mldh Qksdl nwjh ls FkksM+h lh vf/kd nwjh ij ,d oLrq PQ j[krs gS ftldk izfrfcEc ysal
ds nwljh vkSj curk gS tks fd okLrfod] mYVk rFkk oLrq ds PQ vkdkj ls cM+k gksrk gSA ;g vfHkus= ysl
a ds fy, oLrq dk dk;Z
fd;k tkrk gSA vfHkus= ysal dks vkxs&ihNs f[kldkdj bl izdkj lek;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS fd PQ] Qksdl rFkk izdkk dsUnz ds
e/; vk tkosa] ftlls PQ dk lh/kk] vkHkklh rFkk cM+k izfrfcEc P2Q2 izkIr gksrk gSA
"- G.
nwjnkhZ %& xzg] u{k=] rkjs] ok;q;ku ;k vU; nwj fLFkr oLrq,a tks vkdkj esa cM+h gksrs gq, Hkh vkdkj esa NksVh rFkk vLi"V fn[kkbZ nsrh
gS] vr% ftl izdkkh; ;a= dh lgk;rk ls budks cM+k rFkk Li"V djds ns[kk tkrk gS] og nwjnkhZ dgykrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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1- [kxksyh; viorZd nwjnkhZ %& bldh lgk;rk ls eq[;rk vkdkkh; fi.M+ks dk fujh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA bl ;a= }kjk izkIr izfrfcEc vkHkklh]
mYVk rFkk cMk gksrk gSA
lajpuk %& ;g /kkrq dh cuh yEch csyukdkj uyh gksrh gS ftlds ,d fljs ij vfHknd ySal O yxk gksrk gS ftlesa vf/kd Qksdl nwjh
rFkk cM+s }kjd dk mry ySal yxk gksrk gS rFkk bl uyh ds nwljs fljs ij vU; iryh uyh fQV jgrh gS ftlesa de Qksdl nwjh rFkk NksVs
}kjd dk vory ySal yxk gksrk gS] bls vfHkus= ysal E dgrs gSA uyh dks nUrqj pdz O;oLFkk ds dkj.k vkxs] ihNs f[kldk;k tkrk gSA
dk;Z iz.kkyh %& fp=kuqlkj nwjnkhZ }kjk nwjLFk oLrq AB dk izfrfcEc cuuk fn[kk; x;k gSA AB ,d nwj fLFkr oLrq gS ftldk B fljk nwjnkhZ
ds v{k ij fLFkr gSA ysal O }kjk AB dk okLrfod] mYVk rFkk NksVk izfrfcEc A,B ysal ds nwljh vkSj eq[; Qksdl F0 ij curk gSA ;g
izfrfcEc vfHkus= ySal E ds fy, oLrq dk dk;Z djrk gSA E dks bl rjg vkxs ihNs ?kqekrs gS fd izfrfcEc A,B E ds izdkk dsUnz rFkk eq[;
Qksdl ds e/; cusA E ysal ls A,B dk lh/kk ysfdu nwjLFk oLrq A,B dk mYVk] vkHkklh rFkk vkof/kZr izfrfcEc A2B2 izkIr gksrk gSA
"- G.
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
v/;k; 6
fo/kqr ELECTRICITY
izd`fr esa ik;s tkus okys lHkh inkFkZ dk izokg mPp fLFkfr ls fuEu fLFkfr dh vkSj gksrk gSA
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fo/kqr /kkjk :- fo/kqr vkosk ds izokg dh nj ;k fo/kqr ifjiFk esa fdlh fcUnq ls ,d lsd.M eas xqtjus okys bYkS- dh la[;k bl /kkjk dh fnkk]
/ku vkosk ij yxus okys cy dh fnkk gksrh gS] vFkkZr~ bySDVksuksa dh xfr ds foijhr fnkk esa /kkjk dh fnkk gksrh gSA
fo/kqr /kkjk dk ek=d %& Q=vkosk@le;
;fn t le; esa xqtjus okysa bySa- dh la[;k n rFkk mu ij vkosk e gks rks
Z= dwykWe@lSd.M = ,Eih;j
,Eih;j %& fo/kqr ifjiFk esa fdlh fcUnq ls 1 dwykWe vkosk 1 lSd.M esa izokfgr gksrk gS rks mls ifjiFk esa fo/kqr /kkjk dk eku 1 ,Eih;j gksxkA
fo/kqr foHko %& fdlh vkosfkr oLrq dh og voLFkk ftlesa fo/kqr ds izokg dh fnkk r; gksrh gS ;k ,dkad /kukok dks vuar ls fo/kqr {ks=
esa fdlh fcUnq rd ykus esa fd;k x;k dk;ZA
foHkokUrj %& fo/kqr {ks= esa ,dkad /kukosk dks ,d fcUnq ls nwljs fcUnq rd izfrd"kZ.k cy ds fo:) foLFkkfir djus esa fd;s x;s dk;Z dks
nksuks fcUnqvksa ds e/; dk foHkokUrj dgrs gSA
;fn fdUgh nks vkosfkr oLrqvksa dks ,d nwljs ls fo/kqr lEidZ esa j[kk tkrk gS rks /kukRed vkosk lnSo mPp foHko ls fuEu foHko dh vkSj xfr
djsxkA
;fn bu vkosfkr oLrqvksa ds e/; dksbZ foHkokUrj ugh gks rks ,slh fLFkfr esa muds e/; /kkjk ;k vkosk izokfgr ugh gksrk] vFkkZr~ foHkokUrj gksus
ij gh /kkjk cgrh gSA
=
==
=
D#
;fn fcUnq B; vuUr 60 ij gks rks
=
"5. 8 D5 6.
vkse dk fu;e %& ;fn fdlh pkyd rkj dh HkkSfrd voLFkk,a fLFkj jgs rks blds fljksa ij mRiUu foHkokUrj mlesa izokfgr /kkjk ds lekuqikrh
gksrk gSA
=
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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vFkkZr fdlh pkyd es 1 ,Eih;j /kkjk izokfgr djus ij ;fn mlds fljksa ij ,d oksYV foHkokUrj mRiUu gksrk gS fd pkyd dk izfrjks/k
1gksxkA
mi;qDrZ fp=kuqlkj ,d lsy B dqath K /kkjk fu;a=d RH pkyd rkj PQ rFkk vehVj dks Js.kh dze esa rFkk PQ ds lekUrj dze esa ,d
oksYV ehVj V tksM+ nsrs gSA
vc ge pkyd rkj PQ fofHkUueku dh laxr /kkjk,a izokfgr djrs vehVj A esa izokfgr /kkjk dk eku rFkk blds laxr foHkokUrj dk
eku oksYVehVj V }kjk Kkr djrs gSA tc bu nksuksa ds e/; vkys[k [khaprs gS rks og lh/kh js[kk esa izkIr gksrk gS] ftlls Li"V gksrk gS fd pkyd
ds fljksa ij mRiUu foHkokUrj] izokfgr /kkjk ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA ;gh vksae dk fu;e gSA
izfrjks/k ,oa bldh fuHkZjrk %& ge lHkh tkurs gS fd izdfr ds lHkh inkFkZ ijek.kqvkssa ls feydj cus gksrs gS rFkk ukfHkd ds pkjks vkSj
bySDVkWu pDdj yxkrs gSA ;s bySDVkWu ijek.kq ls ca/ks jgrs gSA byS- ijek.kq ds ukfHkd rFkk ckre d{kksa esa mifLFkr jgrs gS rFkk tks bySukfHkd ls T;knk nwj jgrs gS os mrus gh de cy ca/k }kjk ca/ks jgrs gS vkSj eqDr bYkS- dgykrs gSA ;s eqDr byS- pkyd es vfuf;af=r xfr djrs
gS rFkk pkyd dks tc cSVjh ls tksM+k tkrk gS rc bu byS- ij fo/kqr okgd cy yxrk gS pkyd esa fLFkr vU; vk;u eqDr byS- dh xfr esa
ck/kk Mkyrs gS] ftl dkj.k budh xfr esa ck/kk mRiUu gksrh gSA
izfrjks/k %& bySDVkWu ds izokg esa mRiUu ck/kk rFkk ;g pkydrk ds O;qRdzekuqikrh gksrk gSA
fdlh inkFkZ dh pkydrk mlds bdkbZ vk;ru esa mifLFkr eqDr byS- dh la[;k ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;fn fdlh pkyd esa eqDr byS- dh la[;k
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Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
3- vuqizLFk dkV ij %& pkyd dk izfrjks/k mlds vuqizLFk dkV ds O;Rdzekuqikrh gksrk gSA vFkkZr
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D@ % . +
;g fLFkjkad pkyd dh yEckbZ ;k vuqizLFk dkV ij fuHkZj u gksdj] pkyd dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj djrk gS
vr% lw= 4 ls
vr% bdkbZ yEckbZ rFkk ,dkad vuqizLFk dkV okys rkj dk izfrjks/k] rkj ds inkFkZ dh izfrjks/kdrk dgykrh gSA
1- inkFkZ ij fuHkZjrk %& leku yEckbZ] leku vuqizLFk dkV okys fHkUu&fHkUu /kkrqvksa ds nks pkyd rkj ysrs gS] tc budks dze ls
fo/kqr ifjiFk esa la;ksftr djrs gS rks budk izfrjks/k fHkUu&fHkUu izkIr gksrk gS] vr% Li"V gksrk gS fd pkyd dk izfrjks/k mlds inkFkZ
ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
2- rki ij %& fHkUu&fHkUu /kkrqvksa dk izfrjks/k] rki ds lkFk ifjofrZr gksrk gS rFkk dqN dk izfrjks/k ,d fufpr rki ds lekuqikrh gksrk
gSA
tSls %&
ftu /kkrqvksa dk izfrjks/k] fufpr rkidze ij 'kwU; gksrk gS] os vfr pkyd rFkk budk ;g xq.k vfr pkydrk dgykr gSA
mnkgj.k %& ikjs dk izfrjks/k 4-2 K ij 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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Js.khdze la;kstu %& R1,R2 rFkk R3 izfrjks/k ds rhu pkyd rkj ysrs gS rFkk budk la;kstu R1 dk nwljk fljk R2ds izFke fljs ls]
R2 dk nwljk fljk R3 ds izFke fljs ls tksM+rs gSA bl la;kstdrk dh fokskrk ;g gksrh gS fd lHkh pkyd rkjksa esa /kkjk dk eku leku]
ysfdu foHkrkaoj dk eku fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gSA
V =V1+V2+V3
IR=IR1+IR2+IR3
= I (R1+R2+R3)
vFkkZr~ Js.khdze esa la;ksftr izfrjks/k rkjksa dk rqY; izfrjks/k] muds izfrjks/k ds ;ksx ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
1- lekUrj dze la;kstu %& rkjksa ds bl la;kstu esa pkyd rkjksa dks igys fljs ,d gh fcUnq ij rFkk nwljs fcUnq ij la;ksftr dj
nsrs gSA bl la;kstu esa izokfgr /kkjk dk eku fHkUu&fHkUu RkFkk foHkokURj leku gksrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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vkse ds fu;ekuqlkj
vr% Li"V gS fd lekUrj dze esa izfrjks/kksa ds rqY; izfrjks/k dk O;qRdze vyx&vyx izfrjks/kksa ds O;qRdze ds ;ksx ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
fo/kqr lsy %& jklk;fud tkZ dks fo/kqr tkZ esa ifjofrZr djus okyk midj.k
;g lsy nks izdkj dk gksrk gS %&
1- kFkfed lsy %& bu lsyksa esa gksus okyh jklk;fud fdz;k,a vuqRdze.kh; gksrh gS vFkkZr~ bu lsayksa esa jklk;fud tkZ dks fo/kqrh;
tkZ esa cnyk tkrk gS vkSj bUgs iqu% vkosfkr ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
tSls %& 'kq"d lsy] oksYVh; lsy] ysDykakh lsy] Msfu;y lsy vkfnA
'kq"d lsy ;k izkFkfed lsy dh lajpuk %& ;g ,d csyukdkj midj.k gksrk gS tks fd tLrs dk cuk gksrk gS rFkk ;g tLrk _.k /kzqo
dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA bl csyukdkj ik= ds vUnj dh nhokjksa esa veksfu;e DyksjkbM NH4Cl] ftad DyksjkbM+ Zncl2 ,oa xksan ds feJ.k
dk xk<k ysi gksrk gS] ik= ds e/; ,d FkSyh yVdh jgrh gS ftlesa eSxuhtMkb vkWDlkbM MnO2 rFkk dkcZu dk feJ.k Hkjk gksrk gSA
06. -
=
bl feJ.k ds e/; dkcZu dh NM+ fLFkj jgrh gS] tks fd /ku /kzqo dh rjg dk;Z djrh gS vkSj bl NM ds mijh fljs ij ihry dh ,d Vksih
0yxh
6. jgrh
- gS bl
= ik= ds eqag dks iiMh ls cUn dj nsrs gS rFkk ,d ckjhd fNnz j[k nsrs gS ftls veksfu;k xSl ckgj fudyrh jgrh gSA
06. -
=
bl lsy dk fo/kqr jks/kh cukus ds fy, blds odz ry ij dkxt yisV fn;k tkrk gSA
.
-
. 0.-
6.
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
dk;Z iz.kkyh %& bl csyukdkj midj.k esa tks jklk;fud fdz;k gksrh gS] og fuEu izdkj gS
Zn + 2NH4Cl > ZnCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H+ + 2eftad veksfu;e
DyksjkbM
ftad
DyksjkbM
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vFkkZr~ bl jklk;fud fdz;k esa ftad] veksfu;e DyksjkbM ls fdz;k dj] ftad DyksjkbM rFkk veksfu;k cukrk gS vkSj gkbMkstu ds nks v.kqeqDr
gks tkrs gSA blesa ls veksfu;k ok;qe.My esa eqDr gks tkrh gS rFkk gkbMkstu vk;u dkcZu dks vkosfkr dj vkWDlhdr gksdj ty esa cny
tkrk gSA ;g izfdz;k cgqr /kheh gksrh gSA bl lsy }kjk 0-25Amp ,fEi;j dh /kkjk izkIr dh tkrh gSA bl lsy dk fo/kqr okgd cy 1-5 okWYV
gksrk gSA
bl lsy esa ,d vU; jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k gksrh gS] tks fuEu izdkj gSA
gkbMkstu
eSxuht
bySDVWku
vk;u
MkbZ vkWDlkbM
ty
f}rh;d lsy %& bu lsyksa dh ;g foks"krk gksrh gS fd bUgs iqu% vkosfkr fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr~ buesa gksus okyh jklk;fud fdz;k,a mRdze.kh;
gksrh gSA vr% buesa fo/kqr mtkZ dks jklk;fud tkZ esa rFkk jklk;fud tkZ dks fo/kqr tkZ eas cnyk tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k %& lhlk lapk;d lsy] yksgk fudy lsy] ,Mhlu ;k {kkjh; lsy
lhlk lapk;d lsy %& ;g ,d vk;rkdkj ckWDl gksrk gS] ftlesa lhlsa dh tkyhuqek ifV~V;ka gksrh gSA bu ifV~V;ksa esa fyFkktZ ysM eksuks
vkWDlkbM] Pbo rFkk xa/kd dk feJ.k Hkjk gksrk gS vkSj bu ifV~V;ksa dks ,dkUrj dze esa tksMk tkrk gSA
bl vk;rkdkj ckWDl dks ruq xU/kd vEy H2SO4 ls Hkjs dkap ds vk;rkdkj ik= esa j[k nsrs gS] tgka ij fyFkktZ H2SO4 ls fdz;k djds
ysM lYQsV PbSO4 cuk ysrk gSA bl xa/kd vEy dk vkisf{kr ?kuRo 1-18 gksrk gSA
Pbo + H2SO4 PbSO4 + H2O
fy;ktZ xU/kd
ysM lYQsV
ty
vEy ruq
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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vkosfkr djuk %& tc bl lsy dks fo/kqr L=ksr ;k cSVjh pktZj ls tksM+k tkrk gS fo/kqr /kkjk dk izokg gksus ls vEyh; ty dk fo/kqr
vi/kVu gksus yxrk gSA
5-
blesa ls 2H+, _.kk= dh vkSj rFkk /kukxz dh vkSj lYQsV vk;u xfr djrh gS ;gka ij fuEukafdr jklk;fud vfHkfdz;ka, gksrh gS %&
PbSO4 + SO4- + 2H2O > PbO2 + 2 H2SO4 + 2ePbSO4 + 2H+ + 2e > Pb0 + H2SO4
vr% lsy tc iw.kZ;rk vkosfkr gks tkrk gS rc /kukxz ij ysM ijkWDlkbM PbO2 rFkk _.kkxz ij Liath ysM Pb cukrk gS rFkk H2SO4
dk vkisf{kr /kuRo 1-25 vkSj lsy dk fo/kqr okgd cy 2-2 oksYV gks tkrk gSA
fujkosfkr djrs le; %& bl lsy dh tc fdlh ck; ifjiFk ls tksM+k tkrk gS rks blls /kkjk cgus yxrh gS vkSj gkbMkstu vk;u H+
/kukxz dh vkSj rFkk SO4 lYQsV vk;u _.kkxz dh vkSj xfr djrh gS rFkk ;gk ij fuEukafdr jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k,a gksrh gSA
Pb +SO4 > Pb+SO4 + 2e- _.kkxz ij
bl izdkj bySDVkWu /kukxz ij de rFkk _.kkxz ij vf/kd gks tkrs gS] ftlls foHko dk eku] /kukxz ij _.kkxz dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrk gS rFkk
/kkjk dk eku] /kukxz dh vis{kk _.kkxz dh vkSj gksrk gSA blls lsy dk fo/kqr okgd cy 2-2 oksYV ls 1-8 oksYV rFkk h vkisf{kr /kuRo 1-25 ls
1-18 jg tkrk gSA
mi;ksx %& jsy ds fMCcksa esa ia[ks pykus rFkk cYc tykusa esa] eksVj dkjksa esa rFkk bUoVZj bR;kfn esaA
lhlk lapk;d lsy ds xq.k %&
1- bl lsy }kjk ck; ifjiFk esa vf/kd eku dh /kkjk izkIr dh tk ldrh gS D;ksfd bldk vkUrfjd izfrjks/k de rFkk fo/kqr okgd cy
vf/kd gksrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
2- bu lsy dks ,d ckj mi;ksx esa ysus ds ipkr~ pktZ djds iqu% dke esa fy;k tk ldrk gS D;ksfd buesa gksus okyh jklk;fud fdz;k,a
mRdze.kh; gksrh gSA
3- fo/kqr okgd cy dk eku fLFkj jgus ds dkj.k bu lsyksa }kjk fLFkj eku dh /kkjk izkIr dh tkrh gSA
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f}fr;d lsy
1- fo/kqr tkZ
3-
jklk;fud tkZ
mRiszjd %& os ck; inkFkZ tks Lo;a vifjofrZr jgrs gq, jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k ds osx dks ifjofrZr dj nsrs gS] mRiszjd dgykrs gSA
mnkgj.k %& ,d ij[kuyh esa gkbMkstu ijkWDlkbM ysrs gS rFkk mlesa FkksM+k lk lksfM;e dkcksZusV Mkyrs gS] bl feJ.k es dksbZ fdz;k ugh
gksrh gS] ysfdu dqN nsj ipkr~ blesa FkksM+k lks ikSVsfk;e vk;ksM+kbM feykrs gS] H2O2 vi?kfVr gksus yxrk gS rFkk vkWDlhtu eqDr dj
nsrk gSA
xq.k %&
1- mRiszjd Lo;a dks vifjofrZr j[krs gq, jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k ds osx dks ifjofrZr dj nsrs gSA
2- osx ifjorZu ds fy, vYiek=k gh I;kZIr gksrh gSA
4- ;s vfHkfdz;kvksa ds vxz rFkk izrhi osx dks leku :i ls izHkkfor djrs gS] ftl dkj.k lkE;"kh/kz LFkkfir gks tkrk gS] ysfdu lkE;koLFkk
vizHkkfor jgrh gSA
5- fofk"V fdz;k gksus ds dkj.k ,d mRizsjd ,d vfHkfdz;k gh gksrh gSA
izdkj %& mRiszjd fuEukafdr izdkj ds gksrs gS %&
1- ?kukRed mRizsjd %& jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k dh xfr dks c<kus okys mRiszjd /kukRed mRizsjd dgykrs gSA
mnkgj.k
+
+
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2- _.kkRed mRizsjd %& jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k dks de djus okys mRizsjd _.kkRed mRizsjd dgykrs gSA
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+
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3- Lor% mRizsjd %& ;s jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k esa cus mRikn gksrs gS rFkk vfHkfdz;k dh xfr osx dks c<+k nsrs gSA bu jklk;fud vfHkfdz;kvksa
dks LomRizsj.k dgrs gSA
mnkgj.k %&
bl vfHkzfdz;k esa cuk ,fFky ,YdkWgy gh vfHkfdz;k ds osx esa o`f) djrk gS vFkkZr~ LomRizsjd dk dk;Z djrk gS
4 tSo mRizsjd %& tSo jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k ds osx esa o`f) djus okys mRizsjd] tSo mRizsjd dgykrs gSA ;s tSo mRizsjd ,Utkbe gksrs gSA
mnkgj.k %&
LVkpZ
Vk;fyau
ekYVkst
>
ekYVkst ekYVst
>
Xywdkst
Xywdkst tkbesl
>
bYdksgy
1- mRizsjd o/kZd %& mRiszjd dh fdz;kkhyrk esa o`f} djus okys inkFkZA
+
;fn HCN bl vfHkfdz;k esa feyk fn;k tk;s rks IySfVue dh fdz;kkhyrk de gks tkrh gSA
HkkSfrd voLFkk ds vk/kkj ij mRizsj.k nks izdkj dk gksrk gS] ftlesa vfHkdkjd o mRizsjd dh izd`fr fufgr gksrk gS %&
1- laekxh mRizsj.k %& ;fn vfHkdkjd rFkk mRizsjd dh HkkSfrd voLFkk leku gks rks ,slh jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k laekxh mRiszj.k dgykrh gSA
bl vfHkfdz;k esa iz;ksx gksus okys mRizsjd lekax mRizsjd dgykrs gSA
mnkgj.k %&
+
+
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
2- fo"kekaxh mRizsj.k %& ;fn fdlh jklk;fud vfHkfdz;k esa vfHkdkjd rFkk mRisjz d dh HkkSfrd voLFkk fHkUu&fHkUu gks rks ,slh fdz;k dks fo"kekaxh
mRizsj.k dgrs gSA bl vfHkfdz;k esa iz;qDr mRiszj.k] fo"kekaxh mRiszj.k dgykrk gSA
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+
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SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
v/;k; 7
fo|qr pqEcdh; izsj.k
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vksjLVsM dk iz;ksx 1820%& bUgksus vius iz;ksxksa }kjk Li"V fd;k fd ftl rjg fdlh pqEcd ds pkjksa rjQ pqEcdh; {ks= gksrk gS] mlh
rjg fdlh pkyd esa fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr djus ij blds pqEcdh; izHkko ds dkj.k pkyd ds pkjksa rjQ pqEcdh; {ks= dh LFkkiuk gks tkrh gSA
;ksx%&
tc fdlh pkyd rkj ls /kkjk izokfgr ugha djrs gS rks pqEcdh; lqbZ fo{ksfir ugha gksrh gS D;ksafd bl fLFkfr esa pkyd
rkj ds pkjksa rjQ pqEcdh; {ks= mRiUu ugha gksrk gSA
2.
bl pkyd rkj esa /kkjk izokfgr djus ij rkj ds pkjksa rjQ pqEcdh; {ks= mRiUu gks tkrk gS rFkk pqEcdh; lqbZ dk
fo{ksi] /kkjk dk eku c<+kus ij c<+ tkrk gSA
3.
tc /kkjk dk izokg pkyd rkj ds igys ds foijhr fnkk esa djrs gS rks pqEcdh; lqbZ dk fo{ksiu igys ds foijhr fnkk
esa gksrk gS] ysfdu /kkjk dk izokg jksdus ij pqEcdh; lqbZ iqu% viuh igys dh fLFkfr esa vk tkrh gSA
mi;qZDr isz{k.kksa }kjk ^vksjLVsM* us ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd fdlh pkyd rkj ls /kkjk izokfgr djus ij /kkjk ds pqEcdh; izHkko ds dkj.k pqEcdh;
{ks= mRiUu gksrk gS rFkk pqEcdh; lqbZ fo{kksfir gks tkrh gSA blds vykok pqEcdh; lqbZ ds fo{ksi dh fnkk ,oa eku] pkyd esa /kkjk dh fnkk
rFkk eku ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
pqEcdh; {ks= dh fnkk%& tc fdlh /kkjkokgh pkyd esa /kkjk izokfgr djus ij mlds pkjksa rjQ pqEcdh; {ks= mRiUu gks tkrk gS] bl pqEcdh;
{ks= dh fnkk fuEukafdr nks fu;eksa dh lgk;rk ls Kkr dj ldrs gS%&
v- nf{k.k gLr dk fu;e%& bl fu;e ds vuqlkj ;fn /kkjkokgh pkyd rkj dks nkfgusa gkFk ls bl izdkj idM+s fd vaxwBk /kkjk dh fnkk
esa jgs rks gkFk dh eqM+h gqbZ vaxqfy;k pqEcdh; {ks= dh fnkk dks bafxr djrh gSA
c- nf{k.kkorZ isap fu;e%& nf{k.kkorhZ isap fu;ekuqlkj] isap dks ?kqekus ij isap dh uksad fo|qr /kkjk dh fnkk esa vkxs c<s+ rks isap dks
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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pqEcdh; yDl%& fdlh pqEcdh; {ks= esa j[ks iB ls xqtjus okyh pqEcdh; cy js[kkvksa dh la[;kA
izrhd%& FkhVk A
ek=d%& oscjA
fo|qr pqEcdh; izsj.k%& fdlh dq.Myh ,oa pqEcd ds e/; lkis{k xfr ds dkj.k dq.Myh esa mRiUu fo|qr izHkko] fo|qr pqEcdh; izjs .k dgykrk
gSA
iz;ksx%& /kkjkokgh pkyd esa /kkjk dh fnkk rFkk fo{ksi dk eku Kkr djus ds fy, fuEukafdr iz;ksx djrs gSA blds fy, ,d /kkjkokgh dk laca/
k dq.Myh AB ls dj nsrs gSA blds ipkr~ ,d NM+ pqEcd NS ysrs gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
d NM+ pqEcd NS dks dq.Myh ds ikl fLFkj j[kus ij /kkjkekih esa fo{ksi dh fLFkfr 'kwU; gh jgrh gS] vr% dq.Myh esa /kkjk dk eku 'kwU;
gksrk gSA
[k tc NM+ pqEcd ds mkjh /kzqo dks dq.Myh dh rjQ xfr djokus ij /kkjkekih esa fo{ksi dh fLFkfr nk;h vkSj gks tkrh gS] ysfdu tSls gh
NM+ pqEcd dks fLFkj djrs gS fo{ksi iqu% 'kwU; fLFkfr esa vk tkrk gSA
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x bl fp=kuqlkj NM+ pqEcd ds mkjh /kzqo dks dq.Myh fLFkj pqEcd ls nwj djokus ij fo{ksi dh fLFkfr /kkjkekih esa ck;ha vkSj bafxr gksrh
gS rFkk pqEcd dks fLFkj djus ij fo{ksi 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA
mi;qZDr iz;ksxksa ds vuqlkj ;gh dk;Z pqEcd nf{k.kh /kzqo dks ysdj djrs gS rks fo{ksi dh fLFkfr /kkjkekih esa iwoZ iz;ksx ls izkIr fo{ksi ds foijhr
fnkk esa vkrk gSA
?k vc ;fn pqEcd dks fLFkj j[kdj dq.Myh dks xfr djokrs gS rks Hkh /kkjkekih esa fo{ksi vkrk gSA
bl iz;ksx ls Li"V gksrk gS fd dq.Myh ,oa pqEcd ds e/; lkis{k xfr ds dkj.k dq.Myh esa fo|qr /kkjk cgrh gS vFkkZr~ dq.Myh esa fo|qr okgd
cy mRiUu gksrk gSA bl cy dks izsfjr fo|qr okgd cy rFkk mRiUu /kjk dks izsfjr fo|qr /kkjk dgrs gSA
bu iz;ksxksa esa pqEcd rFkk dq.Myh dks ,d nwljs ds ikl ykus rFkk nwj ys tkus ij /kkjkekih esa fo{ksi esa ifjorZu vkrk gS] blh vk/kkj ij QSjkMs
rFkk ysat us fo|qr pqEcdh; izsj.k ds fu;eksa dk izfriknu fd;kA
QSjkMs ds fu;e%& fo|qr okgd cy ls lacfa /kr nks fu;eksa dk izfriknu ^^QSjkMs** us fd;k Fkk] ftlesa ls ,d fu;e fo|qr okgd cy dh mRifk
ls rFkk nwljk mlds ifj.kke ls lacaf/kr gSA
1- QSjkMs dk izFke fu;e%& ^^tc fdlh dq.Myh ls laca/k pqEcdh; yDl ds eku esa ifjorZu gksrk gS rks dq.Myh esa izsfjr fo|qr okgd
cy mRiUu gksrk gSA** vFkkZr~ dq.Myh rFkk pqEcd ds e/; lkis{k xfr gksus ij /kkjk izsfjr gksrh gS rFkk dq.Myh ls laca/k cy js[kkvksa dh
la[;k esa ifjorZu gksus ij fo|qr okgd cy izsfjr gksrk gSA
2- QSjkMs dk f}rh; fu;e%& ^^dq.Myh esa mRiUu izsfjr fo|qr okgd cy yDl esa ifjorZu dh nj ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA** vFkkZr~ izsfjr
fo|qr okgd cy ;k /kkjk dk eku cy js[kkvksa dh la[;k ;k yDl esa ifjorZu dh nj ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
ysUt dk fu;e%& ^^fo|qr pqEcdh; izsj.k dh izR;sd voLFkk esa izsfjr fo|qr okgd cy rFkk izsfjr /kkjk dh fnkk bl izdkj gksrh gS fd os lnSo
mu dkj.kksa dk fojks/k djrh gS] ftuds dkj.k mudh mRifk gksrh gSA bl izdkj ;g fu;e] tkZ laj{k.k fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gSA**
O;k[;k%& fdlh dq.Myh esa /kkjk izokfgr djus ij /kkjk mlds okekorZ fnkk esa ;k nf{k.kkorZ fnkk esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gS vFkkZr~ mldk ,d fljk
mkjh /kzqo okekorZ rFkk nwljk fljk nf{k.kh /kqzo nf{k.kkorZ dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA
^^ysUt ds fu;ekuqlkj fdlh pqEcd ds mkjh /kzqo dks dq.Myh dh rjQ xfr djk;s rks izsfjr /kkjk bl izdkj fnfkr gksrh gS] ftl dkj.k mldh
mRifk gksrh gS vFkkZr~ og mkjh /kqzo ds ikl vkus dk fojks/k djrh gSA ge tkurs gS fd ltkrh; /kzqoksa }kjk ,d nwljs dks izfrdf"kZr djus ds
dkj.k izsfjr /kkjk dh fnkk bl izdkj gksrh gS fd dq.Myh dk utnhdh fljk mkjh /kzqo dh Hkkafr dk;Z djsxk rFkk izsfjr /kkjk okekorZ gksxhA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
blh rjQ pqEcd dks dq.Myh ls nwj ys tkus ij izsfjr /kkjk dh fnkk bl ifjorZu dk fojks/k djus yx tk;sxh vFkkZr~ dq.Myh dk utnhdh
fljk nf{k.k /kzqo dh Hkkafr dk;Z djsxk vkSj nwj tkrs pqEcd ds mkjh /kqzo dks vkdf"kZr djsxk rFkk izsfjr /kkjk nf{k.kkorZ gksxhA
fo|qr tfu= Mk;useks%& os lk/ku ;k midj.k ftuds }kjk ;kaf=d tkZ dks fo|qr tkZ esa cnyk tkrk gS] fo|qr tfu= ;k Mk;useks dgykrs
gSA
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;s midj.k fo|qr pqEcdh; izsj.k ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gS vFkkZr~ bu midj.kksa esa rkj ls cuh dq.Myh dks pqEcdh; {ks= esa ?kqekus ij mlls lacaf/
kr pqEcdh; {ks= esa ifjorZu gksus ds dkj.k fo|qr okgd cy izsfjr gksrk gS tks fd dq.Myh rFkk lacaf/kr yksM ifjiFk ls fo|qr /kkjk dks izsfjr
dj izokfgr djrk gSA
fo|qr tfu= nks izdkj ds gksrs gS%&
1- izR;korhZ /kkjk tfu=A
2- fn"V /kkjk tfu=A
vkesZpj%& ;g fo|qrjks/kh rkacs ds rkj dh vusd ?ksjks okyh dq.Myh ABCD gksrh gS ftls dPps yksgs ds <kp ij yisVk tkrk gS rFkk bls viuh
v{k ij ?kw.kZu djk;k tkrk gSA
1- {ks= pqEcd%& ;g {ks= mkjh N rFkk nf{k.k S /kqzoksa ds e/; vkesZpj dks j[kus ij gksrk gSA ;g {ks= pqEcd NksVs tfu=ksa esa LFkk;h gksrk
gS tcfd cM+s tfu=ksa esa vfr izcy fo|qr pqEcd gksrs gSA
2- lihZoy;%& vkesZpj ds <kps ij vkjksfir /kkrq ds nks oy; S1 rFkk S2 dq.Myh ls tqM+s jgrs gS rFkk mlh ds lkFk ?kq.kZu djrs gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
3- cqk%& lihZoy; ls LifkZr /kkrq ;k dkcZu ds cus cqk B1 rFkk B2 gksrs gS] ftuds ck ifjiFk esa /kkjk izkIr dh tkrh gSA
dk;Ziz.kkyh%& ;kaf=d tkZ L=ksr ls pqEcdh; {ks= esa vkesp
Z j dks mlds ?kw.kZu v{k ij ?kwekus ij blls lac/a k pqEcdh; vfHkokg ds eku esa ABCD
yxkrkj ifjorZu gksus ds dkj.k dq.Myh ds nksuksa fljksa ds e/; izsfjr fo|qr okgd cy mRiUu gksrk gSA
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vkesZpj dks ?kqekus ij dq.Myh pqEcdh; {ks= ds yEcor~ rFkk lekUrj fLFkfr esa ckjEcj vkrh gS] ftl dkj.k yDl dk eku vk/ks ?kw.kZu esa vf/
kdre rFkk vk/ks ?kw.kZu esa U;wure gksrk gS& vFkkZr~ /kkjk dh fnkk vk/ks ?kw.kZu esa nf{k.kkorZ rFkk vxys ?kw.kZu esa okekorZ gksrh gSA ;k tfu= ds
czqk Hkh viuh fLFkfr ifjofrZr djrs jgrs gS vFkkZr~ vk/ks ?kw.kZu esa czqk B1 ?ku bySDVksM $ rFkk B2 _.k & bySDVksM gksrk gS] blh izdkj
vxys vk/ks ?kw.kZu esa fLFkfr foijhr gks tkrh gS vFkkZr~ B1 _.k B2 ?ku bySDVksM gks tkrk gSA
bl izdkj izR;korhZ /kkjk tfu= esa vkesZpj ds iwjs ?kw.kZu esa ,d fufpr le; ds ipkr~ /kkjk dh fnkk rFkk mldk eku fu;fer :i ls ifjofrZr
gksrk jgrk gSA ,slh /kkjk izR;korhZ /kkjk dgykrh gSA bl /kkjk dk eku dq.Myh esa ?ksjks dh la[;k] dq.Myh ds {ks=Qy] ?kw.kZu osx rFkk pqEcdh;
{ks= dh rhozrk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
foks"k %& Hkkjr esa izR;korhZ /kkjk dk eku 50 gVZ~t gS vFkkZr~ dq.Myh dks izfr lSd.M 50 ckj ?kwf.kZr djok;k tkrk gSA
fn"V /kkjk tfu= %& bl midj.k dk mi;ksx mu fo/kqr dk;kZs ds fy, djrs gS] ftuesa ,d gh fnkk esa cgus okyh /kkjk dh t:jr gksrh
gSA
lajpuk %& bldh lajpuk yxHkx izR;korhZ /kkjk tfu= dh rjg gh gksrh gS] ysfdu blesa lihZ oy;ksa ds LFkku ij fnd~ ifjorZd C1 & C2
gksrs gS tks fd /kkrq dh ,d gh oy; ds cus gksrs gSA blesa ls C1] vkesZpj ds ,d fljs ls rFkk C2] vkesZpj ds nwljs fljs ls tqM+k jgrk gS rFkk
budk lEcU/k ck; ifjiFk esa nksuksa czqkksa B1 & B2 ls gksrk gS tks fd C1 & C2 dks Nwrs jgrs gSA
dk;Z iz.kkyh %& pqEcdh; {ks= esa vkesZpj dks ?kqekus ij fo/kqr okgd cy izsfjr gksrk gSA fnV /kkjk tfu= esa cqzkksa dks bl izdkj lek;ksftr
djrs gS fd tc dq.Myh esa izsfjr fo/kqr okgd cy dh fnkk ifjofrZr gksrh gS rks mlh le; bu czqkksa dk lEcU/k dE;wVsVj ds ,d Hkkx ls gVdj
nwljs Hkkx ls gks tkrk gS rFkk /kkjk dh fnkk] ck ifjiFk esa ogh jgrh gSA
dq.Myh ds izFke vk/ks ?kw.kZu esa iszfjr fo/kqr okgd cy dh fnkk bl izdkj gksrh gS fd dq.Myh dk C1 ls tqM+k fljk $ ?kukRed ,oa C2 ls
tqMk+ fljk & _.kkRed gksrk gS] ftl dkj.k cqzk B1 $ B2 & ve gksrs gSA blh izdkj vxys vk/ks ?kw.kZu esa fo/kqr okgd cy dh fnkk cnyrh
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
gS] ftl dkj.k C1 &ve rFkk C2 $ve gks tkrs gS ysfdu ?kw.kZu ds dkj.k C1 ?kwedj C2 ds LFkku ij rFkk C2] C1 ds LFkku ij vk tkrs
gS] ifj.kke Lo:i B1 rFkk B2 dzek% $ve rFkk &ve gh jgrs gS rFkk ck ifjiFk esa /kkjk iwjs /kw.kZu esa B1 ls B2 dh vkSj ,d gh fnkk esa
izokfgr gksrh gSA
fo/kqr eksVj %& fo/kqr tkZ dks ;kaf=d tkZ esa ifjofrZr djus okyk ;a=A
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lajpuk %& dPps yksgs ds <akps ij yisVh dq.Myh vkesZpj dks pqEcd ds nksuks ?kzqoksa esa e/; j[kh gqbZ gksrh gSA ;g dq.Myh fnd~ ifjorZd
ds fljk C1 rFkk C2 ls lEifdZr gksrs gq, cqzk B1 & B2 dks LikZ djrs gq, fn"V /kkjk L=ksr ls tqMs jgrs gSA
fl)kUr %& ;fn fdlh pkyd dks pqEcdh; {ks= esa j[kdj fo/kqr /kkjk izokfgr dh tk;sa rks ml ij dk;Z djus okys cy dh fnkk ^^ysfeax
ds ck;s gkFk ds fu;e** ls Kkr dh tkrh gSA
^^ysfeax dk fu;e** %& fu;ekuqlkj ck;sa gkFk dh e/;ek] rtZuh ,oa vaxwBs dks ,d nwljs ds yEcor~ QSykus ij rtZuh pqEcdh; {ks=k dh
fnkk e/;ek /kkjk dh fnkk bafxr djs rks vaxwBk pkyd ij yxus okys vFkkZr~ mldh xfr dh fnkk crk;sxkA
dk;Z iz.kkyh %& tc fo/kqr eksVj ds vkesZpj esa /kkjk izokfgr djrs gS rks ysfeax ds fu;ekuqlkj bldh Hkqtkvksa esa dzek% ij rFkk uhps dh
vkSj ,d cy ;qXe dk;Z djrk gS ftl dkj.k dq.Myh nf{k.kkorZ fnkk esa ?kw.kZu djrh gSA vc vxys vk/ks ?kw.kZu esa dq.Myh dh nksuks Hkqtk,sa viuk
LFkku nf{k.kkorZ fnkk esa ?kw.kZu djrh gSA vc vxys vk/ks ?kw.kZu esa dq.Myh dh nksuks Hkqtk,sa viuk LFkku ifjofrZr dj ysrh gS ftl dkj C1
rFkk C2 Hkh viuk LFkku ifjofrZr dj ysrs gS vkSj B2 C1 ds rFkk B1] C2 ds lEidZ eas vk tkrk gSA ifj.kke Lo:i /kkjk B ls C ,oa B ls
A dh vkSj cgrh gSA ysfeax ds ck;as gkFk ds fu;e ds vuqlkj CD ij ij] ,oa AB ij uhpas dh vkSj cy dk;Z djrk gS tks fd dq.Myh
dks iqu% nf{k.kkorZ ?kw.kZu djkrk gSA bl fdz;k ds fujUrj pyus ds dkj.k dq.Myh nksuks ?kzqoksa ds e/; yxkrkj ,d gh fnkk esa ?kw.kZu djrh jgrh
gSA
vkesZpj ds lkFk kkV dks la;ksftr dj ekhus lapkfyr dh tkrh gSA
fo/kqr jsy] NksVs ia[ks] dkj] f[kykSus] VsifjdkWMZj vkfn dk lapkyu fn"V/kkjk fo/kqr eksVj }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
fo/kqr pqEcd %& ;g ,d fo/kqrjks/kh lqpkyd rkj dh cuh ifjukfydk gksrh gS] ftlds pkjksa rjQ dq.Myh yisVh gksrh gSA tc bl ifjukfydk
esa /kkjk izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks mluds pqEcdh; {ks=k mRiUu gks tkrk gS rFkk og fo/kqr pqEcd dh rjg dk;Z djus yxrh gSA bl fo/kqr pqEcd
dk ,d fljk mrjh /kzqo rFkk nwljk fljk nf{k.kh /kqzo gksrk gSA bl ifjrkfydk dk pqEcdRo dbZ xq.kk c<+kus ds fy, blesa dPps yksgs dh dzksM
j[k nsrs gS] blls izsj.k fdz;k ds dkj.k NM+ pqEcfd; gks tkrh gSA
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bl pqEcd dh 'kfDr /kkjk ds eku] Qsjk dh la[;k rFkk dzksM ds izdkj ij fuHkZj djrh gSA fo/kqr pqEcdh; dh rhozrk c<+kus ds fy, /kkjk dk
eku rFkk Qsjks dh la[;k c<kuh iM+rh gSA
1- fo/kqr eksVj rFkk Mk;useksa esa pqEcdha; {ks= mRiUu djus ds fy,
4- fpfdRlk m/kksx esa vka[k esa yksgs dk d.k fxjus ij] mls fudkyus ds fy,
5- cM+s m/kksxksa esa pqEcdh; ,oa vpqEcdh; inkFkksZ dks vyx&vyx djus ds fy,A
fo/kqr su %& bl fo/kqr midj.k esa kfDrkkyh fo/kqr pqEcd dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tc bl pqEcd esa fo/kqr /kkjk izokfgr dh tkrh
gS rks yksgs dh Hkkjh oLrq,sa blesa vkdf"kZr gksdj fpid tkrh gS rFkk ;g midj.k ljyrk ls Hkkjh oLrqvksa dks mBkdj bfPNr LFkku ij ys tkrk
gSA tc oLrq bfPNr LFkku ij igqap tkrh gS rc fo/kqr /kkjk dk izokg can dj nsrs gS] ftlls fo/kqr pqEcd dk pqEcdRo lekIr gks tkrk gS rFkk
yksgs dh oLrq,sa fo/kqr pqEcd ls vyx gks tkrh gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
mi;ksx %& yksgs rFkk pqEcdh; inkFkksZ ls cuh Hkkjh oLRqvksa dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij j[kuk] tSls %& Vsu ds fMCcksa] Vdksa esa Hkkjh leku
dk ynku] m/kksxksa esa Hkkjh ekhujh dk LFkkukUrj.kA
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VkUlQkeZj %& ;g ,d ,slk midj.k gS tks fd vU;ksU; izsj.k ds fl)kUr ij dk;Z djrk gS rFkk bldh lgk;rk ls izR;korhZ oksYVrk dks de
;k vf/kd fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lajpuk %& bl ;qfDr esa fo/kqrjks/kh okfuZk dk ysi fd;s gq, rkacs ds rkj dh nks dq.Mfy;ka gksrh gS P rFkk S gksrh gS tks fd ,d nwljs ls fo/
kqr:) gksrs gq, yksgs dh ,d gh dzksM ij fyiVh gksrh gSA yksgs dh dzksM dks ueZ yksgs dh ifk;ksa dks ,d ds ij ,d j[kdj vk;rkdkj vkd`fr
esa cuk;k tkrk gSA bl dzksM dh foks"krk ;g gksrh gS fd blesa ueZ ifk;ksa dks ,d nwljs ds ij vo; j[kk tkrk gS] ysfdu ;s ijLij fo/
kqrjks/kh gksrh gSA ;g dzksM ^^iVfyr dzksM** dgykrk gS rFkk bl dzksM ds cUn gksus ls dq.Mfy;ksa ls xqtjus okys pqEcdh; {ks= dh rhozrk esa o`f)
gks tkrh gSA
izkFkfed dq.Myh] ck izR;korhZ foHko L=ksr ls tqM+h jgrh gS rFkk f}rh;d dq.Myh esa izsfjr fo/kqr okgd cy izkIr djrs gSA
dk;Z iz.kkyh %& tc ck; L=ksr esa fo/kqr izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks fo-pq-izs- pqEcdh; {ks= mRiUu gksrk gS] ftl dkj.k pqEcdh; cy js[kk,a
dzksM ds lkFk&lkFk f}rh;d dq.Myh esa ls xqtj dj viuk iFk iwjk dj ysrh gSA pwafd izR;korhZ /kkjk dk eku fLFkj ugh jgrk rFkk cnyrk
jgrk gS] ftl dkj.k pqEcdh; {ks= dh rhozrk esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gS vkSj f}rh;d dq.Myh esa fo/kqr okgd cy izsfjr gksrk gS tks fd fo/
kqr pqEcdh; izsj.k ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA
izsfjr fo/kqr okgd cy dk eku] dq.Myh esa ?ksjks dh la[;k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
Ep= izkFkfed dq.Myh esa fo/kqr okgd cy
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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B. mPpk;h VaklQkeZj %& fuEu oksYVrk dks mPp oksYVrk esa ifjofrZr djus okys bu VkalQkeZlZ esa izkIr oksYVrk] vkjksfir oksYVrk ls vf/
kd gksrh gSA
vFkkZr~ Es>Ep tc Ns>Np
ge tkurs gS fd tkZ dks u rks u"V fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj u gh mRiUu] mls dsoy ,d :i ls nwljs :i esa cnyk tk ldrk gS] vr% tkZ
laj{k.k ds fl)kUr ds vk/kkj ij gh ge VkalQkWeZj dh lgk;rk ls 220 oksYV ls 22000 oksYV ;k blls vf/kd dh oksYVrk izkIr rks dj ysrs gS]
ysfdu mldk dksbZ Qk;nk ugha gksrk D;ksfd VkalQkeZj ls vknkZ fLFkfr esa fuxZr fo/kqr 'kfDr = fuoskh fo/kqr 'kfDr
fo/kqr 'kfDr P = oksYVrk /kkjk
;fn Es>Ep rks Is<Ip vFkkZr~ ftl vuqikr esa oksYVrk c<k;h tk;s blh vuqiku esa /kkjk de gks tkrh gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
v/;k; 9
tUrqvksa dk vkfFkZd egRo
l`f"V ds izkjEHk ls gh euq";] tUrqvksa dks ikyrw cukdj mudk mi;ksx thou ;kiu ds fy, djrk gSA
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I bl v/;k; esa ge fuEukafdr tUrqvksa dk ikyu rFkk mu ij vk/kkfjr m/kksxksa dk v/;;u djsaxs %&
I.
e/kqeD[kh ikyu
II.
III.erL;
ikyu
IV. dqDdqV
V.
ikyu
2- ,fil MksjlsVk
3- ,- bafMdk
e/kqeD[kh ls izkIr jklk;fud inkFkZ 'kgn gksrk gS ftlds jklk;fud la/kBu esa Xywdkst] QzDVkst] lqdzkst 'kdZjk,a] [kfut yo.k o vU; inkFkZ
rFkk ty ik;k tkrk gSA izkd`frd voLFkk esa ik;k tkus okyk 'kgn gtkjksa o"kksZ rd [kjkc ugh gksrk gS] ftlds izek.k 7000 o"kZ iwoZ feJ dh
efEe;ksa fijkfeM+ esa j[ksa 'kgn dk 'kq) voLFkk esa ik;s tkus ls feyrs gSA
euq"; us izkjEHk ls gh vius thou ;kiu ds fy, e|qeD[kh ikyu dk dk;Z izkjEHk fd;k] ftlds nksgjs Qk;ns gS] ,d rks e/kqeD[kh Qwyksa dh
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
ijkx.k fdz;k djkusa esa lgk;d gS] ftlds dkj.k [ksrksa esa vPNh Qly gksus dh laHkkouk gksrh gS rFkk 'kgn rFkk ekse ds :i esa ikyudrkZ dks
vPNh vkenuh Hkh gks tkrh gSA
e/kqeD[kh ikyusa dk dk;Z loZizFke ;wjksi ds d`"kdksa }kjk fd;k x;k] bUgksaus e/kqeD[kh ikyus ds fy, mYVh ckYVh ds vkdkj dk <kapk cuk;k]
ftls orZeku esa ^^LVkLdsi** dgrs gSA
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e/kqeD[kh ikyu rFkk Je foHkktu %& e/kqeD[kh ikyusa dk dk;Z izkjEHk djus ls igys mlds LoHkko dks tkuuk vR;Ur vkod gksrk gS
D;ksafd blds :i esa dk;Z esa vusd fofHkUurk,a ik;h tkrh gSA
e/kqeD[kh ds ,d Nrs esa rhu izdkj dh e/kqefD[k;ka gksrh gS] ftlesa ls ,d jkuh eD[kh dqN uj eD[kh rFkk dqN Jfed eD[kh gksrh gSA jkuh
eD[kh dks yEcs mnj ls rFkk uj eD[kh dks cM+h&cM+h vka[kksa ls igpkuk tk ldrk gSA jkuh eD[kh lnSo Nkrs esa cuh jgrh gS] tcfd dqN efD[k;ka
Jfed efD[;ksa dk dk;Z djrh gSa vkSj uj eD[kh mi;ksfxrk lekIr gksus ds ckn Lor% gh ej tkrh gS ;k mUgs lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
e/kqeD[kh ikyu %& e/kqeD[kh ikyus ds fy, ftu d`f=e cUn vkdkj ds Nrksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] mUgs LVkLdsi dgrs gS] bu Nkrksa
esa v.Md{k rFkk ekse dh ijr okyh IysVs gksrh gS tks /kkrq ;k IykfLVd dh cuh gksrh gS] ;s v.Md{k ds fy, vk/kkj dk dk;Z djrh gSA bu
cDlsa esa vusd fNnz gksrs gS tks Jfed efD[k;ksa ds vkus tkus esa lgk;d gksrs gSA bls LVkLdsi esa jkuh eD[kh dks thoudky rd 'kqdzk.kq iznku
dj uj eD[kh Lor% gh ej tkrh gSA blds ipkr~ jkuh eD[kh nks izdkj ds v.Ms nsrh gS] vfuosfpr rFkk fuosfprA vfu'ksfpr v.Mksa ls uj
e/kqeD[kh rFkk fu"kspd v.Mksa ls jkuh ;k Jfed e/kqeD[kh tks fd iks"k.k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
;fn fu'ksfpr v.Mksa dks jkW;y tsyh inkFkZ dk iks"k.k feyrk jgs rks jkuh eD[kh gksrh gS] vr% igys cuus okyh jkuh e/kqeD[kh Jehd e/kqefD;ksa
dks ekj Mkyrh gS] tcfd iwoZ jkuh e/kqeD[kh blls iwoZ gh vU;= iyk;u dj tkrh gSA
bu d`f=e Nrks dks ,sls LFkkuksa ij yxk;k tkrk gS ftlds vkl&ikl edjan ;qDr Qwy okys ikS/ks gksrs gSA blls Jfed e/kqefD[k;ksa bu Qwyksa
ls edjUn ,df=r djrh gSA bl edjUn dk HkaMkfjr djuk laHko ugh gksrk] ftl dkj.k Jfed e/kqefD[;ka bUgs lkafnzr dj 'kgn esa ifjofrZr
dj Nrs ds dks"Bdksa esa ,df=r dj ysrh gSA 'kgn ,df=r gks tkus ds ckn bu Nrksa ls IysVksa dks fudky fy;k tkrk gS rFkk 'kgn vkSj ekse
dks i`Fkd&i`Fkd dj fy;k tkrk gSA 'kgn dk mi;ksx LokLFk; ds fy, gksrk gS] tcfd ekse ls ewfrZ;ka] twrksa ds fy, ikWfyk] QkZ ikWfyk vkfn
cukbZ tkrh gSA
foks'k %& ^^,fil MksjlsVk** ,slh e/kqeD[kh gS fd ;fn og ,d lkFk >qaM ds :i esa fdlh O;fDr ij geyk dj ns rks ml O;fDr dh e`R;q
Hkh gks ldrh gS D;ksafd buds Mad ls fo"k;qDr inkFkZ L=kfor gksrk jgrk gS] ftlls ;g viuk cpko djrh gSA
II jske dhV ikyu ^^SERICULTURE** lsjh dYpj %&
Pkhuh okfl;ksa us gtkjks o"kZ iwoZ gh jske dhVksa ls jske izkIr djuk RkFkk mlls diM+k cquuk lh[k fy;k Fkk] pwafd bl O;olk; ls vR;f/kd ykHk
gksus ds dkj.k mUgksus bls xqIr j[kk] ysfdu vc ;g Hkkjr lfgr dbZ nskksa ds fy, dqVhj m/kksx ds :i esa LFkkfir gks pqdk gSA orZeku le;
esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk jske dhV mRiknu gsrq ekxZnkZu ,oa lk/ku ds fy, ljdkjh lgk;rk miyC/k djok;h tkrh gSA
jske dhV ikyu %& bl m/kksxks dks ^^lsjhdYpj** ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA jske dhV cksfEcd eksjkbZ** oSKkfud uke 'kgrwr ds irksa ij
viuk thou ;kiu djrk gSA bl dhV dh dbZ fdLesa iztuu }kjk vklkuh iwoZd rS;kj dj yh tkrh gSA bl dhV dh oakkuqxr o`f} ekSle
ij fuHkZj gksrh gS] tSls ekuo esa ,d o.kZ esa 5 ls 7 ih<h] ysfdu B.Ms iznskksa esa ,d o"kZ esa ,d gh ih<h rS;kj gksrh gSA
jske dhV gYds dzhe jax dk yxHkx 2-5 lseh yEck dhV gksrk gSA bldh eknk Hkkjh 'kjhj RkFkk detkjs ia[k gksus ds dkj.k mM+ ugh ikrh gSA
bl eknk dh ,d foks"krk ;g gksrh gS fd blesa fu"kspu vkarfjd gksrk gS rFkk fu"kspu ds ipkr~ gh eknk v.Ms nsuk izkjaHk dj nsrh gS] ftudh
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
la[;k 500 ls 700 rd gksrh gSA ;g la[;k v.Mksa ds iks"k.k rFkk ekSle ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;g v.Ms tSls gh 'kgrwr dh ifk;ksa ij eqDr gksrs
gS] eknk ftysfVyh inkFkZ dk L=ko djrh gS] ml dkj.k v.Ms+ ifRr;ksa dh lrg ls fpid dj o`f) djrs gSA
;g v.Ms izkjEHk esa lQsn jax ds gksrs gS tks /khjs&/khjs xgjs jax esa ifjofrZr gksrs jgrs gSA bu v.Mks ls ykjok fudyus esa yxHkx 10 fnu dk
le; yx tkrk gS] bl le; dk mYek;u vof/k Incubation period dgrs gSA ;g ykjok ^^baLrkj** esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA ;g ykjok
yxHkx 7-5 lseh yEck gksrk gSA
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bl ykjok ds 'kjhj esa jske xzafFk cu tkrh gS] ftlls jske L=kfor gksrk jgrk gS] ;g rjy inkFkZ ds :i esa gksrk gS tks fd ok;q ds lEidZ
esa vkrs gh jske ds /kkxs es ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA dqN le; ipkr~ ;g ykjok kgrwr dh ifk;ksa ls iks"k.k rFkk izkIr djrk gS rFkk fodflr
ykjok ^^baLrkj** esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA ;g ykjok yxHkx 7-5 lseh yEck gksrk gSA
bl ykjok ds 'kjhj esa jske xzfFk cu tkrh gS] tlls jske L=kfor gksrk jgrk gS] ;g rjy inkFkZ ds :i esa gksrk gS] tks fd ok;q ds lEidZ
esa vkrs gh jske ds /kkxsa esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA dqN le; ipkr~ ;g ykjok Hkkstu djuk cUn dj ^^I;wihdj.k** izkjEHk dj nsrk gS rFkk
/kkxk blds 'kjhj ds pkjks rjQ fyiV tkrk gS vkSj ;g lajpuk dks;k dgykrh gS] ftlesa yxHkx 3 fnu dk le; yx tkrk gS rFkk ;g voLFkk
10&12 fnu dh gksrh gSA ,d dks;s esa yxHkx 1000&1200 ehVj yEck /kkxk gksrk gS] tks fd o;Ld ds dks;as esa ls ckgj vkus ds ipkr~ vuqi;ksxh
gks tkrk gS] vr% o;Ld dks thfor voLFkk esa j[krsa gq, 8&10 fnu mez ds dks;sa dks xeZ ikuh esa Mky nsrs gS rFkk jhfyax }kjk /kkxsa dks ,d
cM+s ifg, ij yisV ysrs gS] bl izdkj izkIr jske dks dPpk jske dgrs gSA
eqxhZ ikyu vkSj dqDdqV ikyu POULTRY %& dqDdqV ikyu dj bfrgkl izkphu gSA dqDdqV ikyu esa eq[; :i ls eqfxZ;ks dks iky
tkrk gSA blds vykok cr[k bR;kfn vU; if{k;ksa dks Hkh v.Mksa ekal bR;kfn ds fy, ikyk tkrk gSA v.Mksa rFkk ekal ds vykok buls ia[k [kkn
bR;kfn Hkh izkIr fd;s tkrs gSA
vkokl %& eqfxZ;ks dks ftu LFkkuksa ij ikyk tkrk gS mls Poultry Form ikWYVh QkWeZ dgrs gSA blesa fofHkUu izdkj ds fiatjs gksrs gS] ftuesa
mfpr ek=k esa izdkk] gok dh O;oLFkk gksrh gSA
Hkkstu %& ihyh eDdk] tkS] xsagwa] ewaxQyh] pkoy dh Hkwlh] pwuk ;qDr dadj vkfnA
mRikn %& eqfxZ;ks ls izkIr mRikn v.Mk gS tks fd ljyrk ls ipus okyk izksVhu L=ksr gSA bl v.Ms es jkbcksysfou] QkWLQkasjl rFkk yksgk gksrk
gSA blds vykok ekal] ey [kkn ds :i esa] ia[k rfd;s] jtkbZ esa mi;ksx esa fd;k tkrk gSA
jksx %& jkuh [ksr okbjl tfur] fpdu ikWDl] dkWysjk bR;kfnA
eqxhZ ikyu ds fy, foks"k fdLesa %&
v- Hkkjrh; fdLesa uLysa %&
1- yky taxyh eqxkZ
2- vlhy
3- pVxkao
4- ?kxl
5- cqL=kA
2- czk
3- dkWfuZk
4- ySaXlgku
6- U;w gSIikk;j
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
V ikqikyu vk/kkfjr m/kksx CATTLE BASED INDUSTURY %& d`f"k rFkk ikqikyu ,d nwljs ds iwjd O;olk; gS] ysfdu
orZeku le; esa ekhuksa ij fuHkZjrk ds dkj.k d`f"k dk;kZs ds fy, ikqvksa dh vko;drk de gksrh tk jgh gS fQj Hkh ikqikyu ds dkj.k foo
tula[;k dk ,d cM+k lewg thou ;kiu dj jgk gSA
ikqikyu ds vUrxZr nq/kk: ikqvksa ds vykok ?kksM+k vkfn dk ikyu dj mulsa nw/k] ekal] u] peM+k] xkscj] d`f"k] euksjatu izkIr fd;k tkrk
gS rFkk lkFk gh bllsa jkstxkj dh laHkkouk,a c<rh gSA
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ikyrw ikqvksa dh la[;k dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr vxz.h jk"V gS] ysfdu i;kZIr o mfpr uLysa u gksus ds dkj.k mRiknu dh n`f"V ls ;g fLFkfr ugha
gSA
nqX/k mRiknu DAIRY INDUSTURY %& euq"; usa izkjEHk esa gh vius iks"k.k gsrq dqN ikqvks dks ikyrw cukdj muds nw/k dk mi;ksx
fd;kA nw/k Lru/kkjh thoksa dh LruxzafFk;ksa ls L=kfor lEiw.kZ [kk| inkFkZ gS tks vusd fkkqvksa dks iksk.k iznku djrk gSA
orZeku le; esa nq/k O;olk; vR;Ur ykHkdkjh gS] ftl dkj.k cM+s ,oa dqVhj m/kksxksa esa nqX/k mRiknu fd;k tk jgk gSA
nqX/k mRiknu ikq %& izeq[k nqX/k mRiknd ikq %& xk;] HkSal rFkk cdjh
xk; dh uLys %& lkghoky] fla/k] xhj] nsoyh] gfj;k.kk] nskh] tlhZ] jsMMsu] gkyLVhu fonskh
HkSal dh uLys %& eqjkZ] tkQjk ckMh] lwjrhA
nw/k rFkk mlds mRikn %& mPp ikSf"Vd gksus ds dkj.k nw/k esa thok.kqvksa dh la[;k esa rhoz o`f) gksrh gS vkSj ;g tYnh [kjkc gks tkrk gS
ysfdu 'khryhdj.k rFkk ikpqjhdj.k ds dkj.k nq/k dks dbZ fnuksa rd Hk.Mkfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ikpqjhdj.k %& nw/k dks futZyhdj.k djusa dh fdz;kA
vU; mRikn %& ngh] dzhe] eD[ku] ekok] ?kh] nw/k ikMj bR;kfnA
u m/kksx WOOL INDUSTRY %& u HksM ls izkIr gksrh gS rFkk mrjh Hkkjr dk eq[; ikq vk/kkfjr m/kksx HksM+ikyu gh gSA u HksMksa
ds ckyksa ls izkIr dh tkrh gSA HksMk+ as ls izkIr u mudh iztkfr rFkk {ks= foks"k dh tyok;q ij fuHkZJ djrh gSA HksM+ ds 'kjhj ls ckyksa dks mrkjdj
mudksa u cukus ds fy, fofHkUu tfVy izfdz;kvksa }kjk xqtkjk tkrk gS] ftlesa mldh /kqykbZ] lq[kkbZ] fojatu o jaxkbZ izeq[k gSA HksM+ dh ehaxuh
ey [kkn dh n`f"V ls mi;qDr gksrh gSA
ikqikyu ij vk/kkfjr vU; m/kksx %&
peM+k m/kksx] Qj m/kksx] ekal [kkus gsrq lwvj m/kksx] lokjh gsrq ?kksM+k ikyu] eky <ksus gsrq x/kk ikyu] cSy ikyu bR;kfn izeq[k O;olk; gSA
ikq LokLF; ,oa ekuo %& ftl izdkj ekuo dk LoLFk jguk vko;d gS] Bhd mlh izdkj ikqvksa dk LoLFk jguk t:jh gSA ikqvksa ds
chekj gksus ls nw/k mRiknu esa deh] muds dk;Z djus dh {kerk esa deh vk tkrh gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
v/;k; 10
ikniksa dk vfkFkZd egRo
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l`f"V ds izkjEHk ls gh euq"; dh rhu ewyHkwr vko;drk,a jgh gS %& Hkkstu] oL= rFkk vkokl] budh iwfrZ ds fy, og ikniksa ij fuHkZj gS D;ksfd
ikni gh ok;qe.My dk ,d ek= ltho gS tks lw;Z dh fofdj.k tkZ dks izdkk lays"k.k rFkk vU; mikip;h fdz;kvksa }kjk dkcZfud [kk| inkFkksZ
esa lafpr djrk gS] ftldk mi;ksx vU; ltho] thfor jgus ds fy, Hkkstu ds :i esa djrs gSA
vkfFkZd ouLifr foKku ECONOMIC BOTANY %& ikniksa ds mRikn rFkk mudk ekuo thou ds fy, mi;ksx gsrw v/;;uA
Hks"kt xq.k foKku PHARMA COLOGY %& ikniksa ds vkS"k/kh; xq.kksa dk 'kjhj vaxks ij v/;;uA
Pakwfd ikniksa dh vusd iztkfr;ka iFoh ij ikbZ tkrh gS] ftudk ,d lkFk v/;;u djuk eqfdy gS] blds fy, loZizFke ,-,Q- fgy 1952
usa vkfFkZd egRo ds ikniksa dk pkj oxksZ esa foHkDr fd;k tks fuEu izdkj gS %&
I.
II.
vkS"k/kh; ikni
III.vkS/kksfxd
I.
ikni
vukt CEREALS %& ;g izeq[k [kk| inkFkZ gS tks eq[;rk ,dcht&i=h ikniksa dk Qy ^^dsfjvksfIll** gksrk gSA vukt ls
LVkpZ ;k dkcksZgkbMV izpqj ek=kk esa izkIr gksrs gS & tks fd ekuo ;k vU; lthoksa esa olu dk eq[; vk/kkj gksrk gSA dqN izeq[k
vukt fuEu izdkj gS %&
[kk| inkFkZ ds :i esa xsagw dk mi;ksx ogr~ Lrj ij gksrk gSA bldh [ksrh jch dh Qly ds :i esa vDVwcj&uoEcj esa dh tkrh gS rFkk
ekpZ&vizSy esa bls dkVk tkrk gSA xsagw dks ihl dj vkVk] eSnk rFkk lwth cuk;s tkrs gS] ftudk mi;ksx pikrh] Mcy jksVh] VksLV] feBkbZ;ka]
uedhu bR;kfn cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
xsagwa dh izeq[k fdLesa %& lksukfydk] dY;k.k lksuk] yksdou] 'kcZrh lksukjk] QkehZ 1482 uEcj bR;kfnA
[k- pkoy RICE %& pkyo dk [kk| ds :i esa mi;ksx foo dh yxHkx vk/kh vkcknh djrh gSA pkoy dh [ksrh Hkkjr esa [kjhQ dh Qly
ds :i esa o"kkZ _rq ds izkjEHk esa dh tkrh gS rFkk 'khr _rq ds izkjEHk esa bls dkVk tkrk gSA pkoy dk mi;ksx fcuk ihls gh lkcqr] iqyko]
iksgs] [khj bR;kfn esa fd;k tkrk gSA cklerh] Lo.kZ nkuk] txukFk izeq[k fdLesa gSA
foks"k %& 1- pkoy mRiknu dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk foo esa igyk LFkku gSA
2- pkoy dh [ksrh ds fy, ikuh dh vko;drk vf/kd gksrh gSA
x- cktjk PEARL MILLET %& Hkkjr esa cktjs ds [ksrh Hkh [kjhQ dh Qly ds :i esa dh tkrh gSA ;g eksVk vukt gksrk gS] ftlsa
'kq"d ,oa v}Z 'kq"d tyok;q okys {ks=ksa esa cks;k tkrk gSA 'khr _rq esa cktjs dh jksVh dks cM+s pko ds lkFk [kk;k tkrk gSA jktLFkku ds chdkusj
ftys ds LFkkiuk fnoj ij izfro"kZ cktjk dk [khapMk izeq[k O;atu ds :i esa [kk;k tkrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
M- eDdk MAIZE %& eDdk dh [ksrh Hkh Hkkjr esa [kjhQ dh Qly ds :i esa dh tkrh gSA eDdk dh mRifr vesfjdk esa gqb gS rFkk lokZf/
kd [ksrh vesfjdk esa gksrh gSA eDdk dk mi;ksx ?kkV [khpMh] lksxjk jksVh] dPps Hkqs] dkWuZ ysDl ds :i esa [kkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
blds vfrfjDr eDds ls ,YdkWgy] dkWuZ LVkpZ] dkuZ vk;y vkfn Hkh mRikfnr fd;s tkrs gSA
eDdk dh izeq[k fdLesa %& QqYyh eDdk] ehBh eDdk] eksp eDdk] e`nq eDdkA
mUur ,oa ladj fdLesa %& xaxk lQsn&2] fot;] 'kfDr] jru vkfnA
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c nkysa PULSES %& nkysa Hkh gekjs fy, egRoiw.kZ [kk| inkFkZ gS] ftl rjg vukt ls dkcksZgkbMsV izkIr gksrk gS] mlh rjg nkyksa ls
izksVhu izkIr gksrk gSA nkyksa esa lokZf/dk izksVhu lks;kchu esa 35&40 izfrkr ik;k tkrk gSA nkyksa dh [ksrha 'khr _rq esa puk] elwj] eVj rFkk
o"kkZ _rq esa ewax] eksB] mM+n dh tkrh gSA
izeq[k nkysa rFkk mudk okuLifrd uke %&
1- puk
2- ewax
3- mM+n
4- vjgj
l elkysa SPICES %& 'kq"d] dM+k rFkk lqxa/k ;qDr inkFkZ ^^elkys** dgykrs gSA
- la-
elkyk
1-
gYnh
&
dqjdqek ykSxk
&
LrEHk
&
dqdqZfeu
yglqu
&
,fy;e lsVkboe
&
LrEHk
&
,fyflu
vnjd
&
ftathcj vkSfQflusy
&
LrEHk
&
,fyflu
fepZ
&
dsfIlde ,ue
&
Qy
&
,fyflu
/kfu;k
&
dksfj,UMe lsVkboe
&
Qy
&
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lkSQ
a
&
Qhuhdqye oYxSj
&
Qy
&
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thjk
&
D;wfeue lkbfeue
&
Qy
&
,fyflu
vtok;u
&
VsdhLieZe veh
&
Qy
&
,fyflu
2345678-
okuLifrd uke
ikni vax
jklk;fud la?kVu
n lfCt;k VEGETABLES %& vukt rFkk nkyksa dh rjg lfCt;ka ekuo ds fy, larqfyr vkgkj dk egRoiw.kZ L=ksr gS D;ksafd vf/
kdkak foVkfeu dh deh lfCt;ksa ls gksrh gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
lCth dk uke
okuLifrd uke
ikni vax
I.
xktj
MkWdl dsjksVk
tM+
II.
ewyh
jsQsul lsVkboe
tM+
III.
vkyw
lksysue V~;ecjksle
ruk
IV.
can xksHkh
irh
ikyd
Likbusfl;k vksfyjsfl;k
irh
Qwy xksHkh
iq"i e
fHk.Mh
Qy
cSaxu
lksyue esyksaftuk
Qy
VekVj
ykbdksiflZdksu ,LdqysaVe
Qy
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
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- la-
; Qy %& ikniksa ds os vax tks 'kdZjk ;qDr] e/kqj] [kV~Vs&ehBs] ekaly jlhys gksrs gSa QY dgykrs gSA
dqN izeq[k Qy rFkk muds okuLifrd uke %&
1- vke
2- dsyk
j- vU; [kk| ikni %& mi;qZDr of.kZr ikniksa ds vykok dbZ vU; ikni Hkh ,sls gS] ftudk mi;ksx [kk| inkFkksZ ds :i esa fd;k tkrk
gSA ;s fuEu izdkj gS %&
d [kk|k rsy %& dqN ikniksa ds cht ;k Qyksa ls fXyljhu rFkk olh; vEyksa ls cuk jklk;fud inkFkZ izkIr gksrk gS] ftls Fat/Tallow
olk ;k pchZ dgrs gSA budk mi;ksx [kk| rsy ds :i esa [kkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;s lkekU;r rkidze ij Bksl ;k v}Z Bksl :i esa
jgrs gSA ;s ikuh esa v/kqyukhy] tcfd dkcZfud foyk;dksa esa foy;khy gksrs gSA ;s tkZ dsa mPp L=ksr gksrs gSA
mnkgj.k %& ljlksa] fry] ewaxQyh] ukfj;y] lwjteq[kh bR;kfnA
[k 'kdZjk,W %& dqN ikniks ds ruksa ;k tM+ksa ls izkIr dkcksZgkbMsV~l dk mi;ksx 'kdZjk ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k %& xUuk LrEHk ls] pqdanj tM+ ls 'kdZjk izkIr dh tkrh gSA
x is; inkFkZ %& dqN ikniksa dh ifr;ksa rFkk chtksa ls is; inkFkZ izkIr fd;s tkrs gS] ftudh izd`fr m".k gksrh gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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vkjafHkd dky es]a orZeku le; dh rjg ewyHkwr fpfdRlk miyC/k ugh Fkh] ml le; euq"; jksxksa ls cpko ds fy, ikniksa ij gh fuHkZj Fkk] vFkkZr~
;g vius LokLFk ds fy, ikniksa dk vkSk/kh; iz;ksx Hkh tkurk Fkk] ftldk o.kZu _Xosn izkphu xzaFk ds vykok ^^pjd lafgrk** ,oa ^^lqJqr
lafgrk** esa feyrk gSA
ikniksa ds ftu vaxks esa vkS"k/kh; inkFkZ vFkkZr~ vkS"k/kh; xq.k fo/keku jgrs gS] oks vax fuEu gS %& tM+] cht] Qy] ifk;ka] Nky bR;kfnA
v- Qy ls izkIr %&
l- LrEHk ls izkIr
n- i.kZ ls izkIr
%&
%&
%&
1- voxa/kk
2- lQsn ewlyh
1- vtqZu
2- dquSu
1- gYnh
2- yglqu
1- vMwlk
2- rqylh
3- czkh
4- Xokj ikBk
& ,sykohjk
5- uhe
1- vQhe
1- voxa/kk foFkSfu;k lksEuhQsjl %& ;g ,d ehVj pk] gjs jax dk v)Z{kqi gksrk gSA ;g izk;% taxyh {ks=ksa esa mxrk gS] ysfdu
orZeku le; esa O;kikfjd mi;ksx gsrq bldh O;kid Lrj ij [ksrh dh tkrh gSA jktLFkku esa ckM+esj rFkk ukxkSj izeq[k gSA voxa/
k ikni dh ewlyk ewy ls izkIr gksrk gS] rFkk bldh xa/k ?kksM+s ds leku gksus ds dkj.k bls voxa/kk dgrs gSA bldks ewyksa esa lksEuhQsfju
uked ,YdsykWbM~l ik;k tkrk gS tks fd 'kfDro)Zd ,oa 'kked gksrk gSA
ehVj pk 'kkd gksrk gS ftldh [ksrh vDVwcj&uoEcj esa rFkk dVkbZ ekpZ&vizSy esa dh
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
tkrh gSA bllsa vQhe izkIr djus ds fy, blds v/kiDds Qyksa ij phjs yxk;sZ tkrs gS] ftusl lkfor rjy inkFkZ Latex ysVsDl dgykrk
gS] tks lw[kdj gYds Hkwjs jax dk gks tkrk gS] bls gh vQhe dgrs gSA vQhe dh [ksrh jktLFkku esa fprkSM+] HkhyokM+k] mn;iqj] >kkykokM+ bR;kfn
{ks=ksa es dh tkrh gSA
foks"k %& vQhe esa dkWMhu rFkk ekWQhZu ,YdsykWbMl eq[; :i ls ik;s tkrs gSA
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1- xwxy dkWehQsjk okbVkVZ %& ;g iBkjh {ks=ksa esa /khjs&/khjs o`f} djus okyk cgqo"khZ; NksVk ikni gS tks fd orZeku le; esa ladV
xzLr gSA vk;qosZfnd mipkj i}fr esa xwxy dk O;kid mi;ksx gksrk gSA bldh Nky esa vksfy;ks jsftu [kqkcqnkj inkFkZ ik;k tkrk gSA
mi;ksx %& vkS"kf/k;ksa esa dksyLVky fu;a=.k esa] coklhj ds mipkj esa] dQksRlkjd] okrlj vxjcfr;k cukus esa] ykscku cukusa esaA
fuekZ.k lEcU/kh egRo ds ikni %& [kk| inkFkksZ rFkk vkS"k/kh ds vykok ikniksa dk mi;ksx fuekZ.k lac/kh rFkk oL= lEcU/kh m|ksxksa esa fd;k
tkrk gSA
v jsks FIBRES %& iqjkru le; ls gh euq"; ru <dus ds fy, rFkk vU; dk;kZs ds fy, ikni jskksa dk mi;ksx dj jgk gS] vFkkZr~ ekuo
lH;rk ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk ikni jskksa dk Hkh egRo c<+ jgk gSA tUrq jskksa dh rqyuk esa ikni jskksa dk Lrj vlhfer gSA mi;ksfxrk ds vk/
kkj ij fgy 1952 esa ikni jskkss dk 6 Hkkxks esa foHkDr fd;k tks fuEu izdkj gS %&
1- oL= jsks
& iguus ds oL=] jLlh] lwryh ckssjs bR;kfn cukus ds dke vkrs gSA
2- dqpZ jsks
3- [kqjnjs cqukbZ jsks & Vksdfj;ka] pVkbZ cukus ds dke vkrs gSA
4- Hkjko jsks
5- Ikzkdfrd jsks
6- dkxt jsks
1- dikl xksflfi;e %& bl ikni ds ck cht pksy ls jsks izkIr gksrs gSaA ;g vfr izkphu Qly gS] ftldh [ksrh vkS|ksfxd ;k udnh
Qly ds :i esa dh tkrh gSA ;g ikni 2&6 QhV yEck] kkf[kr] v)Z{kqi gksrk gSA blds ck cht pksy dh vfro`f) jskk gksrh gSA ftlls
:bZ cukdj /kkxsa cqus tkrs gSa] ftudk mi;ksx] oL=] nfj;k] jLlh] pj bR;kfn cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA jklk;fud rkSj ij jsks lsyqyksl ds
cus gksrs gS] tks fd tfVy dkcksZgkbMsV gksrk gSA dikl dh [ksrh Hkkjr esa egkjkV] xqtjkr] rfeyukMw] jktLFkku] ;w-ih-] ,e-ih-] vkfn izkarksa
esa O;kid Lrj ij dh tkrh gSA
foks"k %& 1- fcukSyk%& jsks fudkyus ds ipkr~ cpk gqvk cht pksy] ftldk mi;ksx [kk| rsy rFkk [ky ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
2- fcukSys ls izkIr [kk| rsy dk gkbMkstuhdj.k djus ls ouLifr ?kh izkIr gksrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
c bekjrh dk"B Timber%& ftl rjg oL= rFkk Hkkstu euq"; dh ewyHkwr vko;drk gS] mlh rjg vkokl dh Hkh vko;drk gksrh gSA
vkokl dh iwfrZ esa dk"B dk egoiw.kZ LFkku gS] ftldh iwfrZ o`{kksa }kjk gksrh gSA bl dk"B ls gh o`{kksa dk larqyu cuk jgrk gSA
dk"B%& f}cht i=h rFkk uXuchth o`{kksa esa cuus okyk f}rh;d tkbyeA
dk"V dk mi;ksx tykou ds :i esa] njoktsa cukus ds :i esa] QuhZpj ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA dk"B nks izdkj dh gksrh gS%&
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1- eqyk;e dk"B%& uXuchth i=h ikniksa dh dk"B] tSls%& phM] nsonkj vkfnA
2- dBksj dk"B%& f}cht i=h ikniksa dh dk"B] tSls%& khke] ccwy] lky vkfnA bls bekjrh dk"B Hkh dgrs gSa] D;ksafd blls njokts]
f[kM+fd;k] QuhZpj bR;kfn cuk;s tkrs gSaA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
v/;k; 11
jDr lewg rFkk jDrk/kku
ekuo 'kjhj dk izeq[k vo;o jDr rhu izdkj dh dksfkdkvksa rFkk IykTek lhje dk feJ.k gksrk gSA
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buesa lsa yky jDr df.kdk,a] ekuo esa :f/kj oxksZ dk fu/kkZj.k djrh gS] bldk Js; ^^dkyZ yS.M LVhuj** 1900 dks tkrk gS] ftUgksaus loZizFke
vius iz;ksxksa }kjk :f/kj oxkZs dh [kkst dhA
;ksx %& vius iz;ksxksa ds vk/kkj ij bUgksus crk;k fd ;fn fdlh ,d euq"; dh RBC dks vU; euq"; ds IykTek lhje esa j[k fn;k tk;s
rks RBC ds ijLij fpidu dh laHkkouk jgrh gS vFkkZr~ muds e/; lewgu gks ldrk gS vkSj ;fn ,sls O;fDrvksa ds e/; jDrk/kku djk fn;k
tk;s rks xkzgh O;fDr dh e`R;q Hkh gks ldrh gSA
iz;ksxks ds vk/kkj ij yS.MLVhuj us crk;k fd RBC dh f>Yyh ij nks izdkj ds izfrtu A o B vkSj Iyktek lhje esa Hkh nks izdkj ds izfrj{kh
a o b ik;s tkrs gSA budh mifLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij bUgksaus :f/kj dks pkj oxksZ esa foHkkftr fd;k] ftldh fuEukafdr rkfydk gSA
I
mijksDr rkfydk ls Li"V gksrk gS fd lewg lewg ^^0** lkoZf=d nkrk rFkk jDr lewg ^^AB** lkoZf=d xzkgh gksrs gSA
jDrk/kku BLOOD TRANSFUSION %& og izfdz;k] ftlesa LoLFk O;fDr dk :f/kj] ejht O;fDr dks fn;k tkrk gS] jDrk/kku
dgykrh gSA blesa :f/kj nsus oky O;fDr nkrk rFkk xzg.k djus oky xzkgh gksrk gSA
jDr lewgu BLOOD AGGLUTINATION %& gekjs 'kjhj ds izfrj{kh ra= dh ;g foks"krk gS fd ;g fofk"V izfrtu ds izfr
izfrfdz;k nkkZrs gS vkSj blh dkj.k lhje esa mifLFkr izfrj{kh a,b rFkk a b Lo;a ds vfrfjDr ijLij fdz;k ds dkj.k RBC esa jDr lewgu
gksus yxrk gS rFkk os ijLij fpid tkrh gS] ifj.kke Lo:i xzkgh dh :f/kj okfgfu;ksa esa ck/kk mRiUu gksus ls xzkgh O;fDr dh e`R;q gks tkrh
gSA
pawfd jDr lewg AB okys O;fDr esa izfrj{kh vuqifLFkr gksus ds dkj.k ;g O;fDr fdlh Hkh :f/kj oxZ dk :f/kj ys ldrk gS] tcfd ^^0** lewg
okys O;fDr;ksa esa nksuks izfrj{kh a & b mifLFkr gksrs gS] vr% ;g dsoy ^^0** lewg okys O;fDr dk gh :f/kj ys ldrk gS D;ksfd a rFkk b
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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K-
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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mnkgj.k %& :f/kj oxksZ dh lgk;rk lsa iSr`drk laca/kh fookn Hkh gy fd;s tkrs gSA tSls ;fn fdlh fkkq dk :f/kj oxZ ^^0** gS rFkk ml ij
nks nEifr viuk vf/kdkj crk jgs gS] ftlesa izFke nEifr esa :f/kj oxZ iq:"k dk ^^A** IAi rFkk L=h dk AB (IAIB) gS vkSj nwljs nEifr dk
dzek% ^^O** vkSj ii vkSj ^^A** IAi gS] rks fuEukafdr la fLFkfr;ka cusxh %&
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
v/;k; 12
ekuo LokLF; dks Hkkfor djus okys dkjd
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izR;sd euq"; izd`fr ds lkFk viuk larqyu cuk;s j[krk gS] fQj Hkh vusd ,sls dbZ dkj.k gksrs gS] ftlls izd`fr rFkk euq"; ds e/; leUo;
fcxM+ tkrk gS rFkk euq"; 'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld n`f"V ls chekj gks tkrk gS] D;ksfd euq"; dk LokLF; ck; okrkoj.k ds lkFk &lkFk vkUrfjd
okrkoj.k ij Hkh fuHkZj gksrk gSA
oSKkfud miyfC/k;ksa ds dkj.k tgka ,d vkSj ekuo dk thou vR;Ur lqfo/kk lEiUu gks x;k] ogha nwljh vkSj izd`fr ds lkFk f[kyokM+ gksus ds
dkj.k ekuo LokLF; Hkh izHkkfor gksus yxkA
ekuo LokLF; fuEukafdr dkj.kksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gS %&
1- iznw"k.k 2- jksxk.kq
3- ukhys inkFkZ
4- dqiks"k.k
1- ekuo LokLFk ,oa iznw"k.k %& i;kZoj.k dk fuekZ.k gekjs pkjks vkSj mifLFkr rFkk izR;{k ;k vIkzR;{k :i ls gels vU;ksUu fdz;k,a djus
okysa tSfod rFkk vtSfod ?kVdksa ls gksrk gS rFkk ;s ?kVd ,d fofk"V lkE;koLFkk esa mifLFkr jgrs gS vkSj i;kZoj.k larqyu cuk jgrk gS] ysfdu
vkS/kksfxdhdj.k] 'kgjhdj.k] vfu;ksftr :i ls ouksa dh dVkbZ ds dkj.k i;kZoj.k larqyu fcxM+ tkrk gS vkSj fofHkUu ?kVdksa dh lkE;koLFkk esa
ifjorZu vk tkrk gSA vr% i;kZoj.k esa gq, bUgh ifjorZuksa dks iznw"k.k dgrs gSA
I ok;q iznw"k.k %& ok;qe.My dh ok;q esa mifLFkr xSlksa dh ek=k fufpr gksrh gS] rc bu ?kVdksa dh ek=k esa izd`fr ds dkj.k ;k ekuo ds
dkj.k ifjorZu gksrk gS rks ok;q iznwf"kr gks tkrh gS] ftls ok;q iznw"k.k dgrs gSA
Okk;q iznw"k.k ds dkj.k 'okl laca/kh jksx dQ] vLFkek] czksadkbfVl QsQM+ksa dk dSalj] ukd dk cguk] vka[kksa esa tyu] blksQSfjatkbfVl] Roph;
jksx] vkuqokafkd y{k.kksa esa ifjorZu gksus yxrs gSA
Okk;q esa mifLFkr xSlksa dk vuqikr %&
70% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
01% vfdz; xSls] dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM] ty oki] ?kwy d.k vkfnA
iznwf"kr ok;q esa bu xSlksa dk vuqikr fcxM+ tkrk gS rFkk blesa lYQj MkbZ vkWDlkbM] SO2 ukbVkstu MkbZ vkWDlkbM NO2] dkcZu eksuks
vkWDlkbM CO] fuyafcr df.kdh; inkFkZ SPM ik;s tkrs gSA ftudk irk ^^ok;q xq.kork ekud** fuEukafdr rkfydk ls yxk;k tkrk gSA
foks"k %& ok;q izn"w k.k ds dkj.k ok;qe.My dh mijh ijr ^^vkstksu** u"V gksus yxrh gSA ;g ijr lw;Z ls vkus okyh ijkcSx
a uh fdj.kksa dks vokksf'kr
dj muds gkfudkj.k izHkko ls gesa cpkrh gS] vr% bl ijr ds u"V gksus ls Ropk dSUlj] vkuqokafkd y{k.kksa esa ifjorZu tSls dqizHkko gkus yxrs
gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
II ty iznw"k.k %& ftl rjg gok ds fcuk dksbZ ltho thfor ugha jg ikrk] mlh rjg ty Hkh izk.khek= dh ewyHkwr vko;drk gksrh gSA izdfr
ls izkIr ty esa H2O ds vykok dbZ tSfod rFkk vtSfod ?kVd ik;s tkrs gS] tks izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls ekuo LokLF; dks izHkkfor djrs
gS] vr% ty ds ?kVdksa dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu ls ty dh xq.kork izHkkfor gksrh gS] ftls ty iznwk.k dgrs gSA
ty dh xq.kork izHkkfor gksus ls fuEukafdr jksx gksrs gS %& 1- gStk 2- VkbQkbM 3- mYVh 4- vkU=kks/k 5- isV esa nnZ 6- yksjksfll 7- Ropk
lacf/k O;kf/k;kaA
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9*
9*
III /ofu iznw"k.k %& ^^Mslh cy** bdkbZ }kjk /ofu dh rhozrk ukih tkrh gS] ftldh vko`fr ekuo d.kZ ds fy, 20 gVZ~t ls 20]000 gVZ~t rd
lqukbZ nsrh gSA
orZeku esa /ofu izlkjd ;a=ks dk c<+rk mi;ksx] ifjogu lk/ku] ekhuksa dh ddZk vkokts] ?kjsyw lk/kuksa dk 'kksj vR;f/kd gksus ds dkj.k /ofu
iznw"k.k vR;f/kd c<+ tkrk gSA
foks"k %& 80 Mslhcy ls vf/kd rhozrk dh /ofu;ka iznwf"kr /ofu;ka gksrh gSA
/ofu iznw"k.k dh eq[;rk nks Jsf.k;ka gksrh gS %&
I. Jo.k lac/kh %&
!"!
5=
"- ; P G@
" G@
G@
II. vJo.k laca/kh %& bu izHkkoksa esa lkekU; ckrphr esa ijskkuh gksuk] n; xfr dh vfu;ferrk] feryh] fljnnZ] dk;Z{kerk dk de gksuk
izeq[k gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2- jksxk.kq PATHOGEN %& os lw{etho tks jksx mRifr dk dkj.k curs gS] jksxk.kq dgykrs gSA ;s jksxk.kq ;Fkk le; ekuo 'kjhj esa izosk
dj mls jksx xzLr djrs jgrs gSA
jksxk.kq fl)kUr %& jksxk.kqvksa ds dkj.k ekuo 'kjhj fdl izdkj ladzfer gksrk gS] bldk Js; ^^yqbZ ikpj 1822&1895 dksa tkrk gSA blh fl}kar
dks jkscVZ dksp 1843&1910 us fuEu izdkj izfrikfnr fd;k %&
1- izR;sd jksxk.kq }kjk jksx foks"k gksrk gSA
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jksxk.kqvksa ds izdkj %& ekuo 'kjhj esa jksx mRiUu djus okys lw{e tho fuEu izdkj ds gS %&
I fo"kk.kq okbjl %& ;s vU; lw{e thoksa dh rqyuk esa vR;Ur lw{e gksrs gS rFkk lajpuk o O;ogkj ds dkj.k vU; lthoksa ls dkQh fHkUUk
gksrs gSA
II izksVkstksvk %& ;s eq[;r;k ,d dksfkdh; tho gksrs gS tks ekuo 'kjhj esa ijthoh dh rjg jgrs gq, mls jksx xzLr dj nsrs gSA
izksVkstksvk tks jksx mRiUu djrs gS %& IykTeksfM;e] fVisukslksek] vehck] ySlekfu;k] ftvkfMZvkA
III dSalj %& ;g ekuo LokLF; ds fy, ,d xaHkhj [krjk gS] ftlesa ekuo dksfkdkvksa dk lelw=h foHkktu vfu;fer :i ls gksrk gS rFkk euq";
dh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA yxHkx 12 izfrkr O;fDr foo esa dSalj ds dkj.k e`R;q dk xzkl curs gSA
dkj.k %& /kzweiku] rEckdw lsou] 'kjkc lsou bR;kfnA
IV thok.kq cSDVhfj;k %& ;s tho Hkh ekuo 'kjhj esa ijthoh dh rjg jgrs gq, mls jksx xzLr dj nsrs gSA vr% buls cpus ds fy, LoPNrk
ds fu;eksa dk ikyu djus ds lkFk&lkFk mfpr le; ij MkWDVj dh lykg ls mfpr izfr tSfod vkS"kf/k;ksa dk mi;ksx dj muls iw.kZ;rk eqfDr
ikbZ tk ldrh gSA
vU; jksx %& yEcs d`fe] fxuhoeZ bR;kfn cM+s tho Hkh ekuo 'kjhj esa jksx mRiUu djrs gS] ysfdu LoPNrk ds fu;eksa dk ikyu djus ds dkj.k
budk izlkj de gqvkA
fu;U=.k %& jksxksa dks loZizFke ftl i}fr }kjk mipkfjr fd;k Fkk] og vk;qosZn FkhA vk;qosZn ds egRo dks v=s;] lqJqr] pjd vkfn fo}kuksa
us foo esa izfo"Bk fnykbZA blesa lsa lqJqr dks 'kY; fdz;k dk tud ekuk tkrk gSA
vk;qosZn ds vuqlkj 'kjhj es jksx] okr] fir] dQ ds larqyu ds fcxM+us ds dkj.k mRiUu gkrs gS] ftudk mipkj bZojh; d`ik ds lkFk&lkFk
tM+h cwfV;ksa }kjk laHko gSA orZeku esa foo ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa tM+h cwfV;ksa ds mipkj dks ekU;rk fey pqdh gS rFkk Hkkjr esa vkSk/kh; ikniksa dh
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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I. xqV[kk GUTAKHA %& ;g ,d izdkj dk feJ.k gksrk gS] ftls lqikjh Hkquh gqbZ rEckdw] dRFkk] pwuk] /kkrq ds odZ rFkk euialn [kqkcw
ls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA orZeku le; esa ;g feJ.k ikp iSdsV esa vklkuh ls miyC/k gksus ds dkj.k lHkh oxkZs rFkk lHkh vk;q ds O;fDr;ksa
esa yksdfiz; gSA bls vR;f/kd ek=kk esa rFkk fu;fer [kkus ls lcE;wdl Qkbczksfll uked jksx gks tkrk gS] ftlls xzflr O;fDr ds tcM+s Bhd
ls [kqy ugha ikrs gSA blds vykok blds mi;ksx ls Chin Cancer, Cheek Cancer, Throat Cancer vkfn dk Hk; jgrk gSA
II. rEckdw TABACCO %& fudksfVvkukVkscsde lksysuslh dqy ikni dh ifr;ksa ls rEckdw izkIr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa fudksfVu uked
,YdsykWbM~ 8 izfrkr rd ik;k tkrk gSA rEckdw dk lkekU;rk mi;ksx lwa/kus esa] eatu esa] lqikjh ds lkFk pckus esa xqV[kksa esa] chMh] flxjsV ds
lkFk ihus esa bR;kfn esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldk nq"izHkko bl rF; ls irk pyrk gS fd bls chM+h] flxjsV esa tks O;fDR ihrs gS] mldk vlj ikl
cSBs O;fDr ij Hkh gksrk gSA Hkkjr o"kZ esa n;?kkr ls ejus okyksa esa 53izfrkr /kzweiku djrs gSA
rEckdw ds mi;ksx ls gksus okyh gkfu;ka %&
2- xHkZorh efgyk }kjk mi;ksx djus ij Hkqz.k dh fodkl xfr dk ean gksukA
3- jDrnkc rFkk /kM+du dk c<+uk] D;ksafd fudksfVu ds fujUrj mi;ksx ls n; dh nhokjksa dk eksVk gksukA
4- :f/kj dh vkWDlhtu ifjogu {kerk dk de gksuk] D;ksfd flxjsV ds /kq,a esa mifLFkr dkcZu eksuks vkWDlkbM }kjk RBC dks u"V djukA
III. efnjk ,Ydksgy %& ,Ydksgy ,d ek= ,slk ukhyk inkFkZ gS] tks lHkh izdkj dh efnjk esa ik;k tkrk gS] ftuesa bldk izfrkr fHkUu&fHkUu
gksrk gSA
efnjk lsou ls ekuo LokLFk; ij gksus okys nq"izHkko %&
1- O;fDr ds 'kjhj dk lkeatL; o fu;a=.k detkjs gks tkus ds dkj.k dk;Z {kerk dk {kh.k gksuk rFkk nq?kZVuk dh laHkkouk c<+ukA
2- vR;f/kd ,Ydksgy dh ek=k dks ;d`r }kjk fo"kSys inkFkZ ,lhVSfYMgkbM esa ifjofrZr djukA
3- izksVhu o dkcksZgkbMsM dk viw.kZ lays'k.kA
4- ,Ydksgy ihus okys O;fDr dh vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd fLFkfr esa kl gksukA
IV vQhe vksfi;e %& vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr ;k xe Hkwykus ds fy, vQhe ;k blls cus mRiknksa dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gS rFkk /khjs&/khjs bldh
yr iM+ tkrh gSA vQhe] ^^iSikojlkseuhQsjl** uked ikni ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA bls izkIr djus ds fy, bl ikni ds dPps Qy dks dkVdj
budk nw/k fudky dj lw[kk nsrs gSA bl nw/k esa yxHkx fofHkUu izdkj ds 30 ,YdsykWbM~Ll ik;s tkrs gS] ftlesa isikojhu] ekWQhZu] dksMhu] ukjdksfVu
izeq[k gSA ekWQhZu] dksMhu izkIr djus ds fy, vQhe dh O;kid Lrj ij [ksrh dh tkrh gS D;ksfd ;s ,YdsykWbM~l nnZ fuokjd nok,a cukus ds
dke vkrs gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
foks"k %& vQhe ;k gsjksbZu ;k MksMs vQhe dh Qy fHkfr dks mckydj ihus ls O;fDr dks vkuUn rFkk 'kkafr feyrh gS] ftl dkj.k ml O;fDr
dks budh yr iM+ tkrh gS vkSj /khjs&/khjs ml O;fDr dh jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk de gks tkrh gS vkSj vlkef;d mldh e`R;q Hkh gks ldrh gSA
bl yr ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, MkWDVj ;k Lo;alsoh laLFkkvksa dh enn yh tkrh gSA
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V vU; eknd inkFkZ %& vkuUn rFkk 'kkafr dh vuqHkwfr ds fy, vU; vk;q oxZ ds yksxks ds lkFk&lkFk ;qok oxZ Hkh bu eknd inkFkksZ dk mi;ksx
djus yxrs gS& rFkk /khjs&/khjs mudks budh yr yx tkrh gSA bu eknd inkFkksZ esa dksdhu] pjl] Hkkax] xkatk] gkhk] lkblftZd ,flM
Mkb,FkkbZy ,ekbM LCD izeq[k gS] ftuds mi;ksx ls 'kkjhfjd o ekufld detksjh] ifjokj ls foPNsnu] vijk/k izo`frZ bR;kfn dqizHkko lkeus
vkrs gSA
nokvksa dk nq:i;ksx %& ,d losZ{k.k }kjk Kkr gqvk fd Hkkjr ds iwokZrj jkT;ksa esa ukk] batsDku fof/k }kjk fd;k tkrk gS rks vU; jkT;ksa
esa ikjEifjd rjhdksa lsA bl losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj fpfdRld tks nok, ipsZ ij fy[krs gS] mudk vf/kdkak mi;ksx uks ds fy, gksrk gS] ;s nok,a
fuEu izdkj gS %& C;wfizeksjQhu] eksjQhu] isFksMhu] izksikWDlhQksu] ukbVthike ;k muds lkYV~lA
,d vU; xSj ljdkjh laxBu tks cPpksa ds fy, dk;Z djrs gS] muds vuqlkj lPpkbZ rFkk Hkw[k ls cs[kcj cPps uks ds fy, fFkuj] iSVky
s ] lkWYosUV]
vkW;y vkfn xSj ijEijkxr inkFkksZ ds lkFk&lkFk twrk fpidkus ds xksan] djsDku ywbM] LizsisUV] usy ikWfyk] xSlksyh vkfn esa ekStwn inkFkksZ
ds lkal ds lkFk Hkhrj ysrs gSA bu lcds dkj.k bu cPpksa esa QsaQMksa dh lwtu] xqnkssZ dh [kjkch] efLrd {kfr gks tkrh gSA
uskuy baLVhV~;wV vkWQ ,Ydksgy ,C;wt ,.M ,YdksgfyTe NIAAA }kjk djok;s x;s losZ{k.k rFkk v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd kjkc ihus
okys O;fDr;ksa ds efLrkd dk fgIiksdSEil Hkkx] ugh ihus okys O;fDr;ksa dh rqyrk esa NksVk gksrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
v/;k; 14
mUur f"k
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c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k dh ekaxksa dks ikjEifjd f"k }kjk iwjk djuk eqfdy gksus ds dkj.k f"k ds {ks= esa dbZ ,slh rduhdksa dk fodkl fd;k
x;k] ftlds dkj.k ekuo leqnk; dks jksVh] diM+k rFkk edku miyC/k djkus esa dksbZ ijskkuh ugha gksrh gSA izkjafHkd dky ls ysdj orZeku le;
rd f"k us oks LFkku gkfly dj fy;k gS] ftlesa vkuqokafkd vfHk;kaf=dh dh lgk;rk ls mUur fdLeksa dh Qlysa izkIr dh tkrh gSA
mUur Qlysa %& tSls&tSls euq"; dh vko;drk,a c<+rh xbZ] mlus /khjs&/khjs mUur rduhdksa dh lgk;rk }kjk [ksrh djuk izkjEHk fd;k rFkk
mUur fdLe dh Qlysa izkIr dhA bl izf;k esa [ksrh dh rduhd o chtksa dh xq.kokk esa vR;f/kd lq/kkj gqvk gSA mUur Qlysa izkIr djus
ds fuEu ms; gS%&
1- vf/kd mit izkIr djukA
ikniksa dk [kfut iks"k.k %& pawfd izdkk lays"k.k dh f;k }kjk ikS/ks viuk Hkkstu Lo;a cukrs gS] fQj Hkh dbZ vko;d roksa dh iwfrZ ;s
ok;q] ikuh rFkk e`nk }kjk djrs gSaA ikniksa dks ok;q ls dkcZu vkWDlhtu] ikuh ls gkbMkstu vkSj e`nk ls rhu izdkj ds iks"kd ro izkIr gksrs
gSa%&
1- izkFkfed iks"kd ro%& ukbVkstu] QkWLQksjl] ikSVsfk;eA
2- f}rh;d iks"kd ro%& dSfYk;e] eSXusfk;e ,oa xa/kdA
3- lw{e ekf=d iks"kd ro%& yksgk] eSXuht] cksjkSu] ftad] rkack] eksfyCMsue] DyksjhuA
[kkn Manures%& og jklk;fud feJ.k] ftlesa ikniksa ds fy, mfpr ek=k esa iks"kd inkFkZ mifLFkr gksrs gSAa bl [kkn esa e`nk dh xq.kokk
dk fodkl gksrk gS rFkk mlesa ueh cuk;sa j[kus dh {kerk c<+ tkrh gS vkSj Hkwfe dh moZjrk esa o`f) gksrh gSA bl [kkn esa 0-5% ukbVkstu] 0-
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
[ksr dh [kkn%& [ksr esa jgus okys ikqvksa dk ey] ew= rFkk f"k voks"kksa ds feydj lM+us ls cuus okyh [kknA
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1- tSfod [kkn%& Hkwfe dh moZjk c<+kus okys lw{e thoksa dks gh ^^tSfod [kkn** dgrs gSA ;s lw{e tho] ok;qe.Myh; ukbVkstu dks ukbVkstu
;kSfxdksa esa cny nsrs gSaA ;s lw{e tho nks izdkj ds gksrs gSaA ;s lw{e tho ikS/kksa ds 'kjhj esa jgrs gSA ftlls nksuks lthoksa dks ykHk gksrk gS]
blesa ls ;s lw{e tho ikS/kksa dks ukbVkstu iznku djrs gS rFkk ikS/kksa ls viuk iks"k.k izkIr djrs gSA
i.
iv. doy&ewy%& dqN dod] dqN o`{k dh tM+ksa ds lkFk lgthoh dh rjg jgrs gSa rFkk Hkwfe ls iks"kd ro o`{kksa dks miyC/k djkrs
gSaA bu dodksa ds vHkko esa o`{k o`f) ugha dj ldrsA
2- oehZ dEiksLV%& ;g [kkn dsapq,sa ls izkIr gksrh gS D;ksafd dsapq,as] tkuojksa ds vifk"V inkFkksZa dk Hkkstu ds :i esa iz;ksx djrs gS rFkk
QyLo:i fo"Bk ds :i esa dkfLVax NksMr+ s gS]a ftlesa izkFkfed] f}rh;d rFkk ykHkdkjh lw{etho gksrs gS]a tks ukbVkt
s u fLFkjhdj.k dk dk;Z
dj iks"k.k larqyu cuk, j[krs gSA orZeku le; esa oehZ dEiksLV dk mRiknu djuk LorU= y?kq m|ksx cu pqdk gSA
3- moZjd QVhZykbtlZ%& O;kid Lrj ij rS;kj fd;s x;s os jklk;fud moZjd tks ikniksa dks nks ;k nks ls vf/kd [kfut iznku djrs
gS] moZjd dgykrs gSaA budk mi;ksx cgqr de rFkk lhfer ek=k esa fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd [kkn dh rqyuk esa buesa [kfut dh ek=k T;knk
rFkk izR;{k gksrh gSA mnkgj.k%& veksfu;e lYQsV] dSfYk;e veksfu;e ukbVsV] lqijQkWLQsV] MkbdSfYk;e QkWLQsV] veksfu;e QkWLQsV
bR;kfnA vR;f/kd ek=k esa moZjdksa dk mi;ksx djus ij f"k mRiknu rks c<+ tkrk gS fdUrq ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= esa vlary
q u dh fLFkfr mRiUu
gks tkrh gS D;ksafd moZjdksa esa fefJr jklk;fud inkFkZ o"kkZ ds ikuh esa foys; gksdj unh o >hyksa esa igqpdj mUgsa iznwf"kr dj nsrs gS] vr%
budk de rFkk lhfer ek=k esa iz;ksx djrs gq, [kkn vk/kkfjr f"k djuh pkfg,A
nh?kZdkyhu f"k %& izkphu le; ls gh Hkwfe dks ek ds leku LFkku izkIr gS rFkk ml ij mlh ds vuqlkj f"k dh tkrh Fkh vFkkZr~ izkphu
le; esa xkscj dh [kkn] oehZ dEiksLV bR;kfn dh lgk;rk ls Qly dk mRiknu c<+k;k tkrk Fkk] oehZ dEiksLV bR;kfn dh lgk;rk ls Qly
dk mRiknu c<k;k tkrk Fkk] ysfdu orZeku le; rFkk HkkSfrdokn ds dkj.k vkSj c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k ds dkj.k lhfer lalk/kuksa ds ve;kZZfnr
,oa vfu;ksftr nksgu ls Hkwfe ds catj gks tkus dh fLFkfr;ka mRiUu gksus yxh gS] bUgh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls cpus ds fy, d`f"k oSKkfudksa us ,slh d`f"k
i}fr dk fodkl djus dk fopkj fd;k] tks izkd`frd lalk/kuks dk gkfu igaqpk;s fcuk fujarj dh tk lds] nh?kZdkyhu f"k dgykrh gSA
orZeku le; esa nh?kZdkyhu f"k ds fy, fuEukafdr fof/k;k viuk;h tkrh gS%&
1- fefJr f"k%& pawfd [ksrh ds fy, NksVh txg miyC/k gksus dh fLFkfr esa Qly mxkus ij kd dh egrh vko;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ugha
gks ikrh] ,slh fLFkfr esa "kd] [ksrh ds lkFk&lkFk ,sls dbZ O;olk; izkjEHk dj ldrk gS tks ml Hkwfe ij rFkk ,d gh LFkku ij vkSj
f"k ds lkFk&lkFk fd;s tk lds] tSls%& ikqikyu] o{k mRiknu] Qy mRiknu] eNyh ikyu] e/kqeD[kh ikyu] jskedhV ikyu bR;kfn
vFkkZr~ og f"k fof/k ftlesa ,d gh Hkwfe ij f"k ds lkFk vU; f"k fof/k;ksa dk mi;ksx dj vkthfodk ds lk/ku c<+k;s tk;s vkSj tks
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
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2- fefJr Qly%& pwafd izkfrd rjhds ls ,d gh LFkku ij ,d gh le; esa fHkUu&fHkUu iztkfr ds ikS/ks mRiUu gksrs gS] ysfdu f"k esa ,d
gh tkfr dh ,d fdLe dks ,d fokky {ks= esa mxk;k tkrk gS] ftl dkj.k izkfrd lalk/kuksa dk mfpr ,oa vuqdwyre mi;ksx ugha gks
ikrk D;ksfa d ,d gh LFkku ij mxkus ds dkj.k budh lHkh vko;drk, ,d leku gksrh gS tks fd laHko ugha gks ikrk] vr% f"k ikfjfLFkfrdh
n`f"V ls vizkfrd dk;Z gSA blh nq"izHkko dks de djus rFkk ikfjfLFkfrdh larqyu cuk;s j[kus ds fy, fefJr Qly dh [ksrh dh tkrh
gS] ftlesa ,d lkFk ,d gh Hkwfe esa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Qlyksa dh [ksrh dh tkrh gSA fefJr Qly dh [ksrh djus ds fy, fuEu ckrsa /
;ku j[kuh pkfg,%&
1- cksbZ xbZ Qlyksa dk ,d nwljs ds iwjd gksuk
3- yEch ,oa ckSuh Qly
mnkgj.k%& eDdk o mM+n] dikl o ewax] ewaxQyh o lw;Zew[kh] xsgw ,oa ljlksa] Tokj o elwj o lks;kchuA
vUrjk Qly%& orZeku le; esa fefJr Qly dh ijEijkxr [ksrh ds LFkku ij nks fHkUu&fHkUu Qlyksa dks lkFk&lkFk exj vyx&vyx
iaf;ksa esa cks;k tkrk gS] blh rduhd ls izkIr Qly vUrjk Qly dgykrh gSA
3- Qly p%& tehu ds fdlh Hkkx ij ;kstukc) :i ls ifjofrZr Qly izkIr djukA
,d gh Qly dks ckj&ckj cksus ij Qly ds fy, vko;d roksa esa deh vkus ds dkj.k ml Qly dk mRiknu de gks tkrk
gS rFkk bl Qly ij vkfJr jgus okys ijthoh Hkh vf/kd ek=k esa ogk bdV~Bs gks tkrs gS rFkk Qly gkfu dh laHkkouk jgrh gS] vr% bu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls cpus rFkk vf/kd mRiknu ds fy, Qly p dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gS] ftlesa ,d gh LFkku ij Qly dks cny&cny
dj ekSle ds vuqlkj [ksrh dh tkrh gSA
p gsrq Qlyksa dk pquko%& Qly p esa ;g vko;d gS fd bl p.k ls Hkwfe dh moZjrk cuh jgsa rFkk mRiknu vf/kd ek=k esa
gksA blds vykok ty dh miyC/krk rFkk cktkj esa Qly dh ekax dk ego Hkh Kkr gksuk pkfg,A
mnkgj.k%& 1- Hkwfe esa ukbVkstu dh vkiwfrZ ds fy, vukth Qlyksa dk p.k Qyh oky Qlyksa ls fd;k tkrk gSA
2- okkZ esa [kjhQ dh Qly rFkk jch dh Qly ds le; [ksrksa dk [kkyh jgukA
Qlyksa dks uqdlku igqpkus okys dkjd%& ftl rjg dbZ izdkj ds lw{e tho ekuo LokLFk; dks izHkkfor djrs gS] mlh izdkj ;s
lw{e tho ikni kjhj dh lkekU; dk;Z iz.kkyh esa :dkoV mRiUu djrs gS] bl fLFkfr dks ikni jksx rFkk v/;;udks ikni jksx foKku
dgrs gSaA
bu lw{e thoksa ds vykok rkieku esa vpkud ifjorZu] Hkwfe ds jklk;fud la?kVu esa ifjorZu] Hkwfe dh ueh dk de ;k T;knk
gksuk] taxyh ikS/kksa dk [kjirokj ds :i esa Qlyh ikniksa ds lkFk mxuk vkfn Hkh ikniksa esa jksx mRiUu djrs gSA ikniksa esa jksx gksus ds
dkj.k Qly] vuqekfur ek=k ls de iSnk gksrh gS rFkk bl dkj.k f"k dk;Z dk ms; lekIr gks tkrk gSA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
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ikniksa esa okbjl tfur jksx] dhVksa ds }kjk ;k lEidZ ls QSyrs gS vFkkZr~ dhV] jksx okgdksa dk dk;Z djrs gSaA ;fn fdlh Qly
esa okbjl tfur jksx gks tk;s rks mldk mipkj laHko ugha gksrk] vr% bldk cpko gh loksZke mipkj gSA
mnkgj.k%& ekstsd fo"kk.kq ds dkj.k rEckdw dh ifk;ksa esa gksus okyk ekstsd jksxA
y{k.k%& ifk;ksa ij yky] ihys pdrs cu tkukA
2- thok.kq cSDVhfj;k%& ;s izfr esa loZ= ik;s tkus okys tho gksrs gS rFkk dqN thok.kq rks brus lw{e gksrs gS fd ikuh dh ,d cwna esa yxHkx
5 djksM+ thok.kq mifLFkr gksrs gSaA thok.kq Loiks"kh] ijthoh ;k e`rthoh gksrs gSA buesa ls ijthoh thok.kq ikni ;k tUrqvksa esa vusd izdkj
ds jksx mRiUu djrs gSA bu thok.kqvksa ds dkj.k ikniksa dh okfgdk, vo:) gks tkrh gS rFkk e`nqrd dksfkdk, Hkh e`r gks tkrh gS vkSj
ikniksa esa ikuh dk ifjlapj.k vo:) gksus ds dkj.k ikS/ks eqj>k tkrs gSaA
3- dod Fungi%& ;s er thoh ;k ijthoh gksrs gS rFkk /kkxs leku tkyuqek lajpuk gksrh gSA budh vkfr lkai dh Nrjh ;k dqdqjeqrs
ds leku gksrh gSA bu thoksa esa i.kZgfjr ugha ik;k tkrk gSA
1- fdV~V jksx Rust%& tkS rFkk xsgwa iDlhfu;k uked dod dh fofHkUu tkfr;kA
2- /kkU;dkaM Cereal Smits%& /kku dh fofHkUu tkfr;kA
ikni jksx fu;a=.k%& pwfa d ikni jksxksa ds dkj.k Qly mRiknu esa deh vkrh gS] vr% bu ij fu;a=.k vko;d gSA ikniksa esa jksxksa dks fu;af=r
djus dh nks fof/k;k gS%&
1- jksx fujks/ku
2- jksx gj.k
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
f"k djrs le; ;gh iz;kl jguk pkfg, fd Qlyksa dks jksx yxs gh ughaA blds fy, jksx tudksa dks Qly esa izosk ugha djus ds
fy, fuEukafdr rjhds viuk;s tkrs gSa%&
1- Qly mxkus ds rjhdksa esa ifjorZu djukA
2- flapkbZ ds le; rFkk Qly dh ek=k dks fu;af=r djukA
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4- dhV Insects%& lHkh izdkj ds dhV viuk Hkkstu] ikniksa ls gh izkIr djrs gSa] ftlls Qlyksa dk vR;f/kd uqdlku gksrk gSA dhV] lHkh
izdkj dh [kM+h Qlyksa dks uqdlku igqpkrs gS rFkk mUgsa fo; ;ksX; ugha jgus nsrsA dhV] Qlyksa ds dksey Hkkxksa dks viuk Hkkstu cukrs gS]
ftlls ikniksa ds of) {ks= u"V gks tkrs gS rFkk ikni eqj>k tkrs gSA
foks"k%& dhVksa ls Qlyksa dks cpkus ds fy, dhVukkdksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dhVukkd] jklk;fud lfEeJ.k gksrs gS] tks rhu izdkj
ds gksrs gSa%&
1- lEidZ dhVukkd%& os dhVukkd] ftuds lEidZ esa vkus ij dhV ej tkrs gSA fudksVhu] Mh-Mh-Vh- BHC] jksVsukse] ik;jsJe
bl dhVukkd oxZ ds mnkgj.k gSA
2- [kk| dhVukkd%& os dhVukkd] ftudksa [kkus ij dhV ej tkrs gSA bu dhVukkdksa dk ikni kjhj ij fNM+dko fd;k tkrk
gSA ;s fo"k] dhV ds mnj esa tkdj muds ykokZ dks Hkh fu;af=r djrs gSaA mnkgj.k%& ftad QkWLQkbM] vklsZfud ;kSfxd]
DyksjksflyhdsV bR;kfnA
3- xSlh; dhVukkd%& ;s dhVukkd] okLi voLFkk esa izHkkoh gksrs gSA mnkgj.k%& dSfYk;e lkbukbM] feFkkby czksekbM vkfnA
bu dhVukkdksa dk mi;ksx vR;Ur] vko;d rFkk lhfer ek=k esa djuk pkfg, D;kasfd ;s fofHkUu [kk| {ks=ksa Ja[kykvksa ls
xqtjrs gq, ekuo 'kjhj dh olk esa tek gks tkrs gSA mnkgj.k%& Mh-Mh-Vhbudk vR;f/kd mi;ksx djus ls dbZ izfrjks/kd fdLesa Lor% dh mRiUu gks tkrh gS] ftu ij dhVukkdksa dk dksbZ izHkko ugha gksrk
gSA izkfrd dhVukkdksa dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg, tks fd ouLifr;ksa ls cus gksrs gS]a ysfdu budk mi;ksx Hkh lhfer ek=k esa djuk pkfg,A
5- fVM~Mhny Locust%& bu Qly dkjdksa dh izeq[k fokskrk ;g gksrh gS fd ;g ,d lkFk lewg ds :i esa fdlh Qly dks Hkkjh uqdlku
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
igqpkrs gSaA ;g ny mu {ks=ksa esa Hkh vdky dh fLFkfr mRiUu dj nsrk gS tgk ij o"kZ i;ZUr vPNh o"kkZ gksrh gSA orZeku le; esa fVM~Mhny
ij lQyrkiwoZd fu;a=.k dj fy;k x;k gS] ysfdu fQj Hkh dHkh&dHkh vU; nskksa ls vk;k fVM~Mhny jktLFkku lfgr vU; jkT;ksa esa rckgh
dk dkj.k curk jgrk gSA
6- [kjirokj Weeds%& f"k Hkwfe esa Qly ds lkFk vokafNr :i ls mx vk;s ikni] [kjirokj dgykrs gS] budh foks"krk ;g gksrh
gS fd ;s viuh tM+ksa }kjk ^^fujks/kd jlk;uksa** dk lzko.k dj Qly dh o`f) ij udkjkRed izHkko Mkyrs gSA
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[kjirokj] vlhafpr {ks=ksa esa Qlyh ikniksa dh rqyuk esa Hkwfe ls ty vokksk.k vf/kd ek=k esa djrs gS rFkk okLiksRltZu ds :i
esa ok;qe.My esa NksM+ nsrs gSA ftl dkj.k ikuh dk vf/kdkak Hkkx O;FkZ gks tkrk gS rFkk mRiknu ij foijhr izHkko iM+rk gSA
[kjirokj of) djus ds ipkr~ Qlyh ikni ls yEch gks tkrh gS] ftl dkj.k Qlyh ikni mfpr ek=k esa izdkk laysk.k
ugha dj ikrsA mlds vykok ;g dbZ ijthoh ,oa gkfudkjd thoksa dh vkJ; LFkyh gksrh gS] ftlls Qlyh ikS/kksa esa jksx yx tkrs gSA
fu;a=.k%& 1- Jfedksa }kjk lokafNr [kjirokj dks le;≤ ij gVkukA
2- jklk;fud rFkk tSfod fof/k;ksa dk lko/kkuhiwoZd mi;ksxA
fdlkuksa }kjk vPNh ek=k rFkk xq.kokk okyh Qly mRikfnr djuk gh i;kZIr ugha gS] cfYd cktkj esa fo; djus ij mldh vPNh
dher Hkh izkIr djuk vko;d gSA Qly ds ,d lkFk cM+h ek=k esa rS;kj gksus ls] cktkj esa mfpr [kjhnnkj ugha feyus ij Hkko brus vf/
kd fxj tkrs gS fd mRiknd dks dHkh&dHkh ykxr ewY; Hkh ugha feyrk gSA dqN Qlyh mRikn Qy] lfCt;k ,d le; ds ipkr~ Lor% gh
[kjkc gksus yxrs gS] vkSj fdlkuksa dks etcwj gksdj mUgs de nkeksa esa cspuk iM+rk gSA bj lc ls cpus ds fy, [kk| ifjj{k.k dk Kku vko;d
gS] ftlls mRiknksa dks dbZ lw{e thoksa ls ifjjf{kr dj mfpr le; ij mfpr ewY; ij cspk tk ldrk gSA
dqN izeq[k [kk| ifjj{k.k fof/k;k fuEu izdkj gS%&
1- de rkie ij laxzg Storage on Low Temprature%& de rkie ij okbjl] thok.kq tSls lw{e thoksa dh leLr 'akkjhfjd
f;k,a :d tkrh gS rFkk os Qlyh mRiknksa dks lafer ugh dj ikrs vkSj mRikn vf/kd le; rd lqjf{kr jg ldrs gSA NksVs Lrj ij
?kjkssa esa budks jsftjsVjksa esa ifjjf{kr fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd cM+s Lrj ij Cold Storgae dksYM LVksjst esa lqjf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA bu
Lrjksa ij ;k midj.kksa esa rkie 10oc ls 18oc rd gksrk gS] ftl ij lw{e tho f;kkhy ugha jg ikrs gSA
2- dSfuax Canning%& [kk| inkFkksZa dks fMCcs esa can dj ifjjf{kr djus dh fof/kA
bl fof/k esa Hkki }kjk 15 ikS.M nkc ij [kk| inkFkkZas dks yxHkx 15&20 feuV rd xeZ fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls rkie 121oc
rd gks tkrk gS ftlls lw{etho u"V gks tkrs gS rFkk mudks iSd dj fn;k tkrk gS] ftlls [kk| inkFkZ lqjf{kr jgrs gSA
3- ikpqjhdj.k Pasteurization%& bl fof/k dks loZizFke yqbZ ikpj us fodflr fd;k Fkk] blfy, bls ^^ikpqjhdj.k** dgrs gSA bl
fof/k }kjk eq[;r;k nw/k dks ifjjf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA bl fof/k esa 62oc ij nw/k rFkk vU; rjy inkFkksZa dks yxHkx vk/kk ?k.Vsa rd xeZ fd;k
tkrk gS ftlls thok.kq u"V gks tkrs gS rFkk bls iSd dj forfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
foks"k%& 62oc ls vf/kd rkie ij dsoy 15 lSd.M rd gh xeZ djuk pkfg,A
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit
2007 Joshi EduTechno Craft, Bikaner 9352084840
4- futZyhdj.k%& thok.kq] okbjl tSls lw{etho] dod bR;kfn ueh dh mifLFkfr esa gh f;kkhy jgrs gS] vr% bUgs fuf; djus ds fy,
[kk| inkFkksZa dk futZyhdj.k djuk pkfg,] blds fy, [kk| inkFkksZa dks /kwi ;k gok ;k xehZ nsdj lq[kk;k tkrk gSA pwafd [kk| inkFkksZa dks
lh/ks gh /kwi esa lw[kkus ij ;s Hkwjs iM+ tkrs gS] vr% bUgsa lksfM;e esVkckblYQkbM foy;u ls mipkfjr dj lw[kkus ij ;g Hkwjs ugha iM+rs
gSA
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5- fofdj.k%& [kk| inkFkksZa dks ifjjf{kr djus dh ;g ueh ,oa lLrh fof/k gSA bl fof/k esa [kk| inkFkksZa dh ok;qjks/kh iSfdax dh tkrh gS rFkk
mUgsa fofdj.k iqt esa ls xqtkjk tkrk gS] ftlls mlesa mifLFkr thok.kq u"V gks tkrs gS rFkk u;s thok.kq izosk ugha dj ikrsA
bu fof/k;ksa ds vykok Hkh dbZ ikjEifjd rjhdksa }kjk ?kjksa esa gh [kk| inkFkksZa dks ifjjf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, [kk|
inkFkksZa dks ued o 'kDdj ds xk<+s foy;u esa Mkyus ls thok.kqvksa dk futZyhdj.k gks tkrk gSA buds vykok [kk| inkFkksZa dks ,lhfVd
vEy] csUtkbd vEy] lksjfc vEy vkfn ds foy;u es j[kk tkrk gSA
uhacw dk vpkj] vkxjs dk isBk] eqjCcs vkfn blds mnkgj.k gSA
Hkkjr esa f"k kafr;k%& izkphu le; esa Hkkjr] dks vukt dh ekax iwjh djus ds fy, fonskksa ls vukt vk;kr djuk iM+rk Fkk] ysfdu vc
vukt mRiknu bruk c<+ x;k fd mudks laxzfgr djus ds fy, LFkku NksVs iM+us yx x;s gS] ;g lc ^^gfjr kafr** }kj gh laHko gqvkA gfjr
kafr dks loZizFke ^^ukWeZu cksjykWx** us fnkk nh] ftlesa bUgksus de le; esa vf/kd mit nsus okyh xsgw dh fdLe dh [kkst dhA
gfjr kafr ds msk;ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, blds lfEefyr iz;kl 1960 ls gh 'kq: dj fn;s x;s Fks] tcfd blds foLrkj ds fy,
1966 esa xgu f"k dk;Ze izkjEHk fd;k x;k] ftlesa 7 ftysa lfEefyr Fks] ysfdu orZeku esa 114 ftyksa esa ;g dk;Ze izlkfjr gSA
Hkkjr esa f"k kafr dk izeq[k Js; iwoZ iz/kkuea=h yky cgknqj 'kkL=h dks tkrk gS] ftUgksus fdlkuksa dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy,
^^t; toku & t; fdlku** ukjk fn;kA
SUCCESS
Success for Science
Outside Nathusar Gate, Bikaner, Mobile : 9414429135, 9352674992
Science Teaching by : Venu Gopalji Sir & Maths Teaching by Dharmendra Purohit