486 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Mechanics is the oldest branch of physical science which deals with the state of rest or motion of bodies under the action of forces. Branches of mechanics: A. Statics - deals with bodies in the state of rest. B. Dynamics or Kinetics — deals with bodies in motion under the action of forces. C. Kinematics - refers to the study of motion w&_ jut reference to the forces. which causes the motion. Conditions for equilibrium: 1, Graphical condition: Under this condition, the forces or vectors are transformed into a force polygon. For equilibrium, the force polygon must close. F, : F; 2. Directional condition: If three or more non-parallel forces or vectors are in ‘equilibrium, then they must be concurrent F; Fy point of concurrency F;Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 487 3. Analytical condition: If forces or vectors are in equilibrium, then it must satisfy the three static equations; namely — mm tl Mme 0) Friction is defined as the limited amount of resistance to sliding between the surfaces of two bodies in contact. " - P where: F = frictional force k= coefficient of friction N= normal force 6 = angle of friction R N ‘R N F PARABOLIC CABLE & CATENARY Parabolic cable: When the loading is uniformly distributed horizontally, the cable is analyzed as a parabolic cable. a) Tension at the lowest point, H: b) Tension at the support, T:488. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas W=wl?2 i ©) Length of parabolic cable, S: o 4, i where: $ = length of parabolic cable d =sag pan or distance between supports @ = unitweight or load per unit length T= maximum tension (usually at the support) H_ = minimum tension (usually at the lowest point of the cable) Catenary: When the Inading is distrihusted along the cable, tha cable is analyzed as a catenary. Catenary comes from the latin word which means chain. itis a graph of the equation y = cosh x. a) Maximum tension, T: b) Minimum tension, H: 3 tena ies If the cable has uneven supports, the formulas to be used are the same, only that all unequal dimensions will now contain subscripts 1 and 2. For example, the distance from the origin to the left support is now taken as x; rather than x, and x for its distance to the right support, and so on. Another term for moment of inertia is second moment of area. “1. Centroidal moment of inertia (with respect to an axis passing through the centroid):Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 489 A. Rectangle x A x | B. Triangle bh C. Circle . 2. Moment of inertia with respect to an axis passing through the base: A. Rectangle ‘ ie ;490. 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas : a ‘ = b - For composite figures and for axis not at the centroid nor at the base, moment of inertia may be calculated using the transfer formula, which is as follows; = distance from the centroid to the axis A= area of the figure Sphere ‘Spherical shell Cylinder oO © where: r= radius of sphere/cylinder, and m = mass {BIB pou Rnow that... The integral sign j ,an elongated denoting sum (Latin for “summa"), was introduced by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who named integral calculus “calculus summatorius" «+: The definite integral which is defined as the integral between two values of an independent variables is also known as “Riemann Integral’ after the German mathematician Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (1826 ~ 1866)! Proceed to the next page for your 19" test. GOODLUCK | 5”Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 491 Time element: 3.0 hours & 30 minutes re oe en | Problem 801: Three forces, 20 N, 30 N and 40 N are in equilibrium. Find the largest angle they make with each other. f A. 104.48" B. 105.58" C, 106.69" D. 107.96" Problem8oz: ME Board October 1996 ‘Two forces of 20 units and 30 units act at right angle. What is the magnitude of the resultant force? A 36 B. 42 Cc. 40 D. 44 Problems803: ‘What is the magnitude of the resultant force of the two forces 200 N at 20° and 400 N at 144°? A. 332.5N B. 323.5N C. 313.5N D. 233.5N Problem804: ECE Board November 1998 A load of 100 Ib is hung from the middle of a rope, which is stretched between two rigid walls 30 ft. apart. Due to the load, the rope saqs 4 feet in the middle. Determine the tension in the rope. 165 lbs 173 Ibs 194 Ibs 149 Ibs vom>492 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problemsos: A boat moving at 12 kph is crossing a river 500 m wide in which a current is flowing at 4 kph. In what direction should the boat head if it is to reach a point on the other side of the river directly opposite its starting point? A. 19.47° downstream B. 19.47° upstream CC. 18.43° downstream D. 18.43° upstream Problem806: EE Board October 1997 A 100 kg weight rest on a 30° incline plane. Neglecting friction, how much pull must one exert to bring the weight up the plane? A. 88.67 kg B. 100kg C. 70.71ka D. 50kg Problem 807: ECE Board November 1998 A block weighing 500 KN rest on a ramp inclined at 25° with the horizontal. The force tending to move the block down the ramp is A. 121kN B. 265kN C. 211kN D. 450 kN Problem 808: CE Board November 1994 A200 kg crate impends to slide down a ramp inclined at an angle of 19.29° with the horizontal. What is the frictional resistance? A. 61238N B. 628.38N C. 648.16N D. 654.12N Problem 809: EE Board October 1993 Aman can exert a maximum pull of 1000 N but wishes to lift a new stone door for his cave weighing 20,000 N. If he uses a lever, how much closer must the fulcrum be to the stone than to his hand? 10 times nearer 20 times farther 10 times farther 20 times nearer pom>Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 493 Problem 810: A beam rests on a fulcrum, 1.2 m from one end. A weight of 350 kg is suspended from this end causing the beam to balance. If the weight of 350 kg is ‘suspended on the opposite end of the beam, it is necessary to suspend a 1000 kg weight on the first end in order to effect an even balance. Find the length of the beam. A. 248m B. 324m Cc. 3.43m D. 421m Problem 811: EE Board October 1991 A simply supported beam is 5 meters in length. it carries a uniformly distributed load including its own weight of 300 Nim and a concentrated load of 100 N, 2 meters from the left end. Find the reactions if reaction A is at the left end and reaction B at the right end. A. Ra=B10N& Rs B. Ras /0UN& Re, C. Ra=810N&Ro D. Ra=700N&Ra Problem 812: A beam of span “x” meters with uniform loading of ‘w’ kilograms per meter is. supported at one end (A) and a distance of 2 m from the other end (B). Find the reaction at support A. A wx(x—4) eer] wx(x-2) Caste wx D ax-2 *o Problem 813: When one boy is sitting 1.2 m from the center of a see-saw, another boy must to sit on the other side 1.5 m from the center to maintain an even balance. However, when the first boy carries an additional weight of 14 kg and sit 1.8 m from the center, the second boy must move to 3 m from the center to balance. Neglecting the weight of the see-saw, find the weight of the heavier boy, A. 30kg B. 42kg C. 34kg D. 45kg494 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 814: CE Board November 1996 ‘A.40 kg block is resting on an inclined plane making an angle of 20° from the horizontal. Ifthe coefficient of friction is 0.60, determine the force parallel to the incline that must be applied to cause impending motion down the plane. A 82 B77 c. 87 D. 72 Problem 815: EE Board October 1997 A 260 Ib block is intially at rest on a flat surface that is inclined at 30°. If the ‘coefficient of kinetic friction 0.30 and the coefficient of static friction is 0.40, find the force required to start the block moving up the plane. A. 190 Ib B. 212 Ib C. 125 1b D. 75ib Problem 816: A600 N block rests in a surface inclined at 30°. Determine the horizontal force P Tequired to prevent the block from sliding down. Angle of friction between the block and the inclined plane is 15°. A. 160.75N B. 198.55N C. 164.60N D. 190.45N Problem 817: ME Board March 1998 Assume the three force vectors intersect at a single point. Fy =4i+2)+5k F, =-2i+ 7j-3k Fs =2i-j+6k What is the magnitude of the resultant force vector, R? 14 12 13 16 Dop> Problem 818: EE Board March 1998 Given the 3-dimensional vectors: A= i (xy) +) @yz) + k (32x) B= i (yz) + | (22x) + k (Bxy) Determine the magnitude of the vector sum |A+B| at coordinates (3,2,1). A. 32.92Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 495 B. 29.92 Cc. 27.20 D. 24.73 Problem 819: ‘At what angle does the force F = 6.23i - 2.38) + 4.92 k N makes with the x-axis? 39.2" 40.2° a3 42.2° vop> Problem 820: ME Board October 1996 ‘Assume the three force vectors intersect at a single point. Fy =i+3)+ 4k Fo =2i+7j-k Fs =i+4j+2k ‘What is the magnitude of the resultant force vector, R? eS B. 13.23, c. 14.73 D. 16.16 Problem 821: EE Board October 1991 A certain cable is suspended between two supports at the same elevation and 500 ft apart, the load is 500 Ibs per horizontal foot including the weight of the cable. The sag of the cable is 30 ft. Calculate the total length of the cable. A. 503.76 ft. B. 502.76 ft C. 504.76 ft D. 501.76 ft Problem 822: EE Board April 1994 ‘A cable supported at two points of same level has a unit weight , « of 0.02 kg per meter of horizontal distance. The allowed sag is 0.02 m and a maximum tension at the lowest point of 1200 kg and a factor of safety of 2. Calculate the allowable spacing of the poles assuming a parabolic cable. A 64.02m B. 66.37m C. 67.76m D. 69.28m Problem 823: ‘Acable carries a horizontal load of 20 kg/m. Neglecting its own weight, find the maximum tension on the cable if the distance between the supports is 100 m and the sag is 5m A. 5099 kg496 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas B. 5059 kg C. 5199kg D. 5215 kg Problem 824: CE Board May 1993 Determine the sag of a flexible wire cable weighing 60 N/m over two frictionless pulleys 100 m apart and carrying one 10 kN weight at each end. Assume the weight of the cable to be uniformly distributed horizontally. The cable extends 5 m beyond each pulley to the point they are attached to the weights. A. 7.2m B. 7.4m Cc. 76m D. 7.8m Problem 825: EE Board October 1993 A copper cable i» susperided between two SUPPONS On the same level, spaced 600 m apart. The cable hangs under the influence of its own weight only. Under these conditions, it is desired to calculate the maximum sag (at the center of the span) when the maximum stress in the material is 1000 kg/cm’. The cross-section of the cable is 1.77 sq. cm. Weight of cable = 1.6 kg/m. Use parabolic equation. 42.26m 43.26m 44.26m, 45.26m cop> Problem 826: A cable weighing 0.4 kg/m and 800 m long is to be suspended with a sag of 80 m. Determine the maximum tension. A. 414kg B. 420kg C. 416 kg D. 400 kg Problem 827: A cable weighing 60 N/m is suspended between two supports on the same level at 300 m apart. The sag is 60 m. Compute the distance of the lowest point of the cable from the ground level. 205.5m 196.8 m 200.5 m 188.2m Dop>Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 497 Problem 828: Find the location of the centroid of the composite area consisting of a 10-inch square surmounted by @ semi-circle. The centroid of a semicircle is located 4r/3x. above the base (diameter) of the semi-circle of radius r. A. 6.0 inches from the bottom B. 6.2 inches from the bottom C. 6.4 inches from the bottom D. 7.0 inches from the bottom Problem 829: EE Board March 1998 Electrical loads are arranged on horizontal x, y axes as follows: Load | x-coordinate | y-coordinate | Kilowatt load 1 0 2 100 2 1 1 180 3 1 3 200 4 z 0 120 5 2 4 150 6 3 1 200 7 3 3 180 8 4 2 4100 A 2.000, y= B. 163, y ¢ 854, y D. 146, y Problem 830: A rectangle has a base of 3.cm and a height of 6 cm. What is its second moment of area (in cm‘) about an axis through the center of gravity and parallel to the base? A 64 B. 34 c. 44 D. 54 Problem 831: EE Board March 1998 A circle has a diameter of 20 cm. Determine the moment of inertia of the circular area relative to the axis perpendicular to the area through the center of the circle in om’, 14,280 15,708 17,279 19,007 oom>498 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 832: ME Board October 1993 ‘The moment of inertia of a section 2" wide x 2’ 0” high about an axis 1'0" above the bottom edge of the section is: A. 1834 in* B. 384 in* C. 9214 int D. 2304 in* Problem 833: EE Board March 1998 An isosceles triangle has a 10 cm base and a 10 cm altitude, Determine the moment of inertia of the triangular area relative to a line parallel to the base and through the upper vertex in om’, A. 2750 B. 3025 c. 2500 D. 2273 Problem 834: ECE Board April 1999 What is the moment of inertia of a cylinder of radius 5 m and mass of 5 kg? 120 kg-m? 80 kg-m? 62.5 kg-m? 72.5 kg-m?* com> Problem 835: ECE Board April 1998 What is the inertia of a bowling ball (mass = 0.5 kg) of radius 15 cm rotating at an angular speed of 10 rpm for 6 seconds? ‘A. 0.001 kg-m? 8, 0,002 kg-m? C. 0.005 kg-m? D. 0.0045 kg-m? ANSWER KEY RATING 811.A 821.C B28 822d B32 [J 30-35 topnotcher 814.C 5 21-29 Passer 815.B O B16.A 826. [_] 17-20 conditional ie (J 0-15 Faited 820.A 830. If FAILED, repeat the test.Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 499 SOLUTIONS TO TEST 19 Note: For forces under equilibrium, the force polygon constructed from these forces must be closed. an By cosine law: 20N 2 (40)? = (20)? + (30)— 2(20)(30) cos @ 0 = 104.48 40N R= (20)? + (30)? R | R= 36 units 20 \ By cosine lew: R® = (200)° + (400)? — 2(200)(400) cos(36°+ 20°) R=332.5N 30ft 194 Ibs. oe sinO= 7 0 = 19.47°, upstream.500 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas 100 kg EH = Fincinos = 0 P=Wsind = 100 sin (30°) P=50kg. EM = Finciines = 0 ERED Fncises = 0 Wsin@ = 200 (9.81) sin 19.29° P= 648.15N Mc =O 200) 2100): 1kN 20kN $t=20 Cc 2 X= 20 x2 xr 2 Thus, the fulcrum must be placed 20 times nearer. fo EMc =0 ' 350 kg We Wa(0.5x - 1.2) = 350(1.2) 05x O.5x We2 420 wr © 12 12 Mc =0 jeteeniemar Seg 360(x - 1.2) + We(0.5x— 1.2) = 1000(1.2) = 1200 - 350(x-1.2) bs gsexiage oeEe Ee Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 501 Equate (1) to (2): W, 350 420 _ 1200-350(x-1.2) TN Prine fe O5x-12 O5x-12 }200 — 350x + 420 200 43m. Ma =0 100(2) + 1500(2.5) — Ret R Mg = 0 Ra(6) - 100(3) - 1500.5) Ra= 810 Mg = 0 Rate 2)= wn (5-2) W, Ws Mc =0 Wel) - (Wa + 14)(1.8) = 0 peur mt © ‘e (0.8 Wa)(3) — (Wa + 14)(1.8) = 0 | 2.4 Wa~ 1.8 Wa~25.2=0 Wa= 42 kg. DF, =0 F=Wsino+P uN =Wsino +P 0(8.81) sin 20° + P 6N-134.208 ar @ Dy =0 % N=Weos 20°502 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas N = 40(9.81) cos 20° = 368.735 Substitute N = 368.735 in (1): ).6 (368.735) — 134.208 7 Newtons EO =--0 P=WsinO+F =Wsin 0+ uN = 250 sin 30° + 0.4N P=125+04N ar @ Note: Since in the condition of the problem, the block is to start moving, then use the coefficient of static friction. DF =0 N= W cos 0 = 250 cos 20° ~ 216.606 Ib. ‘Substitute N = 216.606 in (1): 125 + 0.4(216.506) 212 Ib. Bis pF. =0 Pcos 8 +F =W sind P.cos 0 + uN=Wsin@ P.cos 30° + tan 15° N= 600 sin 30° 300-0.866P Ps 0.268 ee IF, =0 N=Woos0 +P sind N = 600 cos 30° + P sin 30° N=5196+05P w@ Equate (1) to (2): 300-0.866P _ ozs O19 +0.5P P = 160.75 Newtons BA R=Fi thot Fe = (4i + 2j + 5k) + (21+ 7) —3k) + (2i-j + 6K) R=4i+ 8) +8k l= Av AN? + Au? Rl= (4)? + @)? +)? = 12 unitsEngineering Mechanics (Statics) 503 fo ‘Substitute the values of x,y and z to the two vectors: 821. yz) + k (32x) (3)(2) + j (2)(2)(1) + k (3)(1)(3) +4] + 9k (yz) + j (22x) + k (Bxy) A+B=(6+2)i+ (4+6)j+ (+ 18k A+B=8i+ 10+ 27k As B)= flap? + Ay? (Aa? [A+B|= Ye? + (10)? + (27)? = 29.88 units r= (6.23) + (2.38) +(4.92F = 8.287 d=y(2.38) +(4.92)7 = 5.465 By cosine law: d= 7+ x — 2(9(%) cos 0 (6.465)? = (8.287)° + (6.23)° - 2(8.287)(6.23) cos 0 cos 0 = 0.7517339 8=41.3° +Fo+Fs +3)+ 4k) + 2i+7j—k) + (i+ 4] +2k) +14) + 5k i= VAn? +p? +A? R= V(2)? + (14)? + (6)? = 15 units Let: S = length of the cable 8d? 320* 8(30)? _ 32(30)4 =i+ SF 320" 500 5 = 504.76 ft Ssls Sees * 3600) ~ sano 720478 -ok &d 8d] _ 1200 [8(0.02) HJ=S] = = | SUDE| = 4,3 fe 2 fae a L= 69.28 m,504 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas ot? _ 20(100) = 5000 k; “ed —_-8(6) B (2) +H om La T= 1G z) EBB += 10,000+ SN (6 m) = 10,900 N 2 fel) a2 FE ( 2 ) H 2. @=60N/im (10,300)? (es) a H = 9853.42 N oe 8d 2 9853.42 = 01100)" 8d H d=76m. F Se Ea s-£ F = SA = 10009 x4 770m?= 170 kg. om Note: This force is equivalent to the tension (T) at each support. 2 Te ($) +H? 4.6600) | 2 (170)? = (852) +H H= 1703.67 kg. ov? Heok ad 170367 ={11600)? : ad d= 42.26 m Eos 4(80+c) ar @ 2S = 800 $= 400m.Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 505 s+ (80 + c)? = (400)? +c? 6400 + 2¢ + o* = (400)" + c* ¢= 960m. Substitute c = 960 in (1): ).4(80 + 960) = 416 kg. x=cin S#¥. © 150=cin $2600) uw @O (60 +c). RRNN + 19Ne + 0? = S? + 5? $= /3600+120e ar @ Substitute (2) in (1): 3600 +1206 + (60+¢) c By trial and error: c= 196.8m 150=cin A= Faas + Pascal ee = = (10) +(5{Z}or Ar = 130.27 in? ATY=AyitAye Br @ ye where: y; = 5 in, yee 10+ 48)= 42.421 AY i 10 in, Subsfitute y; and yon (1) 139.27 y= 100(5) + 39.2 (12.12) y = 7 inches (from the bottom) Lys +L xp +L aXe. Ut kg ely ly 5 — 100(0) +180(1) + 200(1) + 120(2) + 150(2) + 200(3) + 180(3) + 100(4) 100 +180 + 200 + 120+ 160 + 200 + 180 + 100 in x=2506 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Lat + Love +bg yg. Lan Uy tly thy. Ly 100(2) + 180(1) + 200(3) + 120(0) + 150(4) + 200(1) + 180(3) + 100(2) 100 +180 +200 + 120+ 150 + 200 +180 +100 y= 2.049 Ei oan transfer-axis moment formula: = De + Ad? = be + Ad? _ bh? h=6- : big = 77-- phd? | a Substitute values: rae " tio = 9B _ 36,9 = 54 mt Ee xd x(20)* | “ By Tag 77 15,708. 0m where: J = polar moment of inertia vex DAY. 2(24)* = 2304 in* toon 12 a bey = i +Ad? h=10cm a 3 ry) = 10010)? 1, E = eee peocz0{ b= 10cm Ix = 2,500 om* cece 62.5 kg-m? mr? a Formula for mass moment of inertia of a solid sphere (0.5)(0.15)? = 0.0045 kg-m'