Chemical Energetic

Guided by Mr. CB ANG Tel: 017-480 5531 STPM

Chemical Energetics
Exothermic reaction is a reaction that releases heat energy into its surroundings. The enthalpy of
the products is less than the enthalpy of the reactants, hence enthalpy change (H) is negative.
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)

H = - 892 kJ

Standard conditions refer to:

(i) Temperature = 25oC or 298K
(ii) Pressure = 1 atm
(iii) concentration of solution = 1.0 mol dm-3
(iv) reactants and products are at their normal physical states at 25oC and 1 atm
Q = MC

Endothermic reaction is a reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings. The enthalpy of the
products is higher than the enthalpy of reactants. The enthalpy change (H) is positive.
C (s) + 2S (g) CS2 (l)

H = + 107 kJ

Examples of Exothermic Reactions :

Examples of Endothermic Reactions

a)Combustion of fuels
b)Oxidation of food in the respiration process
c)The rusting of Iron
d)Dissolving soluble bases in water
e)Neutralization Reactions

a) The dissolving of crystalline salts such as

CuSO4.5H2O, MgSO4.7H2O and
Na2CO3.10H2O
b) Melting process
c) Evaporation and boiling process
d) Thermal decomposition of salts

Definition of enthalpy of Formation - The standard enthalpy of combustion of an element is the enthalpy change when 1.0 mole of the substance is completely burnt in oxygen under standard condition of 298K and 1 atm.
Combustion - The standard enthalpy of combustion of an element is the enthalpy change when 1.0 mole of the substance is completely burnt in oxygen under standard condition of 298K and 1 atm.
Hydration - The standard enthalpy of hydration of an ion is the heat energy liberated when 1.0 mole of the gaseous ions is dissolved in water to form a solution at infinite dilution under standard
conditions of 298 K and 1 atmosphere
Solution
- The heat evolved or absorbed when 1.0 mole of solute dissolves in water to form an infinitely dilute solution
Neutralization-The heat evolved when one mole of H+ ions reacts with one mole of OH- ions to form one mole of water molecules under standard conditions of 298 K and 1 atm,
Atomization - The standard enthalpy of atomization (Hatom) of an element is the enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms is formed from the elements in the standard state.
Bond energy -Bond energy (bond enthalpy) is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of covalent bonds between 2 atoms are broken in the gas phase
Ionization energy - First ionization energy for an element is the minimum energy required to lose one electron valence from 1 mole of gaseous atom to produce 1 mole of uni-positive gaseous ion
under standard conditions
Electron affinity- First affinity electron is the energy evolved when 1 mole of gaseous atom received electron to form 1 mole of uni-negative gaseous ion under the standard conditions

Chemical Energetic

Guided by Mr. CB ANG Tel: 017-480 5531 STPM

Enthalpy of Formation

Enthalpy of Hydration & Solution // Solubility of ionic solid in liquid

Note:
1. Enthalpy of formation for element to element is 0
2. The state of the elements most be from the most stable state at standard condition

Note:
1. Magnitude of the standard enthalpy of hydration is directly proportional to the charge on the
ion but inversely proportional to the ionic radius.

[STPM 2002] The N204 molecule is the dimer for the N02 molecule. The enthalpy of formation of
N204 and N02 are +9.67 kJ mol-1 and +33.86 kJ mol-1 respectively. Calculate the standard enthalpy
change for the formation (in kJ mol-1) of N204 from N02.

H hyd
2. Hsol = -Lattice energy + H hyd

A-58.05 kJ mol-1 B-24.19 kJ mol-1

[STPM 2002] When one mole of sodium bromide dissolves in water, the enthalpy change is -8 kJ
mol-1. If the lattice energy of sodium bromide and the hydration energy of the Na+ ion are -736
kJ mol-1 and -406 mol-1 respectively, what is the hydration energy of the Br- ion?

C+24.19 kJ mol-

D +43.53 kJ mol-1

[STPM 2008] In industry, ethanoic acid can be prepared from the oxidation of ethanol with
oxygen. The standard enthalpies of formation of ethanoic acid, water and ethanol are 487 kJ
mol1, 286 kJ mol1 and 278 kJ mol1 respectively. The standard enthalpy change, in kJ mol1,
for the preparation is
A 1051

B 495

C 209

D +495

[STPM 2011] The standard enthalpy of formation of ethanol is -278 kJ per mole. Which equation
relates to the formation of ethanol under standard conditions?
A.
B.
C.
D.

2C(g) + 3H2(g)
2C(s) + 3H2(g)
2C(g) + 3H2(g)
4C(g) + 6H2(g)

+ 1/2O2 (g) C2H5OH(l)

+ 1/2O2 (g) C2H5OH(l)
+ 1/2O2 (g) C2H5OH(l)
+ O2 (g) 2C2H5OH(l)

[STPM 2013] The standard enthalpy of formation of CH3NHNH2, CO2 and H2O are +53 kJ mol-1,
-393 kJ mol-1 and -286 kJ mol-1 respectively. The standard enthalpy change for the following
reaction is -5116 kJ.
4 CH3NHNH2 (l) + 5 N2O4 (l) 4 CO2 (g) + 12 H2O (l) + 9 N2 (g)

A-1150 kJ mol-1

B -338 kJ mol-1

C-322 kJ mol-1

D+1 150 kJ mol-1

[STPM 2004] Which of the following cations has the highest hydration energy?
A Li+
B Na+
C K+ D Rb+
[STPM 2007] The radii of the four ions are as following:
Ion
Radius/nm
U+
0.345
V0.151
W2+
0.085
X2+
0.069
Which ion has the largest hydration energy ?
A. U+

B.V-

C. W2+

D. X2+

[STPM 2013] The energy cycle for sodium bromide is shown below.

What is the standard enthalpy of formation of N2O4?

A - 20 kJ mol-1 B - 100 kJ mol-1 C + 20 kJ mol-1 D + 100 kJ mol-1
Which enthalpy change represents the enthalpy of solution of sodium bromide?
A H1
B H2
C H3
D H4

Chemical Energetic

Guided by Mr. CB ANG Tel: 017-480 5531 STPM

Enthalpy of Combustion

Enthalpy of Atomization

Note :
1. Must be considered in excess oxygen
2. final product are usually carbon dioxide and water, and exothermic
3. Enthalpy of combustion are usually exothermic reaction

Note :
1. Changes from compound at the most stable state at standard condition to gaseous
2. No changes in the number of electron or proton

[STPM 2004] The standard enthalpy of combustion of methanol, carbon and

hydrogen is -715 kJ mol-1, -394 kJ mol-1 and -286 kJ mol-1 respectively. What is the standard
enthalpy of formation, in kJ mol of methanol?
A -251
B
-35
C +35
D
+251

[STPM 2005]Standard combustion enthalpies for 1,2-ethanediol (HOCH2CH2OH), carbon and

hydrogen are -1180.0 kJmol-1, -393.7 kJ mol-1 and -285.9 kJ mol-1 respectively. What is the
standard formation enthalpy, in kJ mol-1, for 1,2-ethanediol?
A 500.4

B 465.1

C +465.1

D +500.4

[STPM 2010] The standard enthalpy change, H for several reactions are shown below :
Reaction

H0/kJ

H2(g) + 02(g) H20(l)

-286
CH3CH3 + 7/2O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
-1560
C2H2(g) + 5/2 O2(g) 2CO2(g) + H2O
-1299
C2H4(g) + H2(g) C2H6(g)
-157
The value of enthalpy change C2H2 (g) + H2(g) C2H6(g) is
A.-132kJ

B. -154kJ

C. -486kJ

D. -3302KJ

[STPM 2000] Which of the following equations correctly represents the enthalpy of atomization
of sodium?
A Na(s) Na(l)
B Na(s) Na(g)
C Na(l) Na(g)
D Na(l) Na+(g)+ e
E Na(g) Na+(g)+ e
[STPM 2006]

Chemical Energetic

Guided by Mr. CB ANG Tel: 017-480 5531 STPM

Enthalpy of Neutralization

Ionization energy & Affinity electron

Note:
1. Neutralization between acid and alkaline to produce salt and water
2. Usually are exothermic reaction and depend on the strength of acid
3. Stronger the acid, higher the heat release for neutralization
4. Weak acid, less exothermic because some of the heat are absorb back to complete the
dissociation of acid

Note:
1. Involve changes in the number of electron only
2. Ionization energy removal of electron
3. Affinity of electron acceptance of electron
[STPM 2001]The diagram below shows the Born-Haber cycle for the formation of sodium
fluoride

[STPM 2008] The standard enthalpies of neutralization for the reactions between an aqueous
solution of sodium hydroxide and several
hydrohalic acids are given below.
Hydrohalic acid
HF
HCl
HBr
HI

Standard enthalpy of neutralization/kJ mol1

68.6
57.6
57.3
57.2

The standard enthalpy of neutralization of HF is the most negative because .

What is the electron affinity, in kJ mol-1, of chlorine?

A -246 B
-275
C
-328
D

-820

A HF is the strongest acid.

B HF has the strongest covalent bond.
C the fluorine atom has the highest electronegativity.
D the fluorine ion has the most exothermic enthalpy of hydration.

[STPM 2008]Which equation illustrates the first ionization energy of the given element?

[STPM 2013] In an experiment, 0.500 g of magnesium metal was dissolved in an excess of dilute
hydrochloric acid in a calorimeter. The calorimeter recorded a temperature rise of 23.3 C. The
total heat capacity of the calorimeter and its contents is 410 J 0C-1. Calculate the heat released in
the experiment, and determine the standard enthalpy of reaction between magnesium metal and
dilute hydrochloric acid. [4]

[STPM 2009 ]

A C(g) C+(g) + e
C Cl(g) + e Cl(g)

B Na(s) Na+(g) + e
D O(g) + e O(g)

Chemical Energetic

Guided by Mr. CB ANG Tel: 017-480 5531 STPM

Hesss Law

Born Haber Cycle

The overall enthalpy change is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps
in a reaction

Using the following data given, generate the Born Haber energy cycle and thus calculate the
lattice energy for sodium chloride.
Standard enthalpy of atomization for Na
Standard enthalpy of atomization for Cl
First ionization energy for Na
First electron affinity for Cl

[STPM 2005]

[STPM 2006]

= + 108 kJ mol-1
= + 121 kJ mol-1
= + 500 kJ mol-1
= - 364 kJ mol-1