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(1)
Where,
Qo = oil flow rate into the well (stb/d)
Ko
= total skin
D qo
re
= 1466ft,
rw
is no turbulence.
Q o=
kh
( P P wf )
o B o r
(2)
(Where k is in Darcy)
The IPR relationship based on Darcys law is a straight line relationship for
steady state, radial flow of slightly compressible fluid and it is shown below:
This straight line IPR assumes that the inflow rate into a given well at
constant reservoir conditions is directly proportional to the pressure
drawdown.
q P
q=J ( P)
where
P=P rPwf
Qo
=
P
0.00708 K O h
o B o ln
re
0.75+ S t
rw
(Bpd/psi)
effective permeability
In early production life of this reservoir type, oil is replaced by gas on equal
volume basis and as pressure declines larger gas phase develops and more
gas expansion is required per unit volume of oil produced, which creates
excessive drawdown hence increased permeability to gas and reduced
permeability to oil. With increase in gas oil ratio, there is rapid decrease in
pressure and further decline in productivity index.
Considering a water drive reservoir type, the volume of oil does not remain
not remain constant and there is water encroachment which changes the
initial volume of the reservoir which displaces the oil hereby generating
optimum production rate because of the presence of a gas phase which may
result into a combination water depletion drive mechanism. The pressure
decline may be small or relatively constant which remains above bubble
point and the productivity index remains constant throughout the wells life
due to relatively constant GOR and the PI can be extrapolated linearly for
drawdown necessary to give the desired production but in some cases
whereby there is increase in water-cut, this may reduce the productivity
index of the system.
Finally, considering gas cap expansion drive mechanism, which is otherwise
known as gravity drainage or segregation whereby the oil zone is overlain by
gas cap and it can be further differentiated by whether gas comes out of the
solution or not. In a case whereby gas comes out of solution and migrates to
the gas cap causing its expansion and movement downwards, the
permeability of the formation determines the occurrence of counter-flow and
this only occurs when the permeability is less than 100mD. Here, pressure
declines fairly rapidly as well as the productivity index.
In consideration of combination drive mechanism, in which very often we find
an oil reservoir which is saturated and is n contact with an aquifer which may
exhibit all the three drive mechanisms explained above contributing to the
reservoir drive. As oil is produced, both gas cap and aquifer will expand and
the gas-oil contact will drop with simultaneous rise in oil-water contact which
may arise into complex production problems.
b) Drawdown/ Producing rate
Productivity index is a function of oil mobility and below Pb , there is
evolution of gas from the oil which further decreases productivity index. In a
case whereby Pr > Pb, it may be necessary to reduce the bottom-hole flowing
pressure below bubble point pressure to cause a zone of reduced
permeability to oil around the wellbore out to the radius at which pressure in