.

2004

 811.161.37(07)
81.2-7
98
:
, .. ;
, B.C. ;
.
- ..

. -
-, ,
, ,
, .

.
98

: . .: , 2004.
336
ISBN 5-8297-0204-5 ( .)
C I P
,
.
,
; ,
;
.
, ,
.

811.161.137(07)
81.2-7

,
; ,
,
, .
,
,
, .

, .,


.
, ,
,
-, .

, , , ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
, .,
.

I S B N 5-8297-0204-5

, 2004

. , 2004

,

. .

-,
,

;
, . 2000 .
.

, ,
.
,
. ,
-
, .
,
.
, ,
, ,
,
. -
.

.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
:
1 (
1
, , ) .

,
. /
/ ;
1

2
:
, , ,
;
3
;
4
, ,
,
;
5
;
6 ,
,
;
,
;
7 8 ,
.
- ;
9
,
;
10
, , ;
11 -
, ;
12
;
13
, 4;
,
;
14, 15 16
( ,
);
17
( ,
);
Summary
.

,
,
.

, ,
,
, .
- ,
.

. ,
. .. , ,
(. ), ,
.
. .

. ,
: . . , .. , .. , P.O. , .. , .. ,
.. , .

( P h D in English), , .
, .
. . ,
, B.C. .

. .. .. ,

,
.

... .
.

1.
.
-,
(, ,
) .

.. : 1.
,
,
.. 2. ,
, .
3. ,
,
,
(
) ,
...
. ,
, ,
.
, (
) ,
() ,
, ( ), (-

10

I. ,

) () . ,
( )
, -
,
- .
, , ,
, .. ,
. ,
, , : ,
/, ..
-
, ,
, ,
,
. ,
.
,
, .. ,
, ,
( )
(.: ).

2.
,
,
, [.: , 1983. . 145).
,
.

.
,
. , ,
,
. ( ,

.)

:
,
() ; -

2.

11

.. .. , ;
. , ,
, .
,
.
.
,
(.: ).
. ,

.

, , , .. ..
, ,
,
. .
, , . .

(, , , , ,
.), (, ).

.
(),
;
.
. ,
, ,
.
, ()
, ,
() (),
( ) .
,

1
, .

, .
1

"" .
,
, , ..
, ^ .

 3.
12

13

I.

,
: ()
,
(); ,
(..
1
); (
) () .

() .

. ,
,
2

,
,
(-, ).

()
-
,

- ,
,
.
,
.. ()
( -).
, ,
. ,

-, .
,
, ,
.

().
, 1

: -

, -, . .
2

( ) , .. -,

, , .

.
,
() .

, ,
( )
() . , , , ,
, .
-
(), -,
-, (), .
,
.
,
.
, .
, .
, ,
.
, , ,
.
.

()
.
,
, , -,
, ..
.
(, ,
..), , ,
; ( ),
,
, , .

3.
.
, ,
, -

14

I.

3.

15

.
, .
- , ,
- , -
. , , , ,
.

( ) ,

( ). ,
, ,
,
-,
.

, . (W.M. Tha
ckeray. Vanity Fair) ,
1850 .,
yokel ( a simple-minded countryman, a country bumpkin, ..
) . ,
, .

. (1)

5
. : (2) , "
"? , ,
" " . ,
, . .

Le Courrier de Russie (du 14

au 28 Janvier 2004) E.
Les velos d'un
digger. (
)
,
velos () (,
, bikes, ,
, ).
. ..
- ,
- ,

| . : ,
2001. . 9|.

, .
, . :
! :
, .
, .
: ! !
, :
. : ,
?
: , !
: ,
.

: (1) With a population of

about 5 mln, Toronto is proud to be Canada's largest city and is considered to
be among the largest cities in North America*; (2) What are you likely to pic
ture when hearing the word sharks? T h e first thing to think of is probably the
huge, streamlined creature from the movie Jaws. To be sure, in the real life, not
all sharks turn out to look like the Jaws shark. Though some certainly do.

, ,
, -
.
. (1)
{is
proud to be), ;
.
(2) ;
; - :
;
, -
() ..

,
. , -

. ,
, , .
,
, , .. , -

 1.

16

-
, , .
,
, . ,
,
,
.
,
. ,
.
, (
) .
, .
, , (
) .
.. ,
,
.. [.: Res Traductorica. . 3).
:
, , , .

, .
.
:
, , ,

, ,
.
,
( ) .
, ,
, . ,
, ,
,
.

.. :
"
", , . .
, , -

3.

, , : , !
,
. !
, .
, ,
,
- , , ,
, -
.
, , , ,
,
.

, ,
.. ,

. .. . ,
, .
: , ,
.

: ,
;
!
.
.
,
,
. , ,
, - .
,
. ,
,
.


, .

, -

^157761

18

I.

, ..
.
, ,

.
( ) ,
-
, -
.
, ,
. ,
.
.

4. (/(:/

, ( ) ,
(). ,
.
.
[.: Steiner, 1993.
P. Xii; . . 233234]. , ,
,

[.: Steiner, 1998. . 251 sq.[.
(Dante Alighieri, 12651321)
, , ,

. (Cervantes Saavedra, 15471616) ,
.
(J. du Bellay, 15221560), , ,

.
. . (.. Shelley, 17921822)
(A Defence of Poetry, 1821):
,

.
, , -
[. : . . 252].

4. //

19

.
,
, -

.
,
(Wilhelm von Humboldt, 17671835),
, ,
,
,
, ,
(seiner eigentuemlichen Natur nach).
,
.
, ;

. ,
,
. (, ,
-,
!)
. (1796) :

.
,
,
.
,
[. : . . 251252]. ,
,
, ..
,
, .

.. (18351890). ,
. - - ,
,
.
.
. , ,

20

1.
4. //

. , , . ,
, ,
. ,
, , , .
1930- . ,
,
, ,
. ,
, . (. Sapir) ..
(B.L. Whorf).

, , ,
, ,
,
. ,
, , ,

, ,
,
.
, ,
,
.

, ,
.
,
,
.

. (J. Derrida) .
.

. XVIIXVIII . (
, - . . , 1660,
La Grammaire de Port-Royal par A. Arnauld et E. Lancelot),
, , , ,
,
. .

, , -

21

() . (N. Chomsky)
. . (G. Mounin)

() () ,
. ,
, .
. (. Koschmieder),
,
. tertium comparationis
( ), .. ,
(. . 11). . (W. Wilss),
. (W. Koller) [.: Stolze. S. 4153].
,
( .
, . , . ) ,
, [.: . . 5].

-,
.
A M . , ..

.
.

,
() , , ,

. , ,
, , ,
,
, .

, ,
: ,
, , ,
.
,
, ,
, ,
.

22

I.

,
. ,
,
.
.
, .
, ,

. , , ,

- .
, .. .
,
XIX . . . , , , :
,
, , ;
, ,
, . " "
: -
, " "
, ,
, .
.. , ,
, ..
,
Translating "Eugene O n e g i n ' V
What is translation? On a platter
A poet's pale and glaring head,
A parrot's screech, a monkey's chatter.

4. //

23

,
.
[. . 69).
-
, ,
[. . 130], ..
,
, ,
, ..
.


, , ,
.


.
, ,
.

.
, .
/
. :
" " ,
,
, .. [
. . 73].

And profanation of the dead.<...>

Reflected words can only shiver
Like elongated lights that twist
In the black mirror of a river
Between the city and the mist.<...>'.
,
- 1

.. . . , 2002. . 406.

: '.' / . /
, / . . . > .
. / , / /
. <...> ( . . .)

1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. / / .

 I.

.
, , .

Science is organized knowledge.

H. Spencer^

1.
,
,
. . -
,
, .
,
.
,
,
.
, .

,

, , .
, ( !), ,
-, ,
.. , ;
, ,
. , ,
, .
, XX . 1

25

(. , .).

,
,
. , XX .,
,
.
,
, ,
..

- . ,
-
, ,
, . ,
,
,
,
.

. , ,
, ,
, ,
, . ,
,
,
, , .., ,
, ,
,
.
, -, ,
, -, .
-, ..
, , ,
.
.. (18801944),
: . (
) ,
. ,
. ,
, .

26

2.

() ,

. -
, - . ,
, . ,
.
, .
.
, , . ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
. ..
11978) .
, -,

. ,
-.
, , ,
, .. , .
, ,
, .
XX .
,
,
.
(science)
. (. Nida),
1
Toward a Science of Translating* (1964).
,
, ,
, ,
. , ,
, . , ,
1

.: . (.), :
. 1978 ( . . ).

27

2.

[.: Stolze. S. 10).
. ,
,
(. translating, . Ubersetzung) (. interpreting, . Dolmetschen).
. ,
.
,

, .
.
,
,
, ,
,
. . ,
. (. Kade)
Translat, Ubersetzungn Dolmetschen.
. (. Reiss) . (. Vermeer),
1

Sprachmittlung (. ).
,
(,
) .
. ,
, ,
,
, , .

2.
,
,
,
.

.
.

. .

(A. N e u b e r t ) . . E r e p ( G . Jager)
Translalionslinguistik ( ).

28

3.

29

2.

, (
) ( , ..).
, , ,
( , ,
).
, .

. ( )
( ) .

. ,
, ( ).
.

, ()
() ().

.
. , ,
; .

3.

,
.
, ,
- , .
. .

,
.

, .. ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
,
.

. ,
.

. (-,
): ,
-
. , , ,


,
, ,
. .
.

,

.

: ,
, ,
, ,
, .

, ,
.
, .

;
.
, .
.

, .. ,
,
.

,
, -

( , ..), ,
. , ..
6

30

2.

,
.
,
- ,
.
- , ,
. , -,
:
,
.
,
.
,
, . ,
,
.

(, ) .
- ,
, .
:
.

(langue),

(parole). ,
.

, ..,

. ,
.
, ,
.
,
.

,
,

4.

31

[, 2000. . 171). , ,
;
.
.. , ,
,
: -
,
. ,
- " ", .
" ", .
"" .
, . "
" ,
" ", " " " ".
, , , ,
, ,
, , ,
, " - " ,
, , , , . ,
[. . 5253).
,
.

4.

. ,
, ( ) , //, ,
-/ /
.
- ,
.
, ,
, ,
- .
, , , ,
.
, ,

32

I 2.

5.

33

, , , .
, ,
, . . Translal,
,

(. ).

.

, , .


() , .

,
.

5.

, .. , ,
, [. :
. . 287).

. .

, ,
, .

, ,
, .
:


.

, .. , .
, .
.
, .
,

,
.

, ,
, (
).

,
. ,

.
() , ?

,
,

.
, .
, , ,

,
.

(,
) .

-
.
, ,
,
, ,
.
: -
-.
,
. :

(.. ).
3-4104

2.

,
. ,
, ,
() .

- ()
.

,
.
,

.
().
.
.
,
, .. ,
.
, .
,
,
.
, .

,
.

-
. -
, -, .
,
- , ,
. ,
.
,
, ( )
.
,
, . ,
, , -

5.

35

, ,
.
, ,
,


( ..) .
.
, ,

. , .

,
-
. , . ,
,
,
.
. ,
- .
Linguistic Aspects of Translation*
,
: 1) ,
(rewording); 2) ,
; 3) , (transmuta
tion) [Jakobson, 2000. P. 114].

-.
. ,
,
, , , ,
- .
, ,
. ,
, .. ,
.

. :
.
,
-

36

2.

, .
, ,
, , .. ..
-
[.: . . 223 sq.].

1.
? .
2.
?
3. ?
4.
? .
5. ?
6. ?
7. .

,
,
.
.

.
.
,
. -
, ,

,
.
, ,

. ,
.
:
. ,
. :
. ,
. :
, , ,
. ,
. : , , ;
, , ;
, .
; .
: , ,
(. I I : 19).

38

39

1.

3.

: -
( , , ), ,
-
.. ..

. -
--- . :
-, --, -
[.: ].

,

, , .
, , ,
, . , ,
. ,


.

, - ,
,
,
, -
, , , , -
. , ,
, .

, , ..
( ),
, (
) ,
,
. .
.

, ,
.
.
1

, ,
2
, , ,
3
4
, . :
5
,
6
7
- 8
.
. <...>
, ,
^ . <...> .
, . <...>
<...>
, . <...>
, ,
, , -

1.

. , , (26152500 .
..), -

.
,
.
2- ..
(-, ),
, ,
,
.

-.
. - -

' .
2
3

.
.. , , ,

.
4
i.e. .
* II (VI , . XXV . . . ) .
.
-, (<. ), -

" , .
9

I (VI ) .

40

3.

, , ,
, , ,
, . <...>
[
] {. .. ).
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
XXV . ..,
,
, .
.
.
, ,
.
,
, . ,
, , , .
-
, , -,
, -,
.
240 . . .

,
.
.

( ) .
, , ,
, [. . 9].
, ( ),
. ,

.

,
, . ,
, -

I.

41

,
: ,
, , , . ,
,
,

.
,
( ,
-
,
), .
,
. 300 . ..

, , .
, ,
, ().
, IXX .,
,

. , XII XIII ., , ,

.
, ,
. ,
. , ,
,
.
,
(14731543) (1516
1564)
(.
87165 ..) (. 130 . 200)
, , , .
,
, XV .

. , ,
.
, XII . -

42

3.

. ,
,
, X XII .


. 1175 .
.

, .

( -
), , , , .
(XVIIXVIII .), XIX ,
, XX . .
, ,

.
(
)
, .
, , XX ., ,
,
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, .

2.

, ..
, ,
[. . 38].
, ,

-

2.

43

.
, .
.
,
.
, , , .
[. . . 48 sq.].
, ,
,
,
,
.

. ,


. , , , ,
, .

.
, ,
.
, , ,
.
( ) (
)
,
, , , , ,
.
,
, ,
,
.
, (1522),
,
,
, (
), ()
( ) .
.
Biblia

44

3.

3.

Regia, (15691572),
, Londoninesis
(Waltonian. 1657)
(Brian Walton).
(, , ,
, , , ,
).

1,
245 . . . 1 (
,
)
,
.
( )
.
.

.
, , .
, ,
, , ,
.

, .

,
. ,
,
, .
,
,
- .

.
,
.
, (Stael)
,
XVIII . ,
(Vogue) XIX .,

45

, .
, ,
,
, .
-
. ,

.

3.
IX . XVIII .
, ,

.
, ,

.

. ,
. 839 .

I : (..
) ( ) (),
, (Rhos), , ,
, (Chacanus), (
) . : . . 5].
,
.
866 .
, (). , ,
, .
,
. ,
912 .
,
(.. ) [. . . 6].
.
880, 909 910 . , , , . - X .

46

3.

, , ,
. ..
,
, , ,
: , ,
. , ,
, . .

,

, , , ,
X . (988).

.
,
;
.

.
:

. .
,
(.. , ).

. (
), .

,
.
- .
,
- . XI .
, (VI .) (),
IX . ,
864 .
( 948 .).

(XIXII XIII . ).

3.

47

- ,
,
.
, ,
.

. , ,
. -

.
( ) , VI . .

.
, - (
) ,
, ,
, , .
XVII . ,
,
, .
, ,
.
.

,
, ,
. , , ,
.

. , ,
. ,
,
, .
X .
.
. .
,
. ,
-.

48

3.

,
XVII ., ,

, , ,
.
, ,
.
.
.
.

, (
1
) ..
.

,
.
, ,
, ;
, ,
2
.

XVIII .
XVIII . .
I
, .

, 1

,
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
2
, ,
XVII . ( -,
1629 1680) , 1863 . .
. . . , .. ,
. ,
. , ,
, .
(.: . . 3 9 - 4 0 ) .

3.

49

,
(). ,
, ,
, .
,
.
,

. .

, . 1710 .
,

, . 1719 ., -
,
,
.

XVIII .

-
(
)... [. . 53].

.
.
. - ,
,
.. (17371794)
.. (17991837).

.

,
.

, .
: ,

, ,
, , ,
1-4104

50

3.

3.

:
.
.
XIX . ,
, .. .

: ,
;
. : ,
().
. , ; , , Voss, .
, XVIII .
. .
(1711 1765) ,
:
, , , i
,
. , ,
, , ,
,
. , ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,

. , ,
. ,

, . ,
.
.
,
, , ,
XVIII . ,
.

. (1678). XVIII . ,
, .. (
), .. , . . , .. ,

51

.. .
, , . XIX .:
.. .. .
, ,
. . (17091744)
, ,

.
, , :
,
, , ...
" " , -
,
. , ,
, ; ,
, ,
, ,
...
, ,
,
, .
, ,
" " , ; ,
.
,
, ,
.
,

. ,
, .
. . (17031769). ,
, . I

,
.. .


, (1699), 4'

52

3.

3.

. ,
.
.. (17491802)
.
,

,
, ,
.

. ,
,
, ,
. . (17371794).

, ,
.

,
,
,
. . (1744 17451792),
.. (1790 17951829) ..
(1809-1852).
- . .
.

, .
,
. ,
:
; . :
,
, ... , , , ,
, : ,
!.. , , , !..
. -
-
.

53

XIX .
XIX . .


.
..
(17921878), , ,

, ,
. ,
,
,
, ,

,
, .
, ,
.
, , ,
, .. ,
,
.
,
, .. ,
, ,
, .
,
,
.
. . , : , ..
, ,
, .
.
, .
. , ,
, ,
, , , -
. ,
,
. . -

54

3.

,
XIX, XX .

XIX . . . (18201892).
, ,
. ,

. ,
, .
- .
, .

: - , ,
, , ,
.
, ,
.
Ich will nach der Stadt
. , die Stadt steht, ,
.
, ,
,
, , ,
, .. ,

, ,
.
, :

, ,
.
. ,
,
:
. , ,
:
,
.
,
: (,
. . .)

3.

55

,
, ,
, ,
. .. ,
,
,
.
XIX .
, . . (17831852).
-
,
.
, ,
, .
,
, , . ,
, .

. XVIII .,
,
,
, , .
, ,
, ,
, ,
, -, -
.
,
, ,
.
,
, ,
. , -

. ,
, : ...
: ,
, ?
, , ,
,
, -

56

3.

3.

57

? ? ,
? ?..
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
.
,
. , ,
,
, , ,
, , ,
.

, , , .

, , ,
:
, ,
. ,
,
, ,
, ,
,

: ,
, . , , ().

,

. ,
... , ,
.

, , .
,
; , ( ,
, ,
) .

,
.
, -
, , , , , ,
... .
,
,
,
, , .

XIX .,
, ,
. . (18131855).
.

, , . , , .
,
. ,
. , ,
,
. ,
.
( , ,
)
, ,
. , , ,
,

"Vanity Fair"
(1851): , , ,
, ,
,
. .

... ,
, ,
;
, ,
( ),
, .
, ,
:

, .
, ,
, , ,

58

3.

.
, ,
, ,
: ,
.


. . (1824-1864).
, ,
, , -,
,

.
.


, , III.
, ,
. . ( 1 7 8 4 - 1 8 3 3 ) .
, ,
; . ,
,
. , ,

, .
,
.

,
,
,
, .
: ...
, . .
:
,
, . ,
,
, ,
... , ,
- ,

3.

59

-, , ,
, .

.
,
,
,
.
,
. , . . (17971846) . .
(17921853) .
, , .
, ,
.
.
,
. ,
.
() (),
, .
.
XVI11 . ,
,

1
.

. , , ,
,
.
. , ,
,
, .
,
, , ,
,
: -
" " .
, -

,
I .

60

3.

, " " "":

.
" "
; "".
, , ,
, ,
,
, .
, (
) ,
, , ,
,
1
, .
, ,
. . , . . , . . .
, ,

,
.

. ,
( ),
,
...
, ;
,
.
. , ,
, ,
. ()
, - ,
,
,
, , , , .
1

1831 ., 1839-

. ,
. (
). , (1839)
, ,
, ().

3.

61

, ,
. . (18111848).
-, , ,
, ,
,
.
, , :
, ,

. ,
: (. .)
,

.
-,
(,
, , , ,
). ,
:
( ,
, -
, .
, .
, ,
,
. , -
? .
,
, ,
.
.
.
, .. . ,
; .
. .
,
, , , ,
, .
,
, , .

02

3.

,
: .
,
,
, ,
.
, , :
, .
,
.
,
, , ,
, .

. , ,
,

.

XIX . . . (17961846),
; . . (18011855),
, , , ,
; . . (18311875),
() .. .
, ,
. . (18141841). , ,
, , (,
.).
. .
(18181883). , ,
.
, :
,
, ,
,
; ,
,
. ,
...
, , , ..

,
, .
, , ,
,

.. ,
.
. . (18171875) ,

.
, :
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, -.
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
XIX . . . (18291865)

. ,
,
,
.

.

,
:
,
,
, ,
,
.
. . (18511908), ,
,
,
, : ...
-

 3.
64

3.

(. . .) ...
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, , ..

, , .. ,
... (
. .)
, ,
,
, - , ,
.
,
- ,
.
. , ..
, ,
,

. ,
,
, ,
.
,
(
), . :
, . ,
, , .
, . . ,

. Ein Fichtenbaum ( )
. -
, , , .
,
,
, , ,
,
. . ( ,
).

65

, . . (1821 1878),
. . (1821 1881) . . (18281910).

.

. ,
, ,
,
, , .


. ,
,
: ...
, -, -
... , ,
, ,
, , (
) , ,
, ... , ,
( ,
), , ...
... , ,
; ,
, .

: ,
, , . ,

, ,
, .
- -,
, ,
, - .

XX .

XX . ,
XVIII . XIX .
5-4104

66

3.

. :
, / , /
, / -
... , ,
,
,
,
, (, ,
) ,
.
, XIX XX .

, , ,
, , , , ,
. . , . , . ,
P.M. , .. , . , . , .
, . , . , X. ., ,

XX .
,
, . ,

,
. , , -,
. -, -

,
,
- .
, - . ,
. , . , . , . , .
, . , . .
,
, , , , ,
[. : . . 108].
,
(, , ) ;

,
, , , ,
.

3.

67

,
.
,
, , , , , .
, ,
, , , , ,
.
,
. ,
, , , ,
, , , .
-

. ,
. . , . , . .
- ,
: .
.
, ,
,
,
. ,
,
. , ,
, , ,
, ( . ).

, , ,
, .
.. [. 115] :
, ,
. :
, ; ,
.
. . (18551909), ,
, , :
, ,
, . :
,
, [. : . . 116].

68

3.
3.

. , ,
. . (1867 1942J.
,
, ,
,
. ..
,
,
[. . . 110).
. . (18661949), ,
( , ardens),
.
, .
,
.
, , ,
.
, ( ,
..
, , , "").
,
.

, , .
. . (18801921)
, , ,
. , .
, , ,

.
XX .
. . (18701953),
, , ,
. . , . , , , .
. ,
,
.
, ,

69

.
, ,
.
.
, ,
,
,
: ,
, ,
. ,
,
[. . 96).
XX ,
, . . (18731924).

.
, 1906 . .
. ,
-.
, ,
:
;
[. : . . 114).
:
,
, ... ,
[. .
. 115]. :
,
, , , ; ,
[. . . 115116].


. , , ,
, :
, - ,
, , ,
(, ) ,
, ,
... [. . . 116].

70

3.

,
.
, ,
, ,
,
, , ,
, (
). -
.
/. ,
,
[.: . . 111 ].
..
, ,
(. . 1, 4).
1920- .
:
, ,
, , - .

, , .
. (A.M. , 18681936)
. 1918 .
,
. , ,
, .
,
,
,
.
,
,
, , , ,
, , .,
.
, -
. ,
.
. . (18891962)

3.

71

. . (18861921). ,
.
. ,

; ,
. 1919 .

.
..
.
,
1924 .,
.
, -
,
,
Academia,
( ).
.
Academia 1930 .
,
.. .

,
.
1936 . ,
1941-, ,
.
1964, 1966 1988 . ,
, ..
(1931) ..
(1941).
-

( ),

.
. .
(18911938). ,
,
, ,

72

3.

,
.
, ,
.

(, . , . ),
. ,
.
, .
. . .

;
, .
.
-
. ,
,
.


, , (

), XVIIIXIX .
[. 51] - ...
. . ,
. , . , . , . , . , . .,
, , ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
.
.

.
, ,
. . (18861955).
, *
( , , . ,
) -

3.

-,
.
. .
(18901960), . ,
, : ...
[. : , 1996. . 155].

, ,
, , ,
., ,
| . . . 156].

, - ,
. [. . 10].

. : ...
, ,
, . ,
, ,
, .
,
.
,
, . . - (18741952),
. , , ; . . (18911949),
. , ; . . (18991963),
. , . , . ,
. . . (18751936) , . . . -
(18981988)
.. , . , . , .
, . .

. . (1892 1991),

, .
, , , , , , . ,
, X. , .
.

74

3.

, ,
.. ,
. , ..
(19031958), ,
, . ; . . (18891966),
, , ;
. . (18921941), . , .
, . .; . . (19071989),
; . .
(18871964),
, , ,
; . . (18961978),
( . . , , . , . ,
. , . .); . . (. 1937),
,
. :
36- , (
, 35- ),
, ,
. .
[. : , 1996. . 155]. , ,

(. . 9).
,
,
. . . (1906
1990), , , , ,
, ,
. ; (.. , 19121991),
, . , . ; . . (19121993),
,
, . , . , . . . ,
, . , . .
.
: ..
(1958), . (1963);
,
. , .. , . , .. , .. ,
. , . . , .. , .. .
: , ,

3.

75

,
( . . .. ), .

.


. ,

.

, , ,
. ,
.
XX .
.
,
, XX
,
, -
.. , ,
-,
, .
, , , ,
.. ,
, , ,
.
,
.

.

. ,
-
:
. ,
.

 4.
76

77

3.

4.
,
, .
1957 . . (. Savory)
,
, . ,
.
XX
/ .
, , -,
, ( )
. , - (
, ..)
, .
, , ,
.
,
- .
, ,
,
. ,
. ,
, .
, .. (
) (
) ,
XX ., ,
.

: ,
,
, , , , ,
, . XX .
, , , ,
, .

,
-.
( )

-
. , ,
.
.
,
(,
).

, -,
, ,
, -,
.
.


-
. ,
-

-.
.

, .
,
.

-
,

.
,
.
1920- . ,
.
- ,
.
,
. XX .
19501960- . . . , .
(. ), . , . , . , . (J. Catford)

78

3.

. ,
( Babel,

1
, ,
.).
.
. - . . (J.-P. Vinay, J. Darbelnet)
. (1958).

(1964) . . , ,
,

.



.

.
. ,
,
,
.
:
,
,
, ,
( . . 12).

.

(,
, , , .).
.
- 1970- .
. . , .. , ..
, . , .. , .. , .. ;
. , . (W. Wilss), . .
Federation International de Traducteurs (.).

4.

79

19801990 . . , . , . (P. Newmark), . - ( . Snell-Hornby), . ( D . Seleskovich) . ( . Lederer), . (J. Delisle),

. .
: .. - (1980), . .
:
(1986) .

,
,
, .
:
.
( ) .

. ,
,
.
, , , ,
.

1. .
2.
?
3.
.
.
4. . , . ,
. , . , . , . ?
?

 2.

, ...

81

, , (,
).
,

,
.

,
.

2.

( ) .

1.
,
.
, (,
),
.
,
. ,
, , ,
- .
, ,
.
, , ,
.
.
,
.
.
, , ,
.
(
) ,
- ,
. ,
.. ,

. ,
, - .

( ).

, , .
,
.
,
, , , , , ..

,
, .
'

, .

,
- , ,
, .


.

, . ,
6-4104

S2

4.

( ,
..). ,
,
, , , ..
.
, , . ,
, , , ,
.
,
, . -,
.
,

, , ,
. , .
-,
.
.
, ,
.
, ,

.
,
- ,
.
hand, arm.

.

, .
,

.

(. . 8, 4; . 9, 4).

-
, , ,
.

2.

S3

,

.

() .

,
.
,
,
2- XIX . .

.
, , ,
.
(
langue).
, (parole)
.

.

,
,
.
. ,

.

. , 1980- .
. ,
-

,
(.
. 8, 5).

,
.
6-

84

4.

, ,
. ,
,
(
, , ..;
..) (. . 10, 2).
,
,

.

,
.
,
,
. (), , , ,
, .
,

. ,
, ,
(. . 13).

. ,
.

, ;
, (. . 3, 2).

,
,
(. . 15) ,
..
, ,
,
.
.
,
, (-

3.

85

) .
..
,

.
(.. , . . , ..
.)
.

, .
, ,
,
, .
. ,

,
[., : ,
1978].

, [.: , \ 9 6 3 ;
, 1965, 1982; ].

(.. ).

3.

.
,
,
, .
, .

, (. . 10).
,

, , , .
, , ,


.

86

4.

4.

,
, .

,
.

,
( )
;
;
.. [., : Iser].

87

.
,
,
, .
,

.
, ,
, .

.
,
.

, .
,

( , ).

.
P.O. .
,
(rewording), , ,
, (transmutation).

3. ?

,
. , ,
,
,
, .

4.

,
, ..
.
, ,
. -

1.
? ?
2.
? ?
?

 2. .

89

, , ,
( )

. ,

, ,
. . ,
,
( )

.
, ...
.

1.


,
( ) ( ),
() . ,


,

.
, , ,

[.: Brodovich], ,
, -
,
-. ,

.
. (A. Malblanc), . - . .
(unite depensee).
,

.

,
.

2. .

(
, ..) .
,
.

,
( ) , ,

. , ,
( ,
) .
, ;
, .
,
.
() .
,
. :
,
,
,
,
-- .
-
.

90

5.

, , , , --, ,
- ,
, ,

. ( ,
,
, ,
, (?) , ,
. ,
. ,

. ,
.) ,
, .
,
. , , : Slow
down. Pleasure up. ,
, , : . ..
slow down pleasure up, ,
. Down
up. Slow (down)
-
pleasure, ( )
up .
-
, , .. ,
.
, ,
:

1
<...>
? ? ?!
!
... . , ?
? ?
<...>
, , ,
, .
: , .
: , ! !

2. .

<...>
. , .
, , .
, !
- , .
2

<...>
.
, .
- , ,
... .

<...>
' ! ! ! !
, !..
, :
, , .

<...>
.
( .)
, .
! . ...
3

<...>
... , ,
,
, ! !
: , ...
'."4$
<>
, , , ,

!
. -! !
! "'.>

u*S <>

-'

, .
, .
, .
(.

91

92

3.

5.

, ,
, , -
, , ,
, .
- ,
. , -
, -
. -
- .
, ,
,
, . , -
,

, ,
- .
, ,
,

.

,
.
, /
.
,
.
-
, .

3.

, ,
. ,
,
( , , , ), ,
.
: Paul was the
last to leave the room.

93

, ,
.
:
Paul

was
the last

to leave

()

the room
()
, : ,
. , ,
:
. ,
.
.

.
.
,
( ) ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
/
.
, ,
, : It was a difficult thing to do.
(
/ / ; / )
( /; /),

( to do ())
1
.

, . , The policeman waved
on
: , / .
, ,
- , , .
1

, / do 0.

94

5.

4.

95

- .

:
.

,
,
-. ,
- ,

.

,
.

. ,
,
(parole) (langue) ,
.
, ,
, -
; ,
, ,
( ).

. - , ,
, .
, (?)
.
,
Thy cheeks, oh, let me kiss, my love ,
thy ,
. thy ,
,
, ,
.
thy. (
). , thy,
.
cheeks,
cheeks ,
cheeks .
, ,
. -
,
,

4.
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
. ,
, ,
,
, , .
, , , ,
, ,
. , , , ,
, .
, :
? " "?
, ,
? ,
,
,
,
. ,
- , ,
, ,

,
, ..

:
(1) The weather is fine today.
(2) There is more than one way to skin a cat.

96

S.

(1)
:
T h e weather

is fine

today

:
/ .
,
, .

.
,

.
(2).
:
There is
more
than

one
way

to skin

a cat

() /

,
: / . :
-.

.

, .
, ,
! , , . ,
.
- , ,
, -
. !

4.

97

,
, ,
,
, . , -.
, ,
- ,
, ,

, .
,
.
. - :
-. , ,
.
: ,

;
. ,
, ,

.

, .. , ..
,
: Several new schools appeared in the area
[.: Miram. P. 52].
,
. (
? ?) , :
() .
, , ,
schools . schools ().
,
.
.
, .
,

, . 7-4104

98

5.

, ,
, , ,
. , ,

,

. .
,
,
, -

.
.
-
. ,
2003 .
1995 . (Seamus Heaney)
.. .
, , ,

Seeing Things* (1991).
, Seeing Things*
. -
: things ,
seeing,
. ? ,
. .
.
, ,
, , claritas ().
, ,
,
. : -
, .
- ?
; , ,
, ,
claritas .
. , - ,

5.

99

, , ,
,
(), , ,
. , seeing,
1
, .
,

.
( thing
),
()
, , , , ,
( .
. claritas).
,
-. ,
.
seeing things seeing things

, ,
.

5.

2
, ( ,
, ).

.
.

.
: [Simonj put down his fork and wiped his mouth,
3
bending forward as he did so .
as he did so
: , (), .
1
.. // . 5. ., 2003. . 34.
^
, .
3
HepinstallK. The Absence of Nectar. N.Y., 2001. P. 44.

100

S.

, ]
: as he did so 0.
,
-
. , ,
: ...
: put
down his fork 0. ...
.
, , ,
: put down h i s fork 0.
...
h a . . . ,
, :
. .
: Our company's business systems and models could be
adapted to address the market, language, and cultural differences, which were
sure to be encountered.
,
.

which were sure to be encountered.
. ,

: ,
?
.
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, .

. A man entered the room
: .
-
. : The meeting was held in the office. npoxodwio ().

5.

101

.
,
.

, .

.
, We had a hearty meal
meal :
/ / .
,

. , They usually shopped in Walmart
, , -
,
:
.
, ,
, .. .
/ .
: Not infrequently, the doctor had to tell his patients dis
tressing news.
. not infrequently
:
.


,
.
: / answered the phone. / .
,
,
.
, ,
. , ,
/ ( ).
,

. . -
, - / .

102

5.

. ,
,
,
,
: You 're a pain in the neck.
/ .

, ,
.
. ,
, .

.

,
.
, The iron curtain was there between Russia and the West
for several decades.
Russia
, ,
.
.
has a wonderful Chagal in his house.
. Chagal ,
.
( ),

.
, :
Chagal ,
.
:
- . ,

: Idon't know about that. Nor do I care. ()
. - , ,
.

,
..

5.

103

,
. ,

.
, -, ,
(,
) , . -,
.
. ,

. , ,
, ,
.

, .
,
( )
, ,


.

1. ,
, .
2. ? ?
3.
, ()?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?

 1.

... , , ...
...

.
.

(.

..

I know exactly what I want to say.

I've estimated how long it will take.
I've weighted the trouble that will come my way...
S.

Hannah1

,
. ,
, ,
, , .
,
.

1.

,

, .
( , ..
, ).
. (. Hoenig):
. : Handbuch Transla
tion. P. 147).
, -
.
,
.
1

, , / , /
... (. , .)

105

.
. ,
,
,
, , .
,

. ,
, .
.
, ,
,

. ,
(
), ( ) ..

: , ,
(, ..), ,
.
()
,
, .
, , -
. ,
, ,
,
,
.
.

, .. ,

.
, .
,
.
,
, ..
,
. , -

106

6.

:
,
,
, , , , . ,
- - ,

?,
. , ,
, , ,
, [.: , 1999. . 165).

,
, , ,
.

.

, ,
,
.
, .
,
, ,
,
.

. ,
, , .
()
. , , ,
,
,
( , --, well, whatchamacallit ..). (
..). ,
, , ( cut-and-paste)

:
, . ,

( , -

2.

107

).
( ),
.
,
. , When I saw the men, the vision
startled me (
)
, : A man entered room.
, .
. ,
, , ,
sun () son (), ..
(
) : 10 100;
,
, .. -
- , ,
,
.
, , .
,
.

(,

),

,
. , ,
, , (
, ) .

2.

, ,
,
. ,
.
- . ,
,
. -

108

6.

,
, ,
, , , , , .
,
, , .
,
, .
:
,
, . ,
.
,
, , .

, .
?
, ,
, ,
,
(, ,
, ..);
,
, ;
,
.
,
. ,
. , ,
, , ,
[.: . . 417418].


,
.
, (
).

. , ,
,
,
. , -

2.

109

, , (
) [.: . . 271]. ( ) ,
(,
: ..),
( ) .


,
(). ,
( ) .

.
-
.
, ,
. -
, , .

: (
), ( - ), .. ,
( ), ,
,
,
, .
,
,
. ,
( , ,
, , ).
,
.
.
, ,
, ,
( , ..) ,
. , ,
, ,
, .
-

6.

,
, , , -,
, .
, ,
.
, - (
, )
,

,
(,
) .
, ,

. , ,
, , ,
, ,

.

. , ,
( ),
-
. ,

(
, ,
, ), ,
,
,
.

. [. 166167]
- (, ,
)
, , ,
- , .
,
,
.
-

2.

111

,
, , .
( ) ,
, ,
,
. (, ,
) (,
, ) ,
(, , ),
.

( Newsweek)
.
,
, ,
. , : , ,
, , , ,
( . ).
(, ),
,
,
( )
( ?).
,
- ,

, .

:
, , ,
(. ). -
( ),

.
,
,
, -
( ). ,
( ) .
,
, .

112

6.

, , ,
, ,
.
. . Uncle
1
Remus Initiates the Little . ,
,
,

'.
,
.

:

2.

113

,
,
, .
.
( ).
, ,
, , .
-
, .
.
-,
( ).
(, ,
), .

Bimeby, one day, atter Brer Fox bin doin' all dat he could fer ter ketch Brer
Rabbit, en Brer Rabbit bin doin' all he could fer to keep 'im fum it, Brer Fox say
to hisse'f dat he'd put up a game on Brer Rabbit, en he ain't mo'n got de wuds
out'n his mouf twel Brer Rabbit come a lopin' up de big road, lookin' des ez
plump, en ez fat, en ez sassy ez a Moggin hoss in a barley-patch:

,
( , ..),

, , .

.

, ,
.
( )
2
. :

(
), ,
.

, ,
, . ,
.
, .
,
, .
, , ,
( Moggin),
. ,

.

N i n e t e e n t h Century American Short S t o r i e s .

(1978).
2

(1958).

,
(
) ,

.
,
, .
. ,
,
, .

,
. , ,
, . ,
,
(
) .
8-4104

114

6.

,
, -
, .
-,
.
, ..
, , .
, , , ,
, . ,
.
(
).
.

.
( ),
( ),
( ),
(
).
,
Can I borrow this /your book?' ,
,
.
1
('Give this book to read) ,
, , ,
, - ( )
- .

, -
, .
, ..
. ,

, , , ..
,
.
(*) .

2.

_5

, ( )
. ,
. ,
, .
,
. , -
, , ,

. .

.
. ,
. ,


, .

.
, (
)
, ( ) .

. ,
. ,

. ,
, ,
. .
,
,
(
, . . 7).

.
,
-
.

,
.
. -

 3.
116

117

6.

( )
.
de facto ( - nt-i
) . , npo-j
( , -3
) (sic!) .

,
.!

.1

3.


,
.
,
.

,

. ,
,
,
.
( )
.

.

.

,
,
. , ,
(), ();
.
, .

. , ,
, ,
. ,
, .

.
, , , ..
, -
.
( )
.
, .
,
:
? ,
?
,
, .
(
) .

(. . 12].
.

.
:
,
. , ,
, -
. .

. , ,
() .
(),
. ()
,
() .
,
-

118

6.

.
,
, ,
, , -'
.
. ,

, .
, , , ,
,
,
.
, .

. , ,
- ,
.
, ,
, ,
, .
,
, .
,

.

4. ,

, ,
,

.

, , , .
.
,
, ,
.
,
, .

4. ...

.

.
, ,
,
,
. ,
,
(, )
,
.
,
.

.
. . ,

.
,
,
,
,
,
. ,

, [. . 25).
,
, .

. , ,
,
.

. , ,
.


.
,
.
, ,

120

6.

. .
,
, , ,
.

( ) .
,

.

, . ,
.
,
.
,
,
, ,
,
.
. ,
, ..
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
( , ).
, repetitio est mater studiorum (
) .
.
, ,

.
,
( ,
) .
, , ,
- .
,
, .. , ,
, -. -., -. -. ,

4. .

121

|
!. , .

. ,
, , , .
, , ,
.
.
: - -,
, ,
.
.
,
(
) . . ,
( , )
, , , .
.
.. . Herr, Herr, unser Herrscher...
.
Da capo ( ). .
?
, ,
, (),
, ,
, (Zeig'uns
durch deine Passion, dap du wahre Gottes Sohn... verherrlicht worden bist).
,
- ,
, , . ,
.
XX .
.. , ,
. ? ? ,
,
, , , . ,
,
. , ,
, , ,
, . ,
, -

122

6.

(
).

. , , -
, .
. ,
( , )
, ,
, ,
, , . ,
, ,
.
, .
, , ,
( )
, ,
.
( ,
, ),
(, ), , .
(,
, ) , ,
, , ..,
, .
, .
-.
. ,
(. ) ,
, , . -
.
(
, , , :
, ),
. ,
, , , .
, . .
, . ,
, , -
.

4. .

123

,
.
,
, , .

. ,
, .
.
,
,
. , .
() .

, ( ).

Allegro .
(, , ) .
Allegro , , - : ,
.
- ,
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
- .. Allegro
. , .
( , )
- : ,
() .. ,
,
.
Allegro,

.
,
, , ,
- .
-
(- ) .

124

6.
4. ..

. ,
,
, , ,
. ,

.
,
,
,
.
, ?
,
. ,
, , , .
, ,
(,
). .
, .
,
,
(, ..).
(
) , (
),
, -
.
, ,
, - , .. , -
. ,
-: () , ,
! .. ,
, .
.
, .., ,
, ,
, ,
-,
(, ..).

( ) -

125

.
:
, . ,
. ,

. , ,
(
).
,
.
, ,
. ?
?
,
[.: . . 5657].
- .
, .. ,
, , ,
.
- . (
,

,
, ,
.)

( ,
, ..),
,
, .
(, )
- ,


.
,

,
.
, (
, )

126

6.

, () .
,
( ) (
, / ,
)
.
- , , ,
,
(
-).
,
, ,
: ?
,
-,
, ,
, , .
( ),

,
. , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, ..

.
, , , , ,
, ..
, , (
) . (,

, , ,
.)
,
- ( ,
, ):
(subject matter , );
() ( );
( ) ;
( ).

4. ..

,
. , ,
./,
-/, .. (
) , , ,
.
(, )

.. ,

-.
.
, ,
(, , ).
, -, ,
, -, .
,
, ,
;
, , ..

perse.

, ( )
() ,
-
. ,

.

() [.:
].

,

, .


.
,
.

128

4. ..

6.

.
- .
, , ,
,
, , ..
,
.
,
.
, ,
, , ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
. ,
,
(),
,
.
( )

, . , ,
-
. ,
, , , ,
. ,
, ,

, (
,
.. ..).

, .. , ,
,
,
, , .
, ,
(, )
(, ).

129

,

, (
) .
, , ,
, ,
,
( ).

, . ,
?

, .
,
,
.

,
, ..
, ,
.
,
, ,
, . ,
,
(
)
, ,
.
,
,
. ,

, (
)
, ( )
.
, ;
, .
, , . ,
() 9-4104

130

6.

, .
, .
, ,
( ,
). , ,
,
, ..
(
)
.
( ),
- .
, ,
, ,
,
, .
-
, ,
.
-
( , )
. ,
,
, .. ( )

- ,
,
. .
.

,
, -
,
,
. ,
,
,
[.: Jakobson, 2000].
,
, ,
-. ,

4. .

131

, ,
, ..

,

.
,
, . , -

,
, ..
, .

( )
.

. ,

, ,

( ) .

1. ,
.
2. ,
.
3. .
4. -
?

133

1. /

,
, , ,
- .
, .

:
,
.
.

... : -Incredible HulkN

, ,
.
. ( ^

,
, ,
. ,
.
, , ,
, ,
, .

.
,
:

1. /
, ..
.
. ,
, ,
,
, .
.
, ,
, . ,
, .
, ,
, , ,
, ,
.

While

I was talking to my girl-friend my mobile phone rang.

,
, , :
'/

-,

().

, (Past Continuous
Tense) .,
,
(Past Indefinite/Simple
Tense). was talking. *
' . ,
,
.
:
...

'

'

'-

,
. ,
( ) .
, "
" , (
) [ , 1973. . 20].

: .
, ( ),
,

,

.

'...

()

,
.

...

^.

, , , :

134

7.

, -j
,
, . ,
,
.
,
. -
,
,
, , ,
,
. . > i , ,
() (
. . ) () (. :
, 1999. . 19). .
(the closest natural equiva
lent) (. no: Koller. S. 2141.

, , , ,
. .. 1
. ,
,
( .
. 7".)
(. . 27).
,
-
, ,
. ,
, ,

. ,

( . . 180, 197).
, ,
, ,
,
, .. ,
,
.
.

1. /

135

,
.
. , A e q u i v a lenz (.) / equivalence (.) . ,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
[Koller. S. 215).

.
- , . ,

, .
-.
. .
(1950)
, ,
. .. [ 1973. . 75) ,

,
, ..
, ,
* ,
[19996. . 118). ,
,
,
, .
,
,
.. [1973. . 270), ,
, (
. . ) ,
.
, ,

, . .. - [ 1996. . 188]
: .
.
.
" "

136

1. /

7.

" ", "

-]
- ".

- !
. ,
,
.. .
-, , ,
,
.
[19996. . 118119]
:
(: , i
-. . ) , ,
. ,
, " " "
", , "
".
, ,
: ,
, 1
. , , - 1
.
- "
.
,
(),
(), , , . ,
,
. .. ,
,
[. : , 19996. . 119]. ,
,
,
.
, .

I
|
j
1
!

I
I
I
"

137

.
,
. ,
,
, , ,
. ,
,

.
,
, .

.
,
() .
,
,
, ,
, ,
, .
:
. , ,
[. . . 120132].

.
,
,

,
, ..

.
, ,
, , ,
.
/ ,

(, ,
, ). ,

138

7.

/ .
a d fontes1 ,
,
. ,
,
(1973),
.

2.
, ,
.

XX .
. , ,

(, , .).

.

,
,
, ,
, .
,
, , ,

,
, , , ,
, .

,
.
,
,
,
, .
: , 1

(.).

2. '

139

-, ,
, , .

, .. ,

[. . 31].

,
,
. ,
,
, , (
)
,
( ) . ,
,
,

.
, ,
,
(, )
,
.
.
.
,
. ,

. ,
.

, .. .

, : ,
, ,
,
, .
, ..
,
.

140

7.

.

:
, (
) ; , ..
, ;
, , , ,
, .

, , ,
.
- , , ,
, .
. , ,
. ,
.. ,
1
, .
.
.
.
, ..
, ..

, .

. .

. ,


, ,
,
. , , ,
,
, ,

, [. . 101].
1

, ,

. , ,
, , .

>

2.

141

, , -, ,
, (
). -,
,
,
.

.
, . . ,

. , ,
, ..
.
.
, ,
,
. ,
, , .
,
, .
(),
.
, ()
, ,
() (),
( ) .
,
,
. , ,
, ,
.

.
, .
,
,
, , ,
,
( )
,
. .

142

7.

: (
) ,
(); ,
;
() () .
()
, .

,
. ,
,
,
.


- ,
(,
..) .
.
.
.

.
.
.
,
. ,
, .

, .
,
, , (
) . , -
, ,
, .
,
.
,
.

2.

143

, .
,
, .
.

, ,
.

, ,
,
.

. ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
, , ,
,
, ,
. (
) .
.

, ,
, .



. - (
, )
: ( )
-
; (-
) ,
, -
. ,
. ,
, .

, -

144

7.

,
, .. , ,
. ,
. , ,
. ,
() ,
.
, .
-, ( )
, ,
, ,
( )
. ,
, ,
, , , , ,
,
,
( , ) .
-, (
)
,
, .. .

,
, ,
,
. ,
.

- .
.
, ,
. .
-,
: .
, , ,
, .
,
.
,
; ;

2.

145

. ,
(, ).
,
(. . 6).
,
, ,
, ,

. ,
, ,
,
.
, , , .
, - .
, , , .
,
, , , ..

,
.

.
,
.
,
-
.

,
.

. ,
, ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, ,
.
10-4104

146

7.

,
. ,
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
.
( ) ,
(
,
)
.
.

3.
,
, ..
, , ,
.
.
,
-
, ,
, .

( ) ,
,
,
, , . ,
-
,
, , ,
.
( , ..
) .
-,
, .. ,
.

3.

147

-,
, ..
.
-, (. . 1)
,
..
.
, -,

.
.
,

. :
-, , -, -, .
, ,
,
, .
,
- .
- -
. , ,
, .
.
- ,
-,
,
(. . 11).
,
, ,

- (
).
,
,


. .
, -

148

3.

149

7.

, .
.
, ,
,

( , ,
..).
,
, ,
, ,
, (, ..). ,
,
.
, ,
;
.
,
, . , ,
, .
.
,
, ,
;
,
.
.
,
.
, 19601970- .
, .

.
.
- ,
,
, ,
- .

.

, - i

. ,

,
, , ,
, . ,
,
. ,
, .


.
, -
.
[, 1982, 1988].
,

. , , ,
,
.
.
,
?
,
: .
,
,

.
, ,
.
.
, , , , ..
,
. ,
.
, ,
,
: ,

, (,
). , -

150

7.

, .

,
,
- (
) ()
. .
, , ,
( be or not to be) . 1748 1954 .
. ,
, , ,
.
, . ,
-, .. .
,
. ,
, .

,
. ,


, (
) , ,
.

1. ,
.
2. ?
3. ?
4. () ?

,
,
,
.
.

. .
.
, ,
.
,
.
, , ,
.
, , ,
,
, , .. ,
, ,
. , ,
,
.
,
, .
,
, , ,
, .. .
, ,
,
.

152

8.

,
. )
, ,
, .
, . ,
, ,
, ,
. , ()

,
, -;
, .. -, .

1.

153

,
, , , :
, ,
.
, , ,
,
(, ,
). ,
, .

, . ,
( )

, ,
, ..
,
.
, ]
,
(, , ..). ,
,
,
.
,
,
.

. -

, ,
, , ..
,
. , ,
, , - .
..

,
. ,
, , , .

, / . ,
,
,
, , .
, , - j
.. -

,
.

1.
, ,
,
.
.
. ,
. ,
- .

, - ,
.. ,
,
.
, ,

: Baedeker ()
( ).
,
. :
( )
.

154

1.

8.

,

, .., ,
.
, ,
.. .
,
()
. , (
, ,
)
.
, ,
()
( ) . ,
. ,
,
.
,
, , -
, , , .., -,
- .
. ,
, ,
.

,
, .
, .
, -, , ,
-,
,
(, , ,
..).
,
,
,
.


.

155

1
, .

. ,

( , .. ,
), ,
() .

, , P a r i s (
) , ,
- .
, ,
, . ,
,
. ,

.

, , , , ..

,
(, ,
- )
.

. ,
, , .
,
-
.
, , -
, ,
. , , ,
, .
-
1

: ,
Baedeker - .
, ,
.

156

8.

, ..
.

, .
,

,
. ,
, .
,
,
, Bernstein ,
, , .
st
. ,
ei.
(,
..),
, ,
.
, (,
, , -) ,
.., , , -
. , , ,
.. , ,
, -.
, , ,
:
, -, -
. , ,
, ( ) ,
.
, -
. ,
, . . .
(1958) (
Van Cliburri), (
) . , -
,

, .

1.

157

. , ..
,
, , ..
Newton:
,

,
,
!

,


.

(

, 1747)
,
. ,
, ,
. .


. ,
, .

.
: London, Marseilles
, Rhein . ( )
(Isaac)
.

. Isaac
, , , , ,
(Isaac Asimov).
, , ,
, .. , . ,

158

8.

, -
. , , -

.
. - , ,

. ,
, ,
,
.

2.

,
, .. ,

.
(
1
) .

, ,
.

.
,
,
(, - )
.

, , .
,
, , ,
,
. ,
-ible, -able,
,

' ,
. ,
. .

2.

159

, .
, , -
, ,
: defensible
, , ; calculable
; taxable .

,
,
[.: ].

.

.
( )
.
.
-age,
, . , mileage ,
, . mileage
:
.
mileage
, ,
.
political mileage , ,
,
. , ,
,
,
, ,
. , ,
,
. , ,
political mileage, ,
,
,
, . ,
mileage ,
to get mileage out of something --

160

2.

8.

Stowaway*.

161

, ,
,
political mileage.

The

stow(-)away -

, ,
:

, , ,

( ). , ,
, ,
-. ,
, , ,

- -; -; a-; amorphous adj , .

, -

- -; ()-; bipolar adj ; ,

-ese ( , ); journalese ;
computerese .

, ,
:

-gap . ( -); communicationgap .

-gate . ( ); Irangate
.
-holic . ( () -); -
; alcoholic ; workaholic .
- ( ; -); no-nonsense
adj ; ; nobrainer .
para-1. ( -); paramilitary adj :
; 2. -; parajournalism .
,

.
(), , , Irangate.
,
Watergate , -
.
,
,
.

, . ,
,
.
, take-away
() , a take
away restaurant : ,
.
, ,
. , .

bringdown adj ,
crackdown , ,
drop-in , ,
hands-on adj .
make-up 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; ; ,
off-license .
off-line adj ( ) ,
off-the-shelf adj ; ,
on-line ( ) ,
rip-off .
throwaway ; ,
walkover ( ) .
-, ,
.
, : crackdown
,
; : off-the-shelf
, , , ,
off-the-shelf ,
(
)

, ..
, ,
. , , / hate her
new off-the-shelf coat? ,
, ,
: . - 11 - 4 1 0 4

162

2.

8.

, ,
:

walkover

, , ,
,
The Moscow Times*,
2003 .
() .
...one-third of voters chose President Vladimir Putin's -party [the
party United Russia ( )], according to our exit poll. If this
figure is added to the roughly 20 per cent that voted for LDPR and Home
land, two puppet parties created to out-communist ( . . )
the Communists, and the additional seats all three will likely pick up in the
single-mandate contests, Putin will come close to having the two-thirds
majority needed to change the Constitution (something many say he secretly
desires to do).
communist
,
( ,
),
out. ,
,
out-communist Communists ( ,

,
, ) ,

,
,
.
.
()
.
,
, ,
.
.

163

.
, , ,
, -
.
,
.

,
,
,
.
:
all-or-none adj .
apple-pie-virtues ,
coffee-table-book (, ).
do's and don't's .
hit-and-miss adj ; ,
least-worst adj .
once-over-lightly 1. ; 2. ,
peace-and-order officers ,
small-tooth-comb , ,
wannabee (. want to be) adj ,
warts-and-all adv ; ; ,
whatchamacallit interj / ; ?..; ?.,
would-be adj (, -); .
warts-and-all.
,
. , , ,
,
: Warts and all ( ). ,
, ,
, .
.
,
( ;

; )

.
( ) ,
,
().
1

164

8.

3.

165

(), , ,
.

()

small-tooth-comb,
, .
( ) .

3.

,
. :
1) ; 2) ,
; 3) ; 4)
( ).
- :

, .

, ,
,
.
, ,
.. ,
,
,

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) (

).

; ,
, ,

A.S.A.P. (as soon as possible) .

celeb (celebrity) .

email (electronic mail) .

, ,

GI (General Issue) ( ).

GiGo (garbage in garbage out) .

limo (limousin) .

- ( )

magalog (magazine catalog)

.
narcodollars (narcotic dollars) , ,
teen (teenager) .
U-turn ( ).
VIP (very important person) ; -.
WASP (white Anglo-Saxon protestant)
.

, . ,
, ,
,
.
,
.
, , ,

.
, , ..

, ,
. ,
( ),
.
-
. . , -
, , -
, .. . ,
-

, , , .
,
. ,
,
, ,
.. ,
.
,
, ,
, , ,
- -

166

8.

, , [. . 9394).
, (-
) ,
(- ) .;
,
.
,
, .. ,
. , ,
, . ,

.
,
. ,

, . , , -'
-;
.
.

[.:
; ). , -;
, .
,
, , ,
.., . ,
, .

,
.

: -

.
,
- .
-

,
.

3.

167

,
.
, , .. .
. (John Bayley): ...
- ,
:
,
, ,
[.:
Readings in Criticism. P. 6). , ,
, ,

.
P.O. [. 397] :

, , ,
, ,


, ..

, ..
,
.
.. [1980. . 180] ,
, ,

.
,

.
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
aspect'a , ,
,
.
,
,
.

168

169

4.

8.

, , . (W. Styron. Sophie's Choice),

:
,
, []. :

TREE

1. A tall plant with a long trunk made of

wood, which usually has leaves and branch
es, and which can live for many years. In the
middle of the lawn was a great cedar tree...
The trees and shrubs were in full leaf

I. !

, .
,

, , , -
. , , ,
. <...>
, , .

. (
,
).
. .
!

. , ,
, .
(. . ).
, -,
-, ,

, , -
, , , ,
(-):
.

4.

, ,
.
-
, ,
.

, , . , ,
tree ^.
, , tree ,
,
.
1

English

Language

Dictionary,

The

Advanceft

Learner's

Dictionary

of Current

et al.; . .

English

by

Collins

Cobuild

A.S.

Hornby

III.
2. Family tree a chart that shows all the
people in your family over many generations

and their relationships with one another
3. Christmas tree a fir tree, or an artificial
tree that looks like a fir tree, which people
put in their houses at Christmas and decot-atA with rr.1mir*H liohts and bfllls
4. Shoetree a long piece of metal, plastic,
or wood which is put into shoe or boot so
that the shoe or boot will keep its shape
when it is not beins worn
5. Barking up the wrong tree doing some
thing without realizing that there is no
chance of success

6. Up a gum tree in a difficult situation

which is difficult to get out of

7. Tree-lined streets or roads that have

trees on either side of them. ...A pleasant
tree-lined avenue in Bristol

8. Axle-tree a piece of wood for connect

ing two opposite wheels
9. Tree (a verb) cause to take refuge up
tree. 77ie hunter was treed by the bear. The
dog treed the cat

(a tall plant with a long

trunk made of wood, which usually has leaves and branches, and which can live
for many years =
, ) ( chart that shows
all the people in your family over many generations and their relationships with

170

8.

4.

171

one another = ).
,
tree , ,
, II
. wood.
: I -
I I , \:
(.. )
. ,
tree - wood.

,
tree;

tree. ,
,
tree (trees, treeing, treed
..). tree
, ,
,
.

.
,
,
.
, .
( .
) , .. ,
. , ,
. ( ),

, , ..
,
( ) , ,
, , .
, ,

. ,
-

, ( ).

,
( , ).
.
, , ,
, .

, ,
, circumstance
circumstantia,
circumstare, ,
circum () stare ().
,

-.
circonstance,
,
,
, , (
).

, - circum-, a -} -sta-K
,
, . -
,
, .
,
.
(,
) (),
, , .
, ,
, .
i

, ,

Umstand XVIII .
(.: . . 3011-

172

8.

, ,

.

4.

173

, , ,
,
.

,
,
.
( - ) ,
1960-, 1970- .
. , ,
,
.

,
-.
, ..
, /
.

) weak point, tender point,

.
,
, . ,
,
, .
. Errare humanum est.

- , ,

,
, ,
.
, . ,
()
. ,
. , ,
, ,
, , . ,
.
,
, .
, ,
, , ,
. , ,
- .
, ,
, .

.
, . ,
ripe () rape (),
,

. ,
( .

, ,
.
, ,
.
, , .
,
,
, ,
.

, ,
. (, ,
.)

:
(give up, put up with), ( cop ), ,
( ; ,
), ( ).
.
.. ,
,
.
, ,
.
?
much of a muchness? ,

174

8.

,
-.
, , ,
. , , ,
, ,
.
- -
.

,
, .
.
, ,
,
,
.
. , -'
get on like a house on fire ,
:
1) ; ;
; 2) ;
[.: ]. - . ,
,
. ,
, :
.. ,
,
,
. , ,
,
(, , ,
), ,
, -
, .
,
(
, ,
, ),
.

175

5.

5.

,
, , .

.
,
-

Had

this

happened

all

would have

been

different

, .
:
, ,
, .


. ,
,
, .
,
. ,
,
,
.

. ,
, (
, ).
, , .
( ) (, -
-)
, ,
,
- .
, ,
, ,
.

, . , ,

, .
-

176

5.

8.

, :
, , ?
, ,
.
,
. ,
.
,
.
,
-, :
.
. ,
, ( )
.

. , ,
, ,
; ,
,

,
.
( ),
, -
- , ,
,
.
,
, ,
,
.
, ,
, .
,
.
-
.
,
.

177

()
().

.
, ,
, , ,
, .
,
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.

, .
, ,
,
. , , :
N. .
N , ,
,
.
,
,
, .. :
. , ,
.

.
,
- .
:
. .
,
: .
-
, , ..
,
, .
12-4104

178

8.

( ..). , ,
(
, , , , ),
-
.

()

: A n old man sat

on the bench The old man sat on the bench.

(an) ,
,

. .

( )
old man.

, . ,
.

: ? ,

XX . ,

: ( ) ? , -

: .

:
, .

, ,

,
,

( ,
) .
. -

, - .

, , (

-.

), , , , .

.. :

, :

.
1.

?
2.

, , ;

, .

.
?
.
12-

180

9 ()

, .
.
,
, ,
;
.
;
, .
.
, .
,
. , ,
,
. :
? .

,
.
. ,
,
! . <...>
, -
, : /
.

:
, .
? <...>
, .
.
,
:
[] ,
.

()

181

.
, .

: .
:
!
, !
,
!
, , , .

,
.
,
,
.

, ,
.
; ,

.
, ,
, ,
.

,
, ,
( )
, ..
. ,

, ( ) ,
, ( ) . , ,
,
, , ,

182

9. ()

| . : . . 7, 15] ,
, , .

.

1.

, ,
. . , 1950 .

.
(1953) .. .

,
. , . .
,
.. , . .

,
, ,
,
() .

. ,

,
.
.
, ,
,
.

-
. ,
,
(. . . ).
,
, , , .

. -

1.

183

,
,

. , ,
,
.
,
,
,
. ,

,

.

.

.
-, ,
.
. ,


. , , ,

.
,
.
: 1) ;
2) (
); 3) .
,
.
. , the United Na
tions .
, ,
. ,
, .
,

: ,

, ,
. ,
,
.
. , f a i r
.
f a i r s h a r e
,
:

fair deal

185

I.

9. ()

: . ,
,
.
.
,

, .. ,
.
,

. ,
, ,

,

, .. .

,
, .
,
,
,
.
, , , ( A good r i d
dance! ! ) . ,
. ,

.
.
,
, .
, . -

:
, , .

,
,
.
,

, .
,
. .
the United Nations
,

.
, .

|
, 1973. . 20]. , ( -
) computer, , ,
, ( ) .

( ).
,
f a i r
. ,
,
( ) (,
, ), ,
. , ..
: G r a n d Jury

, / /
, ,
.
, ,
,
. . , f a i r
, .
,
f a i r

186

9. ()

. , , by f a b
means, / . fair
fair hair,
.

2. ()

187

2. ()
, , ,
/ /

,
. , ,
, ,
. , ,

: Take your time ; Mind your own business He
. ,
, , ,
.

. . [2000. . 3sq.J
, , :
;
,
( , ,
, ).

, . ,
,
. ,
[.: 19996. . 176177], ,
, .

.

.

, ,
,
.

.
[2002. . 24],
.

.
:
? ,
, ,
,
.
, .
.
,
.
. , . . .
.

.
,
, , .

, ,
, ,
, .
, , ,
, . ,
, , , .
(
) ,
.
,
.
, -

.
,
.

188

9. ()

, ,
, ..
. ,
-.
, ,
: blue
go
, , .
,
,
,
. , , ,

: barn-storming, societal.

2. ()

189

) .
(computer), ,
(overdraft), (frustration) .
2. ()

. ,
.

,
, : Wet paint .
, , ,
, , ,
, - , :
bedroom community ( sleeping district).

, ,
. ,
, ,
.
. , bam -storming


, a societal .

- ,
(, ),

, .

.
, ,
, .

1. () .

( ).
(barnstorming societal) .

, .. ,
, : sit-in .
, ,
. ( ,
) ,
, ,
,
(

3.
,
-
.

, -

Looking back over the 1960's, the political historian might describe it as the
time when the American Government began to think of the American people as
a tiresome nuisance. ,
, , ,

[.: , . . 175].
,

.
. ,
-

190

9. ()

, . ,
, ^
,
().

, .
, .. ,
, . ,
.
,
(, ), ,
( )
( !) [.: , 1973. . 36).
,
, -
(, , )
-
. , ,
-
, -, ,
, , .

.

3.
()
. .
,
,
,
. , ,
.
, ,
. ( )
(, )
(native speaker), , -

.

3.

191

.

,

, ..
,

.

. .
. , . .

, XX .
.
,

,

.
. . ..
,
.

, ,
,
.
: , ..

, ,
.
,
, , . , ,
,
,
.
,
.
-

192

3.

9. ()

, , ,
,
( ) .

, .
- ,

. , ,

, /
,
.
, , -!
, .

. -,

, . -,
,
, )
( ) .
;
. '
.
( )
.
,

( )
, (-]
).

,
. -]
-1
. , - \
. ]
]
.

. -]

193

,
, (
), .
, (,
..). , , -

, - .

, : , .
.
. ,
.
.
.

. , :

.

,

.
.

,
.
- ,
,

, ()
.
,
My friend's witty remark caused me to change my attitude to the problem,
: My friend made
witty remark about the problem in question / changed my attitude towards it.
,

: I changed attitude to the problem because my friend (had) made a
witty remark about it.
, ,
.
13-4104

194

,
.

,
.
,
'

.
, . ,
, ,
: "
; ;
, ..
.

,
/ .
.

, .

,
, ( ) ( )
.
,
,
.
,
,

instant

coffee

4.


. ,
.
, -

195

4.

9. ()

,
. ,
.
,
, .
,

,

, .
,

- .

.

, .

() ( ).

,
. , :
1. (. , ,
);

2.

4.

);

3.

..

, .
, . ,
professor,
, , , ,
.
, ,
,
. . ,
, ,
, . ,
,
,
,
13-

196

9. ()

(,
); , ,

, , ,
,
.
.
, .
.
,
?

? <...>

, , ,
, ,
- .

Is it only d i n you notice?

D o e s the thaw not catch your glance?
As a d a p p l e - g r e y fine stallion
D o e s it not t h r o u g h d i t c h e s d a n c e ? <...>
O n l y l o o k , a n d y o u will s e e it:
F r o m the rooftops to the g r o u n d
M o s c o w , all d a y l o n g , like K i t e z h
Lies, in light-blue water d r o w n e d .

, ,
: 2-
2-
.
,
.
.
( A Way You'll Never Be) . .
T h e attack had gone across t h e field,
been held up by m a c h i n e - g u n fire from
t h e s u n k e n road a n d from t h e g r o u p o f
farm-houses, e n c o u n t e r e d n o resistance
in the town, and reached the bank of the
r i v e r . C o m i n g a l o n g t h e r o a d o n a bicy
c l e , g e t t i n g off t o

push the

machine

w h e n t h e surface o f t h e r o a d b e c a m e t o o
b r o k e n , N i c h o l a s A d a m s saw w h a t h a d
happened by the position of the dead.

,


,

.
,
,
,
, , .

4.

197

,
, , ,
, .
Past Perfect.
,
.

. . .
,
. .
U n t h r i f t y loveliness w h y d o s t t h o u s p e n d ,
U p o n t h y self t h y b e a u t y ' s legacy? < . . . >
T h e n b e a u t e o u s niggard w h y dost t h o u
abuse.
T h e b o u n t e o u s largeness given t h e e t o

,

.<...>
,
, .<...>

give?<...>

, ,
( ),
. ,
,
. .

.


.

, ,
.
:
( ).


, ,
.
, .


.

198

5.

9. ()

, , (
, , :
) (,
, :
).
, .. ,
.

,
.

199

, ,
-
. ,
[1973. . 6061) , , -,
,
. -,
,

. .
-,

50 22
.

, , ,
:
,
,
.
-
,
, , ..
- ,
.
.

, .
.

.. -,

, [1973. . 60)
, , ,
,
,
;
,
,
, .
, , ,

,
.
[1973. . 54) ,

.

,
, ,
.
.

5.



.
, ()
.
,
1970- .
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
, .
,
(
) . - ,
, ,
, .

200

9. ()

, , )
, . -,
, ,
: You are preaching to the choir.
, ,
: * . ,
, :
() ,
, .
,
, , , ,
,

(saved/'regenerated/'bom
again
Christians)^.
,
. , ,
.
.
, , , :
( ) .
.
.
,
.
,
,

.
.

.
,
, ..

.
, -
,
. , ,
,
:
1

5.

201

...he was slightly disturbed by t h e cashier, a y o u n g a n d giggling W i s c o n s i n

s c h o o l - t e a c h e r with ankles...(5. Lewis) / . . .
, ,

. . . (. . ).

ankles
. ,
[.: , 1973. . 147).
.
, ,
.
,
, ..
. ,
,
, ,
, .

.
,
() ,
, ( lives in Moscow ) .
, ,
.


.
, ..
.

, ,
, .
,
:
. ,
, , ^

( ) .

, , - p r e a c h t o t h e convened {

).

,
.

202

S.

9. ()

203

.
.
,
.

,
,
,
, ,
, .

,

, , , .

.
, . ,
,
, , " " .
,
,
, ,
- (
[ 1973. . 66). ,
, , .
,
, , ,
[ . . 121].
,
.
. :
(
).
[ .
. 136].
,
.
,
,
,

.
,
, ,
,
,

,
,
.
,
,

.

I

2 . ( )
.

 1.

1.

10

On peut dire que la culture generale, c'est ce qui permet a Hndividu

de saisir pleinement sa solidarite avec les autres hommes,
dans I'espace et dans le temps...
P. Langevin^

.

( )
.
,
, .
-
, ,
. ,
, . ,
, , , .

.

,
,
.
,
.
.

205

J?ZZJTZ1
"
^ -

... ( . , .).

'

**

,
-, 1970- .
skopos.
,

.

, ,
[.: Handbuch Trans
lation. S. 104107; Stolze. S. 1 8 8 - 1 9 3 ; Vermeer; . . 5].
, skopos,
. , . ( . A m m a n ) , .
( H . Kussmaul), . , . , . .
5:/- ,

.
, ,

, .., , -
, .
skopos , ,

. skopos
( ).
Skopos
: ,
.

. , ( )
, , /
.
,
(). . ,
, ,
, .
.
(skopos).

206

10. :

, ,
, , , ,
, .
.
.
,
,
().
,
. , ,
, .
, skopos
,
. ,

.
. ,
(.: Vermeer.
. 13], , :
, ..
, skopos,
,
, ,
( )
,
.
( )
,
- ,
. ,
,
,
.


, ,

,
, ,
.

2.

207

2.

.
1930- . .
(. Morris).
(
), ( ).
.
, ,
,
, , ,
.

(.. ), ,
, (
, ,
, ,
..),
( ,
, )
.
,
( ),
.

( , , ,
), - ( ,
) ,
(, ..).

(, , ),
(,
, ) ,
(
).


.
,
-

208

3.

10. :

, , ,
,

.

, skopos
. - (J. Holz-Mantlari).
-
.
, .
, ,
(
, , ).

,
. ,
,
.
.

3.
,

. ,
,

( - / -)
, ,
. ,
.
.
,
.


(1) (2)
.
(1) -
-

209

. , ,
,
. ,
.

,
.


(, ) ,
- .

,
.
.
,
. , ,
- ,
.

..
,
, ,
: , (, )

(
, ) .
, [.: Lee], ,
28 : And God blessed them: and God said
unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply; and replenish the earth, and subdue it...
subdue. ,
, ,
, , ,
(subdue it).

, ,
, : , :
, , ... (. 1:28).
,
. 14-4104

210

10. :

, ,
. -

.
, ,
, , .
, ,
subdue, .
, , ,

. ,
,


,
, ,
. ,

(
), (
)
.


. ,
, ,
:
(18:1).
Praise the Lord that the land was subdued! Here we must be reminded again
of Genesis 1 and the principle of the earth being subdued by man as God's rep
resentative. / , !
. 1 ,
, .

subdue. : subdue
the earth ( ).
: the earth is subdued ( ).
( ),
( ) .

3.

211

-
.
, ,
,
,
( , ).
(2)
.
:

.

.
, ,
(8), .
, ,
frogs.
, ,
. ,
, , , ,
(frogs) (are quite nice),
, , (it is already not that
nice). .
, , .. ,
, .
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,

. , ,

. ,
, ,

.
,
, ,
,
.
.
14*

212

10. :

3.

,
, , ,
-
. , ,
, . ,
, ,
.
,
, ,

.
-
, .
? , ,
,
,
().
,
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
. Elizabeth (
. ; , ,
-), , ,
, , ,
, 118:23 : This is the L o r d ' s
doing; it is marvellous i n our eyes, 117:23

, , ,
: ! /
-,
, ,
.
, - -

: 1)
,
-
; 2) ,

213

. ,
,
.
, ( )
,
.

, ,
.
. (Green H i l l s of
Africa). , ,
, , , .
,
,
. ,
-.
, .
,
, -
,

, ,
( , ):
U n l i k e m a n y novels, n o n e o f the characters o r i n c i d e n t s i n this b o o k i s imagi
nary. A n y o n e n o t finding sufficient love interest i s a t liberty, w h i l e r e a d i n g it, t o
insert w h a t e v e r love interest he or s h e m a y have at t h e t i m e . T h e writer has
a t t e m p t e d t o write a n a b s o l u t e l y true b o o k t o s e e w h e t h e r the s h a p e o f a c o u n t r y
a n d the pattern o f a m o n t h ' s a c t i o n c a n , i f truly p r e s e n t e d , c o m p e t e w i t h work o f
1

the imagination .

, ,
.
1

. , ,
, , , ,
. .
, ,
, ,
(. . . .).

214

10. :

,
:

, , , ,
( s i c ! ) .
,

I dropped two [guineas] that

thumped hard when they fell and as they
lay, wings beating, Abdullah cut their
heads off so they would be legal eating.

-,

, - , ,

Caucasian.

[]

. -,

, Caucasian ,

: (

(. .. ).

215

3.

).

-,

).

. ,

, , .

, . ,

, ,
.

, ..

, ,

,
. ,
, , ,
, ,

, ,
, ,

. , , ,
, , ,
. ,
.
.

1.

?
?

. .
.

(2004)
. , -

2. ?
3. ,
.
.

11

-, , -
,
..
, -
,
, -, ,
, -,
,
, .

-

Les journalists qui font profession de science, en lutte avec
ceux qui font profession desprit, verserent des flots dencre...
J. Verne1

, .

.
.
.
-
,
, ,
.
, .
, , ,
,
, ,
, ,
, .
,
-
.
, , , ,
. ,
, , 1

217

, , ,

, . . . ... (. , .. . , . ).

.
.
, , ..
, , (
) , ,
(, , ,
..). , ,
, , .. ().
- , ,
.
,
.
-
.
,
.

(
),
. ..
: -, , ,
, , -.
,
, ,

[.: ;
; ; ; ].
,

, ,
,
,

218

11. -

, . ,
)
. , , , ^
- , , !
.

1. -

, , !

, .

1. -

219

, ,
- ,
. ,
, , , ,
, .
,
, ( ,
), ,
.

. (/. Crichton. Congo).
C e r t a i n l y m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s d i d n o t l o o k like a m o r i b u n d t e c h n o l o g y . In 1979,

microelectronics

was a

major

industry throughout

the

industrialized

world,

a c c o u n t i n g for e i g h t y b i l l i o n d o l l a r s a n n u a l l y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a l o n e ; six o f
t h e t o p t w e n t y c o r p o r a t i o n s i n t h e F o r t u n e 5 0 0 w e r e d e e p l y involved i n m i c r o
electronics. T h e s e c o m p a n i e s had a history of extraordinary c o m p e t i t i o n a n d
a d v a n c e , o v e r a p e r i o d o f less t h a n t h i r t y y e a r s .

-.
: -; ,
?
; -
, , .
,
,

.
-
.
, , ,
,
, ,
,

.
, ( - )

. -
, . ,

I n 1 9 5 8 , a m a n u f a c t u r e r c o u l d f i t 1 0 e l e c t r o n i c c o m p o n e n t s o n t o a s i n g l e sil
i c o n c h i p . By 1970, it w a s possible to fit 100 units o n t o a c h i p of t h e s a m e size
a t e n f o l d i n c r e a s e i n slightly m o r e t h a n a d e c a d e .
But b y 1 9 7 2 , i t w a s p o s s i b l e t o f i t 1,000 u n i t s o n a c h i p , a n d b y 1 9 7 4 , 10.000
u n i t s . I t w a s e x p e c t e d t h a t b y 1980. t h e r e w o u l d b e o n e m i l l i o n u n i t s o n a s i n g l e
c h i p t h e size of a t h u m b n a i l , b u t , using e l e c t r o n i c p h o t o p r o j e c t i o n , t h i s goal was
actually realized in

1978.

B y t h e s p r i n g o f 1979, t h e n e w g o a l w a s t e n m i l l i o n

u n i t s or, e v e n b e t t e r , o n e b i l l i o n u n i t s o n a s i n g l e s i l i c o n c h i p b y 1980. B u t
n o b o d y e x p e c t e d t o wait past J u n e o r July o f 1979 for this d e v e l o p m e n t .

.
- ,
.
,
-
.
. ,
-. ,
, -
, .

220

1. -

11. -
. 1979

.
.
.
,
.

1958
. 1970
. ,

.
. 1972
, 1974
. , 1980
,
1978
. 1979 :

1980 , ,
(. .. ).
, , , ,
,

.
, ,

, .., ,

, .
, , ,
. ,
, , .
,
-
, . ,
, ,
, , , ,
, .. , .

221

-
, , -,
.
,
, .

[.:
, 2000. . 108 sq.; . . 172 sq.J.

,

, -
, ,
,
. ,
. -
. .

,
. ,
, ,
, .
, ..

1
.
,
.
- , ,
, , ,
.. .
- . ,
, , ,
- ,
.. .
.

.
1

,
- .

222

I I . -

.
.

,
.

, , ,
, , , ..
,
, .
, -
,
,
, ,
, , , ,
, .

, , . ,
- .
, , -
,
.
, !
- .
.
- ,
.
,
-

.
-
, . ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
- ,

.
() . , ,

I. -

223

, ,

.
,
. ,
,
.
, .. (
), ,
: , , ,
; the former, the latter, the above-mentioned .
,
, .

, . ,

/. .
-
, ,
.

, -
( ...
...;
;
).
-
. ,
In work, I consider several fundamental questions...,
(1)
, (2)
. , ,
(2)

.
,
- ,
, , Present Inde
finite . ,

.

224

, .. (
, , ). ,
;
. -
,
,
, , , .'
+ . ,
.
, ,
.

. ,
-
.
.

() !
. ,
, , , -'

.
.
,
, .
, ,
- , ,
. , , (
, ) , , ,
, .

:

1. -

11. -

(browser, software,
roast beef);
,
, (, nozzle
);

225

- , ,
:
. , basin catchment ,
; run-off water sewage , .
- , ,
mouse ( ) , (
; ).

,
, ,
.
,
,
.

,
, ,
.
, , ,
.

-.
,
-,
, .
( )
.

, , ,
.
,
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
(unstable compounds)
( ) .
, ,
.
. , 15-4104

226

I I . -

radio wave propagation, prop

agation , wave () , ,
radio . : .

: frequency division multiplex terminal equipment
; frequency modulated voice-fre
quency telegraph equipment
.

. ,
, ( , - ..),
, . ,
, .

. , - - !
: , - j
, , ..
, ]
, . , ,
, *-{
, * .
, -'
, . I
- \
, - j
, . \
, to con-1
elude; - the question is bound to arise; I
... as for/as far as something is concerned... 1
, -.]
. J
-
. ,
. I
(, , ): ( - j
), () ; ATM (automated teller
machine, ), VAT (value added tax, ,
) ; ( )*
( ) ; ( n e J
) ..

I. -

227

,
,
, .. ( ), etc.
(et cetera), usw. (und so weiter), . (), z.B. (zum Beispiel) .
,
.
( ,
).
,
, .

, ,
. , ,
, .
( ),
.

. ,
.., . ,
, ,
- (), - (eine,
).

( noun, vt transitive verb, . ).
- (, ,
)
, , ,
, .
,
. ,
,
,
.
,
. e.g. (exempli gratia,
), i.e. (id est, ).
-, ,
. -

, , ,
15"

228

11. -

.

,

in

opinion,

as it may seem, obviously, to be sure .

: as is well known, ..
, ,
- ,
.
, - .
,
.
, ,
.
,
,
. -
,
. , , ,
. ,
.

. , ,
(,

...

.).

229

I. -

-
,
. ,
, ,
- .

. , f o r
, , ,

.
-
. , ,
,

, ,
,
.

,
, ; -
..

. -
. , (,
..) ,
.

. , , , ,
( ) ,
( )
( ) . : ... .
(G.

Thiel)

...,

...

(J.

Woodsworth)
.

( . N i d a ) . . . ..
,
, ,
, .
,
. ,

, - ,
.
, -
. ,
,
. , -
,
: . / , see Chapter N' ..

, ,
, .
-
. , ,
,
. ,
.
?
. ,
, ,

230

I I . -

. , , ,'
1
.
-
( ) .
, , , ,
.
, - ne-jj
,
(, ).
, , ,
. , -<
, , ( - !
), pa-j
, !
, ..
, ( )
, ,
.
- ,
(.. ),
( ).

. ,

(, ), , ,
- , ..
.

-
- , ,
.. ,
,
, ,
..,
,
. , , -

, ..
, ,
, ,
- .

1. -

, ,

.
, ,
.
, .
.
,
,
.
-
.
,
; ,
; ; .
, (
, -
, )
, - .
, -
, .
, ..,
; .
-
, .
, ,
,
, ,
;
, , ,
.
,
, . ,
(,
, ),
,

, ,
. -
, ,
.

232

2. , -

I I . -

-
- .. M i n i . u a
(1984):

. , ,
,
?
1887 .
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
,

. , ,
.
.

233

,
.

-
.
,
, .
,

, , , ,
, .
,
.
, ,
(, ,
): Allegro a cappella
... - ,
Allegro ( ,
, - Allegro),
a cappella ( -

.
( , . ), ,
,
: / , ,

, .

, .
, -,
. -
,
. .

- . ,
,
, -
, -.

).
, ,
, ,
,
-
, ,
.
,
.

2. ,
-

,
- .
.
, -
, , -

234

11. -

- -, ;
- ..
, ,
- .
, -
, ,
, , ,
.
- ,
. ,
- . ,
, , ,
, ,
..
,
, ,
. ,
(, )
: , ,
-
; , , ..;
;
..; , .

- ,

.
- :
- -. (
), -
.
,
.
-
,

, ,

.
- , .

2. , -

235

, ,
.
, ,
, .
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
- ,
, -
,
, .

- ,
.
,
, .
.
-
.

(, , ,
..),
.. , , ,
.
- ,
.
, .
,

(,
,

..),

, ,
. ,
,
( , ,
), ,
.

236

11. -

, . ,
,
, ,
,
. -
. (

,
, , ..)
, ,

,
.
,
,
,
, , .
nationalite
: ...Shelma Khaimovich Livshits qui vient d'obtenir la national
ite americaine... . ,
,
. : Cordonnierjuif d Leningrad,
etait victime d'agressions antisemites.

agression. , ,
( ) .
, -
. ,
..,
,
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
, .

.
.
, ,
, -

2. , -

237

. , , (1) in via juris (

), (2) casus belli (',
), (3) retractatio juramenti (
) (4) expressis verbis (, )
, , : . expressis verbis
,
(sic!) , -
[.: , ]. :
(1), (2) (3) , , ,
(4) ,
,
. , , ,

. ( , sic!,
!
- .)
,
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
, ,
.
-

, , ,
. ,
- ,
(, ,
, , ..).
- -
,
. . ,
, ,
- ,
- . ,
, : dismemberment, belligerence, repatriation, restitution
.. ,

: begin commence, tell announce, help assistance
- commence, announce, assistance.

238

11. -

, ,
( ),
,
.
: /
/ , , .

, ,
.
, , (
) .
. ,

. , ,
, .
. , .
, , ,
, ,
.
,
/
, ,
, .
.
-
- . ,
, ,

, .
, -
,
. -
, .
, ,
.
-
,
. ,
, -

2. , -

239

. (,
, ,
.)
, ,
.. , , ,
, ,
,
:

NN
1

.
,
(... , ...),
.
. ,
..., , ..,...
,

. ,
.

, .
, ,

.
- , -
, ,
.
.
,
,
, ..

, .
.
,
.

240

11. -

3.

3.

,
.

, (-) .
,
. , ,
.

,
--!
!
-- ,
, ,

. ,

. ,
, , ,
,
. ,

, .

, ,
, .
,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
,
, ,
& (-
, , , ;
, , ..).
, ,
, , ,
. 5- ().
.
, ,

, ,
,
.
. ,

,

241

! ,
, .
.
, ,

,
! <...>
,
, , , .
, , , , ;
(
, , , , , ).
( ) -
,
, ,
, , , .
( ),
, , .
, . (
.)
,
,

, ,
.
,
.
. , (-, 16-4104

242

11. -

), (, - ). , ,
.
'

.
&-
, .
- , .
- ,
, .
,
, *
,
,
. . ,
, , ( .)

.
-
,
.

, "
, . , -
, , ,
- .
-
(
). , ,
- ,
, .

,
, ,
,
- (..
).
: ,
, .. ,
.

3.

243

, , ,
.

,
, ,
,
.
,
. , , , .
,
(
, ) .
,
- . ,
, ,
,
,
, ,
. (,
,
, -
,
. ,
,
.
,

. , ,

..)

, - ,
, .

. ,
(,
, ), ..
, ,
,
. , ,
16"

244

11. -

3.

245

- ,
,
, ,
. ,

, ,
.

,
. ,
(, ,
, , ,
.); , , ,
(, , , .).

:
, .
,
,
, .
,
,
,
, , ,

.
, ,
..

,
- , ,
(
) . ,
.

,
,
, - .

,
. , ,
.

-. , -
, ,
,
;

. -
.
.
,
.
,

, , , ,
.
(
)
.

: (,
, , ); , - (: , , ,
; : , ; ,
, :
, , ); ( ,
, , .1 );
, ( ,
).

. ,
. . ,
-
,
Lame Ducks of a Feather Flock Together,
a lame duck, ,
, , ;
- birds of a feather flock together (.:

).
, ,

. , , --

246

- . -
, .
-,
.
, ,
i .. .
,
,
, .
-,
,
.
, -|
{ ]
, , , ,
, , ..).
,
, (
), .

, , , .
, ;
. , ,
Lame Ducks of a Feather Flock Together.
, -;
, ? -i
. , ,
,
,
-i
, .
: /
. ,
.
,
.

.
, - \
( . . 8).

247

3.

I I . -

.
. ( . Follett) Code to Zero*
.
...Almost f o u r m o n t h s a g o . t h e Soviet U n i o n h a d s t u n n e d t h e w o r l d b y send
ing u p t h e f i r s t s p a c e s a t e l l i t e , t h e Sputnik. I n all t h e c o u n t r i e s w h e r e t h e tug-ofw a r b e t w e e n c a p i t a l i s m a n d c o m m u n i s m w a s still g o i n g o n < . . . > t h e m e s s a g e w a s
heard: c o m m u n i s t science is best. A m o n t h later the Soviets h a d s e n t up a s e c o n d
s a t e l l i t e . Sputnik II, w i t h a d o g o n b o a r d . A m e r i c a n s w e r e d e v a s t a t e d . A d o g today,
a m a n tomorrow.
P r e s i d e n t E i s e n h o w e r was q u o t e d a s p r o m i s i n g a n A m e r i c a n satellite before
t h e e n d o f t h e year. O n t h e f i r s t F r i d a y i n D e c e m b e r , a t f i f t e e n m i n u t e s t o n o o n ,
the U.S.

Navy were a n n o u n c e d to l a u n c h t h e

Vanguard r o c k e t a n d t h e y d i d i n

f r o n t o f t h e w o r l d ' s p r e s s . I t r o s e a few feet i n t o t h e air, b u r s t i n t o f l a m e s , t o p p l e d

sideways, a n d s m a s h e d to pieces on the c o n c r e t e .

I T ' S A F L O P N I K ! said o n e

headline.

, It's a FlopnikP. ,

. Flopnik
-nik. 1960- .
. flop,
, , ,
. , (
), , (

). ,
, flop
, (

1

) .

,
.
. ,
, , , .
,
1

, ,

flopnik

- /

248

11. -

,
( , ).

(, ,
). (
)
- , - .
. .

:
.
. .
.
,
.
.
, , ,
- . , ,
.
[.: . . 207208).
, ,
,
(, , ,
.) -
.
,
.
,
,
. ,
,
- .

4. ,
-
- .

.

4. , -

249

, ,
.., . ,
,
. .
, ,
.
,
,
,
- .
: , ,
,
(...
.well...).
, ,
.

.
, , ;
, .
, ,
.
,
,
, , ;
[.: . . 178183].
, ,
. ,
,

,
?
, , , ,
.
, ,
-
. , ,
, .
- ,
.
, -
[.: , 2001].

250

11. -

, -
,
- . -
, .
,
, , , .. .. | . : . . 180). - *
, , . ,
, ,
.. ,

,
- .
.
, () ()

.
-. :
, .. , ;
.
.
,
- ,
, - ..
.
.
. (
) ,
,
, ..
,
.
, , -
, .
, , , thing, doohickey (, )
.
, , ,
.

4. , -

251

,
, ,
- -,
, , ,
,
.
-
, .
, ( ),
( , .. ),
(

).

,
.
(
). , , ().
, LA (Los-Angeles).
( )
, : ().

-. ,
, .
: -
, San-Francisco Frisco.
,
,
.

,
,
.
.
,
. ,
- (
, ,
).
,
, , ,
,
. .

252

5.

11. -

.. ,
,
. ,
,

. - - - .
, ,
:

-, ,
: /
(.. , /
).
,
,
.
, ,
. , ,
, .
.

( : ? . ).
( , !).

,
, .
- .
(
).
- :
,
.

<5.
,
.
, . ,
,
. - -

253

,
, -
, , ,
-

,
, .
,
.
. :
:
;
, .
: .
:
!
,
( , ), ,
, .
,
,
, - -,
,
.

.
, , ,
, . ,
.
, . ,
(. 11],
,
, .
,

,
, (. ).
,
. , -

254

11. -

. ,
, ,
,
. , ,
. -

,
.
. .
. ,
, ,
(
).
,
, .
, .
: ,
, -
. , ,
-
( . , )
.

.
.
- .
( ),
,
, -
, - .
, (
) (..
),
, , , , ()
.
, ,

, , ,
, ,
, , , .

5.

255

,
, .
( ,
, ).
, .. ,
, -
, .
, ,
, : , -
, .
.

.
, , ,

- . ,
, .
,
, -
, , ,
.

. ,
, ,
, .

.
,
, (.: , ], .. , (,
) .

:
, , ..
- .
-
,

.
,
, .

 5.
256

257

I I . -

-
,
,
,
( -
, , ), .
,

. ,
, ,
,


.
; -
, ;
.
,

.
. , '

.
, .

,
, , ,
,
:
(
)
. ,
, , ,
,
, ,
: ,
, ,
,
- .
,
, .

,
,
. , ,


.
: ,
;

, ;
.
(
)
.
- () (
, , ),
,
(
). ,
( , , .

), , ,
.
. ,
1
, . ,

.
.
:
,



,
,

. , , ,
.
17-4104

258

5.

11. -

, .
,
,

,
, ,
,
?
?
.
,
,

. :
, ,
.
,
, ,
. , , , , ,

,
.
- , -
.

, ,
.

- . , , ;
,
(
) (
). , ,
.

259

.
. ,
, .
, ;
(, - ,
),
.
- . -
, , ,
, .
.
,
,
.
, ,
, (. . 6).
.
,
,
.

.

1. -
?
2. ,
.

- , ,
,
, .
- , ,
17-

 2.

12

Time is the greatest innovator.

F. Bacon1

261

; , -,
,
.
, ,
, .
,

,
,
.

2.
1.

, .
(.. , .
. . , . . , . , . .)
.

, .
. .
,
, ( ),
. ,

, .


, ,
. ,
,
: -, ,
; -,

1

( . , 1561 1626. .).

, ..
, ,
,
,
. ,
, .
(. . 2, 5),
: ;
(, )
(- -);
, ; -, -
, .
,
,
,
. , ,
, ,
.
,
(-,
).

, XX .
1
, ,
'
,
.

262

12.

1920- .
, ..

,
. -
.
,

,
,
.
, -
, .

: ( ,
; ), .

,
1
, .
. ,
, ,
.
,
, , , .


2
.

3. ()
3

(),
.
1

, ,
. (
community interpreting) | . : ,
2001; H a n d b u c h Translation].
2

,
.
.
3

M a c h i n e translation, mechanical translation. MT. automatic translation (.).

3. ()

263

. 1949 .
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
, ,
, ,
.

(. . 9, 3).
.
- .


. :
. ,
, ,
,
. , ,
run run .
,
.
.

.
.

.
.
, ,

(gives give),
(-s 3-
, ),
/ ,
, ,
- .

264

12.

.
, ,

.
,

(. . 9, 3, 4).

- (interlingua, p i v o t language),

,
,
.

,
( , ,
, ..).
( )
,
. , , ,

, .


.
.
.
. ,
.

,
,

.
,
.

. , ,
-,
.

. . (. Sigurd)

3. ()

265

,

, , [.: Sigurd. . 33).
,
. ,
- ,
,
. ,
,
, ,
,
. , , ,

. ,
,
(. . 7, 3).
,
, .

,
, . ,

.
( )
.
SYSTRAN X O N I C S , ,
. ,
(
) .
1976 .
.
1000 .

.
30 , .
,
,
.
, - -

266

12.

.
- , ,
, .

4.
- .
, ..
( , ).
(
) [.: ; , 2000; ,
2000; , 2001; ),
, .
(
),
( , ,

).
,
( ,
) ,
. ,
, .. ..
,
,
, [.: , 2000.
. 34),
.

. ,
.
-,

.

,
( ,
, ) [.: ] . -

4.

267

,
.
-, , ,
-, ,
- . ,
( ), ,
,

.

, .
, .

, .. .

(
. ,
,
),
,
.


. -,
,
. -,
(.. ,
) , -
. , ,
: , ,
, ,
;
.
,
. ,
,
,
.

,
. --

 4.
268

269

12.

,
, :
(
).
,
. ,
(/
). ,

.
.
,
,

.
,
, : -,
-,
.
,

.
:
?


,
( ),

.

, ,
-.
.

. .
, .
,
. [.: Jakobson, 1960), : , , , ,

.
,
:

,
, , ; ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, 1- 2- , , , ( );
, (
);

, ,
, , ,
;

, ,
, ;

- ,

,
, ;

(,
);

, ,
.

, , ,
( , ),
.
,
( ) ;
( ) ;
,
-,
, (
, ).

( , ) -

270

12.

( ) .

.
,
.

.

,
(, ,
). , ,
,
.

,
, .
, -
-.

- ,
.. -
.
,
. ,
.

,

(
) , - , .
: (;
. , . ;
. ..),
- (,
. , - ,
. . , ..). ,
,
, ,
,

4.

271

-
, ,
,
- ,
. ,
, - , .,

. ,

.

- , -, - .

(.. )
.
, .
,
, ,


.
,
, , , ,
, ,
.
.
,
, .
. ,

/
.
.

,
(,
, ..),
(, ).
, , -

272

12.

,
.

1.
?
2. ,
.

13

, - .
(VII .)

(. . 4).
,
. , ,
, .

.
.

1.


.

,
.
.

, ( )
|..:
, 1999. . 4).
, ( )

. ,
18-4104

274

13.

,
, .

, .

-
,

-
,
,
-
.
,
. ,
,
, ,
,
- , -
, .

.. ,
,
.

.
, ,
.
.. . ,
: ,
...
, .
,
.
.. ,
-
.. .
,
(
,
) ;
, -

1.

275

-
.

- ,
,



.

() ()
.
.
: ,

, .
, ,

.
(
, )
.
. . . . .
, :
.
.
.
, ,
,
. , ,
,
.
, . ,
,
;
,
-
, -
.
1

 I.

276

, ,
(
), . -,
. -,
, ,
,
, .


.
+ ,
,
1
.
,

,
[, 1941.
. 532 sq.].
(
Adj + N ) ,
- , ..

,
.

.
,
, ,
. ,
, , ,
. -

277

13.

/. Alexander S. Pushkin. T h e Q u e e n of Spades and The Postmaster / Ed. by E. H a l d e m a n Julius. G i r a r d , Kansas. N. d.; 2. T h e Q u e e n of Spades and O t h e r Stories by Alexander
Sergueievitch Pushkin. Translated from Russian by M r s Sutherland Edwards. Lnd., 1892;
3. T h e Poems, Prose and Plays of Alexander Pushkin. The M o d e m Library. Translated by
T. Keane. N.Y., 1943; 4. Alexander Pushkin. Complete Prose Fiction. Translated by Paul
Debrcczcny. Stanford University Press, 1983; 5. Alexander Pushkin. T h e Q u e e n of Spades a n d
O t h e r Stories. A new translation by Alan Myers. O U P , 1997; 6. A Pushkin. Selected Warks.
Prose. 4)1. U. Translated by Ivy and Tatiana Litvinov. M., 1990.
.

, : .., ,
(
...),
.
, , , .

,
.
: , ,
, , .
,
. , . .

, -...
,
,
, , (.. ..).
( 1824 .) :
.
,
.
?
.
,
. ,

, ,
-
,
.
?

: Dmitriev's beautiful ballad,
.
- ,
.
,
. ,
(!)

278

13.

.
.

, .
,

,
:
, , ,
, ( . . 7".)
,
.
.
.
, ,
, ,
, :
, , -,
. ,
. , .
,
. , :
, ;
;
. ,
-
, . :

, , !
,
! , ,
.

279

1.

, , ,
,
, .
,
; ,
, . ,
, ...
,
.
-, ,

; ( ) ,
: (1) the zealous
Terentitch;
ous

(2)

Terentich;

the faithful
(5)

Terentieff,

the loyal

(3)

Terentich;

the
6)

zealous

zealous

Terentyich;

Terentyich.

(4)

the

zeal

(2)

.
, , .
, ,
. ,
,
: , -
,
, ; , ,
, -
,
1
, , ,
, (
, .
...);
, ,
, , ,
, -, .
1

( ,
! ) ,

:

, .
, , (, ,
- ) .
(. + )
.

280

, ,
, (
, , ,
). ,
, ,

,
1
.
: poor
Dounia/ Dunya/ Dunia. (6) the unfortunate
Dunya.
, , .
, , -,
,
, , -
,
- ,
. , ,

, ,
.

:
:
.
,
, .
.
(
, ,
, ) .

,
( -

1.

13.

, ,

(1830); ;
.

281

)
:
1933 , ,
, , ,
( . .) ...

, :
( 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 ) grey clouds. (4) (5)
greyish, ,
(somewhat grey),
. .
- ,
:
, , , .
,

XIX . , ,
.
: , ,
. ,
,

,
. ,

, .
, , ,

,
: !.. |. . 88).
.
: (1, 3, 4) amiable read
ers; (2) dear readers; (5) gentle readers; (6) my indulgent readers.
, ,
. ,
,
- .
,
.

282

13.

( ),
.
,
,
.
, , ,
.
:

,

.
- .
- .
,

.

2.

,
/ , ..
..
,
. , ,
.

.
,
,
, ,
. ,
.

. , - .
, ,
,
.. , ,
.

2.

283

,
, : 1) ; 2)
; 3)
() ,
.

.
, ,
.

, .
-,
.. :

. <...> ...
, - ,
, ,
[Metzger. . 2526).
- . [Wikgren. . 96.].
. (J.H. Greenlee),

,
.
,
,
.. ,
,
.
,
,

.
,
,
: 1)
; 2)

, .

284

13.

, ,
.
: ;
.
,
.

, , , , ,
. ,
: ,
.
,
, ,

,
(. . 3, 2).
,

.

,
, ,
, ,
(. . 6).
,
, .
.
. ,
-,
, ,
, ..

14

The true university of these days

is a collection of books.
T. Carlyle1

1.

.
-, ,
, ,
, .
-,
. ,
.

( ),
,
,
.
, ,

, ,

1. ?
2. ?

. , ,
, ()
, .
-,
,
, -

- (. , 1 7 9 5 - 1 8 8 1 , .).

286

14.

.
.
-,
,
. ,
.
-, ,
,
, ,
, .
,
. -
,
, ,
. ,

. ,
( )
.
, , .
,
,
, .
.
, , ,
,
. , , -
, , .

(,
)

( . : , , .
. 178). ,
, , . , ,
.
The American Beauty*
: You look so pathetic. :
.
pathetic, ,
.. , ,
, : 7 !/ !

I.

287

,
. , - -
" " ( . .. ;
., 1969). . .
- (" "
- . I: ., 1989; II: .,
1990).
, .
1980- .
.
, , , ,
,
. ,
.
,
,
.
, ,
. -, -
.
, ,
.
, 1935 . . .. ,

.
( ),


, ..
.
( )

.
, .
,
,
. ,
,
, ..
,
. -

 1.
288

289

14.

. ,

.
(International Phonetic Alphabet).

.
, ,
aba/one:
abalone [) .
(International Phonetic Alphabet);
(ab-a-lone-ee) Collins English Dictionary (2000);
abaloni Oxford Compact English Dictionary (2000).

Dictionary* (J. Murray etal., 1933); The Random House Dictionary of the
English Language* (ed. by J. Stein, 1967); Dudcn. Deutsches
Woerterbuch* (J. G r i m m / W. Grimm, 1854/1984); Le Grand Larousse de
la langue francaise (1971). , The American Heritage
Dictionary of the English Language* (Boston, N.Y., 2000); Concise
Oxford Dictionary. (OUP, 1999) .,
.
17-
. ..
, .. , .. (19481965); 4-
. . . (1981 1984);
. ..
(1999); ( .
.. , 2000).

,
.
,
, ,
,
.

, :
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English* (A.S. Hornby
et al., 1948 sq.); Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English* (1992);
Collins C O B U I L D English Language Dictionary* (1990); Langenscheidts Grossworterbuch Deutsch als Fremdesprache* (1993); Dictionnaire Universel de poche* (Hachette, 1999) .

, - ,
.

, , , Longman Language Activator*
(1997).

, , ,
,
.
, , ,
. ,
, ,
, .

. , ,
, , - ,
, .
.
, ,

( , , ) .

(
) Longman Dictionary
of C o m m o n Errors* (J.B. Heaton, N . D . Turton, 1991).

.
, , 12- Oxford English

, , ,
.
, ,
,
.
.
,
,
( ), ,
. , , Longman Business English
Dictionary* (2001). ,
. , ,
Wordsworth Word Finder* (. McCutcheon, N.Y., 1992).
19-4104

290

14.

,
Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions* (R.A. Spears,
1991), , , ,
, , ..

.
.
(. , . ,
. , 1990).
-
. ,
The Wordsworth Dictionary of
Phrase and Fable. Based on the original book by Ebenezer Cobham Brewer.
Revised by Ivor H. Evans* (1996).
,
. ,

, .
.
.
, ,
,

.

,
, .
,
, , ,

.

[.: Mikoyan. . 190200J.

- . . . (2000); The New
Oxford Russian Dictionary* (1993); Collins Russian Dictionary*
(1994); - .
. . , .. , .. (1997);
- 3- (.. , .. , 1993) . :
: (1998); :
(1995); - -

(.. , . . , 2000); -
-
( . . , 1994); - (.. , 2000); -
( . . , .. , 2002); -
- ( ) (.. , 2003) .

-
. , , ,
, .
,
Conference
Terminology. - -
(.. ,
1996).

.
(
), .
, ,
.
: Thesaurus of English Words and
Phrases* (P.M. Roget et al., 1852/1962); Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus*
(1988); The New American Roget's College Thesaurus in Dictionary
Form* (ed. by Philip D. Morehead, 1985); Deutscher Sprachschatz*
( D . Sanders, 1877/ 1985).


( . . , 1987); -
(.. , 1993).

.
(parole):
,
(langue).
,
,
..,
. ,
(parole).
19*

292

14.

,
( ),

, ..
The
Encyclopedia Britannica* ( ) , The Encyclopedia Ameri
c a n a *
; ,
: ( . , 2001);
Pocket Science Encyclpedia (1998);
D c r T a s c h e n - B r o c k h a u s U n s e r e Welt ( 1 9 9 9 ) ; R u n n i n g Press
C y c l o p e d i a . (1995).


.
, - ( C D ) , , ,
ABBYY L I N G U O 6.5: - ,
- (2000);
; (Context) .
, -, ,
-
, , , . -,

,
, . -,
. , -,
- . ,

,
.
!
, ,

,
, -,
,
.
,
.

2.

293

Microsoft (Encarta, Bookshelf) Dorling
Kindersley Multimedia (Encyclopedia of Nature*).

: www.longman-elt.com/dictionaries; www.oup.com .

2.

.
, .
,
, ,
.

,
- , ,
.
,
.
.
, , . , ,

,
. ,
-
. , ,
, ,
.

, , , .
,
(?) .
,

, ..
, ,
, .
,
: , ( -

294

3.

14.

, , - ) ,
;
.
(
) ,
,
.

295

. ,
, .
, ,
.


() .
,

.

.

, ,
: ?

.
,
, , .
- , ,
.
.
, , , ,
, .
,
, .

3.

.
, , .

.
,
( Word).
, ,
.
,
, , ,
, . ,
, ,
( ) ,

.
-
.
.
Word.
,
,
.

1. ?
2. ? /
?
3. / ,
, , ?
4. ? ?

15

(
) XIX .
. XIX . . (Carlyle, 1795-1881), . - (Saintc-Beuve, 1804-1869),
.. .

Sine irae studio .

(.55

120)

, .
(.

45 - .

127)

(. . 2, 5),
, .

, .
,
.

(IV . ..),
, , ( ) , ,
, .
,
..

- ,
, , , , ,
, , .

, .
(Longinus,
III . ..), . (. 430), , (Petrarca, 1304
1374), , , . (Malherbe, . 15551628),
. (Boileau, 1636-1711), . (Dryden, 1631-1700).
(.).

297

XVII .
, . ,
- ,

, ,
,

.


.
.
, ,
, , ,
,
.

. ,
, ,
, .
,
. , ,
.

,
. , ,
, . ,
,
(XVIII .). , , XX XXI .
,
,
. , ,

, ,
.

298

15.

.

, ..
. ,
-.

( , ).
,
.
, ,
(. . 3).
. .
, . . ,
.

. ,
/
, , ,
. , ,

.
.
, . . [.: , 2001.
. 14],

.
,
-, , , .
: (1987).
, , ,
. ,
, , ,
.
.
,
,
,
.
-

299

( , , , ).


, ,
.

.. .. ( ); . .
..
.. .
,
,
.
,
,
.
.

, ,
,
. ,
.
,
.
,
.
( . , . , . , . ,
. , .. , . , . .).
[.: . 230 sq.],
, ,
,
[.: 2001. . 17] ,
. ,
-
,
. , ,

.


300

301

15.
,
, ,

, ,
,
(
), ,
.

[.:

H a n d b u c h Translation.

S. 373].

, .

-,

-, ,
..

,
. ,

, .
,

, ,

().

, ,
;

. ,
, ,
... [. : . . 235].

), ,
( . .

1,

7). ,

,
( . . 11).

:

, .
, .

, .

' , ,
, , (?) -
.
.

1. . ?
?
2. ,
.
3. ? ?
4. - ?

, , ,

 2.

303

,
, ( )
, ,
.

16

, ...
.

...,
, !
. .

1.


.
,
[.: ,
1997. . 3; , 2000. . 3).
, ,

.

,
. ,
,
(, , ,
..). ,

, , ,
- . ,

, , ,
,
.

.
,
.
:
,
-.
, .

: ,
,

.


, , ,
..

2.
.
, , .

.

,
. , ,
, , ,
. , , ,
1
, , - , ..
1

, , .

(, ),

304

16.

2.

305

,
()
.

) (
). ,
, , , .

, .
,
, . ,
, .
,
, ( ) ..
, ,
, :
, , ,
.

, , (
),
1
, .

.
.
,
, ,
. .
,
,
.
, (
) .

,
, .
, , , :
1) , ,
; 2)

,
,
, , .

( ) , ( -

, - ,
.
2
, ESP .

,
,
,
, , ..
( ) .

, , .

( ), -,
( ) .

.


, .
, ,
minimum minimorum, -, ,
, -, . ,
, ,
.
,

, , ,
-.
1

.. , , ,

. , -

: , .

^
20-4104

English

for

Special

Purposes

).

306

2.

16.

,
, ,
. ,
( / )
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
- - (,
, ..), ,
-
, .

. ,
, ?
,
.. ,
? ,
,
, ,

1
, (
, ..).
,
,
. ,
,

, .

,
.
, , ,
(1)
(2) , ,

307

,
,

.

.
-,
,
,
,

. ,

, :
? .. -, :
.. , ,
. . ,
. . .
,
:
.. ,
1
. . .
,
, .
,
. ,
, (
) ,
. ,
,
,
.
1

, ,

/.

, , -

. ,

. , ,

.
2

 16.

308

.

.
, ,
.
; .
,
( ),
,
.
,
,
, -
. ,

,

1
, .

,
, ..
.

,
. ,
.

. ,
.
- .
,
.
. , 1

, -

, ,
,
, ..

3.

309

,
.
, -,
, , -
, .

( ) ,
.
(, ..),
,
-, .


( ) ,
( ). ,

.

, ..

(message) ,
, ,

.

,
,
.
,
: (
, ) ; ,
(-,
-, ).

3.
, . ..
, ,
,

310

16.

- .

,

1
.
, ,
,
.
-, , -,
.
:
1) ; 2)
( / ) ; 3)
[. . 173174].

-
. .


( ) .
1970- .
[, ].


,

.
, -
,

. , -
. ,
'
, (
)

().

, -

3.

. ,
,
-
.
:
.
,
,

, . ,
,
, , ,
.
, , (..
).


.
. ,

, .
, -, ,
, ,
. -,
, .
,
1
in statu nascendi .
,
, ,
.

, ,
,
.
-
. ,

.

( -)
.

311

(.).

312

16.

.
. ,
,
,
,
. ,
,
.
,
,
.
.

,
.
,
,
.

,
. ,
,
,
. , , ,
,
,
.

.

4. -
,
, - .
:
, ,
. ,
, , .
, ,
, -

4. -

313

,
. (
,
) : -,
. , , ,

(), , ,
.
, ,
, ,

, , (
, , ).
, , ,

( , , ) ,

.. .. (
, , )
- ?
, ,
,
, . ,
, ?
.. (. 1213] ,
- .
, ,
.
. .
.
,
,
, .
,
,
, , , ,
, ,
,
,
.

314

16.

.
:
, -

. , , ,
,
( !) , ,
,

.
,

, ,
, -
.
,
, ?

.. - [. 96] :
, .
, , ,
, ,
.
( , , -).
,

(.. , ,
. ) ,

.
,

(
).
:
, . ,
,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, jurors, prosecution, defence ..,

4. -

315

,
, Objection!, Objection overruled,
Objection sustained. Publish the verdict .

,
, , ,
.
, ,

, ,
,

.
,
.
- , ,
Forrest G u m p , , ,

.
( ) .

( ) . -
, ,
.
, .
. ,
The Prince of Egypt*
(
)

.
,

( , boy!look at that!,
!).
:
, ,
, .
, ,
.
, -

316

16.

, . , ,

.
. , ,
,
. -
. ,
( ) ,
, .
-
.
:
.
, -.

,
. ,
,
,
,
, ..
, .., ,
, .
,
, .
, ,
,
. ,
. :
,
, .

.
,

. , ,

(
) .
(
), , , -

4. -

317

,
.
, .

.
,
Elizabeth ,
, ,
() (
, ),

, , ,
, , .
,
: ,
. ,
:
, ,
. , ,
.
,
, , ,
.
, ,
, ,
. , ,
(, ,
, ,
, ).

, ,
. ,
.

 I.

17

... .

1.
,
,
, - , ,
-. ,


.

.

.
, , ,
,
.
. ,
( ) ,

.
,

,
.

319

1984 2000 . , -,
,

- ,
.
-,
, ,
, ,
(38,3%
2000 .).


. , ,

, .

.
. , ,
,

. - -
, -
(. freelance ; ,
).
:
?
,

( ).
, . ,
2000 . 52% .
19%. , -
, 70%
2000 . .
16,4% .
: ,
0,6%,
0,5% .
(
) , 9,7%
. .

320

2.

17.

321

3,8% .

4 , 1 % .

, , , ,
, , .

,
, , , ,
, , .
, , , .

,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
.. [. 148149],
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
. !
,
. ,
,
.

, , ,
.

. : ,
, , -,
, -, (
) . , ,

.

2.
,
.
, ,
, , ,
.

.
.

,
. ,
( / ) (
/ ..) ,
,
.
(
) .

. ,
.

, .
,
.

. ,
.
, . ,
, ,
, .
,
.
, .
, , ,
, .
, .

, .
, , (, ).
.

, ,
, ,
, , , .
21-4104

322

17.

,
,
.

, ()
.

, , , ,
, ,
,
.

, , .

.
, ,

.

.. - - .
. . , 1999.
.. / / ,
1964. . , 1965.
.. - : X V I I I .
X I X . / / . . 9 1 . . , 1982.
. .
// .

2.

II
. 2 3 - 2 5 2000 . . , 2001.
.. . . , 2 0 0 0 .
.. / /
XXIX -
. . 8.
. . , 2000 (2000).
.. / / .
. . . 1990.
.. (
) . . , 1990.
.. / / . . , 1 9 9 8 .
.. . . , 1 9 6 6 .

., .. , // . 1978, 3.
A.M., .. . . , 1994.
. . . . , 2 0 0 1 .
. . . . , 1 9 7 5 .
.. . . , 1 9 8 1 .
. / / . . . ,
1979.
., . .
. . , 1994.
.. / /
XXVIII -
. . 5.
.

1 5 2 2 1999. . , 1 9 9 9 .

.. . . (
) / / .. . . , 1980.

... ., B.C. -
. , , -
. ., 2001.
..
. ., 2002.
21"

324

.. / / .
19. . 1999. 4 .
. , . .
. . , 1998.
.. / /

325

. / /
: . . . , 1978.
.. . . , 2 0 0 0 .
.. . . , 2 0 0 2 .

: . /

.. . . , 1 9 9 9 ( 1 9 9 9 ) .

. . . . . , 1982.

.. - :

.. . ,
// . . /
. . . . . , 1988. . 3 4 - 3 9 .

.., .., ..
. , 1997.
.. . . , 2 0 0 0 .
. . . , 1 9 5 8 .
.. . . , 1 9 8 0 .

// . ., 2001.
.. / /
: . . . , 1978.
.. . . , 1999 ( 1 9 9 9 6 ) .
.. . . , 1 9 7 3 .
.. . . , 1 9 9 7 .
. . . ,
1972.

. , , . . , 1 9 6 3 .

' . Teopifl i . , 2 0 0 3 .

.. . . , 1 9 4 1 .

.. - . . , 1 9 5 5 .

B.C. . . ,
1978.
. . . .
. , 1999.
.
( ) . ., 2000.

, . . . , 1980.

.. / /
: . . . , 1978.
.. . . , 2 0 0 1 .
.. / /
: . . . - . , 1963.
.. X I X
. . , 1985.

.. . . , 1 9 7 2 .

.., A.M. . . , 1 9 7 6 .

: . . . , 1978.

. / / . 1977. 12.

.., .. . . . , 2 0 0 1 .

.. . , 1 9 9 5 .

.. : . . , 1 9 8 7 .

. . . , 1 9 8 5 .

.. / / : . . . , 1 9 8 8 .

. . , 1990.

. . . , 1972.

.. . . , 1 9 9 6 .

.. . : 4 - . . , 1 9 6 8 - 1 9 7 3 .

.. . . , 1 9 7 9 .

..

.. . . , 1 9 8 8 .

X I X . . ., 2002.
.. . . , 1997.
.. . . , 1 9 9 8 .
..
( ) //
: . . ., 2001.
.. . . , 1 9 9 6 .
..
( . . ). . , 1995.
..
/ / . . . . . 1988.
.. . . ,
2001.

.
. . , 1989.
. . . , 1 9 6 0 .
.. . . , 1 9 8 3 .
.. T r a n s l a t i o n a s a n A s p e c t o f F o r e i g n L a n g u a g e S t u d i e s . M . , 1 9 7 6 .
.. . . , 1 9 9 8 .
- .. . . , 1 9 9 6 .
- .. ? . , 1999.
- .. . . . , 2 0 0 3 .
.. : . , 1 9 9 9 .
. . . . , 1 9 7 8 .
. . / /
: . . . , 1978.
.. . . , 1 9 8 3 .

326

J1.J1. . . , 1999.
J1.A. / / .
. . , 1990.
.
/ . .. . .,
1998.
. , .
. , 1999.
. .. 2001.
. . , 1987.

327

. I . I I , I I I
. . , 2000, 2001, 2002.
.. . . , 1 9 6 8 .
. . , , .
/ / . 1996. 4 .
.. . . , 1 9 7 8 .
.. .
1899 . . , 1997.
., . ,
. . , 1997.

. . , 2 0 0 0 .

.. . . , 1 9 8 8 .

: . / . . . . ., 1988.

.. skopos / /

. . ? / /
. . 1 7 / . . . . . , 1980.
.. .
/ . . . . . . , 1999.
.., .. . . , 1964.
.. . . , 1 9 7 4 .

.., .., ..
, , . . , 1998.
. / . . . . . , 1998.
.., .. : . , 1989.
.., .. ( .
X V - X V I I I .). , 1991.
. X V I I I . / / .
1962. . , 1 9 6 3 .
.. / / . . , 1 9 9 8 .
: 4- . / . . . . . , 1 9 8 7 .
/ . .. . . , 1 9 8 9 .
.. . . , 1997.
.. - . . , 1 9 8 9 .
.. . . , 2 0 0 0 .

XXVIII

. . 5.
. 1 5 - 2 2 1999 . . , 1999.
.. . /
. .. . . , 1 9 7 5 .
. : / /
. . : . . . 4 2 6 . . , 1996.
. . . , 1 9 7 3 .
. ( 2 0 -
) / / . . . , 1990.
.. -
// . .

1.

I . 2728
1999 . . , 2 0 0 0 .
.. / /
. . . . , 1957.
.. - . . ,
1973.
.. : / /
. 1970, 4.

.. . . . , 1 9 9 5 .

. . : . . . 4 2 6 . . , 1996.

.. . . , 1986.

. / / P o e t i c s . W a r s a w , 1 9 6 1 .

.., . / /
. 19.
. 2 0 0 1 . 1.
.
. ., 2000.
. : ? / /
. .
.,2001.
. : / / I I
.
. . , 2000 (2000).

Brodovich . T h e U n i t o f T r a n s l a t i o n a n d t h e P r o c e s s - P r o d u c t D i c h o t o m y : A S t u d y
in Translation

Philosophy //

Folia Anglistica

2000.

Theory and

Practice of

Translation. M., 2000.

Bruce F.F. T h e E n g l i s h B i b l e . A H i s t o r y o f T r a n s l a t i o n s f r o m t h e e a r l i e s t E n g l i s h
Versions t o t h e N e w English Bible. L n d . , 1962.
Bullinger E. W. F i g u r e s o f S p e e c h U s e d I n t h e B i b l e . G r a n d R a p i d s , M i c h i g a n , 1 9 9 5 .
Green Y.J. T h i n k i n g T h r o u g h T r a n s l a t i o n . U n i v e r s i t y o f G e o r g i a P r e s s , 2 0 0 1 .
Handbuch

Translation

Hrsg.

M.

Snell-Hornby,

H.G.

P A . S c h m i t t / Zwcite, verbesserte Auflage. T u b i n g e n ,

Hoenig,

1999.

P.

Kussmaul,

328

WaardJ. de, Nida E.A. F r o m O n e L a n g u a g e t o A n o t h e r . F u n c t i o n a l E q u i v a l e n c e i n

Iser W. T h e R a n g e o f I n t e r p r e t a t i o n . C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 2 0 0 0 .
Jakobson R. L i n g u i s t i c s a n d P o e t i c s / / S t y l e i n L a n g u a g e . T h e M a s s a c h u s e t t s Insti
tute of Technology,

1960.

Jakobson R. O n L i n g u i s t i c A s p e c t s o f T r a n s l a t i o n / / T h e T r a n s l a t i o n S t u d i e s R e a d e r /
Koller W. E i n f u r u n g i n d i e U b e r s e l z u n g s w i s s e n s c h a f t / 6. A u f l a g e . W i e b e l s h e i m ,
2001.
Lambert J. T h e c u l t u r a l c o m p o n e n t r e c o n s i d e r e d / / T r a n s l a t i o n S t u d i e s . A n I n t e r d i s cipline / Ed. by M. S n e l l - H o r n b y , F. P o e c h h a c k e r , K. Kaindl. J o h n B e n j a m i n s
P u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y , 1994.
Lee W . T h e V i s i o n o f G o d ' s B u i l d i n g . A n a h e i m , 1 9 9 0 .
Metzger . M. T h e E v i d e n c e o f t h e V e r s i o n s f o r t h e T e x t o f t h e N e w T e s t a m e n t / / N e w
Manuscript Studies. T h e

Material and the

Making of a Critical

A p p a r a t u s / E d . b y M . M . Parvis, A . P . W i k g r e n . T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C h i c a g o P r e s s ,
1950.
Mikoyan A. B i l i n g u a l D i c t i o n a r i e s i n T r a n s l a t i o n : F r i e n d o r F o e ? / / F o l i a A n g l i s t i c a
2000. Theory a n d Practice of Translation. M . , 2000.
Miram G. T r a n s l a t i o n A l g o r i t h m s . Kyiv, 1 9 9 8 .
Munday J. I n t r o d u c i n g T r a n s l a t i o n S t u d i e s . T h e o r i e s a n d A p p l i c a t i o n s . L n d . ; N . Y . ,
2001.
Nabokov V. T h e S e r v i l e P a t h / / O n T r a n s l a t i o n . H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 5 9 .
Nida E.A. P r i n c i p l e s o f T r a n s l a t i o n a s E x e m p l i f i e d b y Bible T r a n s l a t i n g / / O n T r a n s
l a t i o n . H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1959.
R e a d i n g s i n C r i t i c i s m ( R u s s i a n L i t e r a t u r e i n E n g l a n d a n d A m e r i c a ) . M . , 1978.
Reinhold N. V i r g i n i a W o o l f s R u s s i a n V o y a g e O u t / / W o o l f S t u d i e s A n n u a l . N . Y . ,
2003.
Res Traductorica. .
. . . . , 2000.
Sigurd . M a c h i n e T r a n s l a t i o n S t a t e o f t h e A r t / / T h e o r y a n d P r a c t i c e o f
Translation / Ed. by L. G r a e h s , G. K o r l e n , B. M a l m b e r g . S t o c k h o l m , 1978.
rc

Steiner G. A f t e r B a b e l . A s p e t c s o f l a n g u a g e a n d t r a n s l a t i o n . 3 * e d i t i o n . O U P ,
1998.
Steiner G. F o r w o r d / / T r a n s l a t i n g R e l i g i o u s T e x t s / E d . b y D . J a s p e r . T h e M a c m i l l a n
Press L t d , 1993.
Stolze R. U b e r s e t z u n g s t h e o r i e n . E i n e E i n f u h r u n g / 3 . A u f l a g e . T u b i n g e n , 2 0 0 1 .
T h e o r i e s of T r a n s l a t i o n . An A n t h o l o g y of Essays from D r y d e n to D e r r i d a / E d . by
R . S c h u l t e a n d J . B i g u e n e t . C h i c a g o , 1992.
Translation Studies Reader, T h e / Ed. by L. Venuti. L n d . , 2000.
Tyulenev S.

Translation

As a

M e a n s o f Stylistic Analysis / / Folia Anglistica

S c h o l a s t i c a . English D e p a r t m e n t : W o r k i n Progress. M . , 1998.

Ubersetzer und

Dolmetscher. Theorische

G r u n d l a g e n , Ausbildung,

Berufspraxis.

D r i t t e Auflage / V . K a p p ( H r s g . ) . T u b i n g e n , 1991.
Vermeer H.J. T r a n s l a t i o n t o d a y : O l d a n d n e w p r o b l e m s / / T r a n s l a t i o n S t u d i e s . A n
Interdiscipline / Ed. by M. Snell-Hornby, F. Poechhacker, K. Kaindl. J o h n
Benjamins Publishing Company,

B i b l e T r a n s l a t i n g . N a s h v i l l e , 1986.
Wikgren A.P. T h e C i t a t i o n o f V e r s i o n a l E v i d e n c e i n a n A p p a r a t u s C n t i c u s / / N e w
Testament Manuscript

Studies / T h e Material a n d the M a k i n g of a Critical

A p p a r a t u s / E d . b y M . M . Parvis, A . P . W i k g r e n . T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C h i c a g o P r e s s ,

E d . b y L.Vfcnuti. R o u t l e d g e , 2 0 0 0 .

Testament

329

1994.

1950.

Summary

SUMMARY
Translation studies is a relatively new scientific discipline. It branched off from applied
linguistics and literary criticism only in the 20th century, but has grown rapidly since.
Translation studies aims at the construction and development of a translation theory,
which is needed among other things to educate multitudes of practising translators
and interpreters who are crucial for modern international communication.
The newness of translation studies is betrayed by certain inconsistencies, even in
its basic terminology. Among such nomenclatorial conundrums are fundamental
terms as translation itself. What does the term stand for a process or the resulting
text? Does it mean translation only, or interpreting as well, and is it also an umbrella
term for the two? The very name of the science is also a matter for debate do we
talk of translation studies, translatology, or theory of translation?
And yet, despite these (and other) terminological difficulties, translation studies
has become a fully-fledged science with its own object of study, i.e. inter-lingual and
inter-cultural communication through a translator or interpreter.
Translation can be defined as an inter-lingual and inter-cultural communicative
act made through a translator or interpreter, resulting in a text that represents the
original in the target language, and in the larger context of the target culture.
The history of translation as a human activity goes back to the very dawn of civilisation. The increasing diversity of languages at that time, and the necessity of establishing contact between neighbouring language communities, led to the use of so-called
'go-betweens'. Through the course of the history, these go-betweens have developed
from gifted multi-lingual people to highly sophisticated professional translators.
Translation studies, as an attempt to understand and explicate the phenomenon
of translation, did not come from nothing, but grew out of various empirical judgements and speculations about translation its peculiarities, limitations, and even its
apparent impossibility. To reiterate, we can speak of a science of translation only
since the 20th century, when translation studies was adopted by linguistics (as one of
its applied foci of interest) and by literary criticism (in dealing with a text not written
in the critic's own tongue), and then emancipated from the both.
Translation process is a communicative act and may be considered in terms of the
theory of communicative acts. However, compared with a mono-lingual communicative act, the act of inter-lingual communication that takes place in translation
has an additional element a transcoder.
This complication of the way the message passes from its source to the recipient
is an example of 'interference', which exists, to a greater or lesser degree, with every
communicative act. It must be remembered that however 'good' the translation, the
original message can never be delivered to the recipient perfectly intact, i.e. in its
original form. But, in spite of various kinds of interference, the informative core of a
message may be delivered to the addressee.
Translation should be carried out in such a way so as to ensure the communication of at least this informative core. But since communication is as much about the
way the facts are communicated as the facts themselves, the concept of information

331

should be enlarged to embrace not only the content plane of the message but also its
expression plane, which is most obvious and important in literary translations.
Before translation takes place, we must discover what the informative core of a
message is. This will allow us to work out the criteria for evaluating the degree of success of the translation.
The content or factual aspect of a message is made up of its communicative aim
and goal,
the stylistic colouring of the original, and the author's point of view concerning his message.
It should be emphasised this is the minimum generally applicable set of criteria.
There are two variations of this set to be taken into consideration.
The minimum set of criteria may be enlarged or adapted depending on the type
of the original text. In texts whose primary function is to convey facts (e.g. scientific,
technical texts) the minimum criteria may be considered sufficient for the evaluation
of a translation. Whereas, for the translation of a poem, the criteria should take into
account the complex expression plane of the text.
On the other hand, this minimum set of criteria can be reduced in 'preliminary
translations', whose function is to acquaint the recipient with the basic content of the
message. This sort of translation might be a first stage towards a fuller version of the
original.
Importantly, any translation should serve as a representation of its original. The
concept of representation and the minimum set of criteria or conditions needed to
ensure representation, is the main concept of the present work.
Several Chapters (VIIIXI) are devoted to defining the concept of representation in translation on various levels of the organisation of the text from its micro-level
(phonetic) to the macro-level (cultural aspects).
Another long-debated matter of translation studies is that of the unit of translation.
First of all, the unit of translation is only relevant when we consider translation
as a process, not as the result. In other words, there is no point in discussing what the
unit of translation is while looking at the final, translated text. While working on his
or her translation, the translator or interpreter starts by considering linguistic units of
one level (usually individual words), and later comes to appreciate their textual interdependence, which, in turn, leads him or her to enlarge these linguistic units to the
size of word-combinations, sentences, and even entire paragraphs and texts.
The unit of translation, though traditionally linked to linguistic units, docs not
necessarily coincide with the latter and often varies as far as its linguistic 'volume' is
concerned. The unit of translation may be a word, but it might also comprise of several words. The size of a unit of translation depends on the capacity of the target language to express the same notion that is expressed in the original.
The unit of translation is termed translateme, and is a combination of a linguistic
unit of the source language expressing a certain contextual meaning and the minimal
corresponding linguistic unit of the target language with the same meaning.
The aim of this book is to give a systematic presentation of all the major aspects
of translation and the particular problems of translation studies. The book deals with
translation both in its linguistic and inter-cultural aspects, considered within the history of translation and alongside the concerns that provoke heated discussions today.

333

6.

104

1.

104

2.

107

3.

116

4. ,

118

7.

1.

1.

2.

10

3.

13

4. / /
2.

..
..

1.

18
24
24

2.

27

3.

29

4.

31

5.

32

3.

37

1.

38

2.

42

3.

45

4.

76

4.

80

1.

80

2.

81

3.

85

4.

86

132

2.

138

3.

146

8.

88

1.

88

2. .

89

3.

92

4.

95

5.

99

151

1.
2.

153
...

3.

158
165

4.

168

5.

175

9. ( )

179

I.

182

2. ( )

187

3.

190

4.

194

5.

199

10. :

204

1.

205

2.

207

3.

208

11. -
1. -

. . .

216
218

2. ,

5.

132

1. /

3.

233
240

4. ,
5 .
12.
1.

248
252
260
260

334

2.

261

3. ( )

262

4.

266

13.

. . .

1.

273

273

2.

282

14.

285

1.

285

2.

293

3.

294

15.

296

..

16.

302

1.

303

3.

309

4. -

312

11.

318

1.

318

2.

320

Summary

302

2.

..

'

321
330

77.99.02.953..003058.05.04 05.05.2004
. . 066160 02.11.98.
16.07.2004. 60x90/16.
. . .-. . 2 1 .
5000 . 4104

101000, , ., . 7, . 1
.: (095) 921-0289; : (095) 921-1169
E-mail: grd@aha.ru


143200, . , . , . 93