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14.5 Release
Fatigue Analysis
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
February 9, 2013
Release 14.5
Introduction
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This lecture provides only the basic ideas of fatigue. Some discussion of
the background to the checking methods is included as well.
In order to use FATJACK in the most efficient way, global models are often
studied first. Although such models contain approximations, they have the
benefit of giving a good insight into the structural behaviour. At a later
stage local models may need to be solved (see submodeling).
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Nomenclature
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DA result objects define the output. They can be requested either before
or after the analysis
Inspection Points are the positions to check for fatigue around the brace
where it connects to the chord
Elements that do not have results will be semi transparent in the graphics
window
Stress Concentration Factors can be returned for the brace or the chord
side
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The term is vague and it implies some sort of irregularity not inherent in
the member.
In short, SCF is the ratio act/, i.e. actual stress divided by nominal stress.
The nominal stress is based on the net section ignoring any stress
redistribution caused be the irregularity. Consider the following example:
Sample subjected to uniform bending
My
moment, the nom I , which for the current
6M
geometry becomes
nom
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b( D h) 2
FATJACK provides facilities for both defining explicit SCF values and for
automatically generating the SCF values using one or more established
empirical formulations. Explicit and generated SCF values may be mixed as
necessary to achieve the desired result.
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Fatigue Assessment
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The use of S-N curves is an alternative approach for the assessment of inservice cracks. Based on specimens subject to fluctuating loading the
number of cycles to failure N is inversely proportional to the stress range S
to the power m of 3 to 4. This is expressed by the following relationship:
The method used within FATJACK to carry out the fatigue assessment is
based upon the use of S-N curves
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
February 9, 2013
Release 14.5
Tubular joints are used throughout fixed marine structures and a number
of different S-N curves already exist in the public domain.
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Miners Rule
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The S-N curve only provides information for constant amplitude loading.
D
g 1
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N N N N N N
i
1
2
3
4
5
amp
N1
n1
Damage =1.0
N2
n2
N3
n3
N3
n4
N4
n5
N5
log N
Since the calculation is based on the number of cycles/yr for the constituent
waves, the resulting damage is that associated with one year of operation. The
fatigue life is simply the reciprocal of damage, that is life=1/D
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
February 9, 2013
Release 14.5
Added Mass
When dealing with marine structures, two important additions to the
normal structural mass have to be considered:
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The increase in mass due to marine growth (which varies over the life of
the structure).
It must be remembered that the added water is external to the structure
and is over and above any water contained within a hollow structure. For
example a hollow pipe has an effective mass equal to:
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Rainflow Counting
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Consider the stress-time history recorded at a probe as shown in Fig. A. Questions like what stresses are
significant, what counts as a cycle, and what is the measure of damage incurred spring into mind!
Consider the first fully reversed cycle and the second fully reversed cycle.
It is clear that to impose the stress-time history on a part, it is necessary that the time trace look like the
solid line plus the dashed line.
Acknowledging the existence of a single stress-time history is to discover a hidden cycle as shown in the
dashed line.
To ensure that the hidden cycle is not lost, start the curve with the largest (or smallest) stress and add
previous history to the right side as shown in Fig. B.
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Imagine we flood the curve with water and we gradually drain it to monitor the valleys that
are formed.
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for tubular frame structures subjected to waves and current or wind including wind gusts
can be used in frequency and time domain
sea states: JONSWAP, Pierson-Moskovitz, Occhi-Hubble, Scot-Weigel and Shell New Wave,
or user-defined wave spectra
SCFJ if crown & saddle SCF is known e.g. from empirical formulae
SCFA if SCF is known at specific locations e.g. from FE
SCFB if SCF is constant across a section
SCFP if SCF values vary with location
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Time History: enables the selection of joints to be included, along with the definition of the cycles
for rainflow counting and target life. Upstream systems are usually transient analyses with random
ocean loading coming from different wave directions
Stress History: enables the selection of joints to be included, along with the definition of the target
life. Wave conditions (heights, periods, directions) are automatically determined with OCEAN
commands in the upstream system(s). Wave occurrence data can be provided with attribute
groups. Upstream systems can be either static or transient structural
Spectral (static/dynamic): Enables the selection of joints, along with definition of the peak stress,
wave spreading and target life of the analysis. Wave transfer function, spectrum, and additional
frequency data should be provided in a text file containing the FATJACK commands. Wave load
cases are automatically determined using the HROCEAN command provided in upstream system(s)
in the order that they are defined. Upstream systems are usually of the Harmonic Response type;
note that both the static and harmonic options of the HROCEAN command can be used when
performing a spectral analysis
Deterministic: Enables the selection of joints, along with definition of the target life. Wave load
cases are automatically determined using the harmonic ocean wave procedure provided in
upstream system(s). Upstream systems should be of harmonic response type; only the static option
of the HROCEAN is appropriate here (HROCEAN,STATIC)
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
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Deterministic Methods
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FATJACK uses this data to generate the stress ranges directly from the
incoming member forces for the loadcase pairs
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Standard harmonic analysis logic with ocean loading includes the added
mass of the water outside the pipe. A damping matrix must be added
separately if one is needed. The load vector is computed based on the
loads at a given time, but the standard analysis method usually misses
some important effects, as all peak loads rarely occur at the same time
So that all relevant ocean wave loading effects are accounted for, a
specialized variation of the harmonic analysis is available. The harmonic
ocean wave procedure (HOWP) applies to regular waves only (Airy and
Wheeler one-component waves, as well as Stokes and Deans Stream
Function waves), and works only with the full-solution harmonic analysis
method (HROPT,FULL)
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Ocean loads are calculated with the assumption that the structure is
stationary
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First, assume that the wave profile is represented as a simple cosine wave,
as shown below:
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From this force history, the maximum and minimum forces are calculated
by fitting the highest and lowest points. Then:
(Ymax Ymin )
2
( X X min 180)
max
if X max X min
2
( X X min 180)
max
if X max X min
2
A
Acos is the coefficient on the real load vector and Asin is the coefficient
on the imaginary load vector
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STATIC Performs a static analysis using both real and imaginary load
vectors (calculated via HOWP). This option works by performing a
harmonic analysis running at a frequency of 0.0.
OFF Deactivates a previously activated HOWP and performs a standard
harmonic analysis.
NPHASE Positive number specifying the number of phases to calculate
forces. This value must be at least 8 (defaults to 20)
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Further Reading
Salmon C.G. & Johnson J.E. (1980) Steel structures design and behaviour,
Harper and Row, New York
Gurney T.R. (1979) Fatigue of welded structures, Cambridge Uni Press
Knott J.F. (1973) Fundamentals of fracture mechanics, Butterworths UK
Lalani, M. & Teddett, I.E. (1985) Design of tubular joints for offshore
structures, UEG, London
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