Modul Kimia Tingkatan 4

Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
(919810-T)
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No. 35, Jalan 5/10B
Spring Crest Industrial Park
68100 Batu Caves
Selangor Darul Ehsan
CONTENTS
KANDUNGAN
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

STRUKTUR ATOM
CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS

FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
22
PERIODIC TABLE
JADUAL BERKALA
49
CHEMICAL BOND
IKATAN KIMIA
72
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
ELEKTROKIMIA
88
ACID AND BASES

ASID DAN BES
114
SALT
GARAM
139
MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

BAHAN KIMIA DALAM INDUSTRI
168
Con-Chem F4 (B).indd 3
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Chemistry Form 4 MODULE
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

STRUKTUR ATOM
MATTER / JIRIM
PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI ZARAH JIRIM

To state the particle theory of matter
Menyatakan teori zarah jirim
To differentiate and draw the three types of particles i.e. atom, ion and molecule
Membezakan dan melukis tiga jenis zarah jirim iaitu atom, ion dan molekul
To describe the laboratory activity to investigate the diffusion of particles in gas, a liquid and a solid. (To prove that matter is
made up of tiny and discrete particles)
Menghuraikan aktiviti makmal untuk mengkaji resapan zarah dalam gas, cecair dan pepejal (Untuk membuktikan bahawa jirim terdiri daripada
zarah-zarah yang halus dan diskrit)
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI KINETIK JIRIM

To state the kinetic theory of matter
Menyatakan teori kinetik jirim
To relate the change of physical states of matters with energy change

Menghubungkaitkan perubahan keadaan jirim dengan perubahan tenaga
To relate the change of energy in the particles with kinetic particle theory of matter
Menghubungkaitkan perubahan tenaga dalam zarah dengan perubahan tenaga kinetik zarah
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS / STRUKTUR ATOM
HISTORY OF ATOMIC MODELS DEVELOPMENT / SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN MODEL ATOM

To state the contribution of scientists in the atomic structure model such as the scientists who discovered electron, proton,
nucleus, neutron and shell
Menyatakan sumbangan ahli sains kepada perkembangan model struktur atom dan ahli sains yang menemui elektron, proton, nukleus, neutron dan
petala
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES / ZARAH-ZARAH SUBATOM

To compare and differentiate subatomic particles i.e. proton, neutron and electron from the aspect of charge, relative mass
and location
Membanding dan membezakan zarah-zarah subatom iaitu proton, neutron dan elektron dari segi cas, jisim relatif dan kedudukan
To state the meaning of proton number and nucleon number based on the subatomic particle
Menyatakan maksud nombor proton dan nombor nukleon berdasarkan zarah subatom
To write the symbol of elements with proton number and nucleon number
Menulis simbol unsur yang mengandungi nombor proton dan nombor nukleon
ISOTOPE / ISOTOP
To state the meaning, examples and the use of isotopes
Menyatakan maksud isotop, contoh-contoh isotop dan kegunaan isotop
ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT / SUSUNAN ELEKTRON

To know the number of electron shells and number of electrons in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd shell
Mengetahui bilangan petala elektron serta bilangan elektron yang diisi dalam petala 1, 2 dan 3
To write the electron arrangement of atoms based on proton number or number of electrons and state the number of valence
electron
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Menulis susunan elektron bagi suatu atom berdasarkan nombor proton atau bilangan elektron dan seterusnya menyatakan bilangan elektron valens
Nila
01-Chem F4 (3p).indd 1
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MODULE Chemistry Form 4
MATTER / JIRIM
Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space.

Jirim adalah sebarang bahan yang mempunyai jisim dan memenuhi ruang.
The Particle Theory of Matter / Teori Zarah Jirim
atoms ,
Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles. Three types of tiny particles are
atom
Jisim terdiri daripada zarah yang halus dan diskrit. Tiga jenis zarah tersebut ialah
ions
ion
and molecules .
molekul .
dan
Matter can be classified as element or compound. / Jirim boleh dikelaskan sebagai unsur atau sebatian.
Complete the following: / Lengkapkan yang berikut:
2
3
MATTER / JIRIM
ELEMENT / UNSUR
satu
A substance made from only
Bahan yang terdiri daripada
satu
type of atom.
jenis atom sahaja.
COMPOUND / SEBATIAN
two
or more
A substance made from
elements which are bonded together.
dua
Bahan yang terdiri daripada
atau
different
lebih
unsur berbeza yang terikat secara kimia.
Types of particles / Jenis zarah
Atom / Atom
The smallest neutral particle
of an element (Normally pure
metals, noble gases and a
few non-metal elements such
as carbon and silicon).
Zarah neutral yang paling kecil
bagi suatu unsur (Biasanya logam
tulen, gas adi dan beberapa unsur
bukan logam seperti karbon dan
silikon).
Example:
Types of particles / Jenis zarah
Molecule / Molekul
A neutral particle consists
of similar non-metal atoms
which are covalently-bonded.
Molecule / Molekul
A neutral particle consists
of different non-metal atoms
which are covalently-bonded.
Zarah neutral terdiri daripada

atom-atom bukan logam serupa
terikat secara ikatan kovalen.
Zarah neutral terdiri daripada

atom-atom bukan logam berlainan
terikat secara ikatan kovalen.
Example:
Example:
Contoh:
Contoh:
Oxygen gas, O2
Carbon dioxide gas, CO2
Gas oksigen, O2
Gas karbon dioksida, CO2
Contoh:
Sodium metal, Na
O O
Logam natrium, Na
O O
O O
Na Na Na Na Na
Natrium klorida, NaCl
Water, H2O
Na+ Cl Na+ Cl Na+
Air, H2O
Neon gas, Ne
H H
H H
Cl Na+ Cl Na + Cl
H
H
Ne
Ne
Example:
Sodium chloride, NaCl
Hydrogen gas, H2
Gas hidrogen, H2
Gas Neon, Ne
Zarah bercas positif atau negatif

terbentuk dari logam dan bukan
logam terikat secara ikatan ion.
Daya tarikan antara dua ion yang
berlawanan cas membentuk ikatan
ion.
Contoh:
Na Na Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na Na
Ion / Ion
Positively or negatively
charged particles, which
are formed from metal
atom and non-metal atom
respectively. The force of
attraction between the two
oppositely charged ions
forms an ionic bond.
H H
Ne
Na+ Cl Na+ Cl Na+
Calcium oxide, CaO

Kalsium oksida, CaO
Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+

O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2
Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+
Elements can be identified as metal or non-metal by referring to the Periodic Table.
Formation of molecule and ion will be studied in Chapter 4 (Chemical Bond).
Unsur boleh dikenal pasti sebagai logam atau bukan logam dengan merujuk kepada Jadual Berkala Unsur.
Pembentukan molekul atau ion akan dipelajari dalam Tajuk 4 (Ikatan Kimia).
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Determine the type of particles in the following substances:

Tentukan jenis zarah bagi setiap bahan berikut:
Substances
Type of particle
Substances
Type of particle
Substances
Type of particle
Bahan
Jenis zarah
Bahan
Jenis zarah
Bahan
Jenis zarah
Molecule
Sulphur dioxide
(SO2)
Sulfur dioksida
(SO2)
Molecule
Tetrachloromethane (CCl4)
Tetraklorometana (CCl4)
Molecule
Copper(II) sulphate
(CuSO4)
Kuprum(II) sulfat
(CuSO4 )
Ion
Iron (Fe)
Ferum (Fe)
Atom
Zink chloride (ZnCl2)

Zink klorida
(ZnCl2 )
Ion
Argon (Ar)
Argon (Ar)
Atom
Carbon (C)
Karbon (C)
Atom
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Hidrogen peroksida (H2O2)
Molecule
Hydrogen gas (H2)

Gas hidrogen (H2)
Diffusion
Resapan
(a) The tiny and discrete particles that made up matter are constantly moving. In gases, these particles are very far apart
from each other, in liquids, the particles are closer together and in solids, they are arranged closely packed.
Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit yang sentiasa bergerak. Dalam gas, susunan zarah-zarahnya adalah berjauhan
antara satu sama lain, dalam cecair, zarah-zarahnya disusun lebih rapat dan dalam pepejal, zarah-zarahnya disusun dengan sangat
padat dan teratur.
(b) Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move between the particles of another substance.
Resapan berlaku apabila zarah-zarah suatu bahan bergerak di antara zarah-zarah bahan lain.
(c) Diffusion occurs in a solid, liquid and gas. Complete the following table:
Resapan berlaku dalam pepejal, cecair dan gas. Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
Experiment
Eksperimen
Diffusion in a gas
Diffusion in a liquid
Diffusion in a solid
Resapan dalam gas
Resapan dalam cecair
Resapan dalam pepejal
A few drops
of bromine
liquid
Beberapa titis
cecair bromin
After few
minutes
Water
Air
Selepas
beberapa
minit
After a
few hours
Selepas
beberapa jam
Potassium manganate(VII)
Kalium manganat(VII)
Observation
Pemerhatian
Explanation
Penerangan
Gel
Agar-agar
Copper(II)
sulphate
After a
day
Selepas
sehari
Kuprum(II) sulfat
The brown colour of bromine vapour,

far
Br2 spreads
throughout
the two jars.
The purple colour of solid potassium

manganate(VII), KMnO4 spreads
slowly
throughout the water.
The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate,

CuSO4 spreads very slowly
throughout the gel.
Warna perang wap bromin, Br2 merebak

cepat
memenuhi kedua-dua
dengan
balang gas.
Warna ungu pepejal kalium manganat(VII),

perlahan
KMnO merebak dengan
di dalam air.
Warna biru kuprum(II) sulfat,

sangat perlahan
CuSO4 merebak
di dalam agar-agar.
Bromine vapour, Br2 and air are made

molecules .
up of
Wap bromin, Br2 dan udara terdiri
molekul
daripada
.
Bromine molecules diffuse
quickly between
large
Potassium manganate(VII) is
made up of potassium ions and
ions
manganate(VII) ions. The
slowly
diffuse
between close
space of water particles which is in
liquid form.
Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 is made

ions
and
up of copper(II)
ions . The
ions
sulphate
diffuse very slow between
closely packed space of gel particles
which is in solid form.
space of air particles which is in gas

form.
Molekul
pantas
bromin meresap
besar
antara zarahmelalui ruang
zarah udara yang berbentuk gas.
Kalium manganat(VII) terdiri daripada

ion kalium dan ion manganat(VII).
Ion-ion
perlahan
ini meresap
rapat
zarah air
antara ruang
yang berbentuk cecair.
Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 terdiri daripada

ion
ion
kuprum(II) dan
Ion-ion
ini meresap dengan
sulfat.
perlahan
antara ruang
sangat
padat
zarah agar-agar yang
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berbentuk pepejal.
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(d) Conclusions:
Kesimpulan:
(i)
gas
than in liquid. There is
Diffusion occurs faster in
gas
gas
than a liquid. Particles in a
are
a
closer
are
together.
larger
space in between the particles of
further
apart. The particles in the liquid
gas
Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalam
berbanding di dalam cecair. Terdapat ruang yang
gas
gas
berbanding dengan cecair. Zarah-zarah
adalah
antara zarah-zarah
lebih
rapat
antara satu sama lain.
antara satu sama lain. Zarah-zarah cecair adalah
(ii)
liquid
than in solid. There is
Diffusion occurs faster in a
liquid
of a
than a solid. The particles in the solid are very
cecair
Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalam

cecair
antara zarah-zarah
dan
padat
larger
lebih besar
berjauhan
space in between the particles
close
together.
lebih besar
berbanding di dalam pepejal. Terdapat ruang yang
rapat
berbanding dengan pepejal. Zarah-zarah pepejal tersusun sangat
tiny
(iii) Bromine gas, potassium manganate(VII) and copper(II) sulphate are made up of
particles that are constantly moving/constant motion .
and
halus
Gas bromin, kalium manganat(VII) dan kuprum(II) sulfat terdiri daripada zarah-zarah
sentiasa bergerak
.
yang
discrete
diskrit
dan
The Kinetic Theory of Matter / Teori Kinetik Jirim
solid
Matter exists in three different states which are
pepejal
Jirim wujud dalam tiga keadaan iaitu
Matter that made up of
tiny
As the temperature increases, the

Apabila suhu meningkat, tenaga
discrete
and
halus
Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah

3
and
gas
gas
dan
moving
particles which are always in constantly
dan
kinetic
kinetik
liquid
cecair
diskrit
yang sentiasa
bergerak
energy of particles increases and the particles move
zarah-zarah akan bertambah dan zarah-zarah akan bergerak dengan
faster
lebih cepat
Particles in different states of matter have different arrangement, strength of forces between them, movement and
energy content.
Zarah-zarah
dalam keadaan jirim yang berbeza mempunyai susunan, daya tarikan antara zarah, pergerakan dan kandungan
tenaga yang berbeza.
Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:
State of matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Keadaan jirim
Pepejal
Cecair
Gas
Draw the particles arrangement.

Each particle (atom/ ion/
molecule) is represented by
Lukis susunan zarah. Setiap zarah
(atom / ion / molekul) diwakili dengan

Particles arrangement
Susunan zarah
The particles are arranged

closely packed in
orderly
Particles movement
Pergerakan zarah
padat
Particles can only vibrate

rotate
about their
and
Zarah-zarah tersusun
tidak teratur
tetapi
The particles are very

widely separated
from
each other.
padat
.
Particles can vibrate ,

rotate
move
and
terpisah jauh
Zarah-zarah
Particles can vibrate ,

rotate
move
and
fixed position.
throughout the liquid.
freely.
Zarah bergetar dan berputar

pada kedudukan tetap.
Zarah bergetar , berputar dan

bergerak dalam cecair.
Zarah bergetar , berputar dan

bergerak bebas.
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a
orderly manner
manner.
Zarah-zarah tersusun
teratur
.
dan
The particles are arranged

closely packed but not in
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12/9/2011 5:59:28 PM
Strong
forces between the

particles but weaker than
the forces in the solid.
strong
Attractive forces between the

particles
Daya tarikan antara zarah
forces
Very
between the particles.
Daya tarikan yang sangat kuat
antara zarah-zarah.
kuat
Daya tarikan yang
antara zarah-zarah tetapi
lebih lemah
berbanding di
Weak
forces between
the perticles
lemah
Daya tarikan yang

antara zarah-zarah.
dalam pepejal.
Energy content of the particles

Kandungan tenaga zarah
low .
Energy content is very

Kandungan tenaga sangat
rendah
.
Energy content is higher

than solid but less than in a
gas.
very
Energy content is
high.
Kandungan tenaga lebih tinggi

daripada pepejal tetapi
lebih rendah
daripada gas.
Kandungan tenaga
tinggi.
sangat
Changes in the state of matter

Perubahan keadaan jirim
(a) Matter undergoes change of state when
heat
haba
Jirim mengalami perubahan keadaan apabila tenaga
(i)
(ii)
energy is
absorbed
or
serap
di
released/lose
When heat energy is absorbed by the matter (it is heated), the

increases and they vibrate faster.
kinetic
diserap
Apabila tenaga haba
oleh jirim (semasa dipanaskan), tenaga
dan zarah tersebut bergerak dengan lebih cepat.
kinetik
When matter releases heat energy (it is cooled), the

they vibrate less vigorously.
dibebaskan
Apabila tenaga haba
zarah tersebut bergerak kurang cergas.
kinetic
bebaskan
atau di
energy of the particles

zarah
bertambah
energy of the particles decreases and
oleh jirim (semasa disejukkan), tenaga kinetik zarah
berkurang
dan
(b) Inter - conversion of the states of matter:

Perubahan keadaan jirim:
Solid
Pepejal
7
Melting / Peleburan
Freezing / Pembekuan
Liquid
Cecair
Boiling/Evoporation / Pendidihan/Penyejatan
Condensation / Kondensasi
Gas
Gas
Determination of melting and freezing points of naphthalene

Penentuan takat lebur dan takat beku naftalena
Materials / Bahan: Naphthalene powder, water

Apparatus / Radas: Boiling tube, conical flask, beaker, retort stand, thermometer 0 100C, stopwatch,
Bunsen burner and wire gauze
Procedure / Prosedur:
I. Heating of naphthalene / Pemanasan naftalena
Set-up of apparatus: / Susunan radas:
Thermometer / Termometer
Boiling tube / Tabung didih
Water / Air
Naphthalene / Naftalena
Heat
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12/9/2011 5:59:28 PM
(a)
boiling tube
A
placed into it.
Tabung didih
3 - 5 cm
is filled
height with naphthalene powder and a
diisi dengan serbuk naftalena setinggi
3 5 cm
dan
thermometer
termometer
is
diletakkan
di dalamnya.
(b)
The boiling tube is immersed in a water bath as shown in the diagram so that the water level in the water bath
is higher than naphtalene powder in the boiling tube.
Tabung didih dimasukkan ke dalam kukus air seperti di dalam gambar rajah dan pastikan aras air dalam kukus air lebih tinggi
daripada aras naftalena dalam tabung didih.
(c)
heated
The water is
Air dipanaskan dan naftalena
(d)
and the naphthalene is

dikacau
perlahan-lahan dengan
slowly with
termometer
thermometer
60C
, the stopwatch is started. The temperature of
When the temperature of naphthalene reaches
30
seconds
90C
naphthalene is recorded at
intervals until the temperature of naphthalene reaches
.
60C
Apabila suhu naftalena mencapai

sehingga suhunya mencapai
II.
stirred
90C
, mulakan jam randik. Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap
30 saat
Cooling of naphthalene / Penyejukan naftalena
Naphthalene
Naftalena
(a)
The boiling tube and its content is removed from the water bath and put into a
in the diagram.
conical flask
kelalang kon
Tabung didih dan kandungannya dikeluarkan daripada kukus air dan dipindahkan ke dalam
dalam gambar rajah.
(b)
as shown
seperti
stirred
constantly with thermometer throughout cooling
The content in the boiling tube is
supercooling
process to avoid
(the temperature of cooling liquid drops below freezing point, without
the appearance of a solid).
dikacau
Kandungan dalam tabung didih
perlahan-lahan dengan termometer sepanjang proses penyejukan untuk
penyejukan lampau
(Suhu cecair yang disejukkan turun melepasi takat beku tanpa pembentukan
mengelakkan
pepejal).
(c)
The temperature of naphthalene is recorded every

60C
.
to
Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap
(d)
60C
suhu
melawan
masa
dilukis untuk proses pemanasan dan penyejukan.
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sehingga suhunya mencapai
interval until the temperature drops
A graph of temperature against time is plotted for the heating and cooling process respectively.
Graf
30 saat
30 seconds
d.
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12/9/2011 5:59:29 PM
The Explanation of the Heating Process of Matter / Penerangan Proses Pemanasan

1
The heating curve of naphthalene:

Lengkung pemanasan naftalena:
Temperature/C
Suhu/C
F
D
B
A
Time/s
Masa/s
faster
When a solid is heated, the particles absorb heat and move

absorbed
energy is
, the state of matter will change.
as its energy content increases. As the heat
lebih cepat
Apabila pepejal dipanaskan, zarah-zarah menyerap haba dan bergerak
diserap
menyebabkan perubahan keadaan jirim.
Tenaga haba
Point
State of Matter
Explanation
Titik
Keadaan jirim
Penerangan
absorbed
Heat energy is
kinetic
A to B
A ke B
Solid
energy to
diserap
pepejal
oleh zarah-zarah
lebih cepat
dan zarah bergetar dengan
absorbed
Heat energy
overcome
Solid and
Liquid
solid
by the particles in the

increase
and vibrate
naphthalene causing their
faster
. The temperature
increases.
Tenaga haba
bertambah
B to C
B ke C
disebabkan kandungan tenaga bertambah.
naftalena menyebabkan tenaga

meningkat
. Suhu semakin
forces between particles so that the

remains constant
temperature
liquid
solid
turn to
C to D
C ke D
Liquid
increases
Tenaga haba
bertambah
Heat energy
overcome
D to E
D ke E
Liquid and
Gas
to form a
Tenaga haba
absorbed
liquid
increase
energy to
and move
Gas
. The
digunakan
untuk mengatasi
tetap
. Suhu adalah
.
naphthalene causing their

faster
. The temperature
oleh zarah-zarah
cecair
dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan
absorbed
kinetik
naftalena menyebabkan tenaga
lebih cepat
meningkat
. Suhu semakin
.
liquid
naphthalene is
the forces of attraction between particles. The particles begin to move

gas
diserap
. The temperature
oleh zarah-zarah dalam
remains constant
cecair
absorbed
energy to incerease and move
akan
used
to
freely
naftalena
untuk mengatasi
bebas
gas
untuk membentuk
. Suhu
gas
faster
. The temperature
digunakan
causing their
increases
.
diserap
oleh zarah-zarah gas naftalena menyebabkan tenaga
Tenaga haba
lebih cepat
meningkat
. Suhu semakin
dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan
kinetik
kinetic
akan bertambah
.
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E to F
E ke F
to
.
diserap
daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah. Zarah-zarah mula bergerak

tetap
.
adalah
Heat energy is
liquid
pepejal
oleh zarah-zarah dalam
naftalena
pepejal
cecair
berubah menjadi
daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah supaya
Heat energy
kinetic
akan
used
naphthalene is
diserap
Tenaga haba yang
kinetik
.
Nila
12/9/2011 5:59:29 PM
completely changes to become a liquid is called the melting point .

absorbed
by the particles
During the melting process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy
used
liquid .
to overcome the forces between particles so that the solid change to turn into a
is
The constant temperature at which a
solid
takat lebur
berubah kepada keadaan cecair dipanggil
diserap
oleh zarah-zarah
Semasa proses peleburan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang
mengatasi
cecair
daya tarikan antara zarah supaya pepejal berubah menjadi
.
Suhu tetap di mana suatu
pepejal
.
digunakan
untuk
completely changes to become a gas is called the boiling point .

absorbed
by the particles
During the boiling process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy
used
is
to overcome the forces between particles so that the liquid change to turn into a gas.
liquid
cecair
takat didih
berubah kepada keadaan gas dipanggil
.
diserap
digunakan
oleh zarah-zarah
untuk
Semasa proses pendidihan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang
mengatasi
daya tarikan antara zarah supaya cecair berubah menjadi gas.
Suhu tetap di mana suatu bahan dalam keadaan
The Explanation for the Cooling Process of Matter: / Penerangan Proses Penyejukan Bahan:
The cooling curve of naphthalene:
Lengkung penyejukan naftalena:

Temperature/C
Suhu/C
P
Q
S
Time/s
Masa/s
slower
When the liquid is cooled, the particles in the liquid release energy and move
released
decreases. As the energy is
to the surrounding, the state of matter will change.
cecair
Apabila cecair disejukkan, zarah
membebaskan tenaga dan
dibebaskan
ke persekitaran.
berubah semasa tenaga
bergerak
Point
State of matter
Explanation
Titik
Keadaan jirim
Penerangan
Heat is
released/given out
liquid
P to Q
P ke Q
Liquid
The particles in the

temperature decreases
Q to R
Q ke R
R to S
R ke S
Solid
by the
The temperature
Haba
tenaga
naphthalene.
slower. The
.
cecair
naftalena. Zarah-zarah dalam
semakin perlahan. Suhu semakin menurun
liquid
to the surrounding by the particles in
naphthalene is balanced
released
solid
energy
as the particles attract one another to form a
.
remains constant
.
dibebaskan
cecair
diimbangi
ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam
naftalena
oleh
haba
terbebas
yang
apabila zarah-zarah tertarik antara satu sama lain untuk membentuk
pepejal
tetap
. Suhu adalah
.
The particles in the solid naphthalene

decreases .
Zarah-zarah dalam pepejal naftalena
menurun
Suhu semakin
.
releases
membebaskan
heat and vibrate
slower
tenaga dan bergetar dengan
. The temperature
lebih perlahan
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Liquid and
Solid
released
heat
semakin perlahan. Keadaan jirim
liquid
to the surrounding by the particles in the
kinetic
move
lose their
energy and
dibebaskan
ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam
Haba
cecair
kinetik
kehilangan tenaga
dan bergerak
The heat
as its energy content
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freezing point
changes to a solid is called
. During the freezing
released
to the surrounding is balanced by the
process, the temperature remains unchanged because the heat
liquid
heat released when the liquid particles rearrange themselves to become a
solid
takat beku
berubah kepada keadaan pepejal dipanggil
. Semasa proses
dibebaskan
diimbangi
ke persekitaran
oleh haba yang terbebas
pembekuan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang
pepejal
.
apabila zarah-zarah cecair menyusun semula untuk membentuk
Suhu tetap di mana suatu
cecair
Keadaan Fizik Bahan pada Sebarang Suhu: / Physical State Of A Substance At Any Given Temperature:
1
A substance is in
solid
state if the temperature of the substance is below melting point

pepejal
Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan

2
A substance is in
liquid
state if the temperature of the substance is between melting and boiling points.
cecair

3
A substance is in
gas
jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih rendah daripada takat leburnya.
jika suhu bahan tersebut berada antara takat lebur dan takat didihnya.
state if the temperature of the substance is above boiling point.
gas
jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih tinggi daripada takat didihnya.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1
The table below shows substances and their chemical formula.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bahan dan formula kimia masing-masing.
Substance / Bahan
Chemical formula / Formula kimia
Type of particle / Jenis zarah
Silver / Argentum
Ag
Atom
Potassium oxide / Kalium oksida
K2O
Ion
Ammonia / Ammonia
NH3
Molecule
Chlorine / Klorin
Cl2
Molecule
(a) State the type of particles that made up each substance in the table.
Nyatakan jenis zarah yang membentuk bahan dalam jadual di atas.
(b) Which of the substances are element? Explain your answer.

Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu unsur? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Silver and chlorine. Silver and chlorine are made up of one type of atom
(c) Which of the substance are compound? Explain your answer.
Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu sebatian? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Potassium oxide and ammonia. Potassium oxide and ammonia are made up of two different elements
2
The table below shows the melting and boiling points of substance P, Q and R.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bagi bahan P, Q dan R.
Melting point / Takat lebur / C
Boiling point / Takat didih / C
36
18
70
98
230
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(a) (i)
What is meant by melting point?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan takat lebur?
The constant temperature at which a solid charges to a liquid at particular pressure

(ii)
What is meant by boiling point?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan takat didih?
The constant temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas at particular pressure

(b) Draw the particles arrangement of substances P, Q and R at room condition.
Lukis susunan zarah P, Q dan R pada keadaan bilik.
Substance P / Bahan P
(c)
(i)
Substance Q / Bahan Q
Substance R / Bahan R
What is the substance that exist in the form of liquid at 0C.

Nyatakan bahan yang wujud dalam keadaan cecair pada suhu 0C.
P, Q
(ii)
Give reason to your answer.

Jelaskan jawapan anda.
The temperature 0C is above the melting point of Q and below the boiling point of Q
(d) (i)
Substance Q is heated from room temperature to 100C. Sketch a graph of temperature against time for the
heating of substance Q.
Bahan Q dipanaskan dari suhu bilik hingga 100C. Lakarkan graf suhu melawan masa bagi pemanasan bahan Q terhadap masa
untuk pemanasan bahan Q.
Temperature/C
70
Time/s
(ii)
What is the state of matter of substance Q at 70C?

Apakah keadaan zik bahan Q pada 70C?
Liquid and gas

(e) Compare the melting point of substances Q and R. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan takat lebur bahan Q dan R. Terangkan jawapan anda.
The melting point of substance R is higher than subtance Q. The attraction force between particles in substance R
is stronger than Q. More heat is needed to overcome the force between particles in substance R.
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The melting point of acetamide can be determined by heating solid acetamide until it melts as shown in the diagram
below. The temperature of acetemide is recorded every three minutes when it is left to cool down at room temperature.
Takat lebur asetamida boleh ditentukan dengan memanaskan pepejal asetamida sehingga lebur seperti dalam rajah di bawah. Suhu asetamida
dicatatkan setiap tiga minit semasa disejukkan pada suhu bilik.
Thermometer / Termometer
Boiling tube / Tabung didih
Water / Air
Acetamide / Asetamida
(a) What is the purpose of using water bath in the experiment?

Apakah tujuan menggunakan kukus air dalam eksperimen ini?
To ensure even heating of acetemide. Acetamide is easily combustible.

(b) State the name of another substance which its melting point can also be determined by using water bath as shown
in the above diagram.
Namakan satu bahan lain yang mana takat leburnya boleh ditentukan dengan menggunakan kukus air seperti rajah di atas.
Naphthalene
(c) Sodium nitrate has a melting point of 310C. Can the melting point of sodium nitrate be determined by using the
water bath as shown in the diagram? Explain your answer.
Natrium nitrat mempunyai takat lebur 310C. Bolehkah takat lebur natrium nitrat ditentukan dengan menggunakan kukus air seperti
yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
No, because the melting point of water is 100C which is less than the melting point of sodium nitrate.
(d) Why do we need to stir the acetemide in the boiling tube in above experiment?
Mengapakah asetamida dalam tabung didih itu perlu dikacau sepanjang eksperimen?
To make sure the heat is distributed evenly

(e) The graph of temperature against time for the cooling of liquid acetamide is shown below.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa untuk penyejukan cecair asetamida.
Temperature / Suhu/ C
T3
T2
T1
(i)
Time / Masa/s
What is the freezing point of acetamide?

Apakah takat beku asetamida?
T2C
(ii)
The temperature between Q and R is constant. Explain.

Suhu antara titik Q dan R adalah tetap. Jelaskan.
The heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the liquid particles
rearrange themselves to become solid.
(f)
Acetemide exists as molecules. State the name of another compound that is made up of molecules.
Asetamida wujud sebagai molekul. Namakan sebatian lain yang terdiri daripada molekul.
Water/naphthalene
(g) What is the melting point of acetamide?
Apakah takat lebur asetamida?
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The Atomic Structure / Struktur Atom

History of the development of atomic models:
Sejarah perkembangan model atom:

Scientist
Atomic Model
Discovery
Saintis
Model atom
Penemuan
(i)
Matter is made up of particles called
atoms
atom
Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah dipanggil
(ii)
Dalton
created
Atoms cannot be
dicipta
Atom tidak boleh
destroyed
dimusnah
Positively charged sphere

Sfera bercas
(i)
(ii)
Thomson
Electron charges negative
Elektron
(i)
Electron moves
outside the nucleus
Elektron
nukleus
Rutherford
mengandungi
Nucleus
that
contain proton
Nukleus mengandungi
proton
elektron
, zarah subatom yang pertama.
positive
charge which embedded with

negatively charged particles called electrons .
Atom is sphere of
yang mengandungi zarah
Discovered the nucleus as the centre of an atom and

positively charged
.
Menjumpai
bergerak di luar
positif
Atom adalah sfera yang bercas
elektron
.
bercas negatif dipanggil
bercas negatif
electrons , the first subatomic particle.
Discovered the
Menjumpai
positif
atau
sama
Atom daripada unsur sama adalah
dibahagi
identical
(iii) Atoms from the same element are
divided
or
nukleus
bercas positif
(ii)
Proton
(iii)
Electron
yang merupakan pusat bagi atom dan
is a part of the nucleus.
Proton
adalah sebahagian daripada nukleus.
move outside the nucleus.
Elektron
bergerak di sekeliling nukleus.
(iv) Most of the mass of the atom found in the

Nukleus
nucleus
mempunyai hampir semua jisim atom.
Shell
Neils Bohr
Nucleus that
contain proton
(i)
Nukleus mengandungi
proton
(ii)
shells
Discovered the existence of electron

petala
Menjumpai kewujudan
Electrons move in the

Elektron
elektron.
shells
around the nucleus.

nukleus
bergerak di dalam petala mengelilingi
Electron
Shell
James
Chadwick
Nucleus that contain

proton and neutron
Nukleus mengandungi
proton dan neutron
Electron
(i)
Discovered the existence of
(ii)
proton
neutron
dan
(iii) The mass of a neutron and proton is almost the same.

neutron
dan
proton
adalah hampir sama.
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Nukleus mengandungi zarah-zarah neutral dipanggil

proton
.
zarah-zarah bercas positif dipanggil
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Nucleus of an atom contains neutral particles called

neutron and positively charged particles called
Jisim
Public
neutron
neutron
Menjumpai kewujudan
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The structure of an atom: / Struktur Atom:

Shell / Petala
Nucleus that contain proton and neutron
Nukleus yang mengandungi proton dan neutron
Electron / Elektron
nucleus
(a) An atom has a central

Atom mempunyai
nucleus
(b) The
Nukleus
nukleus
shells
and electrons that move in the
around the nucleus.
petala
di tengahnya dan elektron bergerak di dalam
mengelilingi nukleus tersebut.
contains protons and neutrons.

mengandungi proton dan neutron.
+1 . Each electron has an electrical charge of

1
. The neutron has no
(c) Each proton has charge of
charge
neutral
(it is
). An atom has the same number of protons and electrons, so the overall charge
zero
neutral
of atom is
. Atom is
. (If an atom loses or gains electrons it is called an ion formation
of ion will be studied in Chapter 4)
(ianya adalah neutral ).
sifar
. Atom
Setiap atom mempunyai bilangan proton dan elektron yang sama, oleh itu cas keseluruhan bagi atom adalah
neutral
. (Suatu atom akan membentuk ion apabila ia kehilangan atau menerima elektron pembentukan ion akan
adalah
Setiap proton bercas
+1
. Setiap elektron bercas
. Neutron tidak mempunyai
cas
dipelajari dalam Tajuk 4.)
(d) The relative mass of a neutron and a proton which are in the nucleus is 1. The mass of an atom is obtained mainly
proton
and neutron .
from the number of
proton
Jisim relatif proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus ialah 1. Jisim suatu atom diperoleh daripada jumlah bilangan
neutron
dan bilangan
.
1
(e) The mass of an electron can be ignored as the mass of an electron is about
times the size of a proton or
1 840
neutron.
Jisim elektron boleh diabaikan kerana ia terlalu kecil iaitu
3
1 daripada jisim proton dan neutron.

1 840
Complete the following table:

Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:
Subatomic particles
Symbol
Charge
Relative atomic mass
Position
Zarah subatom
Simbol
Cas
Jisim atom relatif
Kedudukan
Electron/Elektron
(negative)
1
=0
1 840
In the shells
Proton/Proton
+ (positive)
In the nucleus
Neutron/Neutron
neutral
In the nucleus
Atom is the smallest neutral particle of an element.

Atom adalah zarah neutral paling kecil dalam suatu unsur.
Complete the following diagram: / Lengkapkan yang berikut:

Na
Na
Na
Na
Sodium element
natrium
Sodium element
Unsur
natrium
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Sodium element
Unsur
natrium
Na
Na
Na
Sodium
Atom
atom
natrium
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Proton number of an element (Refer to Periodic table of an element)
Nombor proton sesuatu unsur (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur)
(a) Proton number of an
element
atom
is the number of proton in its
atom
Nombor proton sesuatu unsur adalah bilangan proton yang terdapat dalam
neutral .
(b) The number of proton of an atom is also equal to the number of electrons in the atom because atom is
Bilangan proton sesuatu atom adalah sama dengan bilangan elektron dalam atom kerana atom adalah
neutral
(c) Every element has its own proton number:

Setiap unsur mempunyai nombor protonnya tersendiri:
atom
Proton number of potassium, K is 19. Potasium

in the shells.
Atom
Nombor proton untuk kalium, K ialah 19.

19 elektron
di dalam petala.
19 proton
kalium mempunyai
atom
Proton number of oxygen, O is 8. Oxygen

in the shells.
Atom
Nombor proton untuk oksigen, O ialah 8.

8 elektron
di dalam petala.
has 19 protons in the nucleus and 19 electrons
8 protons
has
di dalam nukleus dan
in the nucleus and

8 proton
oksigen mempunyai
8 electrons
di dalam nukleus dan
Nucleon number of an element (Refer to Periodic table of an element)
Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur)
(a) Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its
Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur adalah jumlah bilangan proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus sesuatu
atom
atom
(b) Nucleon number is also known as a mass number.

Nombor nukleon juga dikenali sebagai nombor jisim.
(c) Nucleon number = number of proton + number of neutron.

Nombor nukleon = bilangan proton + bilangan neutron.
Symbol of Element And Standard Representation For An Atom of Element
Simbol Unsur dan Perwakilan Piawai bagi Atom Sesuatu Unsur
The symbol of an element is a short way of representing an element. If the symbol has only one letter, it must be a capital
letter. If it has two letters, the first is always a capital letter, while the second is always a small letter.
Simbol unsur adalah cara mudah untuk mewakilkan unsur. Jika simbol hanya terdiri daripada satu huruf, maka ia mesti ditulis dengan huruf
besar. Tetapi jika simbol terdiri daripada dua huruf, maka huruf pertama merupakan huruf besar dan huruf kedua merupakan huruf kecil.
Example: / Contoh:
Element
Symbol
Element
Symbol
Element
Symbol
Unsur
Simbol
Unsur
Simbol
Unsur
Simbol
Nitrogen/Nitrogen
Calcium/Kalsium
Ca
Mg
Sodium/Natrium
Na
Copper/Kuprum
Cu
Potassium/Kalium
Chlorine/Klorin
Cl
Oxygen/Oksigen
Magnesium/Magnesium
Hydrogen/Hidrogen
The first letter of each element is capitalised to show that it is a new element. This is helpful when writing a chemical formula.
For example KCl. There are two elements chemically bonded in KCl because there are two capital letters represent potassium and
chlorine.
Huruf yang pertama bagi setiap unsur ditulis dengan huruf besar untuk menunjukkan ia adalah unsur yang baru. Ini sangat berguna semasa menulis formula
kimia. Contohnya KCl. Terdapat dua unsur yang terikat secara kimia dalam KCl kerana adanya dua huruf besar yang mewakili kalium dan klorin.
Standard representation symbol represents
Simbol perwakilan piawai mewakili
one atom
of an element. It can be written as:
sesuatu unsur. Ianya boleh ditulis sebagai:
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon
Proton number/Nombor proton
Symbol of an element/Simbol unsur
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Example: / Contoh:
27
A1
13
The element is Aluminium.
Unsur itu adalah Aluminium.
27
The nucleon number of Aluminium is

27
Nombor nukleon Aluminium adalah
13
The proton number of Aluminium is

13
Nombor proton Aluminium adalah
Aluminium has
13 protons
.
.
14 neutrons
13 proton
Atom Aluminium mempunyai

3
13
and
14 neutron
electrons.
13
dan
elektron.
Isotope / Isotop
(a) Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza.
Or / Atau
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same
proton
Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai nombor

berbeza.
proton
number but different
nucleon
number.
nukleon
yang sama tetapi nombor
yang
Example: / Contoh:
1
1 H
2
1 H
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon = 1
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon = 2
Proton number/Nombor proton = 1
Proton number/Nombor proton = 1
Number of neutron/Bilangan neutron = 0
Number of neutron/Bilangan neutron = 1
Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 are isotopes. Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 atoms have the same proton number or the same
number of protons
but
different
in nucleon number because of the difference in the number of
Atom Hidrogen-1 dan Hidrogen-2 mempunyai nombor proton atau

bilangan neutron
.
kerana perbezaan
Isotopes have the same

arrangements.
Isotop mempunyai sifat
chemical
kimia
bilangan proton
properties but different
yang sama tetapi nombor nukleon yang
physical
neutron
berbeza
properties because they have the same electron
yang sama kerana mempunyai susunan elektron yang sama tetapi sifat
zik
yang berbeza.
(b) Examples of the usage of isotopes:

Contoh kegunaan isotop:
i.
Medical field
Bidang perubatan
To detect brain cancer.
To detect thrombosis (blockage in blood vessel).
Sodium-24 is used to measure the rate of iodine absorption by thyroid gland.
Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancer cells.
To kill microorganism in the sterilising process.
Untuk mengesan barah otak.

Untuk mengesan trombosis (saluran darah tersumbat).
Untuk mengukur kadar penyerapan iodin oleh kelenjar tiroid. Contoh: Natrium-24
Untuk memusnahkan sel barah. Contoh: Kobalt-60
Untuk membunuh mikroorganisma semasa proses pensterilan.
ii.
In the industrial field

Bidang industri
To detect wearing out in machines.
To detect any blockage in water, gas or oil pipes.
Untuk mengesan kehausan enjin.
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Untuk mengesan saluran paip air, gas atau minyak yang tersumbat.
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To detect leakage of pipes underground.
To detect defects/cracks in the body of an aeroplane.
Untuk mengesan kebocoran paip bawah tanah.

Untuk mengesan keretakan atau kecacatan pada badan kapal terbang.
iii.
In the agriculture field

Bidang pertanian
To detect the rate of absorption of phosphate fertilizer in plants.
To sterile insect pests for plants.
Untuk mengesan kadar penyerapan baja fosfat oleh tumbuhan.

Untuk memandulkan serangga perosak tumbuhan.
iv.
In the archeology field

Bidang arkeologi
Carbon-14 can be used to estimate the age of artifacts.

Karbon-14 untuk menentukan usia sesuatu artifak.
Electron Arrangement
Susunan elektron
(a) The electrons are filled in specific shells. Every shell can be filled only with a certain number of electrons. For the
elements with atomic numbers 1-20:
Elektron diisi dalam petala tertentu. Setiap petala hanya boleh diisi dengan bilangan elektron tertentu. Bagi unsur-unsur yang
mempunyai nombor proton 120:
First shell can be filled with a maximum of
electrons.
2
Petala pertama boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum
Second shell can be filled with a maximum of

Petala kedua boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum
Petala ketiga boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum
electrons.
Third shell can be filled with a maximum of
elektron.
elektron.
electrons.
elektron.
First shell is filled with 2 electrons (duplet)

Petala pertama diisi 2 elektron (duplet)
Second shell is filled with 8 electrons (octet)

Petala kedua diisi 8 elektron (oktet)
Third shell is filled with 8 electrons (octet)

Petala ketiga disi 8 elektron (oktet)
(b) Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.
Elektron valens: Elektron yang diisi dalam petala paling luar suatu atom.
Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
(a) Draw the electron arrangement and complete the description for each element:
Lukis susunan elektron bagi atom dan penerangan bagi setiap unsur berikut:
Standard
representation
of an element
Perwakilan piawai
unsur
Electron arrangement
of an atom
Lukiskan susunan elektron
bagi atom
Hydrogen Atom
Atom Hidrogen
1
H
1
Number of eletrons/Bilangan elektron
Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron
Electron Arrangement/Susunan elektron
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Number of protons/Bilangan proton
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Sodium Atom
Number of protons/Bilangan proton
11
Number of electrons/Bilangan elektron
11
Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron
12
11
23
Atom Natrium
23
Na
11
Na
Electron Arrangement/Susunan elektron
2.8.1
(b) Choose the correct statement for the symbol of element X.

Pilih pernyataan yang betul bagi simbol unsur X.
23
Na
11
Statement
Tick ( / )
Pernyataan
Tanda ( / )
Element X has 11 proton number.

Unsur X mempunyai 11 nombor proton.
The proton number of element X is 11.

Nombor proton unsur X ialah 11.
The proton number of atom X is 11.

Nombor proton atom X ialah 11.
The number of proton of element X is 11.

Bilangan proton unsur X ialah 11.
The number of proton of atom X is 11.

Bilangan proton atom X ialah 11.
Nucleon number of element X is 23.

Nombor nukleon unsur X ialah 23.
Nucleon number of atom X is 23.

Nombor nukleon atom X ialah 23.
Number of nucleon of element X is 23.

Bilangan nukleon unsur X ialah 23.
Atom X has 23 nucleon number.

Atom X mempunyai 23 nombor nukleon.
Neutron number of atom X is 12.

Nombor neutron atom X ialah 12.
Number of neutron of atom X is 12.

Bilangan neutron atom X ialah 12.
Number of neutron of element X is 12.
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Bilangan neutron unsur X ialah 12.
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Element
Unsur
Hydrogen
Hidrogen
Helium
Helium
Boron
Boron
Carbon
Karbon
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Neon
Neon
Sodium
Natrium
Magnesium
Magnesium
Calcium
Kalsium
Symbol of
element
Simbol unsur
Number of
proton
Bilangan
proton
Number of
electron
Bilangan
elektron
Number of
neutron
Bilangan
neutron
Proton
number
Nombor
proton
Nucleon
number
Nombor
nukleon
Electron
arrangement
Susunan
elektron atom
Number
of valence
electron
Bilangan
elektron valens
1
1 H
4
He
2
11
5 B
11
2.3
12
6 C
12
2.4
14
7 N
14
2.5
20
Ne
10
10
10
10
10
20
2.8
23
Na
11
11
11
12
11
23
2.8.1
24
Mg
12
12
12
12
12
24
2.8.2
40
Ca
20
20
20
20
20
40
2.8.8.2
The diagram below shows the symbol of atoms P, R and S.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan simbol atom P, R dan S.
35
P
17
12
R
6
37
S
17
(a) What is meant by nucleon number / Apakah maksud nombor nukleon?

Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its atom
(b) What is the nucleon number of P / Apakah nombor nukleon atom P?
35
(c) State the number of neutron in atom P / Nyatakan bilangan neutron atom P.
18
(d) State number of proton in atom P / Nyatakan bilangan proton atom P.
17
(e)
(i)
What is meant by isotope / Apakah maksud isotop?

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of proton but different number of neutrons
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(ii)
State a pair of isotope in the diagram shown / Nyatakan sepasang isotop dalam rajah yang ditunjukkan.
P and S
(iii) Give reason for your answer in (e)(ii) / Berikan sebab bagi jawapan di (e)(ii).
Atom P and S have same proton number but different nucleon number//number of neutron
(f)
An isotope of R has 8 neutron. Write the symbol for the isotope R.

Isotop bagi atom R mempunyai 8 neutron. Tuliskan simbol bagi isotop R.
14
R
6
3
The table below shows the number of proton and neutron of atoms of elements P, Q and R.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron bagi atom unsur P, Q dan R.
Element
Unsur
Number of proton
Bilangan proton
Number of neutron
Bilangan neutron
(a) Which of the atoms in the above table are isotope? Explain your answer.
Berdasarkan jadual di atas, atom yang manakah merupakan isotop? Terangkan jawapan anda.
P and Q. Atom P and Q have same number of proton but different number of neutron // nucleon number.
(b) (i)
Write the standard representation of element Q.

Tuliskan perwakilan piawai untuk unsur Q.
2
Q
1
(ii)
State three information that can be deduced from your answer in (b)(i).
Nyatakan tiga maklumat yang boleh didapati daripada jawapan anda di (b)(i).
The proton number of element Q is 1 // Number of proton of atom Q is 1

Nucleon number of element Q is 2 // Atomic mass of atom Q is 2
Number of neutron of atom Q is 1
Nucleus of atom Q contains 1p and 1n
(c)
(i)
Draw atomic structure for atom of element R.

Lukiskan struktur atom bagi atom unsur R.
6 protons + 6 neutrons
(ii)
Describe the atomic structure in (c)(i).

Huraikan struktur atom di (c)(i).
The atom consists of 2 parts: the centre part called nucleus and the outer part called electron shell.
The nucleus consists of 6 protons which are positively charged and 6 neutrons which are neutral.
The electrons are in two shells, the first shell consists of two electrons and the second shell consists of
four electrons.
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Electrons move around nucleus in the shells.
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(d) Element R react with oxygen and to produce liquid Z at room temperature. The graph below shows the sketch of the
graph when liquid Z at room temperature, 27C is cooled to 5C.
Unsur R bertindak balas dengan oksigen dan menghasilkan cecair Z pada suhu bilik. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lakaran graf
apabila cecair Z pada suhu bilik, 27C disejukkan sehingga 5C.
Temperature /C
Suhu /C
Time /s
t1
Masa /s
t2
(i)
What is the state of matter of liquid Z from t1 to t2? Explain why is the temperature remain unchanged from
t1 to t2.
Apakah keadaan jirim Z daripada t1 hingga t2? Terangkan mengapa suhu tidak berubah daripada t1 hingga t2.
Liquid and solid. Heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the particles at 0 C
(ii)
Draw the arrangement of particles of Z at 20C.

Lukiskan susunan zarah-zarah Z pada suhu 20C.
(iii) Describe the change in the particles movement when Z is cooled from room temperature to 5C.
Nyatakan perubahan dalam pergerakan zarah-zarah apabila cecair Z disejukkan daripada suhu bilik ke 5C.
The particles move slower

Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif
The diagram shows the arrangement of particles for a type
of matter that undergoes a change in physical state through
process X.
The diagram below shows the heating curve for substance X.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bahan X.
Temperature / Suhu C
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan zarah sejenis bahan yang

mengalami perubahan keadaan zik melalui proses X.
U
S
T
R
P
Time (m)
Masa (m)
Which region of the graph does boiling process occur?
What is process X?
Bahagian manakah pada graf berlaku proses pendidihan?
Apakah proses X ?
Melting
Peleburan
Boiling
A
B
Freezing
Pembekuan
Pendidihan
Sublimation
Pemejalwapan
PQ
QR
C
D
ST
TU
Which of the following information is true?

Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah betul?
Which of the following substances can undergo sublimation

when heated?
Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah mengalami pemejalwapan apabila

dipanaskan?
Sulphur
Ammonium chloride
Sulfur
Ammonium klorida
Glucose
Glukosa
Change of state
Perubahan keadaan
Sodium chloride
Natrium klorida
B
C
D
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Heat energy
Tenaga haba
Solid Liquid
Melting
Released
Pepejal Cecair
Peleburan
Dibebaskan
Liquid Gas
Evaporation
Released
Cecair Gas
Penyejatan
Dibebaskan
Gas Solid
Sublimation
Released
Gas Pepejal
Pemejalwapan
Dibebaskan
Gas Liquid
Condensation
Absorbed
Gas Cecair
Kondensasi
Diserap
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The diagram below shows the graph of temperature against

time when a liquid Y is cooled.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa apabila cecair Y
disejukkan.
Substance
Bahan
Melting point/C
Takat lebur/C
Boiling point/C
Takat didih/C
182
162
23
77
97
65
41
182
132
290
t3
P
Q
t2
Which substance exists as liquid at room temperature?

t1
Bahan yang manakah wujud sebagai cecair pada suhu bilik?
Time (m)
Which of the following statements are true about the curve?

Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah betul tentang lengkung
itu?
At Q, liquid Y begins to freeze.
II
At PQ, particles in Y absorb heat from the surroundings.
S only
T dan U sahaja
S and T only
S dan T sahaja
Pada Q, cecair Y mula membeku.
Liquid Y freezes completely at S.
IV
The freezing point of Y is t2C.
The diagram below shows standard representation of an atom

copper.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perwakilan piawai atom kuprum.
64
Cu
29
Cecair Y membeku dengan lengkap pada S.
I dan III sahaja
II and III only
Antara berikut, yang manakah betul berdasarkan rajah di atas?
II dan III sahaja
I and IV only
I dan IV sahaja
Which of the following is correct based on the symbol the

diagram?
Takat beku bagi Y adalah t2C.
I and III only
V and W only
V dan W sahaja
Pada PQ, zarah dalam Y menyerap haba dari persekitaran.
III
T and U only
S sahaja
Masa (m)
Proton number
Nombor proton
Nucleon number
Nombor nukleon
Number of electron
Bilangan elektron
29
64
29
35
29
64
64
35
29
29
64
35
II and IV only
II dan IV sahaja
The diagram below shows the graph of temperature against

time when solid Z is heated.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa apabila pepejal Z
dipanaskan.
9
The diagram below shows the standard representation of

beryllium atom.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perwakilan piawai atom berillium.
80
9
Be
4
What is the number of valence electrons of beryllium atom?
Time (m)
0
Apakah bilangan elektron valens bagi atom berillium?
Masa (m)
A
B
Which of the following is true during the fourth minute?

Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah benar pada minit keempat?
A
B
C
D
All the molecules are in random motion.

Semua molekul bergerak secara rawak.
All the molecules are closely packed and in random
motion.
Semua molekul sangat rapat dan bergerak secara rawak.
All the molecules are vibrating at fixed positions.
Semua molekul bergetar pada kedudukan tetap.
Some of the molecules are vibrating at fixed positions but
some are in random motion.
Sebahagian molekul bergetar pada kedudukan tetap dan
sebahagian bergerak secara rawak.
The table shows the melting points and boiling points of

substances S, T, U, V and W.
C
D
4
7
The table below shows the proton number and the number of
neutrons for atoms of elements W, X, Y and Z.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton dan bilangan neutron bagi
atom unsur W, X, Y dan Z.
Element
Atom
Proton number
Nombor proton
Number of neutrons
Bilangan neutron
W
7
7
X
8
8
Y
8
9
Z
9
10
Which of the following pair of elements is isotope?
Antara pasangan berikut, yang manakah adalah isotop?
W and X
W dan X
W and Y
W dan Y
X and Y
X dan Y
Y and Z
Y dan Z
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Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bahan S, T, U,

V dan W.
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CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS

FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
RELATIF MASS / JISIM RELATIF
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS / JISIM ATOM RELATIF (JAR)

To state the meaning of relative mass and solve numerical problems
Menyatakan maksud jisim atom relatif dan menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan
RELATIVE FORMULA MASS / JISIM FORMULA RELATIF (JFR)

To state the meaning of RAM, RMM and RFM based on carbon-12 scale
Menyatakan maksud JAR, JMR dan JFR berdasarkan skala karbon-12
RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS / JISIM MOLEKUL RELATIF (JMR)

To calculate RAM, RMM and RFM using the chemical formulae of various substances
Menghitung JAR, JMR dan JFR menggunakan formula kimia beberapa bahan
MOLE CONCEPT / KONSEP MOL
MOLE AND THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES / MOL DAN BILANGAN ZARAH

To solve numerical problems involving mole and the number of atoms/ ions/ molecules
Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan mol dan bilangan atom, ion dan molekul
MOLE AND THE MASS OF SUBSTANCES / MOL DAN JISIM BAHAN

To solve numerical problems involving mole and the mass of substances, number of particles and volume of gas using mole
concept
Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan mol, jisim bahan, bilangan zarah dan isipadu gas menggunakan konsep mol
MOLE AND THE VOLUME OF GAS / MOL DAN ISIPADU GAS

To solve numerical problems involving mole and the mass of substances, number of particles and volume of gas using mole
concept
Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan mol, jisim bahan, bilangan zarah dan isipadu gas menggunakan konsep mol
CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS / FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
EMPIRICAL FORMULA / FORMULA EMPIRIK

Stating the purpose and describe the empirical formula laboratory activities to determine the formula empirical
Menyatakan maksud formula empirik dan menghuraikan aktiviti makmal untuk menentukan formula empirik
MOLECULAR FORMULA / FORMULA MOLEKUL

Solve calculation problems involving empirical formula
Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan formula empirik
CHEMICAL FORMULAE / FORMULA KIMIA

To write formula of anion and cation and to write chemical formula for ionic compounds
Menulis formula kation dan anion dan menulis formula kimia untuk sebatian ion
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / PERSAMAAN KIMIA

Write a balanced chemical equation and solve problems arrangements involving the mole concept
Menulis persamaan kimia seimbang dan menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan yang melibatkan konsep mol
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RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS (RAM) / JISIM ATOM RELATIF (JAR)

1
A single atom is too small and light and cannot be weighed directly.
Satu atom adalah terlalu ringan, kecil dan tidak dapat ditimbang secara langsung.
The best way to determine the mass of a single atom is to compare its mass to the mass of another atom of an element
that is used as a standard.
Cara yang paling sesuai untuk menentukan jisim satu atom ialah dengan membandingkan jisimnya dengan jisim suatu atom unsur lain
yang dianggap sebagai piawai.
Hydrogen was the first element to be chosen as the standard for comparing mass because the hydrogen atom is the
lightest atom with a mass of 1.0 a.m.u (atomic mass unit).
Hidrogen adalah unsur pertama dipilih sebagai piawai untuk membandingkan jisim kerana atom hidrogen adalah unsur yang paling
ringan dengan jisim 1.0 u.j.a (unit jisim atom).
Example:
Contoh:
The mass of one helium atom is four times larger than one hydrogen atom.
Jisim satu atom Helium adalah 4 kali lebih besar daripada satu atom hidrogen.
RAM for He is 4.
JAR untuk He ialah 4.
4
On the hydrogen scale, the relative atomic mass of an element means the mass of one atom of the element compared to
the mass of a single hydrogen atom:
Pada skala hidrogen, jisim atom relatif suatu unsur ditakrifkan sebagai jisim satu atom unsur berbanding jisim satu atom hidrogen:
Relative atomic mass of an element (RAM) / Jism atom relatif suatu unsur (JAR)
The average mass of one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu atom unsur
Mass of one hydrogen atom / Jisim satu atom hidrogen
RAM has no unit.

JAR tiada unit.
The new standard used today is the carbon-12 atom.

Piawai yang digunakan sekarang adalah berdasarkan atom karbon-12.
1
RAM based on the carbon-12 scale is the mass of one atom of the element compared with
of the mass of an
12
atom of carbon-12:
JAR berdasarkan skala atom karbon-12 adalah jisim satu atom unsur berbanding dengan
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Relative atomic mass of an element (RAM) / Jisim atom relatif suatu unsur (JAR)
The average mass on one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu atom unsur
=
1
The mass of an atom of carbon-12 / Jisim satu atom karbon-12
12
1
jisim satu atom karbon-12:
12
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RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS (RMM) / RELATIVE FORMULA MASS (RFM)

JISIM MOLEKUL RELATIF (JMR) / JISIM FORMULA RELATIF (JFR)
RMM / JMR =
The average mass on one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu molekul
1
The mass of an atom of carbon-12 / Jisim satu atom karbon-12
12
RMM is obtained by adding up the RAM of all the atoms that are present in the molecule.
JMR diperoleh dengan menambahkan JAR semua atom yang terdapat dalam satu molekul.
Molecular substance
Molecular formula
Relative molecular mass
Bahan molekul
Formula molekul
Jisim molekul relatif
O2
2 16 = 32
Water / Air
H2O
2 1 + 16 = 18
Carbon dioxide / Karbon dioksida
CO2
12 + 2 16 = 44
Ammonia / Ammonia
NH3
14 + 3 1 = 17
Oxygen / Oksigen
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, H = 1, C = 12, N = 14]
For ionic substances, RMM is replaced with Relative Formula Mass (RFM).
Untuk sebatian ion, JMR digantikan dengan Jisim Formula Relatif (JFR).
Substance
Chemical formula
Relative molecular mass
Bahan
Formula kimia
Jisim formula relatif
Sodium chloride / Natrium klorida
NaCl
23 + 35.5 = 58.5
Potassium oxide / Kalium oksida
K 2O
2 39 + 16 = 94
CuSO4
64 + 32 + 4 16 = 160
(NH4)2CO3
2 [14 + 4 1] + 12 + 3 16 = 96
Aluminium nitrate / Aluminium nitrat
Al(NO3)3
27 + 3 [14 + 3 16] = 213
Calcium hydroxide / Kalsium hidroksida
Ca(OH)2
40 + 2 [16 + 1] = 74
Lead(II) hydroxide / Plumbum(II) hidroksida
Pb(OH)2
207 + 2 [16 + 1] = 241
CuSO45H2O
64 + 32 + 4 16 + 5 [2 1 + 16] = 250
Copper(II) sulphate / Kuprum(II) sulfat

Ammonium carbonate / Ammonium karbonat
Hydrated copper(II) sulphate / Kuprum(II) sulfat terhidrat
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Na = 23, Cl = 35.5, K = 39, O = 16, Cu = 64, S = 32, N = 14, H = 1, C = 12, Al = 27,
Ca = 40, Pb = 207]
(i)
The formula of metal oxide of M is M2O3. Its relative formula mass is 152. What is the relative atomic mass of
metal M?
Oksida logam M mempunyai formula M2O3. Jisim formula relatif ialah 152. Apakah jisim atom relatif logam M?
M = RAM for M
2M + 3 16 = 152
M = 52
(ii) Phosphorus forms a chloride with a formula PClx. Its relative molecular mass is 208.5. Calculate the value of x.
Fosforus membentuk sebatian klorida dengan formula PClx. Jisim molekul relatifnya adalah 208.5. Hitungkan nilai x.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : P = 31, Cl = 35.5]
31 + x 35.5
35.5x
35.5x
x
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MOLE CONCEPT / KONSEP MOL

Mole and the Number of Particles / Bilangan Mol dan Bilangan Zarah
1
2
To describe the amount of atoms, ions or molecules, mole is used.

Untuk menyatakan jumlah atom, ion atau molekul, unit mol digunakan.
A mole is an amount of substance that contains as many particles as the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.
Satu mol ialah jumlah bahan yang mengandungi bilangan zarah seperti mana yang terdapat dalam 12 g atom karbon-12.
A mole of a substance is the amount of substance which contains a constant number of particles (atoms, ions,
molecules), which is 6.02 1023.
Satu mol bahan adalah jumlah bahan yang mengandungi bilangan zarah yang tetap (atom, molekul, ion) iaitu 6.02 1023.
The number 6.02 1023 is called the Avogadro Constant or Avogadro Number (NA).
Nombor 6.02 1023 dikenali sebagai Pemalar Avogadro atau Nombor Avogadro (NA ).
For compounds that exist as molecules/ions, the number of atoms/ions in that compound must be known.
Bagi sebatian yang wujud dalam bentuk molekul/ion, bilangan atom/ion dalam sebatian itu mestilah diketahui.
6
7
The symbol of mole is mol.

Simbol untuk mol ialah mol.
Substance
Formula
Bahan
Formula
Type of
particles
Model / Figure
Number of atom per

molecule/ Number of
positive and negative ion
Model / Rajah
Jenis zarah
Bilangan atom per molekul/

Bilangan ion positif dan negatif
Chlorine / Klorin
Cl2
Molecule
Cl Cl
Water / Air
H2O
Molecule
H O H
Ammonia / Ammonia
NH3
Molecule
H
H N H
Sulphur dioxide / Sulfur dioksida
SO2
Molecule
O S O
Magnesium chloride / Magnesium klorida
MgCl2
Ion
[Cl] [Mg]2+ [Cl]
Aluminium oxide / Aluminium oksida
Al2O3
Ion
[O]2 [A1]3+ [O]2 [A1]3+ [O]2
Cl : 2
H: 2
O:1
N:1
H: 3
S:1
O:2
Mg2+ : 1
Cl
:2
Al3+ : 2
O2
:3
Relationship between number of moles and number of particles (atoms/ions/molecules):

Hubungan bilangan mol dan bilangan zarah (atom/ion/molekul):
Number of moles
Bilangan mol
9
Avogadro Constant / Pemalar Avogadro

Avogadro Constant / Pemalar Avogadro
Number of particles
Bilangan zarah
Complete the following: [Differentiate between mole dan molecule]

Lengkapkan yang berikut: [Bezakan antara mol dan molekul]
(a) 1 mol of Cl2

[Chlorine gas]
1 mol Cl2
[Gas klorin]
(b) 1 mol of NH3

[Ammonia gas]
molecules of chlorine, Cl2 / molekul klorin, Cl2
2 6.02 1023 atoms of chlorine, Cl / atom klorin, Cl

6.02 1023
4
molecules of ammonia, NH3 / molekul ammonia, NH3

1 mol of nitrogen atom, N / mol atom nitrogen, N
mol atoms / mol atom
mol of hydrogen atoms, H / mol atom hidrogen, H

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1 mol NH3
[Gas ammonia]
6.02 1023
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0.25 6.02 1023
1
mol of NH3
4
[Ammonia gas]
(c)
1
mol NH3
4
[Gas ammonia]
mol of atoms
mol atom
molecules of ammonia, NH3 / molekul ammonia, NH3

0.25 mol of N atoms / mol atom N,
23
number of N atoms / bilangan atom N = 0.25 6.02 10
0.75 mol of H atoms / mol atom H,
number of H atoms / bilangan atom H =
2 mol of Mg2+ ions / mol ion Mg2+,

number of Mg2+ ions / bilangan ion Mg2+ =
(d) 2 mol of MgCl2

[Magnesium chloride]
2 mol MgCl2
[Magnesium klorida]
4 mol of Cl ions / mol ion Cl,

number of Cl- ions / bilangan ion Cl =
0.75 6.02 1023
2 6.02 1023
4 6.02 1023
2 6.02 1023
(e) 2 mol of SO2

[Sulphur dioxide]
molecules of SO2 / molekul SO2

2 mol of S atoms / mol atom S,
number of S atoms / bilangan atom S =
3 2 = 6 mol of atoms
2 mol SO2
[Sulfur dioksida]
32=6
mol atom
2 6.02 1023
4 mol of O atoms / mol atom O,

number of O atoms / bilangan atom O =
4 6.02 1023
10 Complete the table below:

Number of moles
Number of particles
Bilangan mol
Bilangan zarah
0.5
mole of carbon, C
3.01 1023 atoms of carbon
0.5
mol atom karbon, C
3.01 1023 atom karbon
0.2 moles of hydrogen gas, H2
(i)
0.2 mol gas hidrogen, H2
(ii)
1
molecules of hydrogen / molekul hidrogen
2 0.2 6.02 1023 atoms of hydrogen / atom hidrogen
6.02 1023 molecules of carbon dioxide contains:
mole of carbon dioxide molecules, CO2
0.2 6.02 1023
6.02 1023 molekul karbon dioksida mengandungi:
mol molekul karbon dioksida, CO2
6.02 1023
23
6.02 10
atoms of C and
atom C dan
2 6.02 1023
2 6.02 1023
atoms of O.
atom O.
NUMBER OF MOLES AND MASS OF SUBSTANCE / BILANGAN MOL DAN JISIM BAHAN
Molar mass / Jisim molar
(a) Molar mass is the mass of one mole of any substance / Jisim molar adalah jisim satu mol sebarang bahan.
(b) Molar Mass is the relative atomic mass, relative molecular mass and relative formula mass of a substance in
g mol1.
Jisim molar adalah jisim atom relatif, jisim molekul relatif dan jisim formula relatif suatu bahan dalam g mol1.
(c) Molar mass of any substance is numerically equal to its relative mass (Relative atomic mass/ relative formula
mass/relative molecular mass).
Jisim molar sebarang bahan mempunyai nilai yang sama dengan jisim relatif (Jisim atom relatif/ jisim formula relatif/ jisim molekul
relatif).
Example / Contoh:
Molar mass of H2O = 18 g mol1
Jisim molar H2O = 18 g mol1
RAM/ /RFM/RMM
Mass of 1 mol of H2O = 18 g

Jisim 1 mol H2O = 18 g
Mass of 2 mol of H2O = 2 mol 18 g mol1 = 36 g
Jisim 2 mol H2O = 2 mol
Mass of
Jisim
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Bilangan mol
RAM/ /RFM/RMM
Mass in gram
Jisim dalam gram
JAR/JFR/JMR
mol of H2O = 45 g
mol H2O = 45 g
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Number of
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Element/
Compound
Chemical
formula
Unsur/Sebatian
Formula kimia
Copper
RAM/RMM/RFM
Calculate
JAR/JMR/JFR
Penghitungan
Cu
RAM/JAR = 64
NaOH
RFM/JFR = 40
1
(a) Mass of 1 mol of Cu / Jisim 1 mol Cu : 1 mol 64 g mol = 64 g
2 mol 64 g mol1 = 128 g
(b) Jisim 2 mol / Jisim 1 mol :
1
mol 64 g mol1 = 32 g
1
1
2
(c) Jisim
mol / Jisim
mol:
2
2
32 g
(d) Mass of 3.01 1023 Cu atoms / Jisim 3.01 1023 atom Cu:
Kuprum
Sodium hydroxide
(a) Mass of 3 mol of sodium hydroxide:
Natrium hidroksida
Jisim 3 mol natrium hidroksida:
120 g
120 g
(b) Number of moles in 20 g sodium hydroxide:

Bilangan mol natrium hidroksida dalam 20 g:
Oxygen gas
Gas oksigen
O2
RMM/JMR =
32
(a) Mass of 2.5 mol of oxygen gas:

Jisim 2.5 mol gas oksigen:
0.5 mol
0.5 mol
2.5 mol 32 g mol1 = 80 g
2.5 mol 32 g mol1 = 80 g
(b) Number of moles is 1.5 mol oxygen gas:

Bilangan molekul dalam 1.5 mol gas oksigen:
1.5 mol 6.02 1023

1
(c) Number of molecules in
mol of oxygen gas:
2
1
Bilangan molekul dalam
mol gas oksigen:
2
0.5 mol 6.02 1023
(d) Number of atoms in 2 mol of oxygen gas:
Bilangan atom dalam 2 mol gas oksigen:
2 2 6.02 1023
Sodium chloride
NaCl
Natrium klorida
Zinc nitrate
Zink nitrat
Zn(NO3)2
RFM/JFR = 58.5
RFM/JFR =
189
Mass of 0.5 mol of NaCl / Jisim bagi 0.5 mol NaCl:

0.5 mol 58.5 g mol1 = 29.25 g
Number of moles in 37.8 g of zinc nitrate:
Bilangan mol dalam 37.8 g zink nitrat:
37.8 g/189 g mol1 = 0.2 mol

[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif: Cu = 64, Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Zn = 65, N = 14]
NUMBER OF MOLES AND VOLUME OF GAS / BILANGAN MOL DAN ISI PADU GAS
1
Molar volume of a gas: Volume occupied by one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room conditions and 22.4 dm3 at
standard temperature and pressure (STP).

Isi padu molar gas: Isipadu yang dipenuhi oleh satu mol sebarang gas iaitu 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik dan 22.4 dm3 pada suhu dan
tekanan piawai (STP).
2
The molar volume of any gas is 24 dm3 at room conditions and 22.4 dm3 at STP.
Isi padu molar sebarang gas adalah 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik dan 22.4 dm3 pada STP.
Generalisation: One mole of any gas always occupies the same volume under the same temperature and pressure:
Umumnya: satu mol sebarang jenis gas menempati isi padu yang sama pada suhu dan tekanan yang sama.
Example / Contoh:
(i) 1 mol of oxygen gas, 1 mol ammonia gas, 1 mol helium gas dan 1 mol sulphur dioxide gas occupy the same
volume of 24 dm3 at room conditions.
1 mol gas oksigen, 1 mol gas ammonia, 1 mol gas helium dan 1 mol gas sulfur dioksida menempati isi padu yang sama iaitu 24 dm3
pada keadaan bilik.
44.8
(ii) 2 mol of carbon dioxide gas occupies

44.8
dm3 pada STP.
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2 mol gas karbon dioksida menempati
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(iii) 16 g of oxygen gas = 0.5 mol of oxygen gas. Therefore, 16 g of oxygen gas occupies a volume of
at room conditions [Relative atomic mass: O =16]
0.5
mol gas oksigen. Oleh itu, 16 g gas oksigen menempati isi padu
16 g gas oksigen =
[Jisim atom relatif; O = 16]
Number of moles of gas

Bilangan mol gas
24 dm3 mol1/ 22.4 dm3 mol1
12
12
dm3
dm3 pada keadaan bilik.
Volume of gas in dm2

Isi padu gas dalam dm3
24 dm3 mol1/ 22.4 dm3 mol1
Formula for conversion of unit:

Formula untuk penukaran unit:
Volume of gas in dm3

Isi padu gas dalam dm3
24 dm3 mol1/ 22.4 dm3 mol1

(RAM/ /RFM/RMM) g mol1
Mass in gram (g)
Jisim dalam gram (g)
24 dm3 mol1/ 22.4 dm3 mol1
(JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol1
Number of
moles
(6.02 1023)
(RAM/ /RFM/RMM) g mol1
Bilangan
mol
(6.02 1023)
(JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol
Number of particles
Bilangan zarah
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Relative atomic mass of calcium is 40 based on the carbon-12 scale.
Jisim atom relatif kalsium berdasarkan skala karbon-12 ialah 40.
(a) State the meaning of the statement above.

Nyatakan maksud penyataan di atas.
Mass of calcium atom is 4 times greater than
1
mass of carbon-12 atom.
12
(b) How many times is one calcium atom heavier than one oxygen atom? [Relative atomic mass: O = 16]
Berapa kalikah satu atom kalsium lebih berat daripada satu atom oksigen? [JAR: O = 16]
Relative atomic mass of calcium

40
=
= 2.5 times
Relative atomic mass of oxygen
16
(c) How many calcium atoms have the same mass as two atoms of bromine? [RAM Br = 80]
Berapakah bilangan atom kalsium yang mempunyai jisim yang sama dengan dua atom bromin? [Jisim atom relatif: Br = 80]
Number of calcium atom 40 = 2 80

2 80
Number of calcium atom =
=4
40
A sampel of chlorine gas weighs 14.2 g. Calculate / Suatu sampel gas klorin berjisim 14.2 g. Hitungkan:
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Cl = 35.5]
(a) Number of moles of chlorine atoms / Bilangan mol atom klorin.
14.2
Number of mol of chlorine atoms, Cl =
= 0.4 mol
35.5
(b) Number of moles of chlorine molecules (Cl2) / Bilangan mol molekul klorin (Cl2 ).
14.2
Number of mol of chlorine molecule, Cl2 =
= 0.2 mol
71
(c) Volume of chlorine gas at room conditions / Isi padu gas klorin pada keadaan bilik.
[Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room temperature and pressure]
[Isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 pada suhu dan tekanan piawai]
Volume of chlorine gas = 0.2 mol 24 dm3 mol1

= 4.8 dm3
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(a) Calculate the number of atoms in the following substances / Hitungkan bilangan atom yang terdapat dalam bahan berikut:
[Relative atomic mass: N = 14; Zn = 65; Avogadro Constant = 6.02 1023]
[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14; Zn = 65; Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023]
(i) 13 g of zinc / 13 g zink
13
= 0.2 mol
65
Number of zinc atom = 0.2 6.02 1023
= 1.204 1023
Number of mol of zinc atom =
(ii)
5.6 g of nitrogen gas / 5.6 g gas nitrogen

5.6
= 0.4 mol
14
Number of N atom = 0.4 6.02 1023
= 2.408 1023
Number of mol of N atom =
(b) Calculate the number of molecules in the following substances / Hitungkan bilangan molekul dalam bahan berikut:
[Relative atomic mass: N = 14, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Avogadro Constant = 6.02 1023]
[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023]
(i) 8.5 g of ammonia gas, NH3 / 8.5 g gas ammonia, NH3
8.5
6.02 1023
17
= 2.408 1023
(ii)
14.2 g of chlorine gas, Cl2 / 14.2 g gas klorin, Cl2

14.2
6.02 1023
71
= 1.2 1023
A gas jar contains 240 cm3 of carbon dioxide gas. Calculate:

Suatu balang gas berisi 240 cm3 gas karbon dioksida. Hitungkan:
[Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16; Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room conditions]
[Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16; Isi padu molar gas: 24 dm3 mol1 pada keadaan bilik]
(a) Number of moles of carbon dioxide gas / Bilangan mol gas karbon dioksida:
Number of moles of CO2 =
240
= 0.01 mol
24 000
(b) Number of molecules of carbon dioxide gas / Bilangan molekul gas karbon dioksida:
Number of molecules of CO2 = 0.01 6.02 1023
= 6.02 1021
(c) Mass of carbon dioxide gas / Jisim gas karbon dioksida:
Mass of CO2 = 0.01 mol [12 + 2 16] g mol1
= 0.44 g
5
What is the mass of chlorine molecules (Cl2) that contains twice as many molecules as that found in 3.6 g of water?
Berapakah jisim molekul klorin (Cl2 ) yang mengandungi dua kali ganda bilangan molekul yang terdapat dalam 3.6 g air?
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : H = 1, O = 16, Cl = 35.5]
Number of moles of chlorine molecule = 2 no of mol in H2O

3.6
=2
= 0.4 mol
18
Mass of Cl2 = 0.4 71= 28.4 g
6
Calculate the mass of carbon that has the same number of atoms as found in 4 g of magnesium.
Hitungkan jisim karbon yang mempunyai bilangan atom yang sama seperti yang terdapat dalam 4 g magnesium.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : C = 12, Mg = 24]
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Compare the number of molecule in 32 g of sulphur dioxide (SO2) with 7 g of nitrogen gas (N2). Explain your answer.
Bandingkan bilangan molekul dalam 32 g sulfur dioksida (SO2 ) dengan 7 g gas nitrogen (N2 ). Terangkan jawapan anda.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : S = 32, O = 16, N = 14]
Number of moles of molecules in 32 g SO2 =
32
= 0.5 mol
64
7
= 0.25 mol
28
Number of molecule in 32 g SO2 is two times more than 7 g N2.
Number of mole in sulphur dioxide molecule is two times more than number of mole of nitrogen molecule.
Number of moles of molecules in 7 g N2 =
Compare number of atoms in 1.28 g of oxygen to the number of atoms in 1.3 g of zinc. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan bilangan atom dalam 1.28 g oksigen dengan bilangan atom dalam 1.3 g zink. Terangkan jawapan anda.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, Zn = 65]
1.28
= 0.08 mol
16
1.30
Number of mol of Zn atoms in 1.3 g Zn =
= 0.04 mol
65
Number of oxygen atoms in 1.28 g oxygen is 2 times more than number of zinc atoms in 1.3 g zinc.
Number of mol of oxygen atom is 2 times more than zinc atom.
Number of mol of O atoms in 1.28 g SO2 =
CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / FORMULA KIMIA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
Symbol of elements use capital letters for the first alphabet and use small letters if there is a second alphabet.
Simbol unsur gunakan huruf besar untuk huruf pertama dan huruf kecil jika ada huruf kedua.
Example / Contoh: Potassium / Kalium K,

Calcium / Kalsium Ca,
Fe,
Iron / Ferum
Sodium / Natrium Na
Nitrogen / Nitrogen N
Fluorine / Fluorin F
Chemical Formula A set of chemical symbols for atoms of elements in whole numbers representing chemical
substances.
Formula kimia Satu set simbol kimia bagi atom-atom unsur dengan gandaan nombor bulat yang mewakili bahan kimia.
Chemical substance
Chemical formula
Notes
Bahan kimia
Formula kimia
Catatan
Water
Air
Ammonia
Ammonia
Propane
Propana
NH3
C3H8
2 atoms of H combines with 1 atom of O.

2 atom H bergabung dengan 1 atom O.
3 atoms of H combines with 1 atom of N.

3 atom H bergabung dengan 1 atom N.
3 atoms of C combines with 8 atoms of H.

3 atom C bergabung dengan 8 atom H.
Information that can be obtained from the chemical formula / Maklumat yang diperoleh daripada formula kimia:
(i) All the elements present in the compound / Jenis unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian,
(ii) Number of atoms of each element in the compound / Bilangan atom setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian,
(iii) Calculation of RMM/RFM of the compound / Pengiraan JMR/JFR bagi sebatian.
Two types of chemical formula / Dua jenis formula kimia:

(i) Empirical formula / Formula empirik,
(ii) Molecular formula / Formula molekul.
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EMPIRICAL FORMULA / FORMULA EMPIRIK

1
2
A formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
Formula yang menunjukkan nisbah nombor bulat teringkas bagi bilangan atom setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian.
The formula can be determined by calculating the simplest ratio of moles of atoms of each element in the compound.
Formula itu boleh ditentukan dengan menghitung nisbah bilangan mol atom bagi setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian.
Experiments to determine empirical formula of metal oxide / Formula empirik bagi oksida logam diperoleh dengan cara:
Empirical formula of magnesium oxide
Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide
Formula empirik magnesium oksida
Formula empirik kuprum(II) oksida
Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:

Copper(II) oxide
Kuprum(II) oksida
Magnesium
Magnesium
Hydrogen gas
Gas hidrogen
Heat
Heat
Panaskan
Panaskan
Reaction occurs / Tindak balas yang berlaku:
Reaction occurs / Tindak balas yang berlaku:
Magnesium is burnt in a crucble to react with oxygen to form

magnesium oxide.
Hydrogen gas is passed through heated copper(II) oxide.

Hydrogen reduces copper(II) oxide to form copper and water.
Magnesium dipanaskan dengan kuat di dalam mangkuk pijar untuk

bertindak balas dengan oksigen membentuk magnesium oksida.
Gas hidrogen dilalukan melalui kuprum(II) oksida yang dipanaskan.

Hidrogen menurunkan kuprum(II) oksida kepada kuprum dan air.
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang:
Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang:
2Mg + O2 2MgO
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
This method can also be used to determine the empirical

formulae of reactive metals such as aluminium oxide and zinc
oxide.
This method can also be used to determine the empirical

formulae of less reactive metals such as lead(II) oxide and
tin(II) oxide.
Kaedah ini boleh juga digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik oksida
logam reaktif seperti aluminium oksida dan zink oksida.
Kaedah ini boleh juga digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik oksida
logam kurang reaktif seperti plumbum(II) oksida and stanum(II) oksida.
Experiment to Determine Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide

Eksperimen untuk Menentukan Formula Empirik Magnesium Oksida
In this experiment, magnesium reacts with oxygen in the air to form white fumes, magnesium oxide:
Semasa eksperimen ini, magnesium bertindak balas dengan oksigen dalam udara untuk membentuk asap putih, magnesium oksida:
Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide

Magnesium + Oksigen Magnesium oksida
Material / Bahan: Magnesium ribbon, sand paper
Apparatus / Radas:
Crucible with lid, tongs, Bunsen burner, tripod stand and balance
Magnesium ribbon
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Procedure / Langkah:
crucible
(a) A
(c) The
dengan
ditimbang.
sand paper
is cleaned with
pita magnesium
dibersihkan dengan menggunakan
magnesium ribbon
coiled
Pita magnesium
is
gulung
di
crucible
(d) The
are weighed.
penutup
magnesium ribbon
(b) 10 cm of
10 cm
lid
and its
Mangkuk pijar
..
loosely and placed in the crucible.
dan diletakkan dalam mangkuk pijar.
magnesium ribbon
together with the lid and
Mangkuk pijar
kertas pasir
pita magnesium
bersama dengan penutup dan
are weighed again.

ditimbang.
(e) The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram.

Radas disusun seperti dalam gambar rajah.
(f)
strongly
The crucible is heated

burn
Mangkuk pijar dipanaskan dengan

terbakar
, mangkuk pijar ditutup dengan
lid
pita magnesium
Apabila
kuat selama 2 minit lagi.
penutup
weighed again
, lid and its content are

heating
constant
is removed and the crucible is
dibuka dan mangkuk pijar dipanaskan dengan
cooling
suhu bilik
ditimbang sekali lagi
, penutup dan kandungannya
(k) The process of
repeated
and weighing are
until a
mass is obtained.
pemanasan
Proses
, penutup dan kandungannya dibiarkan sejuk ke
Mangkuk pijar
lid
, the
lid and its content are allowed to cool down to room temperature .
crucible
The
burning
terbakar
berhenti
crucible
Mangkuk pijar
(j)
. Apabila pita magnesium mula
dibuka sekali sekala dengan menggunakan penyepit.
(h) When the magnesium ribbon stops

heated strongly for another 2 minutes.
The
tanpa
penutup
penutup
of the crucible is lifted from time to time using a pair of tongs.
Penutup
(i)
. When the magnesium starts to
lid
, the crucible is covered with its

kuat
(g) The
lid
without its
tetap
penyejukan
dan penimbangan
diulang
beberapa kali sehingga jisim
diperoleh.
Observation / Pemerhatian:
Magnesium burns
brightly
Magnesium terbakar dengan
white fumes
to release
terang
membebaskan
and
wasap putih
white solid
is formed.
pepejal putih
dan kemudiannya membentuk
Inference / Inferens:
Magnesium is a
reactive
metal.
reaktif
Magnesium adalah logam yang
Magnesium reacts with
oxygen
Magnesium bertindak balas dengan
in the air to form

oksigen
magnesium oxide
dalam udara membentuk
magnesium oksida
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Precaution steps / Langkah berjaga-jaga:

Step taken / Langkah yang diambil
Magnesium ribbon is cleaned with
Pita magnesium perlu digosok dengan
Purpose / Tujuan
sand paper .
kertas pasir
To remove the
ribbon.
oxide layer
on the surface of the magnesium
Untuk membuang lapisan oksida pada permukaan magnesium oksida.
The
crucible lid
is lifted from time to time.
crucible lid
replaced
then
from the air to react with magnesium .
Untuk membenarkan oksigen masuk dan bertindak balas dengan magnesium .
Penutup mangkuk pijar dibuka sekali sekala.
The
oxygen
To allow
To prevent fumes of
quickly.
magnesium oxide
from escaping.
Untuk mengelakkan wasap magnesium oksida dari terbebas.
Penutup mangkuk pijar kemudian ditutup semula dengan cepat.
The process of
heating , cooling and weighing are

repeated until a constant mass is obtained.
To ensure magnesium react

for magnesium oxide .
completely
oxygen
pemanasan ,
penyejukan
penimbang
dan
Proses
jisim tetap
diperoleh.
diulang beberapa kali sehingga
lengkap
Untuk memastikan semua magnesium telah bertindak balas
oksigen
untuk membentuk magnesium oksida .
dengan
with
to
Result / Keputusan:
Description / Penerangan
Mass (g) / Jisim (g)
Mass of crucible + lid
Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium
Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium oxide
Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium oksida
Calculation / Pengiraan:
Element / Unsur
Mg
yx
zy
Number of mole of atoms / Bilangan mol atom
yx
24
zy
16
Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas
Empirical formula of magnesium oxide is

Formula empirik magnesium oksida ialah
5
MgpOq
MgpOq
.
.
Experiment to Determine Empirical Formula of Copper(II) Oxide

Eksperimen untuk Menentukan Formula Empirik Kuprum(II) Oksida
Copper(II) Oxide + Hidrogen Copper + Water

Kuprum(II) oksida + Hidrogen Kuprum + Air
Copper(II) oxide
Burning of hydrogen gas
Hydrogen gas
Combustion tube
Heat
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Anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2
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Observation / Pemerhatian:
The
black
Warna
colour of copper(II) oxide turns
hitam
brown
perang
kuprum(II) oksida menjadi
Inference / Inferens:
copper metal
Copper(II) oxide reacts with hydrogen to produce the brown
logam kuprum
Kuprum(II) oksida bertindak balas dengan hidrogen untuk menghasilkan
yang berwarna perang.
Precaution steps / Langkah berjaga-jaga:

Step taken / Langkah yang ambil
Purpose / Tujuan
Hydrogen gas is passed through anhydrous calcium

chloride.
hydrogen gas.
Gas hidrogen dialirkan melalui kalsium klorida kontang.
To
remove
all the
air
gas hidrogen.
in the combustion tube.

air
explodes when lighted).
(The mixture of hydrogen gas and
kering
dialirkan melalui tabung pembakaran
Gas hidrogen
selama 5 hingga 10 minit.
udara
dalam tabung pembakaran.
Untuk mengeluarkan semua
udara
(Campuran hidrogen dan
menghasilkan letupan apabila dinyalakan)
If the gas burns quietly without pop sound , all the

has been removed from the combustion tube.
The gas that comes out from the small hole is collected
in the test tube. Then, a lighted wooden splinter is
bunyi pop
Jika gas terbakar tanpa
daripada tabung pembakaran.
at mouth of the test tube.
Gas yang keluar daripada lubang kecil dikumpul dalam sebuah

tabung uji. Kayu uji menyala di letakkan di mulut tabung
uji.
The flow of hydrogen gas must be

throughout the experiment.
mengering
Kalsium klorida kontang menyerap wap air untuk
Dry
hydrogen is passed through the combustion
tube for 5 to 10 minutes.
placed
dry
Anhydrous calcium chloride absorb water vapour to
continuous
dikeluarkan
, semua gas telah
To prevent hot copper from reacting with

copper(II) oxide
again.
air
oxygen
to form
Gas hidrogen dialirkan secara berterusan sepanjang eksperimen.
Untuk mengelakkan kuprum panas daripada bertindak balas dengan

oksigen dan membentuk kuprum(II) oksida .
heating , cooling and weighing are

constant
mass is obtained.
repeated until a
To ensure all copper(II) oxide has changed to
The process of
pemanasan ,
penyejukan
Proses
diulang beberapa kali sehingga jisim
dan
tetap
copper .
Untuk memastikan semua kuprum(II) oksida telah bertukar kepada
kuprum .
penimbang
diperoleh.
Result / Keputusan:
Description / Penerangan
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring tanah liat
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper(II) oxide
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring tanah liat + kuprum(II) oksida
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring tanah liat + kuprum
Calculation / Pengiraan:
Element / Unsur
Cu
zx
yz
zx
64
yz
16
Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide is

Formula empirik kuprum(II) oksida ialah
.
.
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CupOq
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Explain why the set-up of apparatus to determine the empirical formula in both the experiments is different.
Terangkan mengapa susunan radas untuk menentukan formula empirik dalam kedua-dua eksperimen itu berbeza.
reactive
(a) Magnesium is
magnesium oxide
metal (above hidrogen in reactivity series). Magnesium
by
hydrogen
hydrogen gas
Kuprum di bawah
gas hidrogen
7
easily to form
reaktif
Magnesium adalah logam
membentuk magnesium oksida .
(b) Copper is below
reacts
teroksida
(terletak di atas hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan. Magnesium mudah
in the metal reactivity series. Oxygen in copper(II) oxide can be
reduced/removed
to form copper and water.

hidrogen
dalam siri kereaktifan. Kuprum(II) okida boleh
diturunkan/disingkirkan
oleh
untuk membentuk kuprum dan air.
To calculate the empirical formula of a compound, use the following table:

Untuk menghitung formula empirik suatu sebatian, jadual di bawah boleh digunakan sebagai panduan:
Calculation steps / Langkah pengiraan:
Element / Unsur
(a) Calculate the mass of each element in the compound.

Hitungkan jisim setiap unsur dalam sebatian.
Mass of element (g) / Jisim unsur (g)
(b) Convert the mass of each element to number of mole of atom.
Number of mole of atom / Bilangan mol atom
Tukar jisim setiap unsur kepada bilangan mol atom.
(c) Calculate the simplest ratio of moles of atom of the elements.
Hitungkan nisbah bilangan mol atom teringkas unsur-unsur tersebut.
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
When 11.95 g of metal X oxide is reduced by hydrogen, 10.35 g of metal X is produced. Calculate the empirical formula
of metal X oxide.
Apabila 11.95 g oksida logam X diturunkan oleh hidrogen, 10.35 g logam terhasil. Hitungkan formula empirik bagi oksida logam X.
[RAM / JAR: X = 207, O = 16]
X
10.35
1.6
0.05
0.1
Ratio of moles / Nisbah mol
Element / Unsur
Empirical formula / Formula empirik:

2
XO2
A certain compound contains the following composition / Satu sebatian mengandungi komposisi unsur seperti berikut:
Na = 15.23%, Br = 52.98%, O = 31.79 % [Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif: O = 16, Na = 23, Br = 80]
(Assume that 100 g of substance is used / Anggap 100 g bahan digunakan)
Element / Unsur
Na
Br
15.23
52.98
31.79
0.66
0.66
1.99
Ratio of moles / Nisbah mol
3.01
NaBrO3
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Empirical formula / Formula empirik:
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2.08 g of element X combines with 4.26 g of element Y to form a compound with formula XY3. Calculate the relative
atomic mass of element X. [RAM: Y = 35.5]
2.08 g unsur X bergabung dengan 4.26 g unsur Y untuk membentuk sebatian dengan formula XY3 . Hitung jisim atom relatif unsur X.
[JAR: Y = 35.5]
Element / Unsur
Mass of element (g)
Jisim unsur (g)
Number of mole of atoms

Bilangan mol atom
Simplest ratio of moles

Nisbah mol teringkas
2.08
4.26
2.08
x
4.26 = 0.12
35.5
x = relative atomic mass of X

Mol X = 1
Mol Y
3
2.08
x
1
=
0.12
3
x = 52
2.07 g of element Z reacts with bromine to form 3.67 g of a compound with empirical formula ZBr2. Calculate the
relative atomic mass of element Z. [RAM: Br = 80]
2.07 g unsur Z bertindak balas dengan bromin membentuk 3.67 g sebatian dengan formula empirik ZBr2. Hitung jisim atom relatif bagi
unsur Z. [JAR: Br = 80]
Element / Unsur
Mass of element (g)
Jisim unsur (g)

Bilangan mol atom

Nisbah mol teringkas
Br
2.07
1.6
2.07
z
1.6 = 0.02
80
z = relative atomic mass of Z

Mol Z
Mol Br
2.08
z
0.02
= 1
1
2
z = 207
=
The statement below is about compound J / Pernyataan berikut adalah mengenai sebatian J.
It is black solid / Merupakan pepejal hitam.

Contains 12.8 g copper and 0.2 mol of oxygen / Mengandungi 12.8 g kuprum dan 0.2 mol oksigen.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Cu = 64]
(a) What is meant by empirical formula / Apakah maksud formula empirik?
A formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
(b) (i)
Calculate the number of mol of copper atom / Hitung bilangan mol atom kuprum.
12.8
= 0.2 mol
64
(ii)
What is the empirical formula of compound J / Apakah formula empirik sebatian J ?

0.2 mol Cu : 0.2 mol O.
1 mol Cu : 1 mol O.
Empirical formula of Compound J is CuO.
(c) Compound J reacts completely with hydrogen to produce copper and compound Q.
Sebatian J bertindak balas lengkap dengan hidrogen menghasilkan kuprum dan sebatian Q.
(i)
State one observation for the reaction / Nyatakan satu pemerhatian daripada tindak balas tersebut.
Black solid change to brown
(ii)
Name two the substances that can be used to prepare hydrogen gas.
Namakan dua bahan yang digunakan untuk menyediakan gas hidrogen.
Zinc/magnesium and hydrochloric acid/nitric acid/sulphuric acid.

(iii) Name compound Q / Nama sebatian Q.
Water
(iv) Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi tindak balas tersebut.
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
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(d) Draw a labelled diagram of the set-up of apparatus for the experiment.
Lukiskan gambar rajah berlabel susunan radas bagi tindak balas tersebut.
Gas hidrogen
Compound J
Heat
(e) (i)
Why is hydrogen gas passed through the combustion tube after heating has stpopped?
Mengapakah gas hidrogen dilalukan melalui tiub pembakaran selepas pemanasan dihentikan?
To avoid copper produced react with oxygen to form copper(II) oxide.

(ii)
State how to determine that the reaction between compound J and hydrogen has completed.
Nyatakan bagaimana menentukan tindak balas antara sebatian J dengan hidrogen telah lengkap.
By repeating the process of heating, cooling and weighing until constant mass is obtained.
(f)
(i)
Can the empirical formula of magnesium oxide be determined by the same method? Explain your answer.
Bolehkah formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida ditentukan dengan cara yang sama? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Cannot. Magnesium is more reactive than hydrogen. Hydrogen cannot reduce magnesium oxide to form
magnesium.
(ii)
Magnesium can reduce copper oxide to copper. Explain why the empirical formula of the copper oxide cannot
be determined by heating the mixture of copper oxide and magnesium powder.
Magnesium boleh menurunkan kuprum oksida kepada kuprum. Terangkan mengapa formula empirik kuprum oksida tidak boleh
ditentukan dengan pemanasan campuran kuprum oksida dengan serbuk magnesium.
Magnesium oxide and copper produced are in solid form, copper cannot be separated from magnesium oxide.
The mass of copper cannot be weighed.
MOLECULAR FORMULA / FORMULA MOLEKUL
Molecular formula of a compound shows the actual number of atoms of each element that are present in a molecule of
the compound.
Formula molekul suatu sebatian menunjukkan bilangan sebenar atom bagi setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam satu molekul sebatian.
Molecular Formula = (empirical formula)n, where n is a integer.

Formula molekul = (Formula empirik)n, di mana n adalah integer.
2
Example / Contoh:
Compound
Molecular formula
Empirical formula
Value of n
Sebatian
Formula molekul
Formula empirik
Nilai n
Water / Air
H2O
H2O
Carbon dioxide / Karbon dioksida
CO2
CO2
H2SO4
H2SO4
Ethene / Etena
C2H4
CH2
Benzene / Benzena
C6H6
CH
Glucose / Glukosa
C6H12O6
CH2O
Sulphuric acid / Asid sulfurik
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The molecular formula and the empirical formula of a compound may be the same if the value of n = 1 but different if the
value is n > 1.
Formula molekul dan formula empirik suatu sebatian akan sama sekiranya nilai n = 1 tetapi akan berbeza sekiranya nilai n > 1.
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
The empirical formula of compound X is CH2 and relative molecular mass is 56. Determine the molecular formula of
compound X. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12]
Formula empirik sebatian X adalah CH2 dan JMR adalah 56. Tentukan formula molekul sebatian X. [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1; C = 12]
(12 + 2)n = 56
56
n=
=4
14
Molecular formula = (CH2)4 = C4H8
2.58 g of a hydrocarbon contains 2.16 g of carbon. The relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 86.
2.58 g suatu hidrokarbon mengandungi 2.16 g karbon. Jisim molekul relatif bagi hidrokarbon ini ialah 86.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : H = 1; C = 12]
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon / Hitungkan formula empirik bagi hidrokarbon ini.
Element
Mass of element (g)
2.16
0.42
0.18
0.42
Ratio of moles
21 = 7
3
3
Empirical formula = C3H7

(ii) Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon / Tentukan formula molekul hidrokarbon tersebut.
(12 3 + 7 1)n = 86
86
n=
=2
43
Molecular formula = (C3H7)2 = C6H14
The diagram below shows the structural formula for benzene molecule.
Rajah di bawah menujukkan formula struktur bagi benzena.

H
H
C
C
(a) Name the element that make up benzene / Namakan unsur yang membentuk benzena.
Carbon and hydrogen
(b) What are the molecular formula and empirical formula for benzene?
Apakah formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi benzena?
Molecular formula / Formula molekul: C6H6

Empirical formula / Formula empirik: CH
(c) Compare and contrast the molecular formula and empirical formula for benzene.
Banding dan bezakan formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi benzena.
Both empirical formula and molecular formula shows benzene is made up of

elements.
Kedua-dua fomula molekul dan formula empirik menunjukkan benzena terdiri dari unsur
actual
Molecular formula shows the

molecule . Each benzene molecule
carbon
number of
consists of
6 carbon
sebenar
Formula molekul menunjukkan bilangan
bagi atom
molekul
6
benzena terdiri daripada
benzena. Setiap
a
atom
dan
hydrogen
hidrogen
hydrogen
atoms in benzene
6
hydrogen
atoms and
atoms.
dan atom hidrogen dalam molekul
karbon
6
dan
atom
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Empirical formula shows the simplest ratio of number carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms, the simplest
carbon
hydrogen
1:1
ratio of number of
atoms to
atoms in benzene is
.
Formula empirik benzena menunjukkan
nisbah paling ringkas
Nisbah paling ringkas bilangan atom
karbon
kepada
hidrogen
karbon
bilangan atoms
kepada atom
hidrogen
1:1
adalah
.
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION BY MASS OF AN ELEMENT IN A COMPOUND

PERATUS KOMPOSISI UNSUR MENGIKUT JISIM DALAM SEBATIAN
Total RAM of the element in the compound 100%

1
% composition by mass of an element =

% komposisi unsur mengikut jisim
Jumlah JAR unsur dalam suatu sebatian 100%
RMM/RFM of compound/JMR/JFR sebatian
Example / Contoh:
Calculate the percentage composition by mass of nitrogen in the following compounds:
Hitungkan peratusan nitrogen mengikut jisim dalam sebatian berikut:
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : N = 14, H = 1, O = 16, S = 32, K = 39]
(i)
(NH4)2SO4
2 14
100%
132
= 21.2%
%N =
(ii) KNO3
14
100%
101
= 13.9%
%N =
CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS / FORMULA KIMIA BAGI SEBATIAN ION
Chemical formula of an ionic compound comprising of the ions Xm+ and Yn is by exchanging the charges on each ion.
The formula obtained will be XmYn.
Formula kimia sebatian ion yang mengandungi ion X m + dan Y n boleh diperoleh melalui pertukaran bilangan cas setiap ion. Formula yang
diperoleh ialah XnYm.
2
Example / Contoh:
(i) Sodium oxide / Natrium oksida
Ion / Ion
Na+
O2
+1
Exchange of charges / Pertukaran bilangan cas
Smallest ratio / Nisbah teringkas
Charges / Bilangan cas
1
+
O2
2 Na
Number of combining ions / Bilangan ion yang bergabung

Formula / Formula
Na2O
(ii) Copper(II) nitrate / Kuprum(II) nitrat

2+
Cu
+2
NO
1
2 (Ratio / Nisbah)
(iii) Zinc oxide / Zink oksida

Zn2+
+2
O2
2
1
ZnO
1 (Ratio / Nisbah)
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Cu(NO3)2
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ACTIVITY 1: WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND NAMES OF THE FOLLOWING COMMON COMPOUNDS
Aktiviti 1: TULIS FORMULA KIMIA DAN NAMA BAGI BAHAN KIMIA BERIKUT
tio
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K+
Potassium ion
Ion kalium
Na+
Sodium ion
Ion natrium
O2,
Oxide ion
CO32,
Carbonat ion
SO42,
Sulphate ion
Cl,
Chloride ion
Br,
Bromide ion
I,
Iodide ion
OH,
Hydroxide ion
NO3,
Nitrate ion
Ion oksida
Ion karbonat
Ion sulfat
Ion klorida
Ion bromida
Ion iodida
Ion hidroksida
Ion nitrat
K2O
Potassium oxide
K2CO3
Potassium carbonate
K2SO4
KCl
KBr
Potassium sulphate Potassium chloride Potassium bromide
KI
Potassium iodide
KOH
KNO3
Potassium hydroxide Potassium nitrate
Na2O
Sodium oxide
Na2CO3
Sodium carbonate
Na2SO4
Sodium sulphate
NaCl
Sodium chloride
NaBr
Sodium bromide
NaI
Sodium iodide
NaOH
Sodium hydroxide
H2CO3
Carbonic acid
H2SO4
Sulphuric acid
HCl
Hydrocloric acid
HBr
Hydrobromic acid
HI
Hydroiodic acid
Ag2CO3
Silver carbonate
Ag2SO4
Silver sulphate
AgCl
Silver chloride
AgBr
Silver bromide
AgI
Silver iodide
(NH4)2CO3
Ammonium
carbonate
(NH4)2SO4
Ammonium
sulphate
NH4Cl
Ammonium
chloride
NH4Br
Ammonium
bromide
NH4I
Ammonium
iodide
CaO
Calcium oxide
CaCO3
Calcium carbonate
CaSO4
Calcium sulphate
CaCl2
Calcium chloride
CaBr2
Calcium bromide
CaI2
Calcium iodide
Ca(OH)2
Calcium hydroxide
CuO
Copper(II) oxide
CuCO3
Copper(II) carbonate
CuSO4
Copper(II) sulphate
CuCl2
CuBr2
Copper(II) chloride Copper(II) bromide
CuI2
Copper(II) iodide
Cu(OH)2
Cu(NO3 )2
Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(II) nitrate
MgCO3
Magnesium
carbonate
MgSO4
Magnesium
sulphate
MgCl2
Magnesium
chloride
MgBr2
Magnesium
bromide
Mg(OH)2
MgI2
Magnesium
Magnesium iodide
hydroxide
Mg(NO3 )2
Magnesium nitrate
ZnO
Zinc oxide
ZnCO3
Zinc carbonate
ZnSO4
Zinc sulphate
ZnCl2
Zinc chloride
ZnBr2
Zinc bromide
ZnI2
Zinc iodide
Zn(OH)2
Zinc hydroxide
Zn(NO3 )2
Zinc nitrate
PbO
Lead(II) oxide
PbCO3
Lead(II) carbonate
PbSO4
Lead(II) sulphate
PbCl2
Lead(II) chloride
PbBr2
Lead(II) bromide
PbI2
Lead(II) iodide
Pb(OH)2
Lead(II) hydroxide
Pb(NO3 )2
Lead(II) nitrate
AlCl3
Aluminium
chloride
Al(OH)3
AlBr3
AlI3
Aluminium
Aluminium bromide Aluminium iodide
hydroxide
H+
Hydrogen ion
Ion hidrogen
Ag+
Silver ion
Ion argentum
Ag2O
Silver oxide
NH4 +
Ammonium ion
Ion ammonium
Ca2+
Calcium ion
Ion kalsium
Cu2+
Copper(II) ion
Ion kuprum(II)
MgO
Mg2+
Magnesium ion Magnesium
Ion magnesium
oxide
Zn2+
Zinc ion
Ion zink
Pb2+
Lead(II) ion
Ion plumbum(II)
Al 3+
Aluminium ion
12/9/2011 5:59:08 PM
Ion aluminium
Al2(SO4 )3
Al2O3
Al2(CO3 )3
Aluminium
Aluminium oxide Aluminium carbonate
sulphate
NaNO3
Sodium nitrate
HNO3
Nitric acid
AgOH
Silver hydroxide
AgNO3
Silver nitrate
NH4NO3
Ammonium
nitrate
Ca(NO3 )2
Calcium nitrate
Al(NO3)3
Aluminium nirate
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ACTIVITY 2: WITHOUT REFERRING TO THE TABLE IN ACTIVITY 1, WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE OF THE FOLLOWING COMPOUNDS
AKTIVITI 2: TANPA MERUJUK KEPADA JADUAL AKTIVITI 1, TULISKAN FORMULA KIMIA BAGI SEBATIAN BERIKUT
Potassium ion
Ion kalium
Sodium ion
Ion natrium
Oxide ion
Carbonat ion
Sulphate ion
Chloride ion
Bromide ion
Iodide ion
Hydroxide ion
Nitrate ion
Ion oksida
Ion karbonat
Ion sulfat
Ion klorida
Ion bromida
Ion iodida
Ion hidroksida
Ion nitrat
K2O
K2CO3
K2SO4
KCl
KBr
KI
KOH
KNO3
Na2O
Na2CO3
Na2SO4
NaCl
NaBr
NaI
NaOH
NaNO3
H2CO3
H2SO4
HCl
HBr
HI
Ag2CO3
Ag2SO4
AgCl
AgBr
AgI
(NH4 )2CO3
(NH4 )2SO4
NH4Cl
NH4 Br
NH4 I
CaO
CaCO3
CaSO4
CaCl2
CaBr2
CaI2
Ca(OH)2
Ca(NO3 )2
CuO
CuCO3
CuSO4
CuCl2
CuBr2
CuI2
Cu(OH)2
Cu(NO3 )2
MgO
MgCO3
MgSO4
MgCl2
MgBr2
MgI2
Mg(OH)2
Mg(NO3 )2
ZnO
ZnCO3
ZnSO4
ZnCl2
ZnBr2
ZnI2
Zn(OH)2
Zn(NO3 )2
PbO
PbCO3
PbSO4
PbCl2
PbBr2
PbI2
Pb(OH)2
Pb(NO3 )2
Al2O3
Al2(CO3)3
Al2(SO4 )3
AlCl3
AlBr3
AlI3
Al(OH)3
Al(NO3 )3
Hydrogen ion
Ion hidrogen
Silver ion
Ion argentum
Ag2O
Ammonium ion
Ion ammonium
Calcium ion
Ion kalsium
Copper(II) ion
Ion kuprum(II)
Magnesium ion
Ion magnesium
Zinc ion
Lead(II) ion
Ion plumbum(II)
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Aluminium ion
Publicat
AgOH
AgNO3
NH4 NO3
Ion zink
HNO3
ACTIVITY 3: WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND TYPE OF PARTICLES FOR THE FOLLOWING ELEMENT/COMPOUND
AKTIVITI 3: TULIS FORMULA KIMIA DAN JENIS ZARAH UNTUK UNSUR/SEBATIAN BERIKUT
Compound / Element
Formula
Type of particles
Compound / Element
Formula
Type of particles
Sebatian/Unsur
Formula
Jenis zarah
Sebatian/Unsur
Formula
Jenis zarah
Na2SO4
Ion
ZnCO3
Ion
(NH4 )2CO3
Ion
(NH4 )2CO3
Ion
Mg(NO3 )2
Ion
AgCl
Ion
HCl
Ion
H2SO4
Ion
K2O
Ion
Cu(NO3 )2
Ion
MgO
Ion
H2
Molecule
PbCO3
Ion
CO2
Molecule
Fe2(SO4)3
Ion
O2
Molecule
MgCl2
Ion
Al2(SO4 )3
Ion
ZnSO4
Ion
PbCl2
Ion
AgNO3
Ion
KI
Ion
(NH4 )2SO4
Ion
CuCO3
Ion
ZnO
Ion
K2CO3
Ion
HNO3
Ion
NaOH
Ion
NH3
Molecule
NH3(aq)
Ion and molecule
Mg
Atom
NH4Cl
Ion
Zn
Atom
NO2
Molecule
CuSO4
Ion
NaCl
Ion
I2
Molecule
Ag
Atom
Cl2
Molecule
Br2
Molecule
Sodium sulphate
Natrium sulfat
Ammonium carbonate
Ammonium karbonat
Magnesium nitrate
Magnesium nitrat
Hyrochloric acid
Asid hidroklorik
Potassium oxide
Kalium oksida
Magnesium oxide
Magnesium oksida
Lead(II) carbonate
Plumbum(II) karbonat
Iron(III) sulphate
Ferum(III) sulfat
Magnesium chloride
Magnesium klorida
Zinc sulphate
Zink sulfat
Silver nitrate
Argentum nitrat
Ammonium sulphate
Ammonium sulfat
Zinc oxide
Zink oksida
Nitric acid
Asid nitrik
Ammonia gas
Gas ammonia
Magnesium
Magnesium
Zinc
Zink
Copper(II) sulphate
Kuprum(II) sulfat
Iodine
Iodin
Chlorine
Klorin
Ammonium carbonate
Ammonium karbonat
Silver chloride
Argentum klorida
Sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik
Copper(II) nitrate
Kuprum(II) nitrat
Hydrogen gas
Gas hidrogen
Carbon dioxide gas

Gas karbon dioksida
Oxygen gas
Gas oksigen
Aluminium sulphate
Aluminium sulfat
Lead(II) chloride
Plumbun(II) klorida
Potassium iodide
Kalium iodida
Copper(II) carbonate
Kuprum(II) karbonat
Potasium carbonate
Kalium karbonat
Sodium hydroxide
Natrium hidroksida
Aqueous ammonia
Ammonia akueus
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium klorida
Nitrogen dioxide gas

Gas nitrogen dioksida
Sodium chloride
Natrium klorida
Silver
Argentum
Bromine
Bromin
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CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / PERSAMAAN KIMIA
Two types of equation / Dua jenis persamaan:

Equation in words / Persamaan perkataan
using names of reactants and products / menggunakan nama bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas;
Equation using symbols / Persamaan menggunakan simbol
reactants and products are represented by chemical formulae and have certain meanings
menggunakan formula kimia untuk mewakili bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas serta menggunakan pelbagai jenis simbol yang
membawa makna tertentu.
Symbol / Simbol
+
Meaning / Maksud
Symbol / Simbol
Meaning / Maksud
Separating 2 reactants / products
(g)
Gaseous state
Mengasingkan 2 bahan / hasil
(g)
Keadaan gas
Produces
(aq)
Aqueous state
Menghasilkan
(ak)
Keadaan akueus
Reversible reaction
Gas released
Tindak balas berbalik
Gas terbebas
(s)
Solid state
Precipitation
(p)
Keadaan pepejal
Bahan termendap
(l)
Liquid state
(ce)
Keadaan cecair
Heating / Heat energy is given
Pemanasan / Haba dibekalkan
Information obtained from chemical equation using symbols / Maklumat yang diperoleh daripada persamaan kimia bersimbol:
(a) Qualitative aspect / Aspek kualitatif : type of reactants and products involved in the chemical reaction and the state
of each reactant and product.
jenis bahan / hasil tindak balas yang terlibat dalam tindak balas dan keadaan zikal bagi
setiap bahan / hasil tindak balas.
(b) Quantitative aspect / Aspek kuantitatif : number of moles of reactants and products involved in the chemical reaction
that is the coeffficients involved in a balanced equation of the formulae of

reactants and products.
bilangan mol yang bertindak balas dan hasil tindak balas yang terbentuk iaitu pekali bagi
setiap formula bahan dan hasil tindak balas.
Example / Contoh:
Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq)
ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Zn (p) + 2HCl (ak)
ZnCl2 (ak) + H2 (g)
1 mol
2 mol
1 mol
1 mol
Interpretation / Tafsiran: 1 mol of zinc reacts with 2 mol of hydrochloric acid to produce 1 mol of zinc chloride and
1 mol of hydrogen.
1 mol zink bertindak balas dengan 2 mol asid hidroklorik menghasilkan 1 mol zink klorida dan 1 mol hidrogen.
3
Writing balanced chemical equations / Menulis persamaan kimia seimbang:
Step 1 / Langkah 1 : Write the correct chemical formulae for each reactant and product.
Tulis formula kimia bagi setiap bahan dan hasil tindak balas.
Step 2 / Langkah 2 : Detemine the number of atoms for each element / Tentukan bilangan atom setiap unsur.
Step 3 / Langkah 3 : Balance the number of atoms for each element by adjusting the coefficients in front of the chemical
formulae.
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Imbangkan bilangan atom setiap jenis unsur dengan menambahkan pekali di hadapan setiap formula kimia.
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions:
Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi setiap tindak balas yang berikut:
Zinc carbonate
ZnCO3
Zinc oxide + Carbon dioxide / Zink karbonat
Sulphuric acid + Sodium hydroxide
H2SO4 + 2NaOH
Sodium sulphate + Water / Asid sulfurik + Natrium hidroksida
Argentum nitrat + Natrium klorida

AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
Silver chloride + Sodium nitrate

Argentum klorida + Natrium nitrat
Copper(II) oxide + Hydrochloric acid
Kuprum(II) oksida + Asid hidroklorik

CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O
Magnesium + Oxygen
2Mg + O2
2Na + 2H2O
K 2O + H 2 O
Natrium hidroksida + Hidrogen
Potassium hydroxide / Kalium oksida + Air
Kalium hidroksida
2KOH
ZnO + 2HNO3
Lead(II) nitrate
Magnesium oksida
2NaOH + H2
Zinc oxide + Nitric acid
Magnesium oxide / Magnesium + Oksigen
Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen / Natrium + Air
Potassium oxide + Water
Copper(II) chloride + Water
Kuprum(II) klorida + Air
2MgO
Sodium + Water
Natrium sulfat + Air
Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Silver nitrate + Sodium chloride
Zink oksida + Karbon dioksida
ZnO + CO2
Zinc nitrate + Water / Zink oksida + Asid nitrik
Zink nitrat + Air
Zn(NO3 )2 + H2O
Lead(II) oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen
Plumbum(II) nitrat Plumbum (II) oksida + Nitrogen dioksida + Oksigen

2Pb(NO3 )2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
10 Aluminium nitrate
Aluminium oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen
Aluminium nitrat Aluminium oksida + Nitrogen dioksida + Oksigen
4Al(NO3 )3 2Al2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / PENGHITUNGAN BERKAITAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA

Calculation steps / Langkah perhitungan:
S1 / L1 : Write a balanced equation / Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang.
S2 / L2 : Write the information from the question above the equation / Tulis maklumat daripada soalan di atas persamaan.
S3 / L3 : Write the information from the chemical equation below the equation (information about the number of moles of
reactants/products).
Tulis maklumat daripada persamaan kimia di bawah persamaan (Maklumat perhubungan bilangan mol bahan/hasil tindak balas
terlibat).
S4 / L4 : Change the information in S2 into moles by using the method shown in the chart below.
Tukarkan maklumat L2 kepada mol menggunakan carta di bawah.
S5 / L5 : Use the relationship between number of moles of substance involved in S3 to find the answer.
Gunakan perhubungan bilangan mol bahan terlibat dalam L3 untuk mencari jawapan.
S6 / L6 : Change the information to the unit required using the chart below.
Tukar maklumat kepada unit yang dikehendaki dengan menggunakan carta di bawah.
Mass (g)
Jisim (g)
(RAM/FRM/RMM) g mol1
No. of moles (n)

Bilangan mol (n)
24 dm3 mol1 / 22.4 dm3 mol1

24 dm3 mol1 / 22.4 dm3 mol1
Volume of gas (dm3)

Isipadu gas (dm3)
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
The equation shows the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Persamaan menunjukkan tindak balas antara zink dengan asid hidroklorik.
Zn + 2HCl
ZnCl2 + H2
Calculate the mass of zinc required to react with excess hydrochloric acid to produce 6 dm3 of hydrogen gas at room
conditions. [Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65, Cl = 35.5, 1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room conditions]
Hitungkan jisim zink yang perlu ditindakbalaskan dengan asid hidroklorik berlebihan untuk menghasilkan 6 dm3 gas hidrogen pada
keadaan bilik. [Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65, Cl = 35.5, 1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik]
Mol of H2 =
6 dm3
= 0.25 mol
24 dm3 mol1
From the equation,

1 mol of H2 : 1 mol of Zn
0.25 mol of H2 : 0.25 mol of Zn
Mass of Zn = 0.25 65 = 16.2 g
The equation shows the reaction between potassium and oxygen.

Persamaan berikut menunjukkan tindak balas antara kalium dengan oksigen.
4K + O2
2K2O
Calculate the mass of potassium required to produce 23.5 g of potassium oxide. [Relative atomic mass: K = 39, O = 16]
Hitungkan jisim kalium yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 23.5 g kalium oksida. [Jisim atom relatif: K = 39, O = 16]
Mol of K2O =
23.5
23.5
=
= 0.25 mol
(2 39 + 16)
94
From the equation,

2 mol of K2O : 4 mol of K
0.25 mol of K2O : 0.5 mol of K
Mass of K = 0.5 mol 39 g mol1 = 19.5 g
The equation shows the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Persamaan menunjukkan penguraian hidrogen peroksida.
H2O2
H2O + O2
Balance the equation above. Calculate the number of moles of H2O2 that decomposes if 11.2 dm3 oxygen gas is collected
at STP. [Relative Atomic mass: H = 1, O = 16, molar volume of gas = 22.4 dm3 mol1 at STP]
Seimbangkan persamaan di atas. Hitung bilangan mol H2O2 yang telah terurai sekiranya 11.2 dm3 gas oksigen dikumpulkan pada STP.
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O = 16, isi padu molar gas = 22.4 dm3 mol1 pada STP]
Mol of O2 =
11.2 dm3
= 0.5 mol
22.4 dm3 mol1
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From the equation,

1 mol of O2 : 2 mol of H2O2
0.5 mol of O2 : 1.0 mol of H2O2
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8.0 g of copper(II) oxide powder is added to excess dilute nitric acid and heated. Calculate the mass of copper(II) nitrate
produced. [Relative atomic mass: N = 14, O = 16, Cu = 64]
8.0 g serbuk kuprum(II) oksida dicampurkan kepada asid nitrik cair yang berlebihan dan dihangatkan. Hitungkan jisim kuprum(II) nitrat
yang terhasil. [Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, O = 16, Cu = 64]
CuO + 2HNO3
Mol of CuO =
Cu(NO3 )2 + H2O
8g
= 0.1 mol
(64 + 16)g mol1
From the equation,

1 mol of CuO : 1 mol of Cu(NO3)2
0.1 of CuO : 0.1 mol of Cu(NO3)2
Mass of Cu(NO3)2 = 0.1 mol 188 g mol1 = 18.8 g
1.3 g of zinc reacts with excess dilute sulphuric acid. The products are zinc sulphate and hydrogen. Calculate the
volume of hidrogen gas released at STP. [Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65, 1 mol of gas occupies 22.4 dm3 mol1at STP]
1.3 g zink bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik cair yang berlebihan. Hasil tindak balas adalah zink sulfat dan hidrogen. Hitungkan isi padu
hidrogen yang terbebas pada STP. [Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65, isipadu molar gas = 22.4 dm3 mol1 pada STP]
Answer/Jawapan:
448 cm3
0.46 g of sodium burns completely in chlorine gas at room conditions to produce sodium chloride. Calculate the
volume of chlorine gas that has reacted. [Relative atomic mass: Na = 23, Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room
conditions]
0.46 g natrium terbakar lengkap dalam gas klorin pada keadaan bilik menghasilkan natrium klorida. Hitungkan isi padu klorin yang
diperlukan untuk bertindak balas lengkap. [Jisim atom relatif: Na = 23, isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 pada keadaan bilik]
Answer/Jawapan:
0.24 dm3
The equation shows the combustion of propane gas.
Persamaan menunjukkan pembakaran gas propana.
C3H8 + 5O2
3CO2 + 4H2O
720 cm3 of propane gas (C3H8) at room conditions burns in excess oxygen. Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide formed.
[Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16, Molar volume of gas = 22.4 dm3 mol1 at room conditions]
720 cm3 gas propana (C3H8) pada keadaan bilik terbakar dalam oksigen berlebihan. Hitungkan jisim karbon dioksida yang terbentuk.
[Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16, isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 pada keadaan bilik]
Answer/Jawapan:
3.96 g
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Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif

1
The mass of one atom of element Y is two times more

than an atom of oxygen. What is the relative atomic
mass of element Y? [Relative atomic mass: O = 16]
Jisim satu atom unsur Y adalah dua kali lebih daripada
satu atom oksigen. Apakah jisim atom relatif bagi unsur Y?
[Jisim atom relatif: O = 16]
A 12
B 24
C 32
D 36
Jadual berikut menunujukkan jisim atom relatif bagi neon,

karbon, oksigen dan kalsium.
Element/Unsur Relative atomic mass/Jisim atom relatif
The chemical formula for butane is C4H10. Which of the

following statements are true about butane?
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C =12 and O =16,
Avogadro Constant = 6 1023 mol1]
The empirical formula for butane is CH2.
Jumlah bilangan atom dalam 1 mol butana adalah 8.4

1024.
Calcium / Kalsium
40
A I and II only
II and III only
II dan III sahaja
II, III and IV only
A 4.515 1022
B 4.515 1023
II, III dan IV sahaja
D I, II, III and IV

I, II, III dan IV
A bottle contains 3.01 1023 of gas particles. What is

the number of moles of the gas in the bottle?
C 3.0 mol
D 6.0 mol
Which of the following gases contains 0.4 mol of atoms

at room temperature and pressure? [Molar volume of
gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room temperature and pressure]
Antara gas berikut, yang manakah mengandungi 0.4 mol atom
pada suhu dan tekanan bilik? [Isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1
pada suhu dan tekanan bilik]
What is the number of hydrogen atom in 0.1 mol of

water? [Avogadro constant: 6.02 1023 mol1]
A 6.02 1022
B 60.2 1023
C
D
6.02 1023
3.01 1023
5 g of element X reacted with 8 g of element Y to form

a compound with the formula XY2. What is the relative
atomic mass of element X? [Relative atomic mass:
Y = 80]
5 g unsur X bertindak balas dengan 8 g unsur Y membentuk
sebatian dengan formula XY2. Apakah jisim atom relatif unsur X?
[Jisim atom relatif: Y = 80]
A 25
B 40
C 50
D 100
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C 4.8 dm3 CO2

D 4.8 dm3 NH3
C 8.03 1022
D 8.03 1021
Berapakah bilangan atom oksigen dalam 0.1 mol air?

[Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023 mol1]
Sebuah botol mengandungi 3.01 1023 zarah gas. Berapakah

bilangan mol zarah gas dalam botol itu?
A 4.8 dm3 Ne
B 4.8 dm3 O2
A bulb is filled with 1 800 cm3 of argon gas at room

conditions. What is the number of argon atom in the
bulb?
[Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room conditions,
Avogadro constant = 6.02 1023 mol1]
Sebuah belon diisi dengan 1 800 cm3 gas argon pada keadaan
bilik. Berapakah bilangan atom argon dalam belon itu?
[Isipadu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 pada keadaan bilik,
Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023 mol1]
I dan II sahaja
A 0.5 mol
B 1.0 mol
Mass of one oxygen atom is 16 times bigger than

one carbon atom
Jisim satu atom oksigen adalah 16 kali lebih besar daripada
satu atom karbon
Satu molekul butana mempunyai jisim 84 kali lebih daripada

jisim satu atom hidrogen.
16
molecule
IV One butane molecule has a mass of 84 times higher

than the mass of 1 hydrogen atom.
Oxygen / Oksigen
16 g oksigen mengandungi 6.02 1023 molekul oksigen
III 1 mol of butane contains a total of 8.4 1024

atoms.
12
Each butane molecule is made up of 4 carbon atoms

and 10 hydrogen atoms.
Setiap molekul butana terdiri dari 4 atom karbon dan 10
atom hidrogen.
20
Carbon / Karbon
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah benar?

[Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023 mol1]
A Mass of one calcium atom is 40 g
Jisim satu atom kalsium ialah 40 g
B Mass of 1 mol of neon is 20 g
Jisim 1 mol neon ialah 20 g
C 16 g of oxygen contains 6.02 1023 oxygen
Formula empirik butana ialah CH2.
II
Neon / Neon
Which of the following statements is true?

[Avogadro constant = 6.0 1023 mol1]
Formula kimia bagi butana ialah C4H10. Antara pernyataan

berikut, yang manakah adalah benar tentang butana?
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, C = 12 dan O = 16, Pemalar Avogadro =
6 1023 mol1]
The table below shows the relative atomic mass of neon,

carbon, oxygen and calcium.
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The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus to

determine the empirical formula of an oxide metal X.
11 The equation shows a decomposition of magnesium

nitrate when heated.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi menentukan

formula empirik oksida logam X.
Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan penguraian nitrat apabila

dipanaskan.
2Mg(NO3)2
Metal X
Logam X
Heat
Panaskan
Which of the following is metal X?

Antara berikut, yang manakah mungkin bagi logam X?
A Zinc
Zink
Tin
Stanum
D Copper
Lead
Plumbum
Kuprum
10 The following equation shows the decomposition reaction

of lead(II) nitrate when heated at room temperature and
pressure.
Persamaan tindak balas di bawah menunjukkan penguraian
plumbum(II) nitrat apabila dipanaskan pada suhu dan tekanan
bilik.
2Pb(NO3)2
What is the number of oxygen molecules is produced

when 7.4 g magnesium nitrate decomposed when
heated.
[Relative formula mass of Mg(NO3)2 = 148;
Avogadro constant = 6.02 1023 mol1]
Berapakah bilangan molekul oksigen apabila 7.4 g magnesium
nitrat terurai apabila dipanaskan?
[Jisim formula relatif Mg(NO3)2 = 148; Pemalar Avogadro =
6.02 1023 mol1]
A
B
C
D
Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah benar apabila 0.1 mol

plumbum(II) nitrat terurai?
[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, O = 16, Pb = 207 dan 1 mol gas
menempati isipadu 24 dm3 pada suhu dan tekanan bilik]
66.2 g of lead(II) oxide is formed
II
22.3 g of lead(II) oxide is formed
66.2 g plumbum(II) oksida terbentuk

22.3 g plumbum(II) oksida terbentuk
1.505 1022
3.010 1022
1.505 1023
3.010 1023
12 The equation below shows the chemical equation of the

combustion of ethanol in excess oxygen.
Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan persamaan kimia pembakaran
etanol dalam oksigen berlebihan.
2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
Which of the following are true when 0.1 mol of lead(II)

nitrate is decomposed?
[Relative atomic mass: N = 14, O = 16, Pb = 207
and 1 mol gas occupies the volume of 24 dm3 at room
temperature and pressure]
2MgO + 4NO2 + O2
2C2H5OH + 6O2
4CO2 + 6H2O
What is the volume of carbon dioxide gas released when

9.20 g ethanol burnt completely?
[Relative atomic mass of H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, 1 mol
of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room condition]
Apakah isi padu gas karbon dioksida dibebaskan apabila 9.20 g
etanol terbakar lengkap?
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, 1 mol gas menempati
24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik]
A
B
C
D
4.8 cm3
9.6 cm3
96.0 cm3
9 600 cm3
III 2.4 dm3 of oxygen gases is given off

2.4 dm3 gas oksigen dibebaskan
IV 4 800 cm3 of nitrogen dioxide given off

4 800 cm3 nitrogen dioksida dibebaskan
A I and III only

I dan III sahaja
I and IV only
II and III only
I dan IV sahaja
II dan III sahaja
D II and IV only
13 What is the percentage by mass of nitrogen content in

urea, CO(NH2)2? [Relative atomic mass: C = 12, N = 14,
H = 1 and O = 16]
Apakah peratus kandungan nitrogen mengikut jisim dalam urea,
CO(NH2)2? [Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, N = 14, H = 1 dan
O = 16]
A
B
C
D
23.3%
31.8%
46.7%
63.6%
II dan IV sahaja
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Modul Kimia Tingkatan 4

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THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS

ACID AND BASES

MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

Chemistry Form 4 MODULE

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI ZARAH JIRIM

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI KINETIK JIRIM

To relate the change of physical states of matters with energy change

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS / STRUKTUR ATOM

HISTORY OF ATOMIC MODELS DEVELOPMENT / SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN MODEL ATOM

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES / ZARAH-ZARAH SUBATOM

ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT / SUSUNAN ELEKTRON

MODULE Chemistry Form 4

Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space.

unsur berbeza yang terikat secara kimia.

Types of particles / Jenis zarah

Types of particles / Jenis zarah

Zarah neutral terdiri daripada

Zarah neutral terdiri daripada

Carbon dioxide gas, CO2

Gas karbon dioksida, CO2

Natrium klorida, NaCl

Na+ Cl Na+ Cl Na+

Zarah bercas positif atau negatif

Na+ Cl Na+ Cl Na+

Calcium oxide, CaO

Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+ O 2 Ca2+

Elements can be identified as metal or non-metal by referring to the Periodic Table.

Formation of molecule and ion will be studied in Chapter 4 (Chemical Bond).

Chemistry Form 4 MODULE

Determine the type of particles in the following substances:

Zink chloride (ZnCl2)

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Hydrogen gas (H2)

Resapan dalam gas

Resapan dalam cecair

Resapan dalam pepejal

The brown colour of bromine vapour,

The purple colour of solid potassium

The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate,

Warna perang wap bromin, Br2 merebak

Warna ungu pepejal kalium manganat(VII),

Warna biru kuprum(II) sulfat,

Bromine vapour, Br2 and air are made

Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 is made

space of air particles which is in gas

Kalium manganat(VII) terdiri daripada

Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 terdiri daripada

MODULE Chemistry Form 4

space in between the particles of

apart. The particles in the liquid

Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalam

space in between the particles

berbanding di dalam pepejal. Terdapat ruang yang

berbanding dengan pepejal. Zarah-zarah pepejal tersusun sangat

antara satu sama lain.

The Kinetic Theory of Matter / Teori Kinetik Jirim

Matter exists in three different states which are

Jirim wujud dalam tiga keadaan iaitu

Matter that made up of