Semantiskais

tmeklis

Semantic Web
Andrejs Lesovskis

Lekcijas plns
Ontoloijas
Taksonomijas
Tzauri
OWL valoda

Semantisk tmeka slni

Ontoloija un ontoloijas (1)

Ontoloija defin terminus, kas tiek izmantoti, lai apraksttu un
attlotu zinanu nozari
Ontoloija ar ir modelis (konceptu kopa), kas satur o
terminu jdzienus
Tdejdi, ontoloija defin vrdncu un vrdncas jdzienu.
Cilvki, datu bzes un programmas izmanto ontoloijas, lai
apmaintos ar informciju no noteiktiem domniem
Domns: konkrt zinanu nozare (piemram, medicna,
nekustams paums, finansu prvaldba, utt).
Ontoloijas iekauj domna konceptu defincijas un relcijas
starp iem konceptiem, kuras var izmantot datori
Ts iekod domna zinanas (modular)
Zinanas, kas aptver domnus (composable)
Zinanas var tikt atkrtoti izmantotas (reusable)

Ontoloija un ontoloijas (2)

"Ontoloijas
defin
pamatkonceptus un attiecbas, kas
veido konkrtas nozares tematisku
vrdncu, un noteikumus konceptu
un
attiecbu
apvienoanai,
lai
nodefintu
vrdncas
paplainjumus."
"Ontoloija ir
koplietojamas
specifikcija."

formla, skaidra
konceptualizcijas

Ontoloiju pielietoana (1)

Bioinformtik
Open Biomedical Ontologies Consortium (GO,
MGED)
Gene Ontology Project
Sequence Ontology Project

Ontoloiju pielietoana (2)

Medicn
Terminoloiju izveidoana un uzturana.
Piemram, Snomed, NCI un Galen.

Central Sulcus
Parietal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Occipital
Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Lateral Sulcus

Ontoloiju pielietoana (3)

Saretas un daji strukturtas
informcijas organizana:
UN-FAO, NASA, Ordnance Survey,
General Motors, Lockheed Martin,

"Big O" Ontoloija un "small o"

ontoloija
"Big O" Ontoloija ir filozofijas
disciplna.
"Little o" ontoloija ir
informcijas tehnoloiju
disciplna.

Ontoloija un ontoloijas (2)

Terminu
ontoloija
izmanto,
lai
apraksttu modeus ar atirgm
detalizcijas
(struktrizcijas)
pakpm:
Mazka
d.
p.:
taksonomijas
(Semio/Convero,
Yahoo
hierarchy,
UNSPSC), datu bzes shmas un
metadatu shmas (ICML, ebXML, WSDL).
Lielka d. p.: tzauri (WordNet, CALL,
DTIC), konceptulie modeli (OO models,
UML).
Vl lielka d. p.: loisks teorijas

Ontoloiju spektrs (1)

Modal LogicStipr semantika
First Order Logic
Loisk teorija Is Disjoint Subclass
Description Logic
of with transitivity
DAML+OIL, OWL
property
UML

Konceptuls modelis Is subclass of

RDF/S
XTM
Extended ER

Tzaurs
ER

Has narrower meaning than

DB Schemas, XML Schema

Taksonomija
Relational
Model, XML

Vj semantika

Semantic Interoperabi

Structural Interoperabilit

Is sublassification of
Syntactic Interoperability

Ontoloiju spektrs (2)

Modal LogicStipr semantika
First Order Logic
Problma: oti visprja
Loisk
teorija
Is Disjoint
Semantisk
ekspresivitte:
oti Subclass
augsta
Description
Logic
of with transitivity
DAML+OIL, OWL
property
UML
Problma: visprja
Konceptuls
modelis
Is subclass of
Semantisk
ekspresivitte:

RDF/S
augsta

XTM
Extended ER

Semantic Interoperabi

Problma: visprja
Tzaurs
Semantisk Has
ekspresivitte:
narrower meaning than

ER
vidja

DB Schemas, XML Schema

Structural Interoperabilit

Problma: lokla
Taksonomija
Isekspresivitte:
sublassification
of
Semantisk
vja

Relational
Model, XML

Vj semantika

Syntactic Interoperability

Jgas (signifikcijas)
trsstris
<John_Smith >

Koncepts
Semantika:Jdziens
Apraksts

Norde/
Apzmjums

Termins
John + Smith

Sintakse:Simboli

Rels pasaules
referents

Pragmatika:Pielietoan
Paplainjums

Termins un koncepts
Termins
(terminoloija):

Dabisks valodas
vrdi vai frzes, kas
norda jdzienu.
Sintakse, kura
aizstj vai indic
semantiku
Termins
(jdzienu).

Koncepts:

Koncepts Transportldzekl

Termins
Transportldzekli
s

Koncepts Autotransports
Koncepts Automobilis

Automobilis

Semantisk vienba Termins Automana

(jdziens), mezgls
(enttija) vai saite
Terminu attiecbas
(attiecba) zinanu
aurks nek
attloanas modeos
Sinonms

Konceptu attiecbas
Ir apakklase

Taksonomija
"Taksonomija (vispr.) zintnisks
klasificanas
pamatprincipu
ptana;
sistemtisk
klasificana; piemrm: sakrtot
augu un dzvnieku klasificana,
kas
atbilst
to
dabiskm
attiecbm."
"
Taksonomija
(inf.
tehn.)

informcijas enttiju klasificana

hierarhijas form, lai t atbilstu
attiecgajm
rels
pasaules

Vjs taksonomijas
Piemrs: direktoriju struktra

Nav nav stingri

noteiktas semantikas
vecks-brns
attiecbm: nenoteiktas
apakklasificanas
attiecbas.
Nav visprinanas /
specializcijas
taksonomija.

Piemrs: UNSPSC

Stipras taksonomijas
Saskang
semantika
vcks-brns
attiecbm: Narrower than (terminiem)
vai Subclass (konceptiem) attiecbas.
Visprinanas/specializcijas
taksonomija.

Stipru taksonomiju
piemri
objekts

aents

persona
organizcija

menederis

darbinieks

Tzaurs
"Tzaurs ir prvaldma vrdnca,
kas ir sakrtota noteikt secb un
strukturt t, lai vartu attlot un
identifict ar standartiem attiecbu
indikatoriem
ekvivalentas,
homogrfiskas,
hierarhiskas
un
asociatvas
attiecbas
starp
terminiem.
ANSI/NISO Monolingual Thesaurus
Standard

Tzauru terminu
attiecbas

Tzaura piemrs no CALL

imagery
aerial imagery
infrared imagery

radar imagery
moving target indicators

combat support
radar photographyequipment

Narrower
than

intelligence and electronic

warfare equipment
imaging systems

Related to
imaging radar

infrared imaging systems

Tzaurs un ontoloija
Prvaldm vrdnca
Termini
Relcijas

Koncepts

Tzaurs

Termins
Semantisks
attiecbas:

Terminu
Semantika
(vja)

Ontoloija

Equivalent =
Used For
(Synonym) UF

Loisk-konceptula
Semantika
(stipra)

Rels pasaules
referenti
Logical Concepts
Enttijas
Relcijas
pabas
Aksiomas

Semantisks
attiecbas:

Subclass Of

Part Of

Broader Term/BT

Narrower Term/NT

Related Term/RT

Arbitrary
Relations
Meta-Properties

WordNet
Princeton WordNet (PWN) tiek
defints k leksikaliztu jdzienu
semantisks tkls.
Tika

izstrdts

Prinstonas

universitt psiholoijas profesora

D. Millera vadb.
PWN ir nekomercils, atvrts

WordNet

Konceptulais modelis (UML

piemrs)

Company

Organization
organizationalNumber

part_of

Group
part_of
manages
Division
part_of

Person
name
address
birthdate
spouse
ssn

manages
Department

President

manages
employee_of

Employee
employeeNumber

manages

Vice President

Director

is_managed_by
Staff_Employee

Manager

Ontoloiju attloanas
lmeni
Valoda

Meta-Level to
Object-Level

Meta-Level to
Object-Level

Ontoloijas
(Visprjs)

Zinanu
bze
(Konkrts
zin.)
26

Web Ontology Language (OWL)

Ir DAML+OIL valodas revzija.
Ir W3C rekomendcija.
Eksist 3 valodas versijas:
OWL Lite
OWL DL
OWL Full

OWLam izvirztie mri

Labi definta sintakse
Efektvas sprieanas atbalsts
Formls semantikas
Pietiekami izteiksmga valoda

RDFS trkumi
Nav eksistences/kardinalitts
ierobeojumu
Nav transitvu, inversvu un
simetrisku pabu;
Specilas pabu iezmbas;
Saretk atbalstt sprieanu.

OWL enttijas un to
attiecbas

OWL klases
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Continent">
<owl:oneOf
rdf:parseType="Collection">
<owl:Thing rdf:ID="#Eurasia"/>
<owl:Thing rdf:ID="#Africa"/>

</owl:oneOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Opera">
<rdfs:subClassOf
rdf:resource="#MusicalWork" />

OWL piemrs
<owl:Class rdf:ID="mathCourse">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty
rdf:resource=
"#isTaughtBy"/>
<owl:hasValue
rdf:resource=
"#949352"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>

OWL piemrs (2)

<owl:Class rdf:ID="carnivore">
<rdfs:comment>Carnivores are exactly
those animals that eat
animals.</rdfs:comment>
<owl:intersectionOf
rdf:parsetype="Collection">
<owl:Class rdf:about="#animal"/>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty
rdf:resource="#eats"/>
<owl:someValuesFrom
rdf:resource="#animal"/>
</owl:Restriction>
</owl:intersectionOf>

OWL piemrs (3)

@prefix ex: <http://example.org>.
ex:Canine rdf:type owl:Class.
ex:Human rdf:type owl:Class.
ex:Spike rdf:type ex:Canine.
ex:Ryan rdf:type ex:Human.

OWL redaktori
Protg (Maryland Information and Network
Dynamics Lab),
Swoop (Stanford University),
Emacs.

Rki un infrastruktra (1)

Redaktori/vide:
Oiled, Protg, Swoop, Construct,
Ontotrack,

Rki un infrastruktra (2)

Sprieanas sistmas
Cerebra, FaCT++, Kaon2, Pellet, Racer,

Pelle
t

Paldies
par uzmanbu!