Transformer APPS PDF

Transformer Protection
GRID
Technical Institute
This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.
Transformer Fault Categories
1. Winding and terminal faults

2. Sustained or uncleared external faults
3. Abnormal operating conditions such as overload,
overvoltage and overfluxing
4. Core faults
> Transformer Protection
Transformer Protection (1)
Transformer Connections
Overcurrent Protection
Directional Protection of Parallel Transformers
Earth Faults on Transformer Windings
Unrestricted Earth Fault Protection

Restricted Earth Fault Protection
Biased Differential Protection of 2 and 3 Winding
Transformers
Combined Differential and Restricted Earth Fault

Protection
Protection of Auto-Transformers
Inter-Turn Faults and Buchholz Protection
Overfluxing Protection
Overload Protection
Transformer Feeder Protection
A2
EP
A1
A2
EP
A1
a2
ES
a1
A2
IP
EP
A1
a2
ES
a1
IS
a a2
A
C1
A2
a1
c1
C2
C B1
A2
B2
A1 a1
B1
C
C2
9
C1
b1
c1
A1
B2 B
a2
b2
c2
b1
b2
c2
c
a
Clock face numbers refer to

position of low voltage phase neutral vector with respect to high
voltage phase - neutral vector.
Line connections made to highest

numbered winding terminal available.
Line phase designation is same as
winding.
Transformer Vector Groups
Phase displacement
Yy0
Dd0
Zd0
Phase displacement
Yy6
Dd6
Dz6
Lag phase displacement
Yd1
Dy1
Yz1
Lead phase displacement
Yd11
Dy11
Yz11
Group 1
0
Group 2
180
Group 3
30
Group 4
30
10
Clock Face numbers refer to position of low voltage

phase-neutral vector with respect to high voltage phase
neutral vector
Line connections made to highest numbered winding

terminal available
Line phase designation is same as winding

Example 1 : Dy 11 Transformer
High
Voltage
Windings
A Phase
Windings
B Phase
Windings
C Phase
Windings
A2
B2
C2
A1
Low
Voltage
Windings
a1
a2
B1
b1
b2
C1
c1
c2
Question : How to connect windings ?

11
Dy 11
12
11
30
12
Dy 11
1. Draw Phase-Neutral Voltage Vectors
a
A Line Designation
30
13
Dy 11
2. Draw Delta Connection

A
14
Dy 11
3. Draw A Phase Windings

A
a
a2
A2
a1
A1
B
15
Dy 11
4. Complete Connections (a)

A
a
C1
a2
A2
a1
c1 b1
C2
16
A1
B1
B2
c2
B
b2
Dy 11
4. Complete Connections (b)
A2
B2
17
C2
A1
a1
a2
B1
b1
b2
C1
c1
c2
11kV Distribution Transformers

Typical Fuse Ratings
Transformer rating
18
Fuse
kVA
Full load
current (A)
Rated
current (A)
Operating time at
3 x rating(s)
100
5.25
16
3.0
200
10.5
25
3.0
300
15.8
36
10.0
500
26.2
50
20.0
1000
52.5
90
30.0
Traditional Small Transformer

Protection Package
3.3kV
200/5
1500/5
51
50
1MVA
3.3/0.44kV
51
N
64
19
1500/5
51
N
50
N
Traditional Medium Transformer

Protection Package
11kV
51 50
64
1000/5
5MVA
11/3.3kV
51
N
64
1000/5
3.3kV
20
Overcurrent Protection
21
Transformer Overcurrent Protection
Requirements
Fast operation for primary short circuits
Discrimination with downstream protections
Operation within transformer withstand
Non-operation for short or long term overloads
Non-operation for magnetising inrush
22
Use of Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection
HV
Source
LV
50
51
50 set to 1.2 - 1.3 x through fault level
23
Transient Overreach
Concerns relay response to offset waveforms (DC
transient)
Definition
I 1 - I2
x 100
I2
I2
D.C
.
I1
24
I1 = Steady state
rms
pick up
current
I2 = Fully offset
rms
pickup
current
Instantaneous High Set Overcurrent

Relay Applied to a Transformer
51
51
51
HV2
HV1
LV
HV1
HV2
Time
LV
IF(LV)
IF(HV)
1.2IF(LV)
25
Curren
t
2-1-1 Distribution (1)
I3
I3
0.866 I 3
I3
26
2-1-1 Distribution (2)
HV relay
0.4 sec
LV relay
0.866 I3
27
I3
Parallel Transformers
Directional Relays (1)
51
67
Grid supply
Feeders
51
67
51
28
51
Directional Relays (2)
51
51
Grid supply
Bus
Section
Feeders
51
51
29
51
Earth Fault Protection
30
Transformer Earth Faults

3 p.u. turns 1 p.u. turns
IP
PR
Protective
Relay
Resistor limits E/F current to full load values
IF
Thus, primary current, IP =
For a fault at , Fault current = IFL

Effective turns ratio = 3:
3
2
3
.I FL
. I FL
If CT ratio (on primary side) is based

on full load current of transformer, then
CT secondary circuit =
31
. I FL
Overcurrent Relay Sensitivity

to Earth Faults (1)
If as multiple
of IF.L.
1.0
0.9
Star Side
0.8
IF
0.7
0.6
51
0.5
Overcurrent
Relay
0.4
0.3
Delta Side
0.2
0.1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Overcurrent Relay Setting > IF.L.

32
p.u..

to Earth Faults (2)
If as multiple
of IF.L.
10
9
Star Side
IF
7
6
51
Overcurrent
Relay
4
3
Delta Side
2
1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
p.u..
33

to Earth Faults (3)
If as multiple
of IF.L.
10
IF
IF
9
8
7
6
IP
IN
IP
5
4
3
2
IN
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

0.9 1.0
34
p.u..
Earth Fault on Transformer Winding
I=
I
2
3
For relay operation, I > IS
e.g. If IS = 20%, then

i.e. > 59%
Differential
Relay
Setting = IS
35
Thus 59% of
> 20% for operation
winding is not protected
Differential Relay Setting

10%
% of Star Winding Protected

58%
20%
41%
30%
28%
40%
50%
17%
7%
Unrestricted Earthfault Protection (1)
51N
51 51 51
Provides back-up protection for system

Time delay required for co-ordination
36
Unrestricted Earthfault Protection (2)
51N
51 51 51
51N
Can provide better sensitivity

(C.T. ratio not related to full load current)
(Improved effective setting)
Provides back up protection for transformer and system
37
Star Winding REF
Protected
Zone
REF
Relay only operates for earth faults within protected zone.

Uses high impedance principle.
Stability level : usually maximum through fault level of
transformer
38
Restricted E/F Protection

Low Voltage Windings (1)
A B C N
LV restricted E/F
protection trips
both HV and LV breaker
Recommended setting : 10%
rated
39
Restricted E/F Protection

Low Voltage Windings (2)
A B C N
LV restricted E/F protection trips both HV and LV breaker

Recommended setting : 10% rated
40
Delta Winding Restricted Earth Fault
Source
Protected zone
REF
Delta winding cannot supply zero sequence current to

system
Stability : Consider max LV fault level

Recommended setting : less than 30% minimum earth fault
level
41
High Impedance Principle

Protected
Circuit
ZM
RCT
RCT
RL
IF
RL
IS
VS
RL
ZM
RST
R
Voltage Across Relay Circuit
RL
VS = IF (RCT + 2RL)
Stabilising resistor RST limits spill current to IS (relay setting)

RST = VS - RR
where RR = relay burden
IS
CT knee point
VKP = 2VS = 2IF (RCT + 2RL)
42
Non-Linear Resistors (Metrosils)
During internal faults the high impedance relay circuit constitutes

an excessive burden to the CTs.
A very high voltage develops across the relay circuit and the CTs.
Causes damage to insulation of CT, secondary winding and
relay.
Magnitude of peak voltage VP is given by an approximate formula
(based on experimental results)
VP = 2 2VK (VF - VK)
Where VF = Swgr. Fault Rating in amps x Z of relay circuit
CT ratio
Metrosil required if VP > 3kV
43
Non-Linear Resistors (Metrosils)

IOP
RST
VM
VS
RR
Metrosil Characteristic
V = CI
Suitable values of C & chosen based on :

Max secondary current under fault conditions
Relay setting voltage
44
REF Protection Example
1MVA
(5%)
11000V
415V
1600/1
RCT = 4.9
Calculate :
1) Setting voltage (VS)
80MVA
2) Value of stabilising
resistor required
3) Effective setting
1600/1
RCT =
4.8
RS
2 Core 7/0.67mm
(7.41/km)
100m Long
45
MCAG14
IS = 0.1
Amp
4) Peak voltage
developed by CTs
for internal fault
Solution (1)
Earth fault calculation :Using 80MVA base
Source impedance = 1 p.u.
Transformer impedance = 0.05 x 80 = 4 p.u.
1
Total impedance = 14
1 P.U.
1
p.u.
4
I1 = 1 = 0.0714 p.u.
14
I1
Base current = 80 x 106

3 x 415
4
I2
4
I0
Sequence Diagram
46
= 111296 Amps
IF
= 3 x 0.0714 x 111296
= 23840 Amps (primary)
= 14.9 Amps (secondary)
Solution (2)
(1) Setting voltage

VS = IF (RCT + 2RL)
Assuming earth CT saturates,
RCT = 4.8 ohms

2RL = 2 x 100 x 7.41 x 10-3 = 1.482 ohms
Setting voltage = 14.9 (4.8 + 1.482)
= 93.6 Volts
(2) Stabilising Resistor (RS)

RS = VS - 1
IS IS2
Where IS = relay current setting
RS = 93.6 - 1 = 836 ohms

0.1
0.12
47
Solution (3)
Weber/m2 (Tesla)
(multiply by Kv to obtain RMS
secondary volts)
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.04
0.08
0.12
AT/mm
(multiply by Ki to obtain total
exciting current in Amps)
48
Kv
Ki
Line &
Neutral CT
158
0.341
Earth CT
236
0.275
Solution (4)
(3) Effective setting IP = CT ratio x (IS + IMAG)
Line & Neutral CTs
Flux density at 93.6V = 93.6 = 0.592 Tesla
158
From graph, mag. Force at 0.592 Tesla = 0.015 AT/mm
Mag. Current = 0.015 x 0.341 = 0.0051 Amps

Earth CT
Flux density at 93.6V = 93.6 = 0.396 Tesla
236
From graph, mag. Force at 0.396 Tesla = 0.012 AT/mm

Mag. Current = 0.012 x 0.275 = 0.0033 Amps
Thus, effective setting = 1600 x (0.1 + [(4 x 0.0051) + 0.0033])
Effective setting = 198 Amps
Transformer full load current = 1391 Amps
Effective setting = 198 x 100% = 14.2% x rated
1391
49
Solution (5)
(4)
Peak voltage = 22VK (VF - VK)

VF = 14.9 x VS = 14.9 x 936 = 13946 Volts
IS
For Earth CT, VK = 1.4 x 236 = 330 Volts (from graph)
VPEAK = 22 x 330 x (13946 - 330)
= 6kV
Thus, Metrosil voltage limiter will be required.
50
T1
N A B C
Bus Section
T2
415 Volt
Switchboard
51
CT in Earth
N A BC
T1
51N
Bus Section
Open
T2
51N
52
415 Volt
Switchboard
Parallel Transformers CT in
Earth and Neutral
N A BC
T1
51N
Bus Section
Open
T2
51N
53
415 Volt
Switchboard
Residual Connections
NA BC
T1
F2
Bus section
Will maloperate if bus section is open
for fault at F1 T2
F1
415 volt switchboard

No maloperation for fault at F2 (but setting must be
greater than load neutral current)
54
Traditional Large Transformer

Protection Package
33kV
51 50
200/5
10MVA
33/11kV
51
N
600/5
64
600/5
5/5A
55
87
Differential Protection
56
Overall differential protection may be justified for
larger transformers (generally > 5MVA).
Provides fast operation on any winding
Measuring principle :
Based on the same circulating current principle as the
restricted earth fault protection
However, it employs the biasing technique, to maintain
stability for heavy through fault current
Biasing allows mismatch between CT outputs.

It is essential for transformers with tap changing
facility.
Another important requirement of transformer
differential protection is immunity to magnetising in
rush current.
57
Biased Differential Scheme
Differential
Current
I1
BIAS
BIAS I
2
I1 - I2
OPERATE
I1 - I2
RESTRAIN
OPERATE
I1 + I2
2
58
Mean Through
Current
PROTECTED ZONE
HV
LV
Correct application of differential protection requires CT ratio

and winding connections to match those of transformer.
CT secondary circuit should be a replica of primary system.
Consider :
(1)
(2)
(3)
59
Difference in current magnitude

Phase shift
Zero sequence currents
Differential Connections
P1
P2
A2
A1
60
a1
a2
P2
P1
Use of Interposing CT
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
P1
S2
S1 P1
R
R
R
Interposing CT provides :
Vector correction
Ratio correction
Zero sequence compensation
P2
S2
S2
61
a2
P2
S1
2 Winding Transformer Differential Protection (1)

150/5
P2
P1
S1
15MVA
66kV / 11kV
A2
A1 a1
a2
800/5
P2
P1
S2
S2
S1
Dy1
Given above: Need to consider (1) Winding full load current

(2) Effect of tap changer (if any)
(3) C.T. polarities
Assuming no tap changer
Full load currents:66kV: 131 Amp = 4.37 Amps secondary
11kV: 787 Amp = 4.92 Amps secondary
However, require 11kV C.T.s to be connected in
Thus, secondary current = 3 x 4.92 = 8.52A
RATIO CORRECTION IS REQUIRED

62
2 Winding Transformer Differential Protection (2)

800/5
150/5
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
a2
P2
S2
P1
S2
4.37A
4.92A
S1
S2 P1
(2.56)
S1
P2
(5)
R
R
It is usual to connect 11kV C.T.s in

and utilise a
/
interposing C.T.
(this method reduces lead VA burden on the line C.T.s)
Current from 66kV side = 4.37 Amp
Thus, current required from
winding of int. C.T. = 4.37 Amp
Current input to
winding of int. C.T. = 4.92 Amp
Required int C.T. ratio = 4.92 / 4.37 = 4.92 / 2.52
3
May also be expressed as : 5 / 2.56
63
Effect of Tap Changer
e.g. Assume 66kV +5%, -15%

Interposing C.T. ratio should be based on mid tap position
Mid Tap (-5%)
= 62.7 kV
Primary current (15 MVA)
= 138 Amp
Secondary current
= 4.6 Amp
Interposing C.T. ratio required = 4.92 / 4.6

3
(
/
)
= 4.92 / 2.66
May also be expressed as : 5 / 2.7
Compared with 5 / 2.56 based on nominal voltage
64
Autotransformer Differential Protection (1)
1200:5
B
C
800:5
175/145/30 MVA
230/115/13.8 kV
YNynd1
230kV
+5%/-15%
19 taps
2000:5
c
Grounding
transformer
inside the
protection zone
a
a
B
b
B
c
B
Yd11 software
interposing CT
Ydy0 software
interposing CT
Ydy0 software
interposing CT
65
P645
(b) Differential protection
Use the mid tap position for the HV nominal

voltage:
Mid tap position =
(a) System configuration
66
(5 15 )
2
230 = 218 .5kV
100
100
Calculation of Full Load Currents:
IFLC,HV
175 10 6
=
= 462 .41A
3 218 .5 103
IFLC,TV
175 106
=
= 7321 .47 A
3
3 13.8 10
IFLC,LV
175 10 6
=
= 878.58 A
3
3 115 10
Calculation of ratio correction factors:
K amp ,HV
Inom,HV
800
=
=
= 1.730
IFLC,HV 462 .41
K amp ,TV =
67
Inom,LV
2000
=
= 0.273
IFLC,LV 7321 .47
K amp ,LV
Inom,LV
1200
=
=
= 1.366
IFLC,LV 878 .58

No mal-operation due to tap changer errors:
2.5
Bias characteristic
CT and tap changer errors
2
nominal MVA, tap 1
Idiff/Inom
nominal MVA, tap 19
1.5
66.7% of nominal MVA, tap 1
66.7% of nominal MVA, tap 19
0.5
0
0
68
0.5
1.5
2
Ibias/Inom
2.5
3.5
Autotransformer Differential Protection Delta

not connected (1)
175/175/30MVA
230/115/13.8kV
YNynd1
230kV - +5%/-15% - 19 taps
1200:5
1200:5
1200:5
a
A
a
b
a
B
Yy0 software interposing CT

a

D
P643
69
Autotransformer Differential Protection Delta

not connected (2)
(b) Differential protection
(a) System configuration
70
Connections Check
Arbitrary Current Distribution
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
P1
S2
R
R
R
P2
S2
S2
71
a2
S1
P1
P2
S1
Connections Check
Add Delta Winding Current
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
P1
S2
R
R
R
P2
S2
S2
72
a2
S1
P1
P2
S1
Connections Check
Complete Primary Distribution
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
P1
S2
R
R
R
P2
S2
S2
73
a2
S1
P1
P2
S1
Connections Check
Complete Secondary Distribution
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
P1
S2
R
R
R
P2
S2
S2
74
a2
S1
P1
P2
S1
In-Zone Earthing Transformer

P1
P2
A1
A2
a1
a2
P2
P1
S2 S1
S2 S1 T2 T1 P1 P2
75
P1
P2
A1

Alternative (1)
a2
A2
a1
P2
P1
S2 S1
S2 S1 P1 P2
76

Alternative (2)
300/1
EARTHING
TRANSF.
900/1
TO DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY
77

Alternative (3)
300/1
EARTHING
TRANSF.
300/1
1/0.33
TO DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY
78
Combined Differential and

Restricted Earth Fault Protection
A1 a1
A2
a2
P1
P2
S1
P1
S1
S2
P2
REF
P2
S2
P1
S1
S2
To differential relay
79
Combined Differential and

Earth Fault Protection
Using Summation Auxiliary Current Transformer
Restricted earth
fault relay
64
Bias windings
87
80
87
87
Differential relay
operating windings
T1
PHASE a
PHASE b
PHASE c
A
A
G
T1
G G
BEF
T2
T3
J
T4
Rb
2
H H H
Rb
2
Rb
2
Ro
Ro
Ro
OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY
81
Three Winding Transformer
300/5
63MVA
132KV
25MVA
11KV
1600/5
50MVA
33KV
1000/5
4.59
5.51
10.33
2.88
2.88
All interposing C.T. ratios refer to

common MVA base (63MVA)
82
Traditional Use of Interposing CT

Dy1(-30)
Yd11(+30)
R
R
Interposing CT provides :
Vector correction
Ratio correction
Zero sequence compensation
83
Integral Vectorial and Ratio

Compensation
Power transformer
Numeric
Relay
Ratio
correction
Vectorial
correction
Virtual interposing CT
84
Differential
element
Transformer Magnetising
Characteristic
Twice
Normal
Flux
Normal
Flux
Normal
No Load
Current
No Load Current
at Twice Normal
Flux
85
Magnetising Inrush Current

Steady State
+ m
Im
- m
86
Magnetising Inrush Current

Switch on at Voltage Zero - No residual flux
Im
2m
87
Transformer Differential Protection

Effect of Magnetising Current
Appears on one side of transformer only

Seen as fault by differential relay
Normal steady state magnetising current is less than
relay setting
Transient magnetising inrush could cause relay to
operate
88

Effect of Magnetising Inrush
SOLUTION 1 : TIME DELAY
Allows magnetising current to die away before relay can

operate
Slow operation for genuine transformer faults
89

SOLUTION 2 : 2ND (and 5TH) HARMONIC RESTRAINT
Makes relay immune to magnetising inrush

Slower operation may result for genuine transformer faults
if CT saturation occurs.
90
CT saturation detection algorithm to avoid long operating

times
External fault detection algorithm to maintain stability during

external faults.

SOLUTION 3 : GAP MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE
Inhibits relay operation during magnetising inrush

Operate speed for genuine transformer faults unaffected by
significant CT saturation
91
Protection of Auto-Transformer by
High Impedance Differential Relays
(a) Earth Fault Scheme
A
B
C
87
92
High impedance
relay
Protection of Auto-Transformer by
High Impedance Differential Relays
(b) Phase and Earth Fault Scheme
A
B
C
a
b
c
87 87 87
n
93
Inter-Turn Fault Protection
94
Inter-Turn Fault
CT
E
Load
Shorted
turn
Nominal turns ratio

Fault turns ratio
Current ratio
- 11,000 / 240
- 11,000 / 1
- 1 / 11,000
Requires Buchholz relay
95
Interturn Fault Current / Number

of Turns Short Circuited
100
10
Fault current in short
circuited turns
80
Fault current
(multiples of
rated current)
60
6
Primary input current
40
20
0
5
10
15
20
25
Turn short-circuited (percentage of winding)
96
Primary current
(multiples of
rated current)
Buchholz Relay Installation
3 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum)
Conservator
5 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum)
Oil conservator
3 minimum
Transformer
97
Buchholz Relay
Petcock
Counter balance
weight
Alarm bucket
Mercury switch
Oil level
To oil
conservator
From transformer
Trip bucket
Aperture adjuster
Drain plug
98
Deflector plate
Overfluxing Protection
99
Overfluxing
Generator transformers
Grid transformers
Usually only a problem during run-up or shut down, but can be
caused by loss of load / load shedding etc.
Flux V
f
Effects of overfluxing :
Increase in magnetising current

Increase in winding temperature
Increase in noise and vibration
Overheating of laminations and metal parts (caused by

stray flux)
Protective relay responds to V/f ratio
Stage 1 - lower A.V.R.

Stage 2 - Trip field
100
Overfluxing Basic Theory
V = kf
2m
CAUSES
Low frequency
High voltage
Geomagnetic disturbances
EFFECTS
Tripping of differential element (Transient overfluxing)

Damage to transformers (Prolonged overfluxing)
101
Ie
V/Hz Overfluxing Protection
V K
f
Trip and alarm outputs for clearing prolonged overfluxing
Alarm : Definite time characteristic to initiate corrective action
Trip : IDMT or DT characteristic to clear overfluxing condition
Settings
Pick-up 1.5 to 3.0 i.e.
110V x 1.05 = 2.31

50Hz
DT setting range 0.1 to 60 seconds
102
V/Hz Characteristics
Enables co-ordination with plant withstand characteristics
t = TMS
(M - 1)2
10000
t=TMS/(M-1)2
operating time (s)
1000
100
TMS = 12
TMS = 8
10
TMS= 4
TMS = 2
TMS = 1
1
1.05
1.15
1.25
1.35
1.45
1.55
M = (V/f)/Setting
P4283ENa
103
Overfluxing Relay
Ex
VT
AVR
104
R
L
Application of Overfluxing Relay
Circuit breaker
position repeat relay
RL1-1
VAA relay
Lower AVR
DC
DC
Inhibit AVR
raise
Alarm
RL2-1
Alarm
RL2-2
105
Generator field circuit

breaker trip coil
Thermal Overload Protection
106
Ageing Acceleration Factor
Effect of Overload on Transformer

Insulation Life
10000
1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0
110
50
100
150
200
Hottest Spot Temperature (C)
Temperature principal variable that affects thermal life

This curve applies for distribution and power transformers
107
250
Overheating Protection
Trip
I load
Alarm
TD
setting
Top oil of
power
transformer
On
Fan
control
I load
Off
On
Pump
control
Off
Temp. indication
Heater
Local
Thermal
replica
108
Temperature
sensing resistor
Remote
Overload Protection
Overcurrent protection designed for fault condition

Thermal replica provides better protection for overload
Current based
Flexible characteristics
Single or dual time constant
Reset facility
Non-volatile
Time
Current
109
Thermal Overload
Dual Characteristic (1)
Trip time (s)
10000
Single
characteristic:
= 120 mins
1000
Dual
characteristic
100
10
110
2
3
4
5
6
Current (multiple of thermal setting)
Single
characteristic:
= 5 mins
Thermal Trip Time

Dual Characteristic (2)
I 2
q

P
IREF
TripTime = ln
2
I K q
TRIP
I REF
where
= heating time constant
I = actual current measured by relay
IREF = continuous current rating of protected plant
qP
qTRIP
= previous thermal state
= trip threshold
K = multiplier (for actual temperature)

111
Thermal Overload
IEEE Std. C57.91-1995 (1)
Oil exponent
Top oil
time constant
Ratio of load loss

to no load loss
Top oil
Temperature
Hot spot
Temperature
Square of current
112
TO
I2
Coolant (oil/air)
Temperature a
R
m
a
Winding time
constant
Winding
exponent
Thermal Trip Time

IEEE Std. C57.91-1995 (2)
Top oil temperature, TO. Calculated or measured (CLIO or RTD)
TO = A TO
The calculation of TO, top oil rise over ambient, considers:
An oil time constant, TO

The ratio of load loss at rated load to no load loss, R
An oil exponent, n
Top oil rise over ambient temperature at rated load, TO,R
Hot spot temperature, H is a calculated value only.
=
H
TO
The calculation of H, hot spot over top oil, considers:
A winding time constant, w

Winding hottest spot rise over top oil temperature at rated load. H,R
Winding exponent, m
RMS current values are used to replicate winding hottest
temperature
113
spot
Transformer Feeders
114
Protection of Parallel
Transformer Feeders
Higher voltage
busbar
Z
OC
OC
FTS
FTS
REF
REF
DP
DP
Bh
Bh
WT
WT
REF
DOC
REF
SBEF
2 stage
SBEF
2 stage
OC
OC
Load
115
Lower voltage
busbar
Load
DOC
Protection of Transformer Feeders
CTs
CTs
HV LV
CTs
CTs
TRIP
Feeder
Differential
Protection
PILOTS
Feeder
Differential
Protection
Transformer
Differential
Protection
UNSTABILISE
TRIP
TRIP
116
Transformer Feeders
FEEDER
PW
PILOTS
PW
For use where no breaker separates the transformer from the

feeder.
Transformer inrush current must be considered.
Inrush is a transient condition which may occur at the instant
of transformer energisation.
Mag. Inrush current is not a fault condition

Protection must remain stable.
117
Transformer Feeder Protection

Dy11
A
B
P1
S1
P2
P2
S2
23
24
25
26
27
28
II
ii
III
iii
MCTH
MBCI
27
28
MFAC
14
19
17
17
PILOTS
18
19
18 17
19
1
+ MVTW
02
13
14
-
118
S1
A
B
C
17
19
23
24
25
26
27
28
S2
MCTH 23
17
P1
MBCI
18
24
25
26
27
28
23
24
25
26
27
28
P543/ P545 - Protection

of Transformer Feeders
Power transformer
P540
Scheme
Ratio
correction
Vectorial
correction
119

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Transformer Protection

Transformer Fault Categories

1. Winding and terminal faults

> Transformer Protection

Transformer Protection (1)

Unrestricted Earth Fault Protection

> Transformer Protection

Transformer Protection (2)

Combined Differential and Restricted Earth Fault

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

Transformer Protection (3)

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Transformer Protection (4)

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Transformer Protection (5)

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Clock face numbers refer to

Line connections made to highest

Transformer Vector Groups

Lag phase displacement

Lead phase displacement

> Transformer Protection

Clock Face numbers refer to position of low voltage

Line connections made to highest numbered winding

Line phase designation is same as winding

Question : How to connect windings ?

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

1. Draw Phase-Neutral Voltage Vectors

> Transformer Protection

2. Draw Delta Connection

> Transformer Protection

3. Draw A Phase Windings

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4. Complete Connections (a)

> Transformer Protection

4. Complete Connections (b)

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11kV Distribution Transformers

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Traditional Small Transformer

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Traditional Medium Transformer

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Transformer Overcurrent Protection

Non-operation for magnetising inrush

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Use of Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection

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Instantaneous High Set Overcurrent

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2-1-1 Distribution (1)

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2-1-1 Distribution (2)

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> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

Earth Fault Protection