saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi

J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis
departamenti

ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da

eTnologiis instituti

giorgi qavTaraZe

samxedro saqme Zvel

aRmosavleTSi
meomris biblioTeka #9

Tbilisi
2008

Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ mecxre wigni; seria

iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli
saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.
seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli
aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia
popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es
patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa
udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi
warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel
oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da
a.S.
seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis
instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.
didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos
yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.
seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom
brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.

vaJa kiknaZe

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recenzenti:

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ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe
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damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo
departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli
topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.
q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20
tel.: +995 32 91-19-83
faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83
2

Stabis

msoflios yvela sxva mxaresTan SedarebiT, Zveli aRmosavleTi da

kerZod misi dasavleTi nawili, axlo aRmosavleTi _ civilizaciis
akvani _ warmoadgenda regions, sadac pirvelad Cndeba sazogadoebriv
doneze organizebuli omi. omi civilizaciis aRmocenebis Tanmxlebi
movlenaa, romelsac miuxedavad yvela uaryofiTi Sedegisa, sazogadoebis
ganviTarebaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba.
msoflioSi pirvelad sazogadoebriv doneze organizebuli omis
axlo aRmosavleTSi aRmoceneba, am mxaris geografiul-topografiuli da
sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri Taviseburebebis erTobliobiT unda yofiliyo
gamowveuli. swored aq, e. w. neoliTuri revoluciis Sedegad,
Camoyalibda kacobriobis istoriaSi pirvelad aRwarmoebiTi meurneoba
anu moxda mcenareTa kultivacia da cxovelTa moSinaureba; amisda
Sesabamisad
adgili
hqonda
siaxleebs
teqnologiur
sferoSi,
meurneobrivi saqmianobis CamoyalibebasTan erTad xdeboda iaraRis axali
saxeobebis SemoReba. amave regionSi safuZveli Caeyara kacobriobis
istoriaSi arsebul uZveles dasaxlebebs. es dasaxlebebi meurneTa
saqmianobis adgilebis maxloblad iqmneboda, raTa maTi monagaris
SedarebiT advilad dacva yofiliyo SesaZlebeli. namati produqti,
Tavis mxriv, mosaxleobis nawilis gamoTavisuflebis saSualebas iZleoda
meurneobisagan da maTi ZiriTadi saqmianoba swored am namati produqtis
dacva xdeboda. kargi mosavalis misaRebad adgili hqonda xolme
Selocvas anu magiis gamoyenebas, rasac ufro adreul xanebSi,
warmatebuli nadirobis `uzrunvelsayofad~ mimarTavdnen; am saqmianobaSi
Cabmuli
iyo
Sesabamisi
`niWis~
mqone
xalxi,
Cveulebriv
gaTavisuflebuli sxva sazogadoebrivi funqciebisgan. mosaxleobis es
jgufebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT Semdegdroindeli jariskacebisa da
qurumebis winamorbedebad.
namati produqti, bunebrivia, mosaxleobis zrdis tempzec
aisaxeboda. gazrdili mosaxleoba axal miwebs iTvisebda, rac zogjer
ubrZolvelad ar xdeboda, da ase TandaTanobiT xdeboda warmoebiTi
meurneobis gavrceleba Zvel axlo aRmosavleTSi da mis farglebs gareT.
amave dros, ukve arsebul dasaxlebebSi mosaxleobis ganuxreli zrdis
Sedegad yalibdeba pirveli qalaqebi, xolo ufro gvian qalaqisaxelmwifoebi da saxelmwifoebi. saxelmwifoebrivi cxovreba, Tavis
mxriv, mraval siaxles iTxovda saWiro xdeboda damwerlobis
SemoReba, mmarTveli aparatis Seqmna, meomarTa, xelosanTa da sasuliero
wodebebis gamoyofa ukve `kastebis~* saxiT; TandaTanobiT Cayalibebul
aristokratias
ZvelaRmosavlur
sazogadoebebSi
saTaveSi
edga
erTpirovnuli mbrZanebeli _ mefe an mefe-qurumi.
Zvel aRmosavleTSi da zogadad brZolaSi gamoyenebuli taqtikuri
xerxebi, sakmaod gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan da damokidebuli iyo: 1.
3

mebrZoli armiebis sididesa da qmediTunarianobaze; 2. maT SemadgenlobaSi myofi qvedanayofebis saxeobebze; 3. adgilmdebareobis xasiaTze da
mxareTa mier dakavebul poziciaTa upiratesobebze; 4. amindis Taviseburebze.
rodesac sardali grZnobda Zalis mxriv sakuTari laSqris Warb
upiratesobas, igi cdilobda qveiTi jariT Seetia mowinaaRmdegis wina
xazisaTvis, xolo cxenosnebi frTebze anu flangebze ganelagebina.
Tavdapirvelad xdeboda qveiTi jaris ukan moTavsebuli mSvildosnebisa
da saalyo saSualebebis mier gasrolili isrebiTa da qvis WurvebiT
mowinaaRmdegis wina xazis intensiuri dasetyva da amis Sedegad SeTxeleba, Semdeg qveiTi mebrZolebi gadadiodnen ieriSze da xelCarTuli
brZolis msvlelobisas, cxenosani nawilebi orive frTidan SeteviT
rkalSi moaqcevdnen mowinaaRmdeges da mas ukan daxevis saSualebas aRar
aZlevdnen.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu upiratesoba arcTu mTlad gamokveTili Canda,
sardlis mizani iyo aeZulebina mteri ukan daexia, vinaidan ukandaxeuli
mteri bevrad ufro naklebad organizebuli iqneboda, vidre medgrad
mdgari qvedanayofebi. amis ganxorcieleba SeiZleboda mtris SedarebiT
sust nawilebze qveiTi jaris mZlavri ieriSis Sedegad mowyobili
xocva-JletiT, rac maTi ukandaxevis mizezi gaxdeboda. rodesac erTi
samxedro nawili Tavisi TanamebrZolebis meore nawilis ukandaxevas
xedavs, masac uCndeba gaqcevis cduneba. kidev ufro mniSvnelovnad
iTvleboda mtris mTavarsardlis nebisyofis Seryeva an misi mokvla. mTavarsardlisa da misi piradi dacvis ukandaxevisas Tavs iCenda Seuqcevadi
procesebi. aRniSnuli taqtikis gamoyeneba miznad isaxavda dominos
efeqtis* dawyebas, rac saboloo jamSi mowinaaRmdegis mTeli Semadgenlobis brZolis velidan gaqceviT mTavrdeboda.
adreuli omebis strategia ZiriTadad ori umTavresi miznis miRwevisaken iyo mimarTuli: mowinaaRmdegis darwmunebaSi, rom omis gagrZeleba ufro Zviri dajdeboda, vidre danebeba da danebebis SemTxvevaSi,
maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli sargebelis SeTavazebaSi. mtris dasamorCileblad sakmarisi iyo xolme brZolis velze misi armiis damarcxeba.
mas mere, rac mtris samxedro Zala sabolood iqneboda ganadgurebuli,
mosalodneli alyisa da mosaxleobis amowyvetis safrTxe da sxva misTanebi aiZulebda damarcxebul mxares mijdomoda molaparakebebis magidas.
kultivirebuli vel-mindvrebis gadabugviTa da mosalodneli SimSilis
winaSe dayenebiT, mteri mosaxleobas aiZulebda xolme an ubrZolvelad
damorCilebuliyo an masTan gadamwyvet brZolaSi Cabmuliyo. gaTvlili
iyo agreTve mosavlis aRebis drois dadgomisa da daqiravebuli meomrebisaTvis gasacemi Tanxis amowurvis dros mowinaaRmdege mxaris naklebi
brZolisunarianoba, Tu sulac daqsaqsvis SesaZlebloba. omSi wasulTa
4

ZiriTadi individualuri mizani, an materialuri sargeblis miReba, an

politikuri Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba iyo.
Zveli aRmosavleTis sxvadasxva mxareSi samxedro saqmis ganviTareba
garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. am mxriv, pirvel rigSi,
gamoirCeva eqvsi ZiriTadi regioni: mesopotamia (evfratisa da tigrosis
SuamdinareTi), egvipte, anatolia (mcire azia), irani, indostanis
naxevarkunZuli da CineTi. qvemoT ganvixilavT TiToeuli am regionis
brinjaos epoqis samxedro istorias Zalze SemWidrovebulad da
sqematurad. mis safuZvlian Seswavlas aTeulobiT wignic ar eyofoda.
Cveni Tvalsawieridan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, ZiriTadi yuradReba
daeTmoba Cvens regionTan SedarebiT axlo mdebare mxareebSi arsebul
mdgomareobas. rac Seexeba, levants anu siria-palestinis momcvel
aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTs, misi brinjaos xanis samxedro
istoria mWidrod aris gadajaWvuli am metad mniSvnelovani samxedrostrategiuli da savaWro-ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis mqone regionis
dasaufleblad mesopotamiis, anatoliisa da egviptis xelisufalTa
urTierWidilTan da amdenad, winamdebare naSromSi misi calke ganixilvis
saWiroeba aRar mogvepoveba.
mesopotamia. sakvebwarmoebiT meurneobas arc erT sxva mxareSi ar moutania im raodenobis zedmeti dovlaTi, rogorc amas adgili hqonda qvemo
SuamdinareTSi anu samxreT mesopotamiaSi. evfratsa da tigrosSi wylis
donis xSiri meryeoba dablobis daWaobebisgan dasaxsnelad mosaxleobis
erTobliv Zalisxmevas moiTxovda. zedmeti sakvebi produqciis raodenobis ganuxrelma zrdam da koleqtiuri marTva-gamgeobis sul ufro daxvewilma sistemam xeli Seuwyo urbanizaciis process da sabolood
Sumeruli civilizaciis warmoqmna-Camoyalibebasac. mesopotamiis nayofieri velebi odiTganve izidavda gansxvavebuli warmomavlobis mosaxleobas; Sesabamisad aq Camoyalibebuli kulturac sinkretuli xasiaTisa
iyo da Seicavda erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul elementebs. adgilobrivi da
axalmosuli mosaxleobis narevi met Zalisxmevas moiTxovda sazogadoebis erTianobisaTvis.
miuxedavad sairigacio samuSaoebis erToblivi Catarebis xelsayrelobisa, mesopotamiis miwa-wyali danawevrebuli iyo erTmaneTisagan
galavniT SemosazRvrul, damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoebad, romlebic
daaxloebiT 3000 km farTs akontrolebdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom es
qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi problemur sakiTxebs xSirad erTmaneTan iaraRis
ZaliT garkvevas iyvnen Cveulni, gareSe mtris winaaRmdeg gaerTianebac
icodnen xolme. erTianobis moTxovnileba, mesopotamiaSi Casatarebeli
samuSaoebis sirTulis gamo, bevrad ufro maRali iyo. egviptelebisaTvis
erTianobis xelsayrel pirobas, maTi izolireba warmoadgenda gare
samyarosagan, rac, Tavis mxriv, maT monur morCilebas ganapirobebda
5

faraonis mimarT, romelic dedamiwaze gansxeulebul RvTaebad iyo warmodgenili.

uZvelesi Sumerebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb araerTi Sexedulebaa
gamoTqmuli, Tumca erTi ram savsebiT naTelia, civilizaciis gariJraJze
mesopotamiaSi mcxovreb, Tundac gansxvavebuli warmomavlobis xalxs,
erTsa da imave enaze unda emetyvela, Tundac qveynis keTildReobis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtoris _ sairigacio sistemis gamarTuli funqcionirebis uzrunvelsayofad.
SedarebiT ufro gvian, Zv. w. XVIII saukuneSi, Seiqmna babilonis
mefis _ hamurabis kanonTa krebuli; kacobriobis istoriaSi samoqalaqo
samarTlis pirveli, srulfasovnad dokumentirebuli werilobiTi Zegli,
romelmac didi gavlena moaxdina axlo aRmosavleTis momdevno epoqebis
kanonmdeblobaze. mraval sxva sakiTxTan erTad, aq msoflioSi pirvelad
gansazRvruli iyo mkurnalobis wesebi da eqimTa ufleba-movaleobebi. sabanko saqmianobac aseve pirvelad babilonSi Caisaxa, sadac taZrebSi
Sesanaxad mihqondaT marcvleulis maragi, aseve saqoneli, sameurneo
iaraRebi da Zvirfasi liTonebi.
mesopotamiaSi Tvlidnen, rom maT qveyanaSi mTeli qoneba RmerTs
ekuTvnoda da yvela sakiTxi, iqneboda es sameurneo, savaWro, piradi Tu
omTan dakavSirebuli, kanonis mixedviT unda gadawyvetiliyo. Tu egvipteSi faraoni TviT iyo RmerTi da yvelaferi xalxica da sagnebic
misi sakuTreba iyo, SumerSi mmarTvelebi ZiriTadad mainc Cveulebriv
mokvdavebad ganixilebodnen.
gavleniani sasuliero wodeba zedamxedvelobas uwevda saritualo
adaTebis Sesrulebas. qurumebi zikuratebidan anu taZrebidan marTavdnen
qveyanas. zikuratebi, faqtobrivad, alizis aguriT nagebi xelovnuri
gorebi iyo, romlis gareTa kibe TandaTanobiT viwrovdeboda wverisaken,
sadac samlocveloebi iyo mowyobili. sididiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda qalaq uris zikurati. imis gamo, rom SuamdinareTis dablobze
qvis nakleboba iyo, Sumerebma qvis nacvlad daiwyes aguris warmoeba da
am saqmeSic, did warmatebas miaRwies. agurebi gzis mosakirwyladac ki
gamoiyeneboda.
maRalganviTarebuli miwaTmoqmedeba, daxvewili sairigacio da
wylis saregulirebeli sistemebi Sumeris keTildReobis ZiriTadi mizezi
iyo. miRebuli dovlaTis siuxve didi qalaqebis ricxvis zrdas iwvevda.
Sumeris yvelaze mniSvnelovani qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi iyo: uruqi, eridu,
qiSi, lagaSi, aqadi, aqSaqi, larsa, uri. qalaqis galavnebs zogjer ormagi daniSnuleba hqonda. qalaqis dacvis garda, maT mtrisaTvis unda
eCvenebinaT adgilobrivi xelisuflebis Zlevamosileba. Sumeruli
qalaqis, uruqis galavans saxeli Sors hqonda gavardnili. igi 9,5 km
sigrZisa da 12 m simaRlis iyo.
6

qalaqebis saxiT Camoyalibebuli kompleqsuri sazogadoebebisaTvis

aucilebeli gaxda specializirebuli xelosnobis institutis arseboba.
Sumeri dawinaurebuli samxedro teqnologiis qveyana iyo. aq miiRes liTonis axali saxeoba brinjao, romelsac spilenZisa da kalis minarevis
erTad gamodnobis saSualebiT iRebdnen. axali liToni ufro gamZle da
bevrad ufro magari gamodga, rasac didi samxedro mniSvneloba hqonda.
brinjaos iaraRisa da sabrZolo etlis (ix. qvemoT) gamoyenebas gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba mieniWa SumerSi mefobis institutis SemoRebisa da calkeuli qalaqi-saxelmwifoebis ZalauflebisaTvis metoqeobis
pirobebSi.
adreuli civilizaciis anu e. w. qalaquri revoluciis Camoyalibebis upirveles ganmsazRvrel niSnad swored damwerlobis aRmoceneba
aris miCneuli. marTlac, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis garkveul donemde
ganviTarebis gareSe, damwerlobis aRmocenebas azri ar eqneboda, saTanado funqciis gareSe xom Znelad Tu iqmneba rame. damwerlobis,
rogorc adamianTa Soris arapirdapiri (drois miRma mdgomi) komunikaciis saSualebis gamogoneba, SumerTa udidesi miRweva iyo. Tu
Tavdapirvelad piqtogramebis* saSualebiT werdnen, TandaTanobiT maT
Camoayalibes lursmuli damwerloba, romlisTvisac lerwmis Reros
soliseburi nawiliT Tixis firfitaze daitaneboda naWdevebi da maTi
saSualebiT ukve sityvis calkeul marcvlebs gadmoscemdnen. lursmuli
damwerloba, piqtogramulTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro moqnili sakomunikacio saSualeba iyo. damwerlobis gamoyenebiT Sumerebi momaval Taobebs
gadascemdnen TavianT teqnologiur monapovrebs mdinareTa kontrolisa
da mosavlianobis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT da amiT kidev ufro metad
zrdidnen miwaTmoqmedebis efeqtianobas. SedarebiT ufro gvian Cndeba Canawerebi mefeebisa da maT mier warmoebuli brZolebis Sesaxeb.
rogorc iTqva, Zveli mesopotamielebis warmodgeniT, yvela qalaqi,
misi mosaxleobiTa da qonebiT, ekuTvnoda ama Tu im RvTaebas, xolo misi
nebis aRmasrulebeli da warmomadgeneli iyo enzi, jaris mier qurumebis
mier winaswar Sedgenili siidan arCeuli mmarTveli. uruqis enzi, gilgameSi, legendarul figurad gadaiqca. gilgameSis eposi* TiTqmis sruli
saxiT aris Semonaxuli. rTuli ganyenebuli da emociuri gamonaTqvamebiT
aRsavse es eposi asaxavs SumerTa ganviTarebis maRal gonebriv dones.
gilgameSis eposi imavdroulad warRvnis Sesaxeb arsebuli sxva axloaRmosavluri miTebis prototipia.
samxreT mesopotamiaSi cxovrebis arasaimedoba, dakavSirebuli bunebrivi pirobebis arastabilurobasTan da mtris mosalodnel SemosevebTan,
mosaxleobis religiur cnobierebas SesamCnevad aZlierebda. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Sumeruli qalaqebi ZiriTadad aRmocenebuli iyo winaSumeruli xanis sakulto centrebis siaxloves. qalaqebis sakulto
adgilebis maxloblad ganTavseba ganapirobebda xelisuflebasa da re7

ligias Soris mWidro urTierTkavSirs. RvTismosaobisa da salocavad

monaxulebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi centris, eridus, arseboba jer
kidev winaSumeruli xaniT, Zv. w. 5000 w., ganisazRvreba.
im martivi mizezis gamo, rom Sumeruli sazogadoebis keTildReoba
mniSvnelovnad iyo damokidebuli bunebrivi movlenebis SeswavlasTan, qurumTa saqmianobis mniSvnelovani nawili adreuli saxeobis samecniero
moRvaweobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. am saqmianobis zogierT Sedegs Cven
dResac viyenebT. kerZod, Sumeri qurumebi Tvlidnen, rom yvela RvTaeba
mxolod misTvis gankuTvnili ricxviTi mniSvnelobiT iyo warmodgenili,
mag.: ricxvi samoci, romelic RvTaeba ans* ganekuTvneboda, maTi gamoTvlebis ZiriTadi sabaziso erTeuli iyo. es ricxvi daudes safuZvlad
Sumerebma saaTis wuTebis raodenobasa da pirvelad maT dayves agreTve
wre 360 gradusad. SumerTa es orive maTematikuri migneba dResac gamoTvliTi sistemebis safuZvelia.
gasxvaveba qvisa da adreuli liTonebis (spilenZis, brinjaos) xanis
samxedro saqmes Soris, Tundac am epoqebis dasaxelebidan gamomdinare,
pirvel yovlisa, TiTqos teqnologiuri TaviseburebebiT unda yofiliyo
gamowveuli, magram, rogorc irkveva, igi ZiriTadad organizaciuli xasiaTisa iyo. jer qalaqi-saxelmwifoebisa da bolos adreuli imperiebis
warmoqmna-ganviTarebam Zireulad Secvala samxedro saqmianoba. saxelmwifos SeeZlo iseTi raodenobiT ewarmoebina sasoflo sameurneo produqtebis namati, rom sameurneo saqmianobisagan mTlianad gaTavisuflebuli
xelisuflebisa da samxedro meTaurebis fenis warmoqmna gamxdariyo
SesaZlebeli. garda amisa, vinaidan samxedro Zalebis udidesi nawili
meurneobaSi Cabmuli glexebisgan Sedgeboda, sazogadoebas SeeZlo Tavisi
TavisTvis imis ufleba mieca, rom yovelwliurad laSqrobebSi
monawileobisaTvis es xalxi nawilobriv mainc gaeTavisuflebina muSaobisagan. samxedro istoriaSi momuSave mkvlevarTa SexedulebiT, swored
ase Seiqmna pirveli organizebuli jari, romelic xels uwyobda saxelmwifos, erTi mxriv, gazrdiliyo damarcxebuli mowinaaRmdegis xarjze
sivrcobrivad, xolo, meore mxriv, SeeZina Sinagani siZliere sul ufro
mzardi centralizaciis xarjze.
ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom is qveynebi (Sumeri da egvipte), sadac
miwaTmoqmedebam da mesaqonleobam yvelaze adre miaRwia gansakuTrebiT
did masStabebs, aRmoCndnen mxareebi, sadac kacobriobis istoriaSi
pirvelad moxda srulyofilad organizebuli armiebis Camoyalibeba. es
Sumeruli da egvipturi civilizaciebis aRmocenebis Tanamdevi procesi
iyo.
SuamdinareTis qalaq-saxelmwifoebs daaxloebiT 5000-10000 meomrisagan Semdgari laSqris gamoyvana SeeZloT. brZolisas jari falangad*
ewyoboda da meomrebi erTmaneTis mxardamxar ibrZodnen, wina xazs farebiT icavdnen. TiToeuli maTgani daculi iyo agreTve muzaradiT da li8

Tonis firfitebiT `moWedili~ mosasxamiT. mebrZolebi SeiaraRebuli

iyvnen spilenZis (ufro gvian brinjaos) iaraRebiT, SubebiTa da culebiT
(il. 5). falangaSi myofi mebrZolni mSvildisars ar iyenebdnen; brZolisas erTmaneTis pirispir falangebad dawyobili mowinaaRmdegeebi Subis
kvriTa da biZgebiT da moqneuli culis CexviT uswordebodnen erTmaneTs.
brZolis dros fornebsa Tu sazidavebs Sumerebi jer kidev adrebrinjaos xanis adreuli etapidan iyenebdnen, ufro gvian ki _ farTod
gavrcelebuli sabrZolo etlebis winamorbedebs. Sumeruli etlis gamosaxuleba gvxvdeba Zv. w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebiT daTariRebul e.
w. uris Standartze*. am oTxTvala etlebSi moSinaurebuli virebi Tu
onagrebi* iyo Sebmuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseT etlebze, meetlis
garda Subosani meomaria gamosaxuli (il. 2), igi, ZiriTadad mainc, ufro
sameurneo da saritualo daniSnulebisa (mag.: dakrZalvis ceremonialis
dros) unda yofiliyo, vidre sabrZolo. Sumerebs agreTve gaaCndaT orTvala sabrZolo etlebi, romlebSic oTxi onagri iyo Sebmuli. Zv. w. III
aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi mesopotamiaSi soliduri, mTliani Tvali manebianma borbalma Secvala, xolo imave aTaswleulis dasasruls etlebSi
cxenebis gamoyeneba daiwyes. Sumerebi iyenebdnen agreTve miwis saxnav guTans da sanaosno niCabs.
SuamdinareTSi, iseve rogorc egvipteSi, iaraRis SemadgenlobaSi
TandaTanobiT matulobda brinjaosagan damzadebuli, maRali xarisxis,
sul ufro daxvewili saxeobis nakeTobebi. Sumeris qveiTi jari
SeiaraRebuli iyo SubebiTa da satyorcni xelSubebiT, maxvilebiTa da
satevrebiT, sabrZolo culebiTa da kverTxebiT. mesopotamiaSi, sxva regionebTan SedarebiT, Zlier iyo ganviTarebuli, rogorc safortifikacio
nagebobebi, aseve alyis sawarmoebi saSualebebi. farTod gavrcelebul
iaraRs mTel Zvel aRmosavleTSi warmoadgenda mSvildisari da Subi. am
iaraRiT iyo SeiaraRebuli ricxvmravali qveiTi jari mesopotamiaSic,
egvipteSic da CineTSic. gilgameSis eposidan viciT, rom gilgameSi maxvilisa da culis garda, SeiaraRebuli iyo mSvildisriT.
Sumeruli laSqari Tu Tavdapirvelad bevrad ufro maRla idga mezobelTa jarebTan SedarebiT Tavisi mobilurobiT, discipliniTa da aRWurvilobiT,
TandaTanobiT
mezoblebmac
qvis
iaraRi
brinjaos
saWurveliT Secvales, daxvewes Sumerul falangebTan brZolis wesebi.
aRmosavleTidan mTis xalxebma, guTiebma* da elamelebma, xolo dasavleTidan udabnoSi mcxovrebma momTabare semitebma sul ufro xSirad
daiwyes SuamdinareTSi SeRweva da TareSi. sxvebTan SedarebiT, TavianT
upiratesobaSi Sumerebi imdenad iyvnen darwmunebuli, rom ver xedavdnen
maTTvis safrTxis Semcvel mosalodnel Sedegs da maTi qalaqebis didi
nawili ZiriTadad isev urTierTbrZoliT iyo dakavebuli. Tu romelime
qalaqis mmarTveli sxva qalaqebsac xelSi Caigdebda, igi xdeboda
lugali (`didkaci~), Tumca verc erTi maTgani ver gamodga ise Zleva9

mosili, rom SeZleboda mTeli Sumeris gaerTianeba egviptis msgavsad.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SumerTa araSorsmWvretelobam Ziri gamouTxara
maTi qveynis siZlieres. maT sul ufro metad esaWiroebodaT sxvaTa,
kerZod, elamelTa CarTva sakuTari konfliqtebis gadawyvetaSi. Zv. w. III
aTaswleulidan iwyeba semituri tomebis memkvidreebis, aqadelTa infiltracia Sumeris CrdiloeT raionebSi. sabolood maT moaxerxes Sumeris
teritoriis gaerTianeba. aqadelebma Seisisxlxorces Sumeruli cxovrebis wesi da kultura da SuamdinareTis cxovrebis mravali mxare ganviTarebis axal safexurze aiyvanes, maT Soris samxedro saqmec. Zveli
axlo aRmosavleTis imperiebi, rogorc wesi, ar axdendnen xolme dapyrobili xalxebis asimilirebas. isinic am imperiebs emorCilebodnen
vidre am ukanasknelT Zala erCodaT Tavisi Zlevamosilebis SesanarCuneblad.
Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisidan axlo aRmosavleTis samxedro
saqmeSi Cndeba teqnologiuri siaxle _ cxenebiani, msubuqi sabrZolo
etli. simsubuqe da cxenebi am etls metad swrafsa da mobilurs xdida.
am orTvala etlSi Tavdapirvelad ori cxeni iyo Sebmuli, xolo mogvianebiT oTxi. simsubuqis gamo, etli advilad yiravdeboda da tydeboda.
etlSi ori pirovneba iyo: meetle da sabrZolo TvisebebiT gamorCeuli
meomari. meetles marjvena mxare ekava da misi movaleoba iyo etli mowinaaRmdegis susti adgilisaken miemarTa. meomari an mcire zomis skamze
iyo Camomjdari, anda fexze idga. Cveulebriv, mas muzaradi exura,
atarebda mklavis damcvels, xolo mkerdi dajavSnuli hqonda. etlSi
moTavsebuli iyo iaraRis mTeli `arsenali~: Subi, maxvili, satevari,
kverTxi da rac mTavaria, mSvild-isari. swored mSvild-isris gamoyeneba
xdida am mobilur etls brZolis metad efeqtur saSualebad. didi siCqariT gadaadgilebuli da amdenad, mtris mSvildosnebis mier mouxelTebeli etlidan nasrol isrebs sagrZnobi areuloba Sehqonda mowinaaRmdegis rigebSi. misi SemaCerebeli mxolod mtris mier gamoyenebuli
aseTive etli Tu iqneboda. am garemoebam sabrZolo etlebis farTo
gavrceleba gamoiwvia mTel Zvel aRmosavleTSi, TviT CineTis CaTvliT
(ix. qvemoT). msubuqi cxeniani etlis gamoyenebis dawyebis Semdeg, misi da
qveiTi jaris mterTan erToblivi brZolis xerxebi Zveli aRmosavleTis
yvela qveynis armiaSi gamoiyeneboda.
javSnis uqonloba etlebs daucvels xdida brZolis dros da maTi
xsna mxolod did siCqareSi iyo. Tu etlSi Tavdapirvelad ori kaci iyo,
TandaTanobiT maTi ricxvi xuTamde gaizarda. etlebi Tavisi efeqturobiT
brinjaos xanis tankebs warmoadgendnen. maTi mTavari upiratesoba
mSvildosnebisaTvis micemuli taqtikuri mobiluroba iyo. imis gamo, rom
qveiTi jari mWidrod iyo Sejgufuli brZolis dros da mwyobri,
gaazrebuli moqmedebiTa da erTmaneTis dazRveviT cdilobda gadaulaxavi
cocxali jebiris agebas. sabrZolo etlebs saSualeba eZleodaT Soridan
10

isrebiT daecxrilad maTi rigebi. xolo Tu qveiTebi gaiSlebodnen, maSin

etlebs maTi iolad gadaTelvis Sansi eZleodaT.
rogorc vxedavT, sabrZolo etlebis qona jarisaTvis aucilebeli
iyo. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT maTi damzadebisa da SekeTebis sirTules,
rasac daxelovnebuli xelosnis momsaxureba sWirdeboda da calke
cxenis Rirebulebasac, cxadi xdeba, rom etlis qona da Senaxva mxolod
gansakuTrebulad SeZlebul xalxs SeeZlo. bunebrivia, sabrZolo etlis
mqone meomrebi warmoadgendnen warCinebulTa kastas.
im sazogadoebebSi, sadac sabrZolo etlebi sajaro sakuTrebas
warmoadgendnen, maTi momxmareblebi xels uwyobdnen da ganamtkicebdnen
Zlier centralur xelisuflebas. ase iyo magaliTad, egviptis axal
samefoSi. sabrZolo etlebis gamoyenebam umaRles dones miaRwia kadeSis*
brZolis dros (Zv. w. 1274 w.), rodesac brZolis velze orive mebrZoli
mxridan 6000-mde etls unda mieRo monawileoba (ix. qvemoT).
SumerelTa samxedro upiratesoba: falanga, sabrZolo etli,
javSani, farebis farTo gamoyeneba, samxedro nawilebis disciplina, ver
aanazRaurebda maT araxelsayrel geografiul mdebareobasa da danawevrebulobas. istorikosTa Soris farTod gavrcelebuli SexedulebiT, is
sazogadoebebi, romlebic ar arian homogenuri* an sxvaTagan geografiulad izolirebuli da romelTac Taobidan Taobamde uxdebaT sxvadasxva
mxridan momdinare safrTxeebTan gamklaveba, unda Seecadon ar dauSvan
arastabiluroba mmarTvelobis sistemaSi da unda gamoavlinon cvalebad
garemoebebTan swrafi adaptirebis unari. maT aucileblad unda daZlion
uTanxmoeba sazogadoebaSi da am sazogadoebis yvela fenis valia SeinarCunos qveynisadmi erTguleba; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mTeli sazogadoeba,
misi Semadgeneli yvela fenis CaTvliT, mtris winaSe ganiaraRebuli darCeba da Sesabamisad sayovelTao da sruli katastrofis winaSe dadgeba.
es garemoeba ara mxolod SumerTaTvis iyo gasaTvaliswinebeli da
rogorc yvelani vxedavT, visac ki adardebs sakuTari qveynis bedi,
imaTTvis dResac ara aqvs aqtualuroba dakarguli.
Sumeris istoriaSi sam etaps gamoyofen xolme. pirveli maTgani Zv.
w. V aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan III aTaswleulis Sua xanebamde
grZeldeboda. am xanis yvelaze mniSvnelovani politikuri movlena iyo
gabatonebuli sasuliero fenis, romelsac qurumi-mefeebi edga saTaveSi,
samefo ZalauflebiT Canacvleba. vinaidan qvemo mesopotamiis nayofieri
niadagisaTvis qalaq-saxelmwifoebs Soris sul ufro mzardi omianoba
iCenda Tavs, cxadia, maT mefeebs ZiriTadad samxedro-politikuri
funqciebi unda ganexorcielebinaT. am periodis mesopotamiis simdidris
yvelaze ufro mkafio gamoxatuleba e. w. uris samefo akldamebia. aq
TviT samxedro saWurvelic ki zogjer Zvirfasi liTonebidan aris
damzadebuli.
zemo,
anu
CrdiloeT
mesopotamiaSic
dasaxlebebi
ganuxrelad
izrdeboda,
TandaTanobiT
isinic
damcavi
galavniT
11

SemozRudul qalaqebad gadaiqcnen, rac regionSi arsebul garedan

momdinare safrTxeze da TavdacvisaTvis da omisaTvis mzadebis
saWirobaze metyvelebs.
meore etapze, daaxloebiT Zv. w. 2350-2150 w.w., mTeli mesopotamia,
Sumeris CaTvliT, aqadelebma igdes xelT. garda amisa, maT Tavisi mefis
sargon didis (Zv. w. 2334-2279 w.w.) winamZRolobiT, sakuTari
samflobeloebi Sors dasavleTisaken, xmelTaSuazRvispireTamde da
anatoliamde, xolo aRmosavleTiT dasavleT iranamde ganavrces. misi imperia xmelTaSua zRvas, sparseTis yuresa da kaspiis zRvas Soris gadaiWima.
sargonis mier datovebuli warwerebi, mis mier 34 omis mogebas
iuwyebian da SeniSnaven, rom mis winaSe 5400 kaci purs Wamda, rac
SeiZleba miniSnebad CavTvaloT misi armiis ricxovnebaze. Tavisi
droisaTvis es Zalze didi jari iyo da mis jariskacebs arc
gamocdileba aklda.
nipuris*
sasaxleSi
napovni
warwera
iuwyeba,
rom
qvemo
mesopotamiis anu Sumeris dasaufleblad gamarTuli laSqrobisas
sargonma aiRo qalaqi uruqi da miwasTan gaaswora igi. qalaqidan
gaqceulebma ummas* mefes, lugal-zagess, Seafares Tavi, romelmac
Sumeruli Zalebi aqadelTa winaaRmdeg gaaerTiana. gadamwyveti brZola
sargonis gamarjvebiT damTavrda. man mowinaaRmdege Semusra, xolo TviT
lugal-zagesi ZaRliviT Tokgamobmuli Caiyvana nipurSi.
sargoni Zlieri da gaerTianebuli imperiis SeqmniT cdilobda
daeZlia mesopotamiis qalaqi-saxelmwifoebis mudmivi urTierTqiSpi. man
kidev ufro mkveTrad daaSora erTmaneTs religiuri da saero
xelisufleba. sakuTari batonobis uzrunvelsayofad sargonma pirvelad
daaarsa samxedro begara, romelic, rogorc Cans, sairigacio da
daWaobebuli
adgilebis
daSrobisaTvis
didZali
mosaxleobis
mobilizaciis Cvevis arsebobis gamo ar iyo Zneli gansaxorcielebeli.
aqadur xanas Tanxvdeba mesopotamiaSi axali saxeobis Sedgenili
mSvildis* gamoCena, romelic xisa da rqis nawilebisagan Sedgeboda.
sargonis jarSi warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda Subebisa da satyorcni
iaraRebis urTierTSeTavseba. brinjaos maxvilebiTa da oTxTvala
sabrZolo etlebiT SeiaraRebuli aqadelebi warmatebis Sanss ar
utovebdnen mowinaaRmdegeebs. miuxedavad maTi samxedro geniisa, aqadelTa
hegemonia qvemo mesopotamiaze didxans ar gagrZelebula, ukve daaxl. Zv.
w. 2200 w. zagrosis mTianeTSi mcxovrebi guTiebis meomari tomis xalxi
SeiWra babiloneTSi da bolo mouRo aqadelTa batonobas. maT sargonis
SvilTaSvili daamarcxes.
Sumeris istoriis mesame etapi uris mier guTiebis damarcxebiT
iwyeba. es aris amasTanave uris mesame dinastiis mier, daaxl. Zv. w. 21122004 w.w. Sumeris aRorZinebis xana. uris mesame dinastiis xelisuflebma
12

TiTqmis mTeli mesopotamia igdes xelT. miuxedavad im garemoebisa, rom

am droisaTvis ukve adgili hqonda Sumeruli da aqaduri kulturebis
sinTezs, mainc Sumeruli enis administraciuli uflebebi aRdgenili
iqna. SumerTa mmarTvelobis periodi, Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi,
dasavleTidan semituri tomebis axali nakadis, amoreelebis SemoseviT
damTavrda, rasac Tan aRmosavleTidan elamelebis SemoWra daerTo.
sayuradReboa, rom axalma mosaxleobam SeinarCuna da kidev ufro
ganaviTara Sumerul-aqaduri memkvidreoba. amoreelebma babiloni gaixades
dedaqalaqad, sadac jer kidev sargon aqadels hqonia taZari agebuli da
amis Semdeg isini ukve babilonelebis saxeliT Canan istoriis
furclebze, xolo babiloni TiTqmis ori aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi kidev
inarCunebda axloaRmosavleTis kulturuli da savaWro centris
funqcias.
babilonis mefe hamurabma (Zv. w. XVIII s.) mesopotamia TiTqmis
mTlianad gaaerTiana da am vrceli regionis marTvisaTvis Camoayaliba
daxvewili administraciuli sistema. misi udidesi miRweva, ra Tqma unda,
kanonTa kodeqsis Seqmna iyo (ix. zemoT). hamurabis memkvidreTa xelSi
babiloneTi sul ufro dakninda, xolo Zv. w. XVI s. dasawyisidan
xeTebis
dasavleTidan,
xuritebis*
CrdiloeTidan
da
kasitebis
aRmosavleTidan Semosevebis Sedegad am axali Zalebis mier iqna
faqtobrivad dayofili.
sargon aqadelma mesopotamiaSi semituri modgmis xalxebis TiTqmis
2000 wlovan batonobas daudo saTave. aqadelebisa da amoreelbabilonelebis garda, mesopotamiis CrdiloeT nawilSi hqondaT kera
asurelebs, romelTac daarses Zvelasuruli (Zv. w. II aTaswleulis
pirveli naxevari), Suaasuruli (Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevari)
da axalasuruli (Zv. 911-612 w.w.) samefoebi.
egvipte. egviptis adreuli xanis istoria mowmobs jaris did mniSvnelobas winadinastiuri egviptis ori samefos erT samefod gaerTianebamde.
imdroindel gamosaxulebebze vxedavT alyaSemortymul cixe-simagreTa
galavnebs, anda omis Sedegad mopovebul nadavls. mdinare nilosis
garSemo egviptelebma, Tavdapirvelad, calkeuli mcire samefoebi Seqmnes,
romlebic droTa msvlelobaSi erT samefod gaerTiandnen. md. nilosi
egviptelTaTvis siuxvisa da keTildReobis pirvelwyaros warmoadgenda.
mdinaris regularuli adideba niadags arnaxulad anayofierebda.
CrdiloeTis Zlieri da TiTqmis mudmivi qari aadvilebda mdinaris aRma
curvas, rac Zalze aiolebda qveynis sxvadasxva nawils Soris
komunikaciebs. misi dineba da CanCqerebi, amave dros, samxreTidan mtris
SemoWras arTulebda. CrdiloeTidan
egvipte
xmelTaSua
zRviT,
aRmosavleTidan wiTeli zRviTa da sinas udabnoTi, xolo dasavleTidan
udabnoebis saSualebiT iyo sxvaTagan daculi.
13

egvipte or did mxared iyofoda, zemo egvipted da qvemo egvipted,

anu md. nilosis zemo da qvemo welis mimdebare mxareebad. faraoni
narmeri iyo pirveli vinc gaaerTiana qveynis orive mxare. Tu Sumerebs
miaCndaT, rom enzi RvTis nebis ganmcxadebeli iyo (ix. zemoT),
egviptelTa faraoni TviT iyo dedamiwaze movlenili RvTaeba, RvTis
gansxeuleba. narmeris memkvidreebis dros, erTi mxriv, moxda zemo da
qvemo egviptis kidev ufro meti konsolidacia, meore mxriv, adgili
hqonda egviptelTa laSqrobebs samxreTisaken _ nubiis, dasavleTisaken
_
libiis,
xolo
aRmosavleTisaken
_
sinas
naxevarkunZulis
mimarTulebiT. sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis garda, es
laSqrobebi miznad isaxavda spilenZisa da firuzis sabadoebis xelSi
Cagdebas.
egviptis erT-erTi Tavisebureba iyo is, rom xangrZlivi istoriis
manZilze igi ZiriTadad centralizebul saxelmwifod rCeboda. es,
albaT, misi geografiuli TaviseburebiTac unda yofiliyo gamowveuli;
igi xom, rogorc iTqva, faqtobrivad yvela sxva mxarisagan zRvebiTa da
udabnoebiT gancalkevebul oaziss warmoadgenda. swored amis gamo, maT
qalaqebsa da dasaxlebul punqtebs galavani iSviaTad hqondaT
garSemortymuli.
miuxedavad amisa, jer kidev Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi
egvipteSi gvxvdeba alizisagan nagebi galavniani dasaxlebebi, xolo
alyis amsaxveli erT-erTi adreuli gamosaxuleba, romelzedac
RvTaebrivi cxovelebi qalaqis galavans angreven, TariRdeba egviptis
adredinastiuri
xaniT.
pirveli
saalyo
aRWurviloba,
romlis
gamosaxulebamac Cvenamde moaRwia, Semonaxulia Zv. w. XXIV saukunis
erT-erTi egvipturi akldamis bareliefze. aq gamosaxulia borblebiani
saalyo misadgami kibe, romlis daxmarebiTac egvipteli jariskacebi
cdiloben qanaanelTa* qalaqis galavnis gadalaxvas.
egviptelebis safortifikacio nagebobebi da forpostebi* ZiriTadad
sasazRvro mxareebSi iyo mowyobili, raTa gareSe mteri egvipteSi ar
SemoeSvaT. daculi iyo nilosis deltis* dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi
mijnebi, aRmosavleTis udabno da samxreTidan nubiis Semosasvlelebi.
mcirericxovan sasazRvro garnizonebs advilad SeeZloT udabnos
momTabareTa md. nilosis deltis nayofieri velebisken SeWris
mcdelobis aRkveTa, xolo mniSvnelovani samxedro Zalis gamoCenisTanave
xdeboda xelisuflebis informireba.
piramidebis aRmarTvis garda, mesame-meeqvse dinastiebis momcveli
Zveli samefos xanis (daaxl. Zv. w. 2686-2134 w.w.) faraonebi agebdnen
fortebs anu cixe-simagreebs. yvelaze ufro xSirad es xdeboda md.
nilosis gaswvriv, rac imiT aixsneba, rom ZiriTadi safrTxe am xanaSi
samxreTidan, nubiidan modioda. pirveli forti Zveli samefos xanaSi,
samxreTiT aigo, buhenSi, md. nilosis meore CanCqerTan da ZiriTadad
14

egviptelTa mier qvemo nubiis damorCilebis simbolur gamoxatulebas

warmoadgenda.
TavdacviTi fortebis didi nawili agebuli iyo egviptelTa
samxedro eqspansiis epoqaSi, Sua samefos xanaSi (daaxl. Zv. w. 2040-1640
w.w.). egvipturi fortebi erTmaneTisgan erTi savali dRis gziT iyo
daSorebuli, rac qveynis TavdacvisaTvis mwyobr sistemas qmnida.
egviptelebs dRevandeli sabaJos msgavsi sasazRvro kontrolis
samsaxuri gaaCndaT. magaliTad: aRmosavleTis sazRvarTan, siles
fortTan aucilebeli iyo registraciis gavla. qveyanaSi Semosvlamde
xdeboda saxelis, warmomavlobisa da daniSnulebis adgilebis fiqsireba.
yvelaze rTuli sagarnizono samuSao ukiduresi dasavleTis forpostTan,
Tanamedrove um-el-raxamTan (q. aleqsandriis dasavleTiT daaxl. 322 km)
udabnoSi mdebare forti iyo. igi warmoadgenda 5 m siganisa da 1600000
cali didi zomis alizis aguriT nagebi galavniT Semokavebul da 20000
m2 gadaWimul uzarmazar nagebobas.
egviptelebis eqspansia Taviseburi xasiaTisa iyo. isini, ZiriTadad,
cdilobdnen xolme mcocavi taqtikiT TandaTanobiT da srulyofilad
daemorCilebinaT susti samxedro Zalis mqone qalaqebi da samefoebi.
mxolod amis Semdeg iwyeboda fiqri axali miwebis aTvisebisaTvis.
jer kidev winadinastiuri xanis egvipteSi, omianobis gavrcelebis
amsaxvelia faraon narmeris cnobili fila. qvadafis (aspidis)
fiqalisagan damzadebuli filis zomebidan gamomdinare (64 sm) Tu
vimsjelebT, aSkaraa, rom igi saceremonio fila iyo da ara yoveldRiuri
gamoyenebis kosmetikuri palitra. filis wina mxares vxedavT faraon
narmers, romelic Tanmxleb pirebTan midis mtris mravalricxovani
TavmoWrili gvamebis grovis sanaxavad (il. 1a, zeda nawili). ukana
mxares narmers muxlmodrekili mtris TmebSi marcxena xeliT aris
Cafrenili da marjvenaTi kverTxis Casartymelad aris mzad (il. 1b, zeda
nawili). wina mxareze, qvemoT, gamosaxulia uzarmazari xaris (albaT,
TviT faraonis simboluri gamosaxulebis) mier, romeliRac qalaqis
galavnis dangreva (il. 1a). egviptologebi fiqroben, rom filaze
gamosaxulia narmeris mier qvemo egviptis dapyroba da orive egviptis
gaerTianeba, amaze maTi azriT, unda metyvelebdes wina mxaris
centralur nawilSi gamosaxuli ori miTiuri, grZelkisera cxovelebis
gamosaxuleba
erTmaneTan
gadabmuli
kisrebiT.
SesaZloa,
amasve
metyvelebdes iqve, zemo marjvena kuTxeSi, xomaldis gamosaxuleba,
romelis daxmarebiT, albaT, moxdeboda narmeris laSqris, nilosis
saSualebiT, zemo qveynidan qvemo egvipteSi Camoyvana (il. 1a).
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
Zveli
samefos
gvian
xanebSic,
samxedro
operaciebisaTvis egvipturi razmebis gadazidva md. nilosze navebiT
xdeboda.
15

Zveli samefos epoqa, egviptis istoriaSi, erT-erT yvelaze ufro

ayvavebul xanad aris miCneuli. Zveli samefos xana moicavs egviptis IIIVIII dinastiebis xanas. am xanas, zogierTi mkvlevari mxolod III-VI
dinastiebiT gansazRvravs. es sxvaoba damokidebuli iyo momdevno, e. w.
pirveli saSualedo periodis daswyisis gansazRvrasTan. ufro adreuli
periodebi winadinastiur da adredinastiur xanebs ganekuTvnebian.
adredinastiuri xana, igive arqauli periodi, moicavs pirvel da meore
dinastiebs da TariRdeba daaxloebiT Zv. w. 3150-2686 w.w.
qveynis xvavi da baraqa kargad organizebuli Tavdacvis sistemis
SemuSavebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. axal samefos xanamde egvipteSi
samxedro konfliqtis oTxi ZiriTadi mizezi moipoveboda: 1. libiuri
safrTxe dasavleTidan, 2. nubielebi samxreTSi, 3. sinas naxevarkunZuli
da qanaanelebi Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, 4. saSinao konfliqtebi.
adreuli xanis egvipteSi ar hyavdaT regularuli armia da floti,
arc profesionali, umaRlesi klasifikaciis meomrebi. mebrZolebi,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, xalxSi SeirCeodnen xolme. Zveli da Sua
samefos epoqebSi jari ZiriTadad Sedgeboda samxedro begaris Sedegad
gawveuli glexebisa da xelosnebisgan. TiToeuli nomis (egvipturi
administraciuli
erTeuli)
mmarTveli
samxedro
samsaxuris
msurvelTagan agrovebda sakuTar jars. im xanad egvipteSi samxedro
samsaxuri, gansxvavebiT axali samefos xanisagan, ar iyo prestiJulad
miCneuli da Sesabamisad jarSi, ZiriTadad, dabali socialuri fenebis
warmomadgenlebi midiodnen, romelTac ar hqondaT sxva saqmis SeTvisebis
saSualeba. omis SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva nomebSi Segrovebuli razmebi
erTiandeboda erTian laSqrad, romelsac saTaveSi faraoni edga.
jariskacebs sakmaod martivi aRWurviloba hqondaT, romelic
Sedgeboda spilenZispiriani wvetiani Subebis, satevrebisa da xis farTo
tyavgadakruli
farebisagan.
adredinastiur
xanaSi
gamoiyeneboda
xelketebi, qvisgan damzadebuli bunikiani kverTxebi, Tumca momdevno
xanebSi es iaraRi mxolod saceremonio funqcias inarCunebs, xolo mis
adgils SeiaraRebaSi brinjaos sabrZolo culi ikavebs.
Setevis dros Subosnebs azRvevdnen xolme mSvildosnebi, romlebic
SeiaraRebuli iyvnen martivi, mrudi mSvildiTa da kaJis an
spilenZispiriani isrebiT. sazogadod, yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli
iaraRi mainc mSvil-disari iyo. egviptur gamosaxulebebze, wverebian
ucxoelebTan, rogorc Cans, winaazielebTan brZolisas egvipteli
meomrebi SeiaraRebulni Canan mSvild-isrebiTa da satevrebiT. mSvildi,
im dros, Cveulebrivi, calrkaliani iyo da Sesabamisad isris srolisas
misi srulfasovani daWimva rTuli xdeboda, wvetiani isrebi kaJis an
spilenZis hqondaT. mSvildisris efeqturoba gansakuTrebiT hiqsosuri
Sedgenili mSvildis gavrcelebis Semdeg gaizarda (ix. qvemoT). abjari,
16

Zv. w. III da adreul II aTaswleulebSi egvipteSi, jer kidev ar

gamoiyeneboda.
Zveli
axlo
aRmosavleTis
yvelaze
warmatebuli
qveyana,
mravalsaukunovani stabilurobis TvalTaxedviT, egviptis Zveli samefo
iyo. imdroindeli qveynis simtkicesa da usafrTxoebas ramdenime
ZiriTadi mizezi hqonda, RvTaeba-faraonis xelqveiTTa arnaxuli
erTianoba, faqtobrivad qveynis mudmivi materialuri keTildReoba,
gareSe mtrebisgan sazRvrebis daculoba, rac uzrunvelyofili iyo
ZalauflebiTa da qveynis geografiuli mdebareobis TaviseburebebiT.
egvipturi sazogadoeba sakmaod karCaketili iyo, sxva xalxebs
isini ar Tvlidnen srulfasovan adamianebad. maTTvis gare samyaro
qaoturi iyo da uzneo adamianebiT dasaxlebuli. adreuli xanis
faraonebi Tavis warwerebSi gvauwyeben xolme imis Taobaze, Tu rogor
daxoces maT 40000 Crdiloeli. faraonTa ganmadidebel Zeglebze, TviT
faraoni, rogorc wesi, yovelTvis brZolis SuagulSia gamosaxuli, misi
sayvareli iaraRiT _ kverTxiT xelSi, xolo mtrebi mis winaSe miwaze
arian garTxmuli. faraonebi gamosaxuli arian maT winaSe daCoqili
azielebis gangmirvis procesSi anda miwaze garTxmuli nubielis Tavze
terfdadgmulis pozaSi.
vinaidan adreuli epoqis egvipteSi, jer kidev ar arsebobda
namdvili profesionaluri jari, egvipturi jaris rigebSi arcTu
iSviaTad SehyavdaT xolme ucxoelebi, mag.: nubieli moqiraveebi Zveli
samefos gviani xanidan warmoadgendnen mSvildosnebis saukeTeso
nawilebs. egviptelebi xSirad iyenebdnen daqiravebul nubielebs; kerZod,
palestinaSi brZolebis dros, maT zogjer jariskacebiT savse
xomaldebiT agzavnidnen palestinis dasaufleblad.
Zveli samefos ukanaskneli Zlevamosili faraonis, pepi II-is dros,
romelmac egviptis istoriaSi yvelaze ufro xangrZlivad imefa (Zv. w.
2278-2184 w.w.), mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi simZime misi vezirebis kisrebze
gadadioda. es ukanasknelni, Tavis mxriv, eyrdnobodnen nomebis
(administraciuli erTeuli) mmarTvelebs anu nomarxebs. TiTqmis
saukunes miRweuli pepi II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, adre arsebuli
mmarTvelobis sistema moiSala, nomarxebma, romlebmac didi gavlena
SeiZines Tavisi mmarTvelobis mxareebSi da didZali simdidrec
daagroves, daiwyes sakuTari damoukideblobisaTvis brZola da momijnave
nomebis dasaqvemdebareblad moqmedeba. xangrZlivi mmarTvelobis Semdeg,
egvipte samoqalaqo omma moicva da qveyanaSi e. w. pirveli Sualeduri
periodi Camoyalibda. es xana sakmaod mZime gamodga qveynisaTvis, moxda
dramatuli gardatexa samxedro ideologiaSi. misi mTavari debuleba
sakuTari miwa-wylis SenarCunebaSi gamoixata. palestinaSi egviptis
gavlena gaqarwyalda da aq gabatonebulma `azielebma~ nilosis deltis
aRmosavleT nawilSic SeaRwies.
17

nomarxTa ormocdaaTwliani brZola sabolood Tebes mmarTvelis

gamarjvebiT damTavrda, romelmac daaxl. Zv. w. 2040 w. daaarsa egviptis
Sua samefo. am epoqis faraonebs ukve regularuli ricxvmravali jari
hyavdaT; amave dros, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi brZanebis Tanaxmad,
nomarxebs damatebiTi Zalebi unda miewodebinaT. yoveli asi kacidan erTi
jarSi unda yofiliyo gawveuli.
iseve rogorc Zveli aRmosavleTis bevr sxva mxareSi, am epoqis
egvipteSic, isev farTod gamoiyeneboda arqauli iaraRebi: kverTxi,
sabrZolo culi, mSvild-isari. brinjaos xanaSi maT, bunebrivia, daemata
brinjaosgan damzadebuli iaraRi da abjari. brinjaos saWurvelsa da
abjars am epoqis egvipteSi jaris efeqturobisaTvis ukve gansakuTrebiT
didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. msubuqi qveiTi jari atarebda sartylebs da
SeiaraRebuli iyo martivi mSvildiTa da brinjaos isrispirebiT. mZime
qveiTi jari xisa da tyavisgan tlanqad nakeTebi farebiT, brinjaos
maxvilebiT da spilenZis SubispirebiT. TandaTanobiT gavrcelda ufro
efeqturi, mTlianad liTonisagan damzadebuli farebi.
Zvelad
iaraRi
oTxi
saxeobis
arsebobda:
1.
xeldaxel
brZolisaTvis: satevrebi, maxvilebi, danebi, xelketebi, kverTxebi,
culebi da sxva; 2. xis tarze damagrebuli liTonis sabrZolo
nawiliani, brZolis dros mowinaaRmdegisagan usafrTxo distanciaze
dasarCenad: Subebi, xelSubebi da sxva; 3. sasroli iaraRebi: mSvildisari, Surduli; 4. saalyo mowyobilebebi: taranebi, saalyo godolebi
da sxva.
Sua samefos epoqaSi, gansakuTrebiT didi yuradReba eTmoboda
egviptis mudmivad mzardi sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis dacvas. garda gareSe
mtrisagan qveynis dacvis saWiroebisa, sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeboda
egviptis simdidrisa da siZlieris erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli faqtoris _
savaWro gzebis kontroli. Tumca am periodis damlevs egviptem mainc
ver SesZlo Tavisi damoukideblobis SenarCuneba. misi dacemis mizezi,
pirvel rigSi, qveynis saarako simdidris mimzidveloba gaxldaT.
egviptis laSqari or nawilad iyo gayofili: zemo da qvemo
egviptis
armiebad,
romlebic
TavTavianT
mxedarTmTavarebs
eqvemdebarebodnen. faraoni armiis uzeanaesi mTavarsardali iyo. misi
TanaSemweebi iyvnen armiis mTavarsardlebi. specialistTa azriT,
samxedro ierarqia egvipteSiDZiriTadad Sua samefos xanidan iCens Tavs.
Sua samefos faraonebis agresiuli strategia palestinasa da siriaSi miznad isaxavda SeeCerebina egvipteze aRmosavleTidan Semoseuli
tomebis mosalodneli Semoteva. Sedegi sapirispiro gamodga, `azielebma~
kontrieriSiT delta ukve mTlianad Caigdes xelSi da gaerTianebuli egviptis samefo isev daiSala.
axalmosulebi, gasxvavebuli warmomavlobis xalxisgan Sedgebodnen.
maT Soris iyvnen semitebi*, indo-evropelebi*, xuritebi da sxva. yvela
18

es gansxvavebuli warmomavlobis xalxi egviptelebis mier moixenieboda

hiqsosebad, rac egvipturad `ucxo batonebs~ niSnavda. hiqsosebi egvipteSi saukuneze met xans batonobdnen (108 wlis ganmavlobaSi). egviptis istoriis es periodi cnobilia, rogorc meore Sualeduri periodi.
maT daaarses meTxuTmete da SesaZloa meTeqvsmete dinastiebi.
hiqsosebis batonoba efuZneboda samxedro teqnikisa da strategiis
upiratesobebs. maT egvipteSi Semoiyvanes cxenebi da Semoitanes msubuqi
etlebi, brinjaos mWreli iaraRebi, javSani da Sedgenili mSvildebi,
romlebic gacilebiT ufro zustad da did manZilze styorcnidnen isars. brZolis es saSualebebi, maTda uneburad, maT mier Setanili
wvlili gamodga momdevno xanebis egviptis SeiaraRebaSi. egvipteSi
hiqosebis gamoCenas SeiaraRebis teqnologiasa da samxedro saqmeSi
mniSvnelovani dawinaureba ukavSirdeba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom uaRresad mobiluri e. w. hiqsosuri cxeniani
msubuqi etlebi, pirvelad xuritebma SemoiRes siriaSi maTi cxovrebis
dros. mecnierTa didi nawili xuritebs kavkasiuri warmomavlobis
xalxad miiCnevs.
msubuqi etli faqtobrivad warmoadgenda moZrav baqans, saidanac
xdeboda mtris winaaRmdeg satyorcni iaraRebis gamoyeneba. brZolis
dros misi moqmedeba koordinirebuli iyo qveiTi jaris manevrebTan da
ZiriTadad, am ukanasknelis xelSewyobiT sargeblobda. hiqsosuri etlis
ekipaJi ori kacisagan Sedgeboda, meetlisagan, romelsac etlis marTvis
garda faric unda moemarjvebina da mSvild-isriTa da satyorcni SubebiT
aRWurvili mebrZolisagan. Sedgenili mSvildis daxvewis Sedegad, gaCnda
misi gadazneqilboloebiani saxeoba, kidev ufro gaumjobesda isris pirebic, gaCnda faris, satevrisa da maxvilis axali saxeobebi, jaWvis perangi, liTonis muzaradi da sxva.
sabrZolo etlebsa da cxenebze kontrols, maTi batonobis ganmavlobaSi, mxolod hiqsosebi inarCunebdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom maT
SeiTvises egvipturi ena, wes-Cveulebebi, cxovrebis yvela garegnuli niSani, isini mainc atarebdnen TavianT araegviptur pirad saxelebs da
eweodnen Tavis Zvel, tradiciul RvTismsaxurebas. amave dros, hiqsosebma
SeiTvises tradiciuli egvipturi samefo wodebebi da RvTaeba setis*
kulti. es RvTaeba, Tavdapirvelad, qvemo egviptis mTavari RvTaeba iyo,
xolo mogvianebiT egviptelTa mier ratomRac ucxoelTa RvTaebad miiCneoda. rogorc Cans, hiqsosebma seti egviptur RvTaebaTa Soris yvelaze
metad miamsgavses Tavis sakuTar mTavar RvTaebas.
hiqsosTa Zalauflebis qveS moqceuli mxare SemozRuduli iyo
nilosis aRmosavleT deltisa da Sua egviptis teritoriebiT. zemo egviptis mmarTveloba TebeSi* mokalaTebuli egviptelebis xelSi iyo,
romlebic hiqsosebs xarks uxdidnen xolme. hiqsosebma dedaqalaqi mem19

fisSi* moiwyes, xolo sazafxulo da amasTanave ZiriTadi rezidencia

avarisSi* hqondaT.
hiqsosebTan brZolis saWiroebam, egviptelebi aiZula gadmoeRoT
bevri ram TavianTi azieli dampyroblebisagan. egvipturi jari maTTan
xangrZliv brZolebSi eziara mtris aRmatebul strategiasa da ukeTes
SeiaraRebas da TandaTanobiT gadaerTo maT gamoyenebaze. axali nimuSis
jari dafuZnebuli iyo mkacri discipliniT kontrolirebad struqturul ierarqiaze. SeTvisebuli da gaumjobesebuli iqna brinjaos Camosxmis teqnologia. pirvelad am dros gamoiyeneboda egvipteSi abjari da
namglisformiani maxvili, xofeSi (ix. qvemoT).
am axalma sabrZolo teqnologiebma Zireulad Secvala egviptelTa
saomari efeqturobis done. ukve Zv. w. XVII saukunis damlevidan egviptelebi iTviseben cxenSebmul sabrZolo etlebs da imdenad daxelovdnen
am saqmeSi, rom SeZles hiqsosebis brZolaSi gamowveva. pirveli, vinc es
gabeda, Tebes mefe seyenenre (Zv. w. 1558-1554 w.w.) iyo. marTalia, igi am
brZolas Seewira, Tumca cxadi gaxda, rom brZola hiqsosebTan SesaZlebeli iyo. misi memkvidris, Tebes meCvidmete dinastiis ukanaskneli
faraonis, kamoses (Zv. w. 1554-1549 w.w.) xelmZRvanelobiT, egviptelTa
flotma sakmaod daxvewili moqmedebisa da rTuli sanaosno manevrebis
saSualebiT gaimarjva hiqsosebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi navsadgur avarisTan (daaxl. Zv. w. XVI saukunis Sua xanebi). momdevno faraonma, kamoses
Zmam, iahmes I-ma (Zv. w. 1550-1525 w.w.), romelmac daaarsa egviptis axali,
meTvramete samefo dinastia, Tavisi zeobis meTeqvsmete wels aiRo
hiqsosTa dedaqalaqi da hiqsosebi Zv. w. XVI saukunis Sua xanebidan
sabolood gaaZeva egviptidan. amis Semdgom, egvipteSi dgeba axali samefos xana. hiqsosebis saxeli didxans SemorCa egviptis istorias. elinistur xanamde, egviptur literaturaSi, maTi saxelwodeba termin
`azielis~ sinonimad gamoiyeneboda. maTi xvedri bevri ramiT waagavs Sua
saukuneebSi egvipteSi gabatonebul da ZiriTadad kavkasiuri warmomavlobis mqone mamluqebis bed-iRbals.
rogorc iTqva, orcxenSebmuli etlebi egvipteSi meore Sualeduri
periodis damlevsa da axali samefos xanis (daaxl. Zv. w. 1550-1069 w.w.)
dasawyisSia gavrcelebuli, xolo yvelaze adreuli gamosaxuleba egvipturi cxenebiani etlisa mocemulia Tutmos I-is (Zv. w. 1504-1492 w.w.)
xoWo-samkaulze (skarabi). misi SviliSvili, Tutmos III (Zv. w. 1479-1425
w.w.), romelmac arnaxulad gaafarTova egviptis farglebi siriapalestinis xarjze, iuwyeba, rom megidosTan* miRweuli gamarjvebis
Sedegad (Zv. w. 1457 w. 16 aprils, saSualo qronologiiT), man xelT
igdo 924 cali siriuli etli.
siriuli etli sakmaod mZime da uxeSi samarTavi iyo. egviptelebma
mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobeses igi da sakuTar moTxovnilebebs miusadages.
egviptelebma sabrZolo etlis sakuTari versia meTvramete dinastiis (Zv.
20

w. 1550-1295 w.w.) sawyis xanaSi SeimuSaves. kerZod, etlis kedris xis

karkasi ifnis an aryis xis masaliT Caanacvles. mZime siriuli Tvlebi
Secvales TvlebiT, romelTac mxolod eqvsi Tvlis mana hqonda centralur morgvTan misabmelad. Tu Tavdapirvelad etlis Zara totebisagan mownuli iyo, ris gamoc siCqaris dros Zlierad injRreoda, ufro
gvian mas ukve gamZle tyavisgan amzadebdnen. baqani ukana mxares gadaxsnili iyo, raTa etlSi SeRweva da misi mitoveba meetlisa da mSvildosnisaTvis gaadvilebuli yofiliyo. etlis konstruqciaSi am cvlilebebis Setanis Sedegad, igi bevrad ufro msubuqi da Sesabamisad swrafi
gaxda. msubuqi etli, hiqsosebis gamogonil Sedgenil mSvildTan erTad,
egviptis jars swrafi da Sori manZilidan Setevis SesaZleblobas
aZlevda. egviptur etls upiratesoba hqonda axlo aRmosavleTis yvela
sxva Tanadrouli xanis etlTan SedarebiT.
etlis ekipaJi ori kacisagan Sedgeboda, meetles xelSi Solti da
aRviri ekava, xolo mebrZols Sedgenili mSvildi, isrebis gamolevis
Semdeg xelSubs iyenebdnen. etlSi msxdomT iSviaTad ecvaT qerclovani
abjari, upiratesoba ZiriTadad tyavis salteebs eniWebodaT, romlebic
an mkerdze iyo gadajvaredinebuli, anda fars hqonda gadakruli. amrigad,
zeda tani metnaklebad daculi iyo, xolo qveda tans etlis korpusi
efareboda. etliT mebrZolTa mozidva ZiriTadad egviptis maRali wreebidan xdeboda.
amave dros, ZiriTadi gaumjobeseba xdeba saerTod egviptur
SeiaraRebaSi. sainteresoa, rom jer kidev Zv. w. 1274 wels kadeSTan
momxdari generalur brZolamde erTi wliT adre, ramses II (Zv. w. 12791213 w.w.) nabrZanebi hqonda sabrZolo iaraRis didi raodenobiT
damzadeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom mTeli rigi inovaciebi (siaxle) sabrZolo
aRWurvilobaSi, xeTebisa da egviptelebis urTierTbrZolis xaniT
TariRdeba. garda zemoxsenebuli orkaciani egvipturi msubuqi etlisa,
romelic bevrad ufro mobiluri da Sesabamisad efeqturi iyo, mZime,
samkacian xeTur etlTan SedarebiT, egviptelebi iyenebdnen e. w. gamWvalav sabrZolo culs _ qveiTi jaris mier gamoyenebuli qvisTaviani
kverTxis monacvles, romelsac SeeZlo xeTebis liTonis muzaradis gapoba.
egviptur jarSi gamoiyeneboda agreTve xofeSi, namglis moyvanilobis maxvili, romelic faqtobrivad sabrZolo culs warmoadgenda da
namglisagan gansxvavebiT garepiri hqonda galesili. egviptelebma axali
samefos xanaSi igi Tavis erT-erT popularul iaraRad aqcies. garda
sabrZolo daniSnulebisa, igi saceremonio ritualebis drosac gamoiyeneboda. amaze miuTiTebs am iaraRis zogierTi napovni calis blagvi piri,
aseve samefo akldamebSi maTi aRmoCenis faqti. kerZod, tutanxamonis akldamaSi ori xofeSi iyo napovni. egvipturi taZrebis kedlebze es
iaraRi gamosaxulia xolme RvTaebaTa xelSi, romlebic mas gadascemen
21

faraonebs brZolaSi gamarjvebis miRwevis sawindrad. sainteresoa, rom es

iaraRi Sumeruli warmomavlobisa iyo da Tavis droze gamoiyeneboda winaazielebis mier TviT egviptelebTan sabrZolvelad.
winaaziuri warmomavlobis iyo foCiani muzaradi da javSnis moklesaxeloebiani perangi, romelic Sedgeboda tyavis qurTukisa da masze
Camokiduli liTonis firfitebisagan. mecxramete dinastiis jariskacebi
atarebdnen tyavis an tilos tunikebs, romlebic dafaruli iyo qerclovani liTonis abjriT. sazogadod, am xanisaTvis liTondamuSaveba
maRal doneze iyo asuli. faraonebis qerclovan abjarSi xSirad inkrustirebuli iyo naxevrad Zvirfasi qvebi, romlebic kidev ufro
zrdidnen abjris efeqturobas, vinaidan es qvebi ufro myari iyo, vidre
isris wvetisaTvis gamoyenebuli liToni.
egviptelebma hiqsosuri Sedgenili mSvildis garda, SeiTvises
xeTuri ormagi mSvildic. amave dros, rkinisagan damzadebulma iaraRebma,
romelTac xeTebi ukve iyenebdnen, ver hpova gavrceleba egvipteSi.
tutanxamonis akldamaSi mikvleuli rkinis satevari, rogorc Cans,
mxolod saceremonio daniSnulebisa iyo.
hiqsosebis gandevnis Semdeg, egviptelebma usafrTxoebis zona
Camoayalibes, romelic droTa msvlelobaSi egviptis imperiis Semadgeneli nawili gaxda da egviptec wina aziis umTavres saxelmwifoebTan uSualo da arcTu yovelTvis mSvidobian kontaqtSi Sevida. Tutmos
I-ma mesopotamiaSi ilaSqra, raTa sabolood amoeZirkva md. evfratTan
mcxovrebi hiqsosebis saxsenebeli. sainteresoa, rom Tavis warweraSi
faraoni evfrats araswor mdinares uwodebs, anu mdinares, romelic ara
marTebuli mimarTulebiT miedineba. fiqroben, rom am SemTxvevaSi Tutmos
I-s mxedvelobaSi unda hqonoda nilosis dineba samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken maSin, rodesac evfrati sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT miedineba. egviptelebisaTvis xom yvelaferi, rac egviptur sinamdviles Sordeboda
miuRebeli da dasagmobi iyo.
axali samefos xanaSi (Zv. w. daaxl. 1550-1069 w.w.) axali safrTxeebi gamoCnda _ xeTebi, zRvis xalxebi* da sxva. hiqsosebis mier egviptelTa samxedro saqmeSi Setanili wvlili, rogorc ukve iTqva, sasargeblo gamodga ucxoelTa Tavdasxmisagan qveynis warmatebuli dacvisaTvis.
axali samefos xanaSi egviptis samxedro Zalebi ukve sami ganStoebisagan Sedgeboda: qveiTi jaris, cxeniani etlebis nawilebisa da
flotisagan. axali samefos xanis armiaSi didi raodenobiT iyo moqirave
jariskacebi. qveiTi jari axali samefos xanaSi TiTqmis mTlianad qiriT
iyo Sekrebili, rogorc ucxoeli moqiraveebi, aseve adgilobrivebic.
rogorc wesi, maT imave erovnebis sardali edgaT xolme saTaveSi.
ucxoelTagan nubielebis garda, jer kidev Sua samefos xanidan,
qiraobdnen `marianus~* nawilebs, romlebic mTel wina aziaze modebul,
22

etlze amxedrebul warCinebul meomrebs warmoadgendnen. gansakuTrebiT

mravlad iyvnen XIX-XX dinastiebis, axali samefos ramesidul periodSi* (daaxl. Zv. w. 1295-1069 w.w.) Serdenidan, libiidan, siriidan
daqiravebuli nawilebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom ramses II-s damarcxebuli hyavda
Serdenis xalxi, romelic zogierTi mecnieris azriT, sardiniidan iyvnen
wamosulni da sazareli mekobreebis saxeli hqondaT moxveWili. Serdenelebs, sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli, swori maxvili da rqebiT Semkuli
muzaradebi hqondaT. ramses II-m isini Tavisi armiisaTvis daiqirava da
Serdenelebmac mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules kadeSis brZolaSi, rodesac, sxvebTan erTad, Semoabrunes ramsesisaTvis tragikulad mimdinare
brZolis msvleloba da egviptelebi gamanadgurebel marcxs gadaarCines.
wina aziaSi posthiqsosuri xanis egviptel faraonTa batonobis
erTpirovnebas zRvari TviT egviptis faraonma, amenhotep IV-m (Zv. w.
1352-1334 w.w.), igive exnatonma, daudo. man egviptis uzenaesi RvTaeba
ameni (`uxilavad~ wodebuli) Secvala ateniT (`mzis disko~) da aiZula
egviptis qurumoba es cvlileba maTi nebis winaaRmdeg eRiarebina. mTeli
misi Zalisxmeva am religiuri reformis (e. w. amarnis revoluciis) gatarebaze iyo mimarTuli. aziaSi Seqmnili Zalauflebis vakuumiT isargebles xeTebma da sakvanZo poziciebi igdes xelT. mxolod exnatonis
Zalauflebidan CamoSorebis Semdeg, axalma faraonma tutanxatenma, romelmac qurumTa mier amunis kultis aRdgenis Semdeg tutanxamonis saxeli miiRo (Zv. w. 1333-1324 w.w.), daiwyo qveynis aRorZineba.
mkvlevarTa azriT, Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevris axloaRmosavluri samyaro ukve sakmaod erTian, integrirebul regions warmoadgenda. aq arsebuli mZlavri saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebidan,
verc egviptelebi, verc xeTebi, verc miTanelebi* da verc mesopotamielebi, ver SeZlebdnen sakuTari siZlieris SenarCunebas sxvaTa
kuTvnili resursebis gamoyenebis gareSe. verc erTi mZlavri qveyana ver
gaxdeboda ramdenadme mniSvnelovani levantSi (aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTi, siria-palestina) gamavali savaWro gzebis gakontrolebis gareSe. aqedan gamomdinare, advili gasagebia didi saxelmwifoebis mudmivi Widili am mxaris xelSi Casagdebad. am mxareSi, Zv. w. II
aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi, megidosa da kadeSis brZolebSi axlo aRmosavleTis sxvadasxva regionebidan SemoWrili 20000 kaciani armiebi
gadiodnen asobiT kilometrs logistikuri* mxardaWeris sistemiTurT,
romelic jars kudSi mihyveboda. gansakuTrebulad reliefurad gamovlinda es daintereseba kadeSis brZolasTan dakavSirebiT. es brZola ara
mxolod egviptisa da xeTebis samefos samxedro istoriis TvalsazrisiT
aris saintereso, masSi faqtobrivad mTeli axlo aRmosavleTi aRmoCnda
CaTreuli da Sesabamisad misi SeswavliT, Semajamebeli warmodgena iqmneba
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras miaRwia Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevrisaTvis,
23

civilizaciis istoriisaTvis am umniSvnelovanesma mxarem samxedro saqmis

ganviTarebis mxriv (ix. qvemoT).
yvelaze adreuli samSvidobo xelSekruleba, romlis teqstmac Cvenamde sruli saxiT moaRwia daido kadeSis brZolis Semdgom xanaSi, Zv.
w. 1258 w., egviptis faraon ramses II-sa da xeTebis mefe xaTusili III-is
Soris. masSi CamoTvlilia pirobebi, romelTa Sesrulebis Sedegad Sewydeboda am or qveyanas Soris mimdinare xangrZlivi, sisxlismRvreli omi,
romelmac orive qveyana mniSvnelovnad daazarala da gamofita. mefeebi
SeTanxmdnen, rom erTmaneTTan aRarasodes aRar eomaT, erTmaneTis datyvevebuli jariskacebi gaecvalaT da erTmaneTs daxmarebodnen, Tuki vinme
sxva, gareSe Zala, romelime maTgans Tavs daesxmeboda (ix. qvemoT).
miuxedavad imisa, rom arcTu iSviaTia, ZvelaRmosavlur istoriul
wyaroebSi da xelovnebis nimuSebSi alyis amsaxveli cnobebi Tu gamosaxulebi, arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad dRevandlamde, am mxriv, Zalze
cota ram Tu aris mikvleuli.
Zalze iSviaTi iyo didi armiebis Ria brZolaSi erTmaneTTan
dapirispireba. gamonaklisi iyo kadeSis brZola da isic Ria Setakebis
Semdeg dazavebiT damTavrda (ix. qvemoT). ufro adgili hqonda xolme
naklebi winaaRmdegobis unaris mqone qalaqebisa da saxelmwifoebis
sruli damorCilebisken swrafvas. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia egviptelTa
mier, alyis Sedegad, qalaq dafuris* aReba, gamosaxuli XIX dinastiis
udidesi mefis, ramses II-is memorialuri taZris kedelze, TebeSi. naxatis mixedviT, dafuri borcvze mdebare, Zlierad gamagrebuli qalaqia
gare da Sida galavnebiT, msgavsad sxva Tanadrouli siriuli qalaqebisa.
moalye egviptelebi misadgami kibiT cdiloben galavnis gadalaxvas,
xolo mSvildosnebi maT azRveven. faraonsa da sxva egviptelebs orcxeniani orTvala etlebi aqvT brZolaSi gamoyenebuli (il. 4).
alyis Semortymis dros, yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli xerxi iyo
alyaSi moqceulTa gare samyarosagan izolacia da danebebisken iZuleba.
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis nebis gasatexad, garda kedlebis taranebiT
mtvrevis, galavanze midgmuli kibeebisa da cecxlis wakidebisa, gamoyenebuli iyo alyaSi moqceulTa SimSiliT gamofitvis xerxic. vinaidan
alya zogjer sakmaod xangrZlivad grZeldeboda, mcire ZalebiT misi wamowyeba logistikuri xasiaTis garemoebebis gamo, SeuZlebeli xdeboda.
faraon Tutmos III-is analebi, Semonaxuli karnakis (zemo egvipte) taZris kedlebze, gvamcnoben, rom megidos alya Svidi Tvis ganmavlobaSi
grZeldeboda, vidre bolos da bolos misi mcxovreblebi egviptelebs ar
danebdnen. analebSi megidos aReba dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili.
saalyo aRWurvilobaSi kedlis gatarnvisaTvis gamoyenebuli taranebi ukve brinjaos xanaSi iyo cnobili, Tumca maTi gamosaxulebebi Cvenamde ar aris moRweuli. yvelaze adre isini axalasuruli xanis
24

nipuris* sasaxlis bareliefebze gvxvdeba da Zv. w. IX saukuniT

TariRdeba (il. 6).
alyis mowyobamde, bunebrivia, mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi Catardeboda. es kargad Cans Zvel aRTqmaSi, ieriqonis mZlavrgalavniani qalaqis
saswaulebrivi aRebis Sesaxeb monaTxrobSi. aq yuradRebas ipyrobs isu
navesis mier ieriqonSi, winaswar farulad, mstovarTa gagzavnis ambavi,
romelTac qalaqSi, Tu mis gareT arsebuli viTarebis dazverva evalebodaT (isu navesis wigni, 2:1-3,24).
bevri cnobaa Semonaxuli ama Tu im qalaqis aReba-darbevis Sesaxeb,
Tumca arcTu xSirad mogvepoveba konkretuli informacia imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor xdeboda xolme es. miuxedavad amisa, zogierT SemTxvevaSi Semonaxulia naxevrad legendaruli ambebi, gmirTa moxerxebulobisa da
cbierebis Sedegad qalaqebis aRebis Sesaxeb. brZolebis dros mravalgvari
fandebi gamoiyeneboda xolme. amiT gansakuTrebiT saxelganTqmuli iyo
egviptis faraoni Tutmos III. mis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli troas
cxenis istoriis msgavsi SemTxveva, romelic dakavSirebulia egviptelTa
mier qalaq iofas aRebasTan. alyisas man saukeTeso egvipteli meomrebi
gadamala mTavari karibWiT qalaqSi Setanil marcvleuliT savse tomrebSi. Tutmosma TvalTmaqcoba gamoiCina megidoze Tavdasxmis drosac.
megidosaken ori gza midioda, erTi farTo da swori, meore viwro da
oRro-CoRro, romliTac jaris gadayvana Zneli warmosadgeni iyo, Tutmos III-m swored es meore gza airCia da ZiriTad gzasTan Casafrebul
mowinaaRmdeges Tavs moulodnelad waadga da `kudiT qva asrolina~.
egvipteSi Tu axali samefos xanamde ar arsebobda mudmivi jari da
TiToeuli nomis mmarTveli agrovebda faraonisaTvis xalxs mosaxleobaSi, axali samefos periodSi jars hqonda ara damxmare roli saxelmwifos funqcionirebaSi, aramed warmoadgenda uaRresad arsebiT struqturas. XVIII dinastiis meomari faraoni Tutmos III iyo pirveli, vinc
daaarsa egvipteSi pirveli mudmivi profesiuli armia. axalwveulebisagan
Sedgenili laSqari Seicvala profesionali jariskacebis mtkice da mudmiv organizaciad. ucxo qveynebis damorCileba moiTxovda iq mudmivi
samxedro Zalis sagarnizono samsaxurSi Cayenebas. garda amisa, interesTa
Sejaxebebi iseT mZlavr winaaziur saxelmwifoebTan, rogoric xeTebis,
miTanis, asurelTa da babilonelTa samefoebi iyo, moiTxovda egviptelTa
xSir laSqrobebs Sors, sakuTari qveynis farglebs gareT.
adreuli xanebisgan gansxvavebiT, swored axali samefos xanaSi
gaxda armia rigiTi egviptelebisaTvis mdgomareobisa da statusis gaumjobesebis saSualeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom meTaurTa Semadgenlobis
yvela doneze Camoyalibebuli iyo mkafiod gansazRvruli ierarqia, nebismier ganaTlebul egviptels eZleoda Sansi mieRo maRali Tanamdeboba.
maRali wodebis samxedroebs hqondaT SesaZlebloba gamxdariyvnen didebulebi, es miT ufro xelsayreli iyo, rom didebulTa wina Taoba ar
25

iyo maincadamainc daxelovnebulni samxedro saqmeSi. maRali wodebis

samxedroebi unda yofiliyvnen ara mxolod unariani sardlebi da
strategebi, aramed saTanadod ganaTlebulnic. yvelaze prestiJuli da
dafasebuli wodeba mejinibeTuxucesoba iyo da es arc unda iyos moulodneli posthiqsosuri xanis egvipteSi. imisaTvis, raTa SeenarCunebina
warCinebul samxedroTa Tayvaniscema, faraoni guluxvad ajildovebda
maT sapatio titulebiT, mamulebiT, monebiTa da oqroTi. araferi iyo
dasaSuri im xalxisaTvis, vinc egviptis sidiades xels uwyobda.
yovelive amis Sedegad, egvipteSi TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda didi gavlenis mqone samxedro elita.
rogorc vxedavT, omi mudmivi da mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo egviptis sazogadoebriv cxvrebasa da politikaSi. Zveli samefos xanaSi mas
araregularuli xasiaTi hqonda, mezoblebTan SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi
erTob iSviaTi iyo. Sua samefos xanaSi, samxedro saqme mniSvnelovnad
winaurdeba, erTmaneTTan gadajaWvuli cixe-simagreebis saSualebiT
dainerga Tavdacvis daxvewili sistema. gvian brinjaos xanaSi egvipte
Tavs aRwevs izolacias da gare kontaqtebis zrda xels uwyobs samxedroTa klasis aRmocenebas, ukve savsebiT Camoyalibebuli saxiT. axali
samefos gviandel xanaSi ucxoelTa Semosevis safrTxis zrdam da ganaTlebuli `saSualo klasis~ TandaTanobiTma gafarToebam daamsxvria
RvTaeba-mefis idea da Searyia egvipturi sazogadoebis ierarqiuli
struqtura.
anatolia. Tu qvis xanis ganmavlobaSi anatolia msoflios erT-erT uZveles sakvebwarmoebiT centrs warmoadgenda, liTonis xanaSi mas ukve
gamorCeuli adgili ekava adreuli metalurgiis, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli, mdidruli da uaRresad daxvewili tradiciebis arsebobis gamo.
amis damadasturebelia, Tundac qveynis centralur nawilSi, alaja
hoiuqisa da boRazqois (igive xeTebis dedaqalaqi xaTusasa) da CrdilodasavleT anatoliaSi, hisarliqis (igive homerosis `iliadaSi~* aRwerili troa) arqeologiuri gaTxrebis monapovari.
eneoliTis (qalkoliTis*) xana anatoliaSi moicavda Zv. w. VI-IV
aTaswleulebs. am dros kidev ufro dawinaurda miwaTmoqmedeba da mesaqonleoba. am epoqis Senobebi, ZiriTadad, alizis aguriT aris nagebi;
WurWleuli Tixis, qvisa da xisaa; xSiria dawnuli kalaTebi; iaraRi kaJidan, obsidianidan, Zvlidan da rqidan mzaddeboda. liTonwarmoebis dawinaurebasTan erTad ganviTarda anatoliis savaWro urTierToba, rogorc
siria-mesopotamiasTan, aseve balkaneTis naxevarkunZulTan da mis dasavleTiT mdebare xmelTaSuazRvispireTul samyarosTan. qalkoliTuri xanis
anatoliis umTavresi arqeologiuri Zeglebia hajilaris, jan hasanis,
beijesulTnis, aliSarisa da alaja hoiuqis namosaxlarebi da samarovnebi.
26

brinjaos xana (Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis damlevidan Zv. w. XII s.

dasawyisamde) xasiaTdeba spilenZisa da kalis (an dariSxanis) Senadnobis
anu brinjaos warmoebiT, romlisganac ZiriTadad mzaddeboda, rogorc
sabrZolo da sameurneo daniSnulebis iaraRebi, WurWleuli, aseve samkaulebi da statuetebi. fufunebis sagnebis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneboda
agreTve oqro-vercxli da maTi Senadnobisagan miRebul eleqtrumTan*
erTad. gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinod am xanis anatoliis liTondamuSavebis
maRali done gamovlinda alaja hoiuqisa (centraluri anatolia) da
troas (Crdilo-dasavleT anatolia) gaTxrebis Sedegad. samarxebidan
gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT liTonis sagnebia miRebuli. mamakacebi
imarxebodnen saWurvelTan erTad; qalebi samkaulebTan, satualeto da
sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis nivTebTan erTad. mravali sagani Zvirfasi
liTonebidan iyo damzadebuli. anatoliuri metalurgiis maRali done
liTonis nedleuliT qveynis simdidriT iyo ganpirobebuli. aq TiTqmis
yvela saWiro liToni moipoveboda kalis garda, romlis importireba
xdeboda.
winaxeTuri xanis anatoliuri civilizaciis ganviTarebis maRal
doneze migvaniSnebs alaja hoiuqis akldamebis uaRresad STambeWdavi inventari. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda daxvewili da sanimuSod nakeTi
iaraRi, samkauli, mcire plastika, vercxlis, oqros, eleqtrumis, brinjaos da TviT rkinis iaraR-xelsawyoebi da WurWleuli. gansakuTrebiT
sayuradReboa, rkinidan damzadebuli satevari, rac sruliad unikaluri
movlenaa Zv. w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevrisaTvis da aTas welze meti
xniT uswrebs rkinis gamoCenas msoflios sxva mxareebSi.
swored anatoliis gansakuTrebulma simdidrem liTonis wiaRiseuliT da sazogadod anatoliis uxvma bunebrivma resursebma miizides
asureli sovdagrebi, romlebic, upirveles yovlisa, liTonis gataniT
iyvnen dainteresebuli. mesopotamiaSi gansakuTrebiT didi moTxovnileba
iyo anatoliis liTonis madansa da nakeTobebze. asurelTa savaWro koloniebi SuamdinareTidan centralur anatoliamde gadaiWima.
Sua brinjaos xanis anatoliaSi asurelebma daafuZnes am qveyanasTan
vaWrobis Taviseburi sistema. kerZod, maT SedarebiT didi qalaqebis siaxloves Tu maT gareubnebSi daaarses qarumebi anu bazrebi. sul daarsebuli iyo 20 aseTi qarumi, romlebic imarTeboda sabaziso qanesis qarumidan (qiulTefe). asurelebi, rogorc wesi, ixdidnen qirasa da gadasaxadebs adgilobrivi mmarTvelebis sasargeblod da amiT uzrunvelyofdnen Tavis usafrTxoebas. savaWrod qaravnebi gamoiyeneboda, romelTac
anatoliaSi kala, saparfiumerio sagnebi da samkaulebi SemohqondaT,
xolo gahqondaT vercxlisa da oqros nakeTobebi.
asurelma sovdagrebma sakmao raodenobis werilobiTi dokumentebi
dagvitoves Tavisi savaWro aqtiurobis Sesaxeb. anatoliur qalaqebSi:
nesa-kanesSi (qiulTefe Tanamed. qaiserTan), xaTusasa (boRazqoi) da anqu27

vaSi (aliSari) napovni aTasobiT Tixis firfita gvamcnobs Zvelasuruli

savaWro koloniis udides aqtiurobaze. maT mesopotamiidan SemohqondaT
iqauri saqoneli, xolo anatoliidan gahqondaT liTonebi da sxva bunebrivi wiaRiseuli. rogorc cnobilia, mesopotamia Raribia wiaRiseuliT.
dasavleT anatolia naklebad iyo CarTuli asurelTa komerciul interesebSi, iq ufro kretidan da balkaneTis naxevarkunZulidan momdinare impulsebi iyo sagrZnobi.
Zv. w. III-II aTaswleulebis mijnis xanidan anatoliis centralur
nawilSi manamde arnaxuli siuxve da kulturuli dawinaureba SeiniSneba.
kidev ufro intensiuri xdeba qveynis savaWro kontaqtebi.
asuruli savaWro dokumentebis garda, sxva adreuli werilobiTi
cnobebic, anatoliis Sesaxeb isev am mxaris bunebriv simdidreebTan da
maT komerciul gamoyenebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, rac Tavis mxriv saomar moqmedebebTan iyo xolme gadaxlarTuli. Tixis firfitis fragmentze SemorCenili, xeTuri epikuri Txzulebis `brZolebis mefis~
Tanaxmad, sargon dids, aqadis mefes eaxlnen anatoliaSi myofi vaWrebi
da moaxsenes maTi qalaqis _ furuSxandas* saarako simdidris Sesaxeb da
mis winaaRmdeg gasalaSqreblad daiTanxmes kidevac. qalaqi furuSxanda
mniSvnelovan da damoukidebel politikur erTeulad warmogvidgeba.
teqsti iq wydeba, sadac sargoni iwyebs qalaqis asaRebad misi galavnis
gatarvnas. savaraudod, teqstis dasawyisSi nauwyebi iqneboda, rom sargonma Tavdapirvelad ver moaxerxa Zalis gamoyenebiT qalaqis aReba. imis
Tqma, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba sinamdviles eposSi asaxuli ambavi arsebuli monacemebis safuZvelze Zneli saTqmelia, Tumca specialistebis
azriT, aq wamodgenili saerTo istoriuli perspeqtiva misaRebia. amave
dros, teqstis SemorCenil fragmentSi yuradRebas ipyrobis xeTebis Semdegdroindeli dedaqalaqis, xaTusas, mouxseniebloba. sargonis SviliSvilis,D naramsuenis (Zv. w. XXII s.), Sesaxeb legenda ki mogviTxrobs,
rom mas ekuTvnoda furuSxanda, romelic ucnobma da mravalricxovanma
xalxma daarbia.
anatoliis simdidre bunebrivi wiaRiseuliT, gansakuTrebiT liToniT, maT xelSi Casagdebad, cxadia, imTaviTve araerT dampyrobels miizidavda. sxva saqonelTan SedarebiT, liToni yvelaze ufro metad wamaqezebeli iyo savaWro urTierTobebis aRmocenebisaTvis. igi sakmaod kompaqturia da advilad gadasazidi. rogorc cnobilia, spilenZis sabadoebiT simdidrem kunZul kvipross, Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis dasasruli
xanidan, didi simdidre moutana.
Zveli aRmosavleTis mraval mxareSi dasturdeba saxelmwifo monopoliis arseboba liTonze, gansakuTrebiT spilenZze, rac savsebiT
gasagebia; rkinis farTo gamoyenebamde sabrZolo iaraRi xom spilenZisagan
mzaddeboda. asurTa mefis, iluSumas (Zv. w. XX s.) cnobiT, spilenZis
madnis damuSavebasa da vaWrobaze saxelmwifo monopolia arsebobda,
28

xolo misi Zis _ eriSum I-is warwera amis sawinaaRmdegod iuwyeba, rom
man daadgina vercxlis, oqros, spilenZis, tyviis, xorblisa da matylis
Tavisufali mimoqceva, rac, albaT, pirveli SemTxvevaa msoflio istoriaSi, rodesac xelisufleba saxelmwifo interesebidan gamomdinare
Tavisufali vaWrobis komerciul upiratesobas xvdeba da mis xelSewyobas cdilobs.
anatoliis asuruli koloniebi Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi,
erTdroulad wyveten arsebobas. etyoba, am dros adgili unda hqonoda
movlenebs, romelTa gamo saqaravno urTierToba asureTsa da anatolias
Soris aramomgebiani, anda saxifaTo Seiqmna.
Zv. w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevris anatoliaSi Cndebian axalmosaxleebi: indoevropeli, xeTi tomebi. maTi Tanacxovreba da Serwyma
maT mier daqvemdebarebul adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan, xaTebTan, ZiriTadad mSvidobianad mimdinareobda. maT winamorbedi mosaxleobisagan SeiTvises ufro maRali kultura, religiuri warmodgenebi da RvTaebaTa
panTeoni*. aRsaniSnavia, rom xeTebi Zvel aRTqmaSic ki arian moxseniebulni, rogorc qetelni, Zeni qetisni.
TviT saxelwodeba `xeTi~ warmodgeba adgilis saxelwodebisagan
`xaTi~, romelsac iyenebda winaxeTuri anu winaindoevropuli xaTuri
mosaxleoba Tavisi qveynis aRsaniSnavad da romelic indoevropel-xeTebs,
qveynis aRsaniSnavad, maTgan unda SeeTvisebinaT. amave dros indoevropeli-xeTebi sakuTar Tavs neselebs uwodebdnen, qalaq nesas (igive kanesis) saxelwodebis mixedviT, sadac isini ufro adre saxlobdnen, vidre
xaTusaSi da rac dasturdeba kidec qiulTefes (igive nesa, kanesi)
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros napovni Tixis firfitebiT, sadac, sxvaTa
gverdiT, indoevropuli-xeTuri saxelebis matarebeli mosaxleobaa warmodgenili.
xeTebis istoria or xanad iyofa: Zveli samefos xanad (daaxl. Zv.
w. 1700-1500 w.w.) da axali samefos anu imperiuli epoqis xanad (daaxl.
Zv. w. 1400-1180 w.w.). zogierTi specialistis mier, Sua samefos xanad
daaxl. Zv. w. XV saukune aris miCneuli. xeTebis saxelmwifom politikuri Zalauflebisa da kulturul monapovarTa umaRles dones Zv. w.
XIV-XIII saukuneebSi miaRwia. Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan anatolia ukve viTardeboda, rogorc msoflioSi rkinis warmoebis uZvelesi
kera.
rac Seexeba anatoliis uZvelesi istoriis aRsadgenad sakuTriv
xeTuri werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebas, unda iTqvas,
rom mxolod ramdenime Tixis firfita Tu TariRdeba boRazqiois xeTuri
arqividan Zv. w. XVII saukuneze ufro adreuli xaniT. Tumca, Zv. w. XIVXIII saukunebSi gakeTebulma metnaklebad sando aslebma Semogvinaxes
adreuli xanis zogierTi istoriuli xasiaTis teqsti. erT-erTi maTgani
Seexeba qusaras (adgilmdebareoba ar aris dadgenili), Zv. w. XVIII sau29

kunis mefes fiTxanasa da mis Zesa da memkvidres aniTas. maT mier dapyrobil qalaqebs Soris moxseniebulia nesac, romelic mogvianebiT aniTam
Tavis dedaqalaqad aqcia.
am cnobis sandooba daadastura qiulTefes (nesas) gaTxrebisas napovnma satevarma, romelzedac aniTas saxeli iyo amotvifruli. rogorc
irkveva, xeTebma, aniTas meTaurobiT, Zv. w. XVIII saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis centralur anatoliaSi samefo Seqmnes. erTi saukunis Semdeg, xaTusili I-ma dedaqalaqi xaTusaSi, galavnebiT kargad gamagrebul cixesimagreSi, gadaitana, romelic xeTebis ZiriTad administraciul centrad
rCeboda xeTebis samefos arsebobis TiTqmis mTeli Semdgomi drois manZilze.
xaTusili I-is laSqrobaTa ZiriTadi samizne Crdilo-dasavleTi
siria da mdinare evfrats gadaRma mdebare mesopotamiuri miwebi iyo. am
mxaris dauflebas xeTebi yovelTvis eswrafodnen, vinaidan igi
mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebda qveynis ekonomikur siZlieres. xaTusili I-is Zem, mursili I-ma (Zv. w. XVI s.), warmatebiT ilaSqra xalafze
(igive q. alepo, Tanamedrove halabi siriaSi) da TviT babilonic ki
gaZarcva.
xeTur sazogadoebaSi mefe miCneuli iyo uzenaes xelisuflad,
umaRles mxedarTmTavrad da msajulad, umTavres qurumad. mas gars
ertya didebulebisa da tituliani moxeleebis farTo wre, romlebic,
gansakuTrebiT adreul saukuneebSi, flobdnen did Zalauflebas da mefis
sisxlismieri naTesavebi iyvnen. umTavresi provinciebisa da qalaqebis
mmarTveloba, mefis mier, misi sakuTari ojaxis wevrebs eZleodaT,
romlebic masTan erTgulebis ficiT iyvnen dakavSirebuli. ufro
gviandel epoqaSi, igive principi daculi iyo xeTebis imperiasTan
SemoerTebuli adgilobrivi vasalebis mimarTac, romelTac samefo ojaxi
xSirad inaTesavebda saqorwino kavSirebiT. erTgulebis fici yovel
calkeul SemTxvevaSi piradi saqme iyo xolme, amitom axali mefis
taxtze asvlis Semdeg savaldebulo xdeboda am vasalebis mier
ymadnaficobis ficis ganaxleba axal xelisufalTan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
es feodaluri kanoni mTlianobaSi xeTuri sazogadoebis safuZvelTa
safuZvels warmoadgenda.
xeTur jarSi miRebuli iyo mefisa da samefo ojaxis mimarT ficis
dadeba, agreTve sxvadasxva ritualis aRsruleba, gansakuTrebiT mterTan
damarcxebis Semdeg. es ukanaskneli mdinaris piras sruldeboda da wylis
SesxurebiT mTavrdeboda. albaT, arc erTi Zveli aRmosavluri
sazogadoeba ar iyo ise damyarebuli ficis dadebis wesze, rogorc
xeTuri. es SesaZloa xeTebis indoevropuli warmomavlobiTac yofiliyo
ganpirobebuli. ficis imdagvarad dadeba, romlis drosac ficis damdebi
misi gatexvis SemTxvevaSi sakuTari Tavis dawyevlaze Tanxmdeboda da
30

warmoTqvamda formulas: `de, ase iyos!~, tipuri iyo agreTve sxva

adreindoevropuli enebis matarebeli xalxebisaTvisac.
xeTurma Tixis firfitebma Semogvinaxa uZvelesi ficis nimuSebi.
kerZod, samxedro meTaurTa fici Zvel xeTur enaze. masSi aRwerilia, Tu
rogor daiwyevleboda ficis gamtexi. erTgulebis ficis damdebis winaSe
mihqondaT qalis kaba, TiTistari, gadatexili isari da eubnebodnen, rom
Tu fics gatexavda, ase gadautydeboda brZolis dros iaraRi, qalad
gadaiqceoda da qalis saqme unda ekeTebina. Semdeg SemohyavdaT brma da
yru qalebi, imis saCveneblad, rom brma da yru qalad gadaiqceoda
sityvis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi. bolos mucelSi wyalCamdgari
adamianis gamosaxuleba mohqondaT da aRuTqvamden aseTive daavadebas,
romelic mis STamomavlobas missave sxeulSi musrs gaavlebda.
analogiuri daniSnulebis `samxedro ficis~ sxva, ufro mogviano
xanis, teqsti arasruli saxiT aris SemorCenili. aq saubari ukve ufro
imazea, Tu ra didi bedniereba eloda ficis Semsrulebels, xolo
sityvis gamtexi amowyvetiT daisjeboda. es teqsti, masSi warmodgenili
rigi detalebis mixedviT, cxadyofs, rom xurituli RvTaebebis
zegavlena sul ufro izrdeboda xeTur sazogadoebaSi.
gansakuTrebiT warmatebuli aRmoCnda xeTebisaTvis, TuTxalia IIIisa (Zv. w. XIV s.) da misi Zis _ sufiluliuma I-is xana. sufiluliuma
qveynisaTvis sakmaod mZime dros gamefda. Sina aSlilobis Sedegad, misi
dedaqalaqi gadabuguli iyo, xolo mas mezobeli qveynebis koaliciis
mogerieba uxdeboda. CrdiloeTidan mozRvavebul mterTan igi daaxloebiT
20 wlis ganmavlobaSi awarmoebda brZolas, Tumca misi ZiriTadi
sazrunavi mainc samxreTi iyo. aucilebeli iyo siriis kontrolis qveS
moqceva. sufiluliumam, Tavdapirvelad, did diplomatiur warmatebas
miaRwia. man daarwmuna kicuvaTnas mefe, raTa misTvis siriaze gasasvleli
mieca da xeTebisadmi mxardaWera gamoecxadebina. garda amisa, man
naTesauri kavSiri daamyara babiloneTSi gabatonebul, didi samxedro
Zalis mqone kasitebis mefesTan. sufiluliumma aRadgina xeTebis
batonoba TiTqmis mTel anatoliaze da ganavrco qveynis sazRvrebi
samxreTiTa da aRmosavleTiT. misi umTavresi monapovari iyo miTanis
damarcxeba da dapyrobebi siriaSi, Zlevamosili qalaqi-saxelmwifoebis,
karqemiSisa da xalebis, xelSi Cagdeba. miTanis gadarCenil nawilebSi
Seiqmna xeTebis ymadnafici xanigalbaTis samefo.
sufiluliumas Zem, mursili II-m (Zv. w. XIV s.), daamarcxa
dasavleT anatoliaSi mdebare da xeTebis winaaRmdeg egviptelTa mier
Segulianebuli arcavas Zlieri qveyana da misi mmarTveli Tavis
ymadnaficad aqcia. Zv. w. XIV-XIII saukuneebSi xeTebis saxelmwifo
Zlevamosil imperiad Camoyalibda. am dros xeTebis samefom Tavisi
siZlieris mwvervals miaRwia, magram TviT maSinac ki, igi ar
warmoadgenda erTian politikur erTeuls.
31

xeTebis warmatebis erT-erT mizezad, maT mier rkinis warmoebaze

monopolia saxeldeba. metalurgiis ganviTarebaSi rkinis warmoebis
dawyeba Zalze mniSvnelovani etapi iyo. rkina erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
farTod gavrcelebuli liTonia dedamiwis zurgze, magram, amave dros,
Zalze Znelad dasamuSavebeli. rkinis dnobis wertili bevrad ufro
maRalia imasTan SedarebiT, ris SesaZleblobasac primitiuli qura
iZleoda. madnidan minarevebis mosacileblad saWiro iyo misi araerTgzis
gacxeleba da Wedva. Zv. w. II aTaswleulamdel arqeologiur masalebSi
mxolod iSviaTad Tu aris mikvleuli rkinis sagnebi: mZivebi, beWdebi,
satevris pirebi. Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi ki, rkinis damuSaveba
ukve Cveulebriv xasiaTs iRebs. Tu ra didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda
rkinas, cxadi xdeba xaTusili III-is werilidan asureTis mefisadmi,
romelsac man saCuqrad rkinis satevris piri gaugzavna.
xeTuri armiis ZiriTad samxedro Zalas (sxva Zveli aRmosavleTis
qveynebis msgavsad) sabrZolo etlebis korpusi warmoadgenda. xeTebi
ganTqmuli meetlebi iyvnen. maT gamoigones etlis axali konstruqcia,
romelic ori mebrZolis nacvlad sams itevda (il. 3). erTi maTgani
meetle iyo, meores Semtevi iaraRi (Subi da mSvild-isari) epyra xelT,
xolo mesame, faris saSualebiT icavda maT da sakuTar Tavsac. samive
maTgani Cacmuli iyo muxlis qvemoT daSvebul tyavis tansacmelSi da
Tavze muzaradi exura. abjari, rogorc SemorCenili gamosaxulebebidan
Cans, ar unda hqonodaT.
etliT mebrZoli xeTis Tavdasxmis iaraRi saZgerebeli Subi iyo da
ara, egviptelTa msgavsad, mSvild-isari. kadeSis brZolis egviptur
gamosaxulebebze zogierT etliT mebrZol xeTs xelT Subi upyria,
magram arasodes mSvildi. aRsaniSnavia, rom kadeSis brZola etlebiT
brZolis yvelaze did asparezad iTvleba msoflioSi (ix. qvemoT).
etlebiT brZolis Taobaze uZvelesi miniSneba, SesaZloa, Zv. w.
XVIII saukuniT daTariRebul aniTas Zvel xeTur teqstSia mocemuli,
sadac naxsenebia mis mier salativaras (qalaqi anatoliaSi) alyis dros
gamoyenebul 1400 qveiT jariskacze da 40 Sebma cxenze. Tumca, pirveli
udavo dadastureba brZolis dros etlebis gamoyenebis Taobaze
ganekuTvneba xaTusili I-is xanas anu gviandel Zv. w. XVII saukunes.
ufro gviandeli xaniT, Zv. w. XV saukunis dasasruliT, TariRdeba
xaTusasas arqivSi napovni, kikuli miTanelis* mier dawerili, etlis
cxenebis movlisa da wvrTnis saxelmZRvanelo. teqsti xeTurad aris
dawerili, Tumca masSi calkeuli indo-ariuli*, xurituli da luviuri*
sityvebis arsebobac dasturdeba.
brZolebis dros xeTebis qveiTi jari, rogorc Cans, damxmare
funqcias asrulebda. mis jariskacebs mogrZo, maRali muzaradebi exuraT
da ZiriTadad, sabrZolo culiT, maxviliTa da xelgasayreli fariT
iyvnen aRWurvilni.
32

anatoliisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
havisa
da
topografiuli
Taviseburebebis gamo, xeTuri jaris Sekreba gazafxulze xdeboda xolme,
xolo laSqroba, ZiriTadad, zafxulobiT.
xeTebis mier Seqmnili safortifikacio arqiteqtura saukeTesod
iTvleba mTel Zvel axlo aRmosavleTSi. qalaqis galavnebisa da
safortifikacio nagebobebis qona arsebiTi iyo Zveli aRmosavleTis
qalaqebisaTvis. rogorc zemoTac iTqva, TavdacviT kedlebs agebdnen
qvisgan, alizis agurisagan, xisagan an am masalaTa erTmaneTTan
SeTavsebiT. masalis SerCeva bunebrivi pirobebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, Tu
romeli masala moipoveboda adgilobriv. xeTebi, rogorc wesi, qalaqebis
garSemo masiuri qvis galavnebis agebisas didi xelovnebiT iyenebdnen
mTiani adgilebis ferdobebs, gansakuTrebiT es SeimCneva maT mier
aSenebul cixe-simagreebSi.
alyis warmoebis, yvelaze ufro xSirad gamoyenebuli, xerxi iyo
mocda alyaSi moqceulTa danebebamde. rogorc zemoTac aRvniSnavdiT, Zv.
w. XV saukuneSi egviptelTa mier, megidos alyam, qalaqis danebebamde,
Svid Tves gastana. zogjer alyaSi moqceulTa mier Tavis daxsna
gamosasyidis gadaxdiT xdeboda. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac moalyeebSi
sasikvdilo epidemia iCenda Tavs da isinic iZulebuli xdebodnen
auReblad gaclodnen qalaqsa Tu cixe-simagres.
sainteresoa, xeTebis mier, Zv. w. XIV saukuneSi, anatoliaSi, erTerTi Tavisi ymadnafici mmarTvelis qalaqis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli
alya, romelic mas mere damTavrda, rodesac deda-dedofali qalaqidan
gamovida da SesTxova moalyeebs misi gulisaTvis SeewyalebinaT xalxi.
maSin, rodesac, ama Tu im laSqrobis dros, ZiriTadi mizani ar iyo
romelime qalaqis aReba, molaSqreebi mas ubralod gverds auvlidnen
xolme. magaliTad, xeTebis mier miTanis winaaRmdeg Zv. w. XIV saukuneSi
Catarebuli erT-erTi laSqrobisas, xeTebma qalaq karqemiSs gverdi
auares da igi mxolod Tavisi ZiriTadi miznis aRsrulebis Semdeg,
ukanmobrunebulebma, rvadRiani alyis Semdeg aiRes.
xeTebis keTildReoba mniSvnelovnad iyo damokidebuli maT mier
savaWro gzebisa da bunebrivi wiaRiseulis, gansakuTrebiT liTonis
sabadoebis, gakontrolebaze. ZiriTadad, amis gamo uxdebodaT maT
asurelebTan, xuritebTan da egviptelebTan brZola.
egviptelTa da xeTebis saomari xasiaTis urTierTobebs, egviptis
meTvramete dinastiis xanaSi eyreba safuZveli, rodesac faraonma Tutmos
III-m daipyro miTanis samefos kuTvnili miwebi siriaSi da amiT xeTebs
daumezoblda. axlo aRmosavleTis bevrma xalxma am dros gadawyvita
egviptelebisaTvis xarki gadaexada, maT Soris xeTebmac, raTa egviptelTa
guli moegoT da amiT maTi Tavdasxmisagan Tavi daexsnaT. amasTanave,
xeTebisaTvis, egviptelTa mier maTi mudmivi mtris _ miTanis damarcxeba
xelsayrel garemoebas warmoadgenda. momdevno xanebSi xeTebsa da
33

egviptelebs Soris megobruli urTierToba yalibdeboda. e. w.

kurustamas xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, moxda xeTuri qalaqis, kurustamas,
mosaxleobis
Casaxleba
egviptis
mier
kontrolirebul
siriis
teritoriaze. egviptelebi xeTebs Tavis Tanaswor Zalad ganixilavdnen.
tutanxamonis gardacvalebis Semdeg, misma qvrivma sufiluliumas misi Ze
sTxova Tanamecxedred da TanammarTvelad, Tumca ufliswulma egviptemde
cocxalma ver CaaRwia. zemoaRniSnuli megobrobis mdgradoba, xeTebis
mier samxedro Zalis mniSvnelovanma gazrdam da amenhoTeb II-sa da
Tutmos IV-is xanaSi egviptesa da miTans Soris keTilmezobluri
urTierTobebis Camoyalibebam Searyia. xeTebma miTanisa da egviptis
urTierTobaSi TavisTvis safrTxe dainaxes da maTma didma mefem,
sufiluliuma I-ma daiwyo brZola siriis xelSi Casagdebad. ramdenime
warmatebuli laSqrobis Semdeg, man siriis CrdiloeTi nawili SeierTa.
siriaSi xeTebis eqspansiam, maTi aRorZinebuli qveyana egviptesTan ukve
aSkarad daapirispira.
xeTebis qveyanaze uaryofiTad imoqmeda Savma Wirma, romelic
ukanmobrunebulma molaSqreebma da tyveebma Camoitanes da xeTebi
mursili
II-is
dros,
iZulebuli
gaxdnen
egviptisaTvis
ukan
daebrunebinaT sufililiumas mier siriaSi dapyrobili miwebi, Tumca
muvaTali II-is mefobis dros (Zv. w. 1293-1271 ww.), dasavleT
anatoliaSi miRweuli warmatebebis garda, aRsaniSnavia am mefis
brZolebi egviptesTan siriis dasaufleblad. ori maTgani gaimarTa
siriis qalaq kadeSTan, mdinare orontTan. pirveli brZolisas misi
mowinaaRmdege egviptis mecxramete dinastiis meore faraoni seti I (Zv.
w. 1290-1279 w.w.) iyo.
karnakis* taZris warwerebis mixedviT, seti I-ma, 20000 kacisagan
Semdgari jariT ilaSqra qanaansa* da siriaSi, aRadgina iq mitovebuli
egvipturi saguSagoebi da sagarnizono qalaqebi. mas xeTebTan sityvieri
xelSekruleba daudia da dauflebia aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTs.
momdevno laSqrobisas, man qalaqi kadeSi aiRo, sadac am faqtis
aRmniSvneli sveti aRmarTa da daipyro amurrus* qveyana. am laSqrobaSi
seti I-s Tan axlda misi memkvidre ramsesi, romelsac momavalSi, rogorc
egviptis faraon ramses II-s, swored qalaq kadeSTan mouwia
umniSvnelovanesi da sisxlismRvreli brZolis gadatana xeTebTan.
kadeSis brZolas win uswrebda, erTi mxriv, ramses II-is da meore
mxriv, xeTebis mefis, muvaTali II-is, siriuli laSqrobebi. es ori mefe
erTmaneTs ecileboda siriasa da qanaans. vinaidan xeTebis interesebi,
ZiriTadad, savaWro gzebis kontrolze iyo gamaxvilebuli, xolo
CrdiloeTi siria kilikias SuamdinareTTan akavSirebda, am mxaris
dauflebas xeTebisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda.
ramsesi mTel Tves mounda, kadeSisaTvis samxreTidan rom mieRwia.
muvaTalim, amasobaSi, Tavi mouyara Tavis mokavSireebs da kadeSis
34

gadaRma, CrdiloeTiT dabanakda. xeTebis mxareze maTi 19 mokavSiris

samxedro Zalebs hqonda Tavi moyrili. xeTebTan erTad, ZiriTadad, maT
mier dapyrobili xalxebi ibrZodnen, romelTa Soris, dasavleT
anatolielebic unda yofiliyvnen.
Zv. w. 1274 wlis gazafxulze, kadeSisaken mimavalma ramsesma, mZime
taqtikuri Secdoma dauSva. igi imdenad iyo Sepyrobili surviliT, rom
xeTebze adre aeRo qalaqi, romelSic sinamdvileSi xeTebs ukve misTvis
maxe hqondaT dagebuli, rom mowyda Tavis ZiriTad Zalebs da amiT
gazarda am Zalebs Soris arsebuli manZilebi. es daqsaqsuli danayofebi
gzis sxvadasva monakveTze imyofebodnen. ramsesis armia oTxi diviziisagan
Sedgeboda, romelTac egvipturi RvTaebebis: amonis, ras, setisa da
ftahis saxelebi hqondaT miniWebuli. rodesac faraonma kadeSs miaRwia,
mas ukan amonis danayofi mohyveboda; ras danayofi, am dros, ufro
samxreTiT, qalaq SabTunasTan* mdinaris fons gadadioda; ftahis
danayofi ki ufro Sors, jer kidev qalaq arnaimis* samxreTiT
moZraobda, xolo setis danayofi mTavar Saragzas jerac ar iyo
gamocdenili.
garda amisa, egviptelTa armiaSi kidev iyo samxedro danayofi,
nearinis* (naarni) saxeliT cnobili, romelic egviptelTa erTguli
qanaaneli moqiraveebisa Tu qanaanSi ramses II-is mier datovebuli
egvipteli meomrebisagan Sedgeboda. mas gadamwyveti funqcia daekisra
egviptis gadarCenaSi xeTebTan brZolis dros. egviptelTa mxares
ibrZodnen aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis damarbeveli e. w. zRvis
xalxebis SemadgenlobaSi myofi sardiniuli warmomavlobis Serdenelebi,
romlebic kadeSis brZolis amsaxvel egviptur gamosaxulebebSi
gvianbrinjaos xanis aRmosavleT saqarTvelosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
satevrebiT arian aRWurvilni.
ramsesi da mas midevnebuli amonis danayofebi, mdinare orontis
kalapotis gadalaxvis Semdeg, SeefeTnen xeTebis mier, sagangebod maT
SecdomaSi Seyvanis mizniT Segzavnil beduinebs, romelTac daarwmunes
faraoni, rom xeTebi, faraonis SiSiT, axlo mosvlas ver bedavdnen da
Sors, xalafis maxloblad iyvnen dabanakebulni (daaxloebiT 200 km
CrdiloeTiT). amasobaSi, iqve Casafrebulma xeTebma saSualeba misces
amonis danayofebs maTTvis gverdze CaevloT da maT mierve dagebul
xafangSi gabmuliyvnen. SecdomaSi Seyvanilma faraonma kadeSTan banakis
dacemis brZaneba gasca. aq egviptelebma xelT igdes ori beduini,
romelTac aRiares, rom sinamdvileSi xeTebis uzarmazari armia, qveiTi
jari da etlebis korpusi mefe muvaTalis winamZRolobiT sul erTi
xelis gawvdenaze iyo maTgan daSorebuli, qalaq kadeSis gadaRma.
rogorc vxedavT, im Soreul epoqaSi, brZolis dawyebamde (daaxloebiT
3300 wlis win), ukve iyenebdnen metoqis dezinformirebis xerxebs.
35

brZola, romelic gaimarTa ramses II-is aRsaydrebis mexuTe wels,

12 maiss, miCneulia etlebiT yvelaze ufro did brZolad msoflios
istoriaSi. masSi monawileobda daaxloebiT 5000-6000 etli. amave
dros, es iyo erT-erTi pirveli brZola msoflios istoriaSi, romlis
mimdinareobis taqtikuri detalebis aRweriloba SemorCenilia.
rogorc iTqva, xeTebis laSqari, egviptelTagan saidumlod, kadeSs
iyo Sefarebuli da rodesac qalaqs miaxloebulma egviptelebma iq banaki
dasces, xeTuri etlebis mZlavrma razmma gamanadgurebeli ieriSi miitana
maT centralur nawilze. xeTebi Tavs daesxnen agreTve amonis Semdeg
momaval da moulodnelobisgan dabneul ras nawilebs. am dros maTgan
Sors myofi ftahis danayofebi mdinare SabTunas fons gadadiodnen.
xeTebis mier mitanili ieriSis Taobaze, ramsesi Cioda, rom misma
xelqveiTebma ver SeZles daedginaT xeTebis WeSmariti ganlageba.
faraonma saswrafod afrina Sikrikebi, raTa daeCqarebina ftahisa da
setis danayofebis SemoerTeba, romlebic jer kidev mdinare orontis
xeobis Soreul nawilSi imyofebodnen. amasobaSi xeTebis etlebma
gadaTeles ras danayofi da TiTqmis mTlianad gaanadgures igi.
gadarCenilebma amonis banaks miaSures, magram xeTebi aqac mihyvnen maT da
aaoxres iqauroba. amonis jarSi SiSis zarma daisadgura, dafeTebuli
jariskacebi xeTuri maxvilisagan sikvdils gaurbodnen. gamarjvebaSi
darwmunebulma xeTebma egviptelTa banakis Zarcva daiwyes da amiT
sabediswero Secdoma dauSves. faraonma mTeli Zalebi moikriba da Tavisi
mcvelTa razmis meTaurobiT mxned Seutia nadavlis SegrovebiT garTul
xeTebs. ramsesma, mxolod Tavisi piradi mamacobis Sedegad, SeZlo
sakuTari Tavisa da armiis cocxlad darCenili nawilebis gadarCena,
rodesac Tavisi etliT mamacurad CaerTo brZolaSi. misi winamZRolobiT
ganxorcielebulma uecarma Setevam arev-dareva Seitana mowinaaRmdegis
rigebSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kadeSis brZolaSi ramses II-m didi
mxedarTmTavris Tvisebebi gamoavlina da Tu ara mis mier gamoCenili
gmiroba, egviptelTa sruli marcxi gardauvali iyo. mdgomareoba mainc
sagangaSo iqneboda, dagvianebuli setis danayofebis damatebiTi nawilebi
rom ar gamoCeniliyvnen. egviptelebs gamoadgaT maTi etlebis meti
manevrirebuloba da Sedgenili mSvildebis moqmedebis vrceli radiusi.
xeTebi iZulebulni gaxdnen egviptelTa banaks mocilebodnen da
mdinare orontisaken daexiaT. am dros muvaTalim aamoqmeda rezervSi
myofi aTasi sabrZolo etli da Seutia egviptelebs maSin, rodesac
xeTebma, TiTqos, isev miaRwies egviptelTa banaks. nearinis samxedro
nawilma Semoaswro brZolis velze da ixsna egviptelebi sruli
damarcxebisagan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, egviptelTa jari mTlianad
amowyvetili iqneboda. ramsesis mier moulodnelad mitanili eqvsi
ieriSis Semdeg, xeTebi TiTqmis alyaSemortymulebi aRmoCndnen da
brZolaSi gadarCenilebma mdinare orontis gadacurviT Tavi kadeSis
36

galavans Seafares. ramses II-isadmi mikuTvnebuli ieroglifuri

warwerebis mixedviT, maT mdinare oronti ise swrafad gadacures, rom
niangebsac ki SeSurdebodaT. xeTebi iZulebuli gaxdnen kadeSisaTvis
SeefarebinaT Tavi.
gaTenebisTanave, gaimarTa meore, faqtobrivad uSedego brZola.
orive mxare Zalze dazaralda. xeTebma, miuxedavad TiTqosda
Tavdapirveli warmatebisa, ver SeZles saboloo gamarjvebis mopoveba,
xolo egviptelebs, samxedro Zalis didi danakargis gamo, qalaqisaTvis
alyis Semosartymelad xalxi aRar darCaT. brZolis ZiriTadi Sedegis
Sefasebisas, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom egviptelebma ver moaxerxes
galavniT kargad gamagrebuli kadeSis aReba, rac maT Tavdapirvel da
ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda.
xeTebis warmatebis mTavari mizezi, maT mier egvipturi Zalebis
srul danawevrebas unda mieweros, rac ufro ganviTarebuli samxedro
strategiuli da taqtikuri azrovnebis Sedegi iyo.
vinaidan ramses ar ZaluZda kadeSis xangrZlivi alyisaTvis
logistikuri mxardaWeris uzrunvelyofa, man keTilgoniereba gamoiCina
da jer ukan, damaskosken daixia, xolo sabolood egviptisaken gabrunda.
Sin dabrunebulma faraonma udidesi gamarjvebis Sesaxeb amcno Tavis
qveSevrdomebs, maSin rodesac sinamdvileSi erTaderTi, rac man gaakeTa,
iyo is, rom brZolis msvlelobisas uimedo mdgomareobaSi Cavardnilma,
sabolood mainc SeZlo didi Zalisxmevis, Tavdadebisa da gmirobis
xarjze, sakuTari armiis samSvidoboze gamoyvana. kadeSis brZolis Sedegi
egviptelebisaTvis sinamdvileSi iyo sruli marcxisagan Tavis daRweva. am
bednierma SemTxvevam, SesaZlebloba misca egvipteSi dabrunebul faraons
wagebuli omi did gamarjvebad warmoeCina, xolo sakuTari Tavi xeTebTan
brZolaSi
gamarjvebulad
gamoecxadebina
da
amaSi
egviptis
sazogadoebriobac daerwmunebina. miuxedavad usazRvro trabaxisa,
miRweuli gamarjvebis Sesaxeb, ramsesis mier gancdili marcxis
maCvenebelia Tundac is garemoeba, rom man Seubraleblad da sastikad
dasaja Tavisi armiis gadarCenili mebrZolebi.
Tavis mxriv, xeTebis gamarjvebac ufro pirosis* gamarjvebas hgavda.
Sesabamisad, maT realurad Seafases sakuTari SesaZleblobebi da
sakmarisad
SorsmWvretelni
aRmoCndnen
imisaTvis,
rom
sworad
ganesazRvraT egviptelebTan mSvidobisa da kavSiris fasi; miTumetes, rom
ukve igrZnoboda asureTis samxedro siZlieris ganuxreli zrda, rac
uaxloes momavalSi daemuqreboda rogorc xeTebis, aseve egviptelebis
interesebs.
unda iTqvas, rom dRemde ar aris Tanxmoba mecnierTa Soris,
kadeSis brZolis Sedegebis Sesaxeb. zogierTis azriT, egviptelebma
gaimarjves; zogi fiqrobs, rom mxareebma Tanabar warmatebasa Tu
warumateblobas miaRwies; zogis azriT, egviptelebi damarcxdnen, xolo
37

egvipturi werilobiTi wyaroebis cnobebi propagandistul miznebs

emsaxureboda.
kadeSis brZolis Sesaxeb cnobebi egvipteSi didi raodenobiT
arisASemorCenili rogorc werilobiTi, maT Soris papirusebze dawerili
calkeuli teqstebis saxiT, aseve karnakis, abu simbelis, abidosis da
Tebes rameseumis* taZrebSi warmodgenili kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSebiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom jer kidev xaTusili III-s SeumCneveli ar darCenia es
garemoeba da igi werilSi gamqirdavad mimarTavda ramsess, kadeSis
brZolaSi, mis mier sakuTari Tavis gamarjvebulad warmoCenis gamo.
ramsesis
sapasuxo
werili
brZolis
egvipturi
interpretaciis
gadmocemaa.
kadeSis brZolaSi egviptelebma moralur warmatebas miaRwies.
faraonis gmiruli Tavdadebis wyalobiT, maT Tavi
daaRwies
gamanadgurebel marcxs. xeTebma realuri strategiuli mogeba naxes. maT,
miuxedavad samxedro etlebis didi nawilis dakargvisa, ar daanebes
mters kadeSi da momdevno wlebis ganmavlobaSi TandaTanobiTi samxedro
SetevebiT daaTmobines egviptelebs poziciebi ufro samxreTiT mdebare
teritoriebzec. amurrus garda, xeTebma daiqvemdebares upuc*. amis
Sedegad, egviptis aziuri samflobeloebi mxolod qanaaniT SemoisazRvra
da isic mudmivi ajanyebis safrTxis qveS imyofeboda. ramses II
iZulebuli iyo wamoewyo gamudmebuli laSqrobebi qanaanSi. am
laSqrobaTa Sedegad miRweuli samxedro warmatebebi, saboloo jamSi,
egviptelTaTvis zedapiruli gamodga. verc isini da verc xeTebi ver
axerxebdnen erTmaneTze gadamwyveti gamarjvebis miRwevas.
aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis qalaq-saxelmwifoebze gavlenis
mosapoveblad warmoebuli TxuTmetwliani qiSpobis Semdeg Seqmnili
Cixuri mdgomareobis gamo, ramses II iZulebuli gaxda, Tavisi zeobis 21
wels (anu Zv. w. 1258 w.), xeli moewera xeTebTan samSvidobo
xelSekrulebaze. xeTebis mxridan sazavo xelSekrulebas xeli ukve
axalma mefem, muvaTali II-is Zmam _ xaTusili III-m moawera. es dokumenti
miCneulia msoflios uZveles oficialurad dadebul xelSekrulebad.
teqsti Sedgenili iyo im epoqis saerTaSoriso diplomatiis enaze,
aqadurad. am xelSekrulebis ZaliT, dadginda egviptesa da xeTebis
qveynis sazRvari qanaanis teritoriaze da egviptem faqtobrivad dakarga
amurrus qveyana.
sazavo xelSekrulebis egvipturi teqsti papirusis saxiT aris
SemorCenili, xolo xeTuri cali vercxlis filaze iyo amokveTili,
romlis Tixis aslic iyo napovni boRazqiois gaTxrebisas. aRsaniSnavia,
rom kadeSis xelSekrulebis gadidebuli asli niu-iorkSi, gaerTianebuli
erebis mTavar samarTveloSi kedelzea Camokidebuli, rogorc msoflioSi
pirveli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis nimuSi.
38

xelSekrulebis dadebis momdevno xanaSi, jer isev ramses II-is da

xaTusili III-is mefobisas, ori didi qveynis kavSiri, orive maTganis
sakeTildReod, kidev ufro ganmtkicda da ara naklebi intensiurobiT
gagrZelda maTi memkvidreebis, egviptis faraonis merneftahisa da xeTi
mefeebis TuTxalia IV-isa da arnuvandas zeobis wlebSi. xelSekrulebis
damtkicebas Tan sdevda guliTadi miwer-mowera, ara mxolod mefeebs
Soris, aramed maT meuRleebs Sorisac. xelSekrulebis dadebis cameti
wlis Semdeg xaTusili III-is (Zv. w. XIII s. pirveli naxevari)
qaliSvili, mamamisis mier gamoTqmuli survilis Tanaxmad, daqorwinda
ramses II-ze da faraonis meuRle gaxda.
xeTebisa da egviptelebis urTierTbrZoliT isargebles asurelebma
da Seecadnen miTanis xelSi Cagdebas. asurelebi xeTuri saxelmwifos
savaWro gzebisaTvis aranakleb safrTxes warmoadgendnen, vidre
egviptelebi. muvaTalis Zis _ urhi-TeSubis (igive mursili III) dros
(Zv. w. XIII s. pirveli naxevari), asurelebma miTanis memkvidre
saxelmwifo _ xanigalbaTi igdes xelT da mdinare evfratis aRmosavleT
napirs moadgnen. rodesac urhi-TeSubi biZamisma _ xaTusili III-m
gadaayena taxtidan, es ukanaskneli iZulebuli gaxda Segueboda
xanigalbaTis dakargvas. xaTusili III-is mier, xeTebsa da egviptelTa
Soris samSvidobo xelSekrulebis dadeba ganpirobebuli iyo swored
asureTis samxedro siZlieris STambeWdavi zrdiT.
miTanis saxelmwifos narCenebis danawilebisaTvis xeTebsa da
asirielebs Soris daZabulobam umaRles wertils Zv. w. XIII saukunis
meore naxevarSi, xaTusili III-is Zis _ TuTxalia IV-isa da asureTis
mefis _ TuqulTi-ninurta I-is dros miaRwia. TuTxalia sakmaod Zlieri
mefe iyo imisaTvis, rom droebiT mainc SeeCerebina asurelTa SeRweva
siriaSi. manve moaxerxa kviprosis droebiTi dakaveba. mis dros kidev
ufro gaZlierda da gamagrda xaTusas galavani. asurelTa eqspansiis
SesaCereblad man aRmosavleTisaken, asurelTa winaaRmdegac ki gailaSqra.
mowinaaRmdege Zalebi erTmaneTs mdinqre tigrosis mxareSi _ q.
nihriasTan Sexvdnen. nihrias brZolaSi, xeTebma sastiki damarcxeba
ganicades da amiT saSualeba misces asurelebs Tavisi samefosTvis
miierTebinaT nairis* miwebi, saidanac asurelebma male maTTvis
winaaRmdegobis gamwevi 40 adgilobrivi mmarTveli gamoaZeves. marTalia,
asuruli werilobiTi wyaroebi ikvexnian, rom brZolis Sedegad TiTqos
maT 28800 xeTi tyve igdes xelT, magram sinamdvileSi am marcxs
tragikuli Sedegi ar mohyolia xeTebis saxelmwifosaTvis, vinaidan
asurelTa mTavari mizani, im xanad, babilonis aReba iyo. am marcxiT
mxolod qveyanaSi arsebulma Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis mosurne
Zalebma scades esargebladT. sxva mcdelobebTan erTad, urhi-TeSubis
umcrosi Zma _ kurunta Seecada, SeTqmulebis gziT, gadaeyenebina
39

taxtidan TuTxalia IV, magram ver moaxerxa. mefem daamarcxa SeTqmulebi

da SeinarCuna xeTuri saxelmwifo.
anatoliisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SfoTisa da areulobis Zveli seni
mudmiv
safrTxes
warmoadgenda
xeTuri
saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis.
CrdiloeTidan, Savi zRvis mimdebare mxareebidan, safrTxes warmoadgenda
qasqebis (mesaqonle tomebi) gauTavebeli Tavdasxmebi, romelTa Semosevis
SiSiT,
xeTebis
sataxto
qalaqi
droebiT
ufro
samxreTiT,
*
TarxuntasaSic ki yofila gadatanili. xeTebs kunZul kvipross aqiava
ecileboda. aqaveeli berZnebis winaprebi, xeTebis mimarT vasalur
mdgomareobaSi myofi qveynebic mudmivad cdilobdnen dakarguli
damoukideblobis dabrunebas.
xeTebis ukanasknelma mefem _ sufiluliuma II-m moaxerxa ramdenime
brZolis mogeba, maT Soris sazRvaosic. es xeTuri imperiis ukanaskneli
gamarjvebebi iyo. kviprosis sanapirosTan, daaxl Zv. w. XIII saukunis
damlevs, xeTebma zRvis xalxebis kuTvnili xomaldebi zRvaSi gadawves
da CaZires, magram es ukve dagvianebuli warmateba iyo. sul male zRvis
xalxebma mTeli xmelTaSuazRvispireTi Caigdes xelT, egeididan*
palestinamde.
Sinagani da garegani wnexis qveS moqceulma xeTebis saxelmwifom,
veRar gauZlo axal gasaWirs, dasavleTidan `zRvis xalxebis~
Semosevebs da Zv. w. XII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis ganadgurda. rac
Seexeba egviptes, is sakmarisad Zlieri aRmoCnda imisaTvis, raTa amave
`zRvis xalxebis~ egvipteSi SeWra SeeCerebina.
sanapiro zolidan da sazRvao gzebidan mokveTili xeTebis
saxelmwifos centraluri nawili meomari da veluri tomebis rbevis
obieqti Seiqna, rasac xeTebis dedaqalaqis, xaTusas, saboloo
ganadgureba mohyva. gaurkvvelia, Tu konkretulad vin daangria
sabolood xeTebis dedaqalaqi xaTusa. fiqroben, rom es qasqebs, xeTebis
CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb mesaqonle tomebs an frigielebs, anatoliaSi
dasavleTidan Semosul xalxs unda gaekeTebina. ukanasknel xanebSi
xaTusasas
adgilas
mdebare
boRazqois
maxloblad,
buiqqaiaSi
Catarebulma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma cxadyo, rom xeTebis samefos
dacemis momdevno xanaSi aq dasaxlda xeTebisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli
warmomavlobis mqone mosaxleoba, romelsac miewereba adgilobrivi
rkinis xanis kultura. savaraudoa, rom qasqebis mier dangreuli xaTusa
drois garkveuli periodis Semdeg frigielebma daasaxles.
xaTusasas
dacema,
rogorc
Cans,
nawili
iyo
xeTuri
saxelmwifoebriobis erTiani daqceva-ganadgurebisa. xeTebi TiTqos
erTbaSad
uCinardebian
centraluri
anatoliidan
da
maTi
saxelmwifoebrivi tradicia Zv. w. I aTaswleulis adreul saukuneebSi
arsebobas mxolod CrdiloeT siriaSi ganagrZobs, vidre sabolood
asureTma masac ar mouRo bolo.
40

irani. iranis zegnis sxvadasxva adgilebSi mikvleulia paleoliTisa* da

neoliTis* xanis sadgomebi da namosaxlarebi.
SeiZleba iTqvas, sakvebwarmoebiTma revoluciam SesaZlebeli gaxada
iranSi mudmivi dasaxlebebis aRmoceneba da erT-erTi adreuli sameurneo
civilizaciis warmoqmna. Camoyalibebuli meurneobis etapis xanaSi,
saWiro xdeba Wirnaxulis dacva misi miTvisebis msurvelTagan da ukve
Cndeba Zv. w. IX-VIII aTaswleulebiT daTariRebuli soflis tipis
dasaxlebebi: ali koSisa da guranis zemo fenebi, sarabi, jarmo. momdevno
xanebSi, meurneoba vrceldeba iranis centralur zegansa (Tefe sialki I)
da xuzistanSi (Tefe sabzi), Crdilo-dasavleT (haji firuzi), dasavleT
(godin Tefe VII) da samxreT-aRmosavleT iranSi (Tefe iahia VI C-E).
ukanaskneli monacemebis Tanaxmad, SesaZloa, mevenaxeoba zagrosis
mTianeTSi Caisaxa. msoflioSi sadReisod yvelaze adreuli Rvinis
Sesanaxi qoTnebi swored am regionis CrdiloeT nawilSi, haji firuzSia
mikvleuli da Zv. w. VI aTaswleulis meore naxevriTaa daTariRebuli.
Zv. w. VI aTaswleulidan moyolebuli, moxatuli keramika xdeba
iranuli arqeologiuri kulturebis erT-erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani.
Taviseburi moxatuli Tixis WurWeli Cndeba eneoliTis xanidan.
Zv. w. IV aTaswleuliT TariRdeba iranis zeganze pirveli qalaqis
_ sialkis (q. qaSanTan, centralur iranSi) aRmoceneba.
adreuli brinjaos xanidan ufro meti ram aris cnobili iranis
mosaxleobis materialuri kulturis Sesaxeb, Tumca mxolod werilobiTi monacemebis gamoCenis Semdeg SeiZleba mosaxleobis ama Tu im jgufis istoriul Tu eTnikur identifikaciaze saubari.
Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi iranSi vrceldeba amierkavkasiuli warmomavlobis mqone, e. w. mtkvar-arezis* kulturis matarebeli tomebi. maTi gavrceleba, rogorc Cans, Zalismieri xasiaTisa iyo da
am process Tan sdevda aq ufro adre arsebuli, ganviTarebuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Sewyveta. igive suraTi Cans aRmosavleT anatoliaSi, sadac, agreTve fiqsirdeba amierkavkasiuli tradiciebis matarebeli mosaxleobis gamoCena. ufro gvian, Zv. w. III aTaswleulis pirvel
naxevarSi e. w. mtkvar-arezis kulturis tomebi siriasa da palestinaSic
vrceldebian.
iranis vrceli teritoriis topografiuli danawevreba aq
sxvadasxvagvari saxis gancalkevebuli kulturebis Camoyalibebas uwyobda
xels. adreuli liTonis xanis irani, ekonomikurad da kulturulad,
kvalindeburad neoliTuri epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis wesiT
cxovrobda. aq araferi Cans im ganviTarebis msgavsi, rac misgan dasavleTiT, mesopotamiisaTvis da aRmosavleTiT, indis velze aRmocenebuli
maRali civilizaciis mqone urbanuli centrebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli
41

maSin, rodesac sazogadoebrivi cxovreba iranis zeganze jer isev

primitiul mdgomareobaSi iyo, xuzistanis dablobze, Zv. w. IV
aTaswleulidan, mesopotamiuri tipis damwerlobis mqone urbanuli
(qalaquri tipis) civilizacia yalibdeboda. xuzistani, Zveli suziana,
iranis erTaderTi mxarea, romlis ganviTarebis done ramdenadme uaxlovdeboda mesopotamiaSi mimdinare procesebs. aq, tigrosisa da evfratis SuamdinareTis mezoblad, samxreT iranis miwa-wyalze arsebuli elamuri civilizacia Sumeridan momavali zegavlenis Sedegad iyo aRmocenebuli. mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze, igi mWidro urTierTkavSirSi iyo mesopotamiur qveynebTan, SumerTan, babiloneTTan da
asureTTan. es urTierToba iyo rogorc mSvidobiani, savaWro, aseve
saomari. elamelTa ena, rogorc irkveva, mkveTrad gansxvavebuli iyo am
mxareSi ufro gvian gavrcelebuli enebisagan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom elamuri civilizacia, ZiriTadad xuzistanis
dablobze, suzianaSi iyo koncentrirebuli, sinamdvileSi elamis saxelmwifo ufro vrcel teritoriebs moicavda. dablobis garda, mas eqvemdebareboda CrdiloeTiTa da aRmosavleTiT misi uSualod momijnave mTianeTi. mTisa da baris erTianobis modelis SemuSaveba am qveynis
siZlieris erT-erTi umTavresi wyaro iyo. maqsimalurad xdeboda
rogorc mTis, aseve baris bunebrivi simdidreebis gacvla-gamocvla. amasTan erTad, elami Suamavali iyo, erTi mxriv, Sumer-babiloneTsa da
meore mxriv, iranis zegnis sazogadoebebs (Tefe hisari, sialki da sxva)
Soris. am urTierTobebis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala, elamelTa mier
ganxorcielebuli vaWroba iyo. protoelamuri warweriani Tixis firfitebis gamovlena sialk IV-isa da Tefe iahias kulturul fenebSi aRniSnuli vaWrobis erT-erTi damamtkicebeli sabuTia. Sua brinjaos
xanaSi, centraluri iranis zegani kidev ufro metad iyo izolirebuli
gare samyarosgan, vidre adre. arseboba veRar ganagrZo Tefe sialkma.
naklebad Cans urTierToba mesopotamiasTan. miuxedavad amisa, elamelebis
aqtiuroba am drosac SeimCneva, Tumca SedarebiT naklebi intensivobiT.
Zv. w. XXIV saukunis Sua xanebSi, sargon didma, aqadis mefem daimorCila jer Sumeri, xolo Semdeg elami da mis aRmosavleTiT mdebare
mxareebic. daaxloebiT saukunenaxevris Semdeg, dasavleT iranis mTianeTSi
mcxovrebma guTiebis tomebma bolo mouRo aqadelTa batonobas. aqadis
dacemam elams saSualeba misca Tavisufleba daebrunebina da mesopotamiis
dablobze mdebare suzac* daepyro, romelic misi dedaqalaqi gaxda. Zv. w.
II aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi elamelebi samxreT iranSi farTod
vrceldebian. gansakuTrebiT did siZlieres, elamma, Zv. w. XV-XIII saukuneebSi miaRwia, rodesac man asurelebi da babilonelebi daamarcxa. am
epoqis elami mesopotamiis did nawilsa da dasavleT irans moicavda. am
qveyanas aRorZinebulma babilonma mouRo bolo, rodesac misma laSqarma
Zv. w. XII s. damlevs suza aiRo.
42

iranze gadioda mniSvnelovani savaWro gzebi, romliTac xdeboda

avRanuri lilaqvisa da sxva naxevrad Zvirfasi qvebis Setana mesopotamiaSi, anatoliaSi da sxva axloaRmosavlur mxareebSi. elamelTa ZiriTadi
mizani iyo daeqvemdebarebinaT aRmosavleTiT mdebare zeganisa da mTianeTis mebrZoli tomebi da saTavisod gamoeyenebinaT am mxaris bunebrivi
simdidreebi. zagrosis mTianeTSi kasitebi cxovrobdnen, CrdilodasavleT iranSi _ maneelebi, xolo kaspiis zRvis samxreTiT _
kaspielebi. maTi eTnikuri vinaoba da erTmaneTTan mimarTeba naklebad
aris cnobili. erTaderTi, rac maT Sesaxeb viciT, aris maT mier danatovari oqrosa da vercxlis maRalmxatvruli xelovnebis nimuSebi.
luristanis farTod cnobili brinjaos nakeTobebi, romlebic, ZiriTadad,
samarxul inventars Seadgenda, didi mxatvruli TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva.
Crdilo-aRmosavleT iranSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda
adreuli hisarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli WurWlis moxatvis tradicia.
Tumca, swored iranis am mxareSi, adrebrinjaos xanis gvandel etapze,
xdeba mniSnelovani cvlileba. keramikuli tradicia aq mTlianad icvleba.
moxatuli nawarmis nacvlad Cndeba sruliad gansxvavebuli nacrisferi
Tu moSavo-monacrisfro Tixis WurWeli. msgavsi cvlileba, umTavresad,
axali mosaxleobis gamoCeniT aixsneba xolme. es ki Zveli mosaxleobis
ZaldatanebiTi Secvlis gareSe iSviaTad xdeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom
keramikasTan erTad Crdilo-aRmosavleT iranSi, imavdroulad gamoCnda
axali saxeobis spilenZisa da brinjaos iaraRebi da samkaulebi, adre
savsebiT ucnobi am mxarisaTvis. es garemoeba damatebiTi sabuTia mosaxleobis SemadgenlobaSi momxdari cvlilebis sasargeblod. sayuradReboa,
rom iranis materialur kulturaSi gavrcelebuli es inovaciebi ar
Sexebia mesopotamiasa da sazogadod ufro dasavleTiT mdebare mxareebs,
saidanac iranSi, adreul xanebSi, axali tradiciebi aRwevda.
bevrad ufro gvian, Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi,
CrdiloaRmosavleTiranuli nacrisferi Tu moSavo-monacrisfro keramika
jer TandaTanobiT aRwevs iranis dasavleT mxareebs, xolo Semdeg
mTlianad iqvemdebarebs maT. es cvlileba, Tavis mxriv, SesaZloa,
kavSirSi iyo momTabare tomebis ori jgufis centraluri aziidan iranis
zeganze SemoWrasTan. CrdiloeTidan gavrcelebulma mosaxleobam daikava
iranis centraluri zegani. SesaZloa, swored am dros, iranis brinjaos
epoqis damlev xanaze gadiodes is zRvari, romlis Semdegac indoiranuli jgufis iranul (ariul*) enebze metyveli xalxebi batondebian
Tanamedrove iranisa da misi momijnave mxareebis teritoriaze. centraluri aziidan gavrcelebuli mosaxleobis erT-erTi ganStoeba SeiWra
indostanis naxevarkunZulze (ix. qvemoT). orive es jgufi Tavis Tavs
arielebs uwodebda. maT hyavdaT cxenSebmuli sabrZolo etlebi, Tumca
iranelebma maleve upiratesoba cxenosan jars miakuTvnes, rogorc ufro
43

ukeT gamosayenebels mTian mxareebSi, sadac maT ufro uxdebodaT aqtiuroba, indisa da gangis velebze mcxovrebi indoelebisagan gansxvavebiT.
iranSi dasaxlebuli indo-evropelebi erTmaneTisagan, TavTavianTi
dialeqtebiT gansxvavdebodnen. maTgan yvelaze Zlevamosilebi, sparselebi
da midielebi anu farsa da mada iyvnen. sparselebi baxtiaris mTebSi da
misgan dasavleTiT mdebare farsis provinciaSi dasaxldnen, romelsac
Tavisi saxeli dautoves, midielebi ki ufro CrdiloeTiT _ hamadanis
velze. es ukanasknelni kargi meomrebi da daxelovnebuli cxenosnebi
iyvnen. wina aziaSi midielebis batonobas mxolod kiros II didma aqemenianma* mouRo bolo. sainteresoa, rom midielebis memkvidreobas qurTebi
iCemeben. midielebisa da babilonelebis koaliciis mier, asureTis
dedaqalaqis _ nineviis aRebis weli (Zv. w. 612 w.), bolo dromde,
qurTebis mier maTi kalendris aTvlis wertilad miiCneoda.
sparselTa adreuli SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb bevri araferi viciT,
Tumca ufro gviani xanebis monacemebiT zogadi warmodgena mainc SegviZlia SeviqmnaT masze. maTi cxenosnebi, rogorc Cans, ZiriTadad mSvildisarsa da xelSubs atarebdnen. unda hqonodaT muzaradebi, kisris safarvelebi da farebi. qveiTi jari mSvildosnebis, SubiTa da fariT aRWurvili mebrZolebisagan Sedgeboda. didi zomis, oTxkuTxa, dawnul fars
sparselebi sparas uwodebdnen (Sdr. qarT. fari). Subi mcire zomisa
hqondaT, or metrze naklebi sigrZis. sparsuli maxvilic mokle iyo da
fiqroben, rom es maTi SearaRebis ufro TavdacviT xasiaTze unda migvaniSnebdes. sparselebis brZolis sayvareli xerxi iyo, farebis saSualebiT, damcavi kedlis ageba, romlis zemodanac mSvildosnebi mowinaaRmdeges isars esrodnen.
sparselebi iyvnen pirvelni, vinc etlSi oris nacvlad, oTxi cxeni
Seaba da orTave Tvlis RerZidan, daaxloebiT 1 m sigrZeze, viwro
celebi miamagra, romliTac mowinaaRmdegis qveiTi jariskacebi iceleboden, maT siaxloves did siCqareze etlis gavlis dros. Tumca, etlebTan SedarebiT, sparselTa cxenosani jari ufro metad moZravi da
efeqturi iyo. Zv. w. 331 wels, gavgamelas* cnobili brZolis dros,
aleqsandre makedonelma darios III-is etlebs Tavisi jaris wina xazi
gauxsna. etlebi sakuTari jaris siRrmeSi SeuSva da Semdeg zurgidan
Seutia maT. am brZolaSi sparselTa katastrofiulma marcxma, daasamara
etlebiT brZolis mravalsaukunovani tradicia.
indostanis naxevarkunZuli. samxreT aziaSi pirveli mxare, sadac e. w.
neoliTurma revoluciam iCina Tavi, iyo iranis aRmosavleTiTa da avRaneTis samxreTiT mdebare Tanamedrove pakistanuri provincia, belujistani. aq, aRmosavleT iranisa da samxreT pakistanis SemaerTebel gzaze,
mdinare bolanis dasavleT napirze, mehrgarSi, aRmoCnda adreuli Zv. w.
VII aTaswleulis etalonuri xasiaTis winakeramikuli sakvebwarmoebiTi
44

namosaxlari. Zv. w. V aTaswleulis damlevisaTvis meurneTa Temebi mTel

am regionSi gavrcelda. erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli nalis, Jobisa da
kulis kulturebi sxvadasxva xeobebSi iyo Camoyalibebuli. Zv. w. IV
aTaswleulSi Cndeba galavniani qalaqebi: rehman dheriSi (mdinare Jobis
dablobze), amri da kot diji sindSi da kalibangani mdinare hakrasTan,
indoeTSi. es namosaxlarebi ganekuTvneba harapis anu e. w. indis velis
civilizaciis winamorbedTa kulturas.
kot dijis namosaxlari mdebareobda borcvis ZirSi, romlis
Txemzec citadeli yofila aRmarTuli. dedacixis galavans Tanabari intervalebiT koSkebi hqonia mowyobili. sakuTriv qalaqSi, qvis
saZirkvelze
alizis
aguriT
amoyvanili
saxlebis
arsebobaa
dadasturebuli. es nagebobebi sadrenaJo Txrilebisa da qvis masiuri
jebirebis miRma iyo Sejgufuli. mezobeli Temebi aq erTmaneTs mudmivad
ebrZodnen nayofieri miwebis dasaufleblad. kot dijis namosaxlarze
napovnia qvis Zalze daxvewili samuSao iaraRebi, brinjaos isrispirebi,
mZivebi, qalRmerTisa da cxovelTa mcire zomis Tixis plastika.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iwvevs saTamaSo sazidavi, romelic cxadyofs,
rom meTunis morgvis moyvaniloba daedo safuZvlad urmis Tvlebis
warmoqmnas. es namosaxlari, iseve rogorc amri da kalibangani, cecxlis
mier yofila ganadgurebeli, romlis gamomwvevi mizezi jer kidev
daudgenelia.
ganviTarebis
momdevno
etapi
indostanis
subkontinentze,
ganekuTvneba e. w. indis velis civilizacias, romlis etalonuri Zegli
harapa (pakistanSi) iyo. misi gavrcelebis areali, pakistanisa (sindhis,
penjabisa da belujistanis provinciebSi) da indoeTis (gujaraTsa da
rajasTanSi) garda, nawilobriv vrceldeboda, Tanamedrove avRaneTis,
iranisa da TurqmeneTis teritoriaze. am epoqaSi mdinare indis auzSi
miwaTmoqmedTa asobiT mcire zomis, galavniani da dagegmarebulquCebiani
samosaxlo arsebobda. am kulturis namosaxlarebzec dasturdeba
TavdacviTi galavnebis kvali. samxreT-aRmosavleT avRaneTSi mdebare
cnobili namosaxlaris, mundigakis, gaTxrebisas gamomzeurda mzeze
gamomwvari alizis aguriT nagebi galavani da marTkuTxa koSkebi.
sayuradReboa, rom harapis kulturis arqeologiurma Seswavlam
ver gamoavlina omis saSiSroebis ramdenadme mniSvnelovani gavlenis
kvali adgilobrivi sazogadoebebis cxovrebaSi. brinjaom, indis velze
axlo aRmosavleTidan jer kidev Zv. w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi
SeaRwia, yuradRebas ipyrobs sabrZolo iaraRis simcire (Tu ar
amzadebdnen maT advilad xrwnadi masalisagan), arc abjaria sadme
mikvleuli. yvelaze farTod gamoyenebuli iaraRi, qvis kverTxi Cans,
romelic Zvel samyaroSi yvelgan erTnairad, muzaradis gamoyenebis
dawyebisTanave, xmarebidan gamodioda.
45

zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, indis velis civilizacia ar ganicdida

garedan mniSvnelovan zewolas da amis gamo, aq naklebi saWiroeba
igrZnoba
sabrZolo
teqnologiebis
dasaxvewad
da
samosaxloTa
Tavdasacavad. sxvanairad aq Zneli warmosadgeni iqneboda, Tu ratom iyo
aq ufro naklebad ganviTarebuli samxedro saqme, vidre amis
SesaZleblobas maRali teqnologiuri done iZleoda. aseT `mSvidobian~
sazogadoebaSi, savaraudo xdeba Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifoebrivi
sistemis uqonloba, miTumetes, rom kulturuladac indis velis
civilizaciaSi naklebad dasturdeba Zalauflebis amsaxveli niSnebis
arseboba, STambeWdavi taZrebisa Tu vrceli sasaxleebis saxiT.
miuxedavad amisa, qalaqebis yvela, odnav mainc did ubans, galavani
da damatebiT, galavnis irgvliv, wyliani Txrilebi hqonda Semovlebuli.
ra unda yofiliyo amis gamomwvevi mizezi, Tuki sazogadoeba ar iyo
daqvemdebarebuli omis SiSze an Tundac mis mosalodnel safrTxeze.
eWvs gareSea, garedan Semosuli mtrisagan Tavdasacavad iyo agebuli Zv.
w. III aTaswleuliT daTariRebuli galavani kunZul xadirze* mdebare
namosaxlar dholaviraSi. aq dasturdeba erTianad Tavmoyrili kedlebis
sistemis arseboba, rac zRvis mekobreebis Tavdasxmisagan qalaqis dacvis
saWiroebaze unda migvaniSnebdes.
indoeTSi samxedro saqmis siZveleze, ZiriTadad vedebis wignebi*
gvamcnoben. induri eposebi _ mahabharata da ramaiana _ mogviTxroben
regularul armiebze, saomar moqmedebaTa teqnikur Taviseburebebze,
spiraliseburad dawyobil jarze da mis wyobaSi SeRwevis sirTuleze,
sabrZolo etlebze, sabrZolo spiloebze da ramdenadac ucnauri ar
unda iyos, samxedro mfrinav meqanizmebze, rac bunebrivia, am cnobaTa
legendarul xasiaTs unda mowmobdes.
rigvedis* monacemebiT, arielebs winamZRolobda tomis beladi anu
raja.
maT
uxdebodaT
brZola
rogorc
erTmaneTTan,
aseve
ucxotomelebTan. isini iyenebdnen brinjaos iaraRs da hqondaT
manianTvlebiani cxenSebmuli etlebi. pirutyvis parvis Sedegad miRebuli
nadavlis ZiriTadi nawili tomis belads uvardeboda xelSi. meomrebi
ganekuTvnebodnen mebrZolTa socialur jgufs _ qSatria varnas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom arielTa tradiciuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad,
arielebma indostanis naxevarkunZulze (subkontinentze) SemosvlisTanave
iavarhyves mSvidobiani winamorbedi mosaxleobis kuTvnili qalaqebi,
ramdenadme masobrivi ngrevis kvalis arseboba ar dasturdeba. rogorc
Cans, arielTa iq SeRweva sulac ar iyo sisxliani. zogierTi
specialisti
arielebs,
indostanis
naxevarkunZulis
avtoqtonur
mosaxleobad miiCnevs; Tumca, aSkaraa, rom es tomebi aq CrdiloeTidan
unda Semosuliyvnen. arielTa kultura mkveTrad gansxvavebulia
winamorbedisagan.
46

indoeTSi konkretuli brZolis, yvelaze adreul xsenebad unda

CaiTvalos rigvedis meSvide mandalaSi (wignSi) aRwerili (gansakuTrebiT
18, 33 da 83, 4-8 himnebSi) 10 mefis brZola. mefe suda, divodasas
STamomavali, amarcxebs misadmi mtrulad ganwyobil arielTa da e. w.
dasius (savaraudod aborigenuli) tomebis konfederacias. mkvlevrebi
fiqroben, rom am gadmocemaSi miTologiuri warmodgenebiT aris
Selamazebuli namdvili ambavi, dakavSirebuli indoeTSi ariuli tomebis
pirveli gamoCenis xanasTan. indo-evropuli warmomavlobis arielebi,
indostanis naxevarkunZulze, Zv. w. II aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi unda
SeWriliyvnen CrdiloeTidan, kaspiisa da aralis zRvis CrdiloaRmosavleTiT
mdebare
mxareebidan.
rigvedaSi
ariuli
tomebi
daxasiaTebulni arian, rogorc naxevrad momTabare mesaqonleebi,
romlebic eweodnen lokalur omebs da pirutyvs stacebdnen erTmaneTs.
10 mefis brZolis aRweris safuZvelze varaudoben, rom am epoqis tomTa
raodenoba daaxloebiT ramdenime aTasi kacisagan Sedgeboda. analogiuri
raodenobis xalxisagan Semdgari tomebi damaxasiaTebeli movlena iyo
evrazieli momTabareebisaTvis.
etlebis gamosaxulebebi mikvleulia vindias mTagrexilis* qviSaqvis
qanebis petroglifebze.* etlis ori gamosaxuleba momdinareobs adgil
morhana paharidan. pirvel maTganSi ori Sebmuli cxeni da meetlis Tavi
Cans, meoreSi _ oTxcxeniani da 6 maniani (Cxiriani) Tvlebiani sabrZolo
etli, romlis meetle farTo Zaraze dgas da romelsac Tavs esxmis win,
mis gzaze mdgomi xelketiani da fariani adamiani, xolo mSvild-isriT
SeiaraRebuli meore Tavdamsxmeli marjvena mxridan emuqreba mas.
sabrZolo etlebs gamorCeuli adgili ukaviaT indur da sparsul
miTologiaSi, maT RvTaebaTa panTeonis didi nawili etlSi msxdomared
aris warmosaxuli.
CineTi. CineTis samxedro istoria, yovelgvari wyvetilis gareSe
viTardeboda aTaswleulebis manZilze, Zv. w. XVI saukunis damlevidan
ax. w. XVI saukunis dasawyisamde. CineTs gaaCnda msoflioSi erT-erTi
yvelaze ufro ganviTarebuli samxedro kultura.
legendaruli gadmocemebis Tanaxmad, CineTis pirveli xelisufali
iyo huang di anu yviTeli imperatori, romelmac daamarcxa Ci iu (omisa
da wvimis RvTaeba) da dasaxlda huaxiaSi, yviTeli mdinaris dablobze.
igi iTvleba xanis Cinelebis anu CinelTa ZiriTadi eTnikuri jgufis
winaprad da mamamTavrad. Cinuri tradiciiT huang di mefobda Zv. w.
XXIV saukuneSi. im dinastiaTa Soris, romlebic ki cnobilia Cinuri
analebis mixedviT, yvelaze adreulia xias dinastia, igi Zv. w. II
aTaswleulis pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba. miCneulia, rom am dinastiis
xana qronologiurad mosdevs e. w. sami xelmwifisa da xuTi imperatoris
47

epoqas da win uswrebs Sangis* dinastias. arqeologiuri monacemebi,

TiTqos, mxars uWeren am dinastiis arsebobas.
Sangis, igive inis dinastiis epoqis CineTi, tipuri brinjaos xanis
sazogadoeba iyo. am dinastiis samxedro siZliere, mniSvnelovanwilad,
etlebian jarebze iyo dafuZnebuli. sabrZolo etli, mkvlevarTa azriT,
Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Suaxanebisa da meore naxevris Sangis dinastiis
CineTSi, maT mezobel indo-evropel tomebs unda SeetanaT, romelTac
Cveulebriv miaweren xolme am teqnologiuri siaxlis popularizacias
aRmosavleTis Tvaluwvdenel sivrceebze. Tumca, zogierTi mkvlevris
azriT, etlebi ufro adre, xias dinastiis xanidan (daaxl. Zv. w. 21001600 w.w.) unda yofiliyo CineTSi cnobili.
Cinuri
etlis
Semadgenloba,
sami
kaciT
ganisazRvreboda:
meetlisagan, warCinebuli meomrisa da msaxurisagan, romlis movaleoba
meomrisaTvis iaraRisa da isrebis miwodeba iyo. cxeni CineTSi Zneli
saSovari iyo. im pirTa ricxvi, visac misi SeZena SeeZlo, SezRuduli
iyo da Sesabamisad, etlis mepatroneni warmoadgendnen meomarTa
gancalkevebul jgufs, romelsac sxvebTan SedarebiT, sazogadoebaSi
gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekavaT. TandaTanobiT, isini priviligirebul
klasad gadaiqcen. maT ocdaaTi samTavro gadaecaT samarTavad. amave
dros, isini valdebulebi iyvnen mefis pirvelive brZanebisTanave
sabrZolvelad gamocxadebuliyvnen. Sangis dinastiis mefeebi mezoblebTan,
aseve CrdiloeTidan SemoWril momTabareebTan mudmiv brZolaSi iyvnen
Cabmuli. Sangis dinastiis dros sabrZolo etli imperiis ZiriTadi
iaraRi
gamodga,
romelmac
SesaZlebloba
misca
xelisufalT
gaeerTianebinaT metad vrceli teritoriebi.
yvelaze ufro kargad cnobili, etlebiani samarxi CineTSi, henanis
provinciis CrdiloeT nawilSi, aniangis* maxloblad, hougangSi iyo
napovni da igi Sangis dinastiis mefis, vu dingis xaniT TariRdeba
(daaxl. Zv. w. 1200 w.). Sangis dinastiis xanaSi, samefo wodebis pirebi
mTel Tavis jalabobasTan erTad imarxebodnen. maT samarxSi aseve
atandnen msaxurebs, cxenebs, etlebsa da meetleebs. aqve aRmoCnda
nairgvari brinjaos iaraRi.
Sangis epoqis etlSi, Cveulebriv, ori cxeni iyo Sebmuli, magram
samarxebSi zogjer oTxcxeniani etlebic aris napovni. meetlis garda,
etlSi mSvildosani da zogjer SubiT an romelime sxva grZeltariani
iaraRis mqone piric iyofeboda. omis dros, etlebis gamoyeneba, maT
winaaRmdeg qveiTi jaris mier brZolis xerxebis daxvewisa da cxenosani
mSvildosnebis (etlebSi myof mSvildosnebTan
SedarebiT) meti
efeqturobis gamo, TandaTanobiT daviwyebas mieca.
CineTSi qveiTebic, iseve rogorc etlebis ekipaJis wevrebi,
ZiriTadad `cul-satevrebiTa~ da SubebiT iyvnen SeiaraRebulni. `culsatevari~ mxolod CineTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iaraRis saxeobaa. igi
48

xmarebaSi Sangis dinastiis epoqaSi Semodis. mas aqvs satevris formis

piri, romelic SveriliT aris Casmuli xis tarSi. arsebobda, agreTve,
ormagi Tavis mqone saxeobac, romelTagan pirveli, Cveulebrivi basri
piria, xolo meore, namgliseburi piris mqone. iaraRis xmarebisas
xdeboda
iaraRis
vertikaluri
wvetis
mowinaaRmdegis
Tavis
mimarTulebiT saTvalTmaqcod Zgereba, xolo sinamdvileSi iaraRis ukan
gamoqaCvisas misi porizontaluri, namgliseburi piri mters Tavs
agdebinebda. es iaraRi mzaddeboda brinjaosagan, mogvianebiT rkinisganac.
samarxebSi warmodgenilia maTi saceremonialo, nefritisgan damzadebuli
calebi. `cul-satevrebs~ xelisuflebisa da Zalauflebis gamomxatveli,
prestiJuli daniSnulebis sagnebis funqcia hqondaT.
brinjaom axlo aRmosavleTidan indis velze Tu daaxl. Zv. w. III
aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi SeaRwia, imave aTaswleulis damlevs, CineTSi
igi ukve sakmaod uxeSi formis mqone nawarmis saxiT aris warmodgenili.
samagierod, Zv. w. II aTaswleulis SuaxanebisaTvis brinjaom aq Seudarebel dones miaRwia. Sangis dinastiis CineTSi damzadebuli brinjao,
araCveulebrivi sikaSkaSiT xasiaTdeba, magram ubralo xalxisaTvis, TviT
gvianbrinjaos xanaSic, ZiriTad, yoveldRiurad gamosayenebel masalas
isev qva warmoadgenda gansakuTrebiT, qveynis periferiul mxareebSi.
jous dinastiis mier Sangis dinastiis damxobis Semdeg (Zv. w. 1122
w.), CineTSi Camoyalibebuli feodaluri sazogadoebrivi wyoba, samxedro
TvalsazrisiT, isev etlebiT mebrZol aristokratiul klasze iyo
damyarebuli. rkinis iaraRis damzadeba CineTSi swored jous dinastiis
epoqaSi iwyeba. epoqaSi, romelic, amave dros, Cinuri brinjaos metalurgiis umaRlesi ayvavebis xanad aris miCneuli.
istoriulad, Cineli samxedroebis ZiriTadi sazrunavi, monRoleTis, manjuriisa da centraluri aziis stepebis momTabareTagan momdinare safrTxeebis gaTvaliswineba da maTi acileba iyo. sakuTari samefoebis dasacavad, Cinelma xelisuflebma farTod gamoiyenes Tavisi upiratesoba samuSao Zalis siuxvesa da organizebulobaSi. es, pirvel yovlisa,
aisaxa umZimesi amocanis, 6700 km gadaWimuli CineTis didi kedlis agebis dros, romelic ZiriTadad centraluri evraziis Tvaluwvdeneli
sivrceebidan wamosuli cxenosani laSqris Sesakaveblad iyo gamiznuli.
marTalia, CineTis didi kedlis mSenebloba, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis
pirveli naxevris gviani xanebidan iwyeba, magram misi saWiroeba ufro
adreul xanebSic iqneboda sagrZnobi, Tundac imitom, rom CineTs, momTabareebisagan Tavdasacavad, mniSvnelovani bunebrivi zRudeebi ar gaaCnda.
zemoaRniSnuli, Zalze mniSvnelovani materialuri monacemebis
garda, evraziis stepebidan momdinare safrTxeebze Zveli Cineli mematianeebis cnobebic migviTiTebs. Cineli mematianeebisaTvis, maTi qveynis
Crdilo-dasavleTiTa da CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi barbarosebi, `mtacebeli
mglebi~ iyvnen, romelTa `danayrebac SeuZlebelia, vinaidan isini xarbebi
49

da momxveWelebi arian da araferze ar fiqroben sakuTari sargebelis

garda.~ sityva `gaumaZRari~ xSirad gamoiyeneboda barbarosTa daxasiaTebisaTvis.
* * *
Zveli aRmosavleTis samxedro saqmis Seswavla cxadyofs, rom
omianobas adreuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebisaTvis bevrad
ufro didi mniSvneloba hqonda, vidre mxolod romelime tomisa Tu
qveynis mier meore tomisa Tu qveynis damarcxebisa Tu dapyrobis aRnusxvas, riTac Zveli matianeebi, analebi Tu qronikebi Semoifarglebian
xolme.
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis mimdinareobisas, rodesac tomis miwawylis zrda SesaZlebeli xdeboda mxolod mezoblad mdebare farTobebis
dapyrobis saSualebiT, rac cxadia, niSnavda oms mezobel tomebTan.
momxdurTagan Tavdasacavad saWiro xdeboda pirveli galavniani qalaqebis
aRmoceneba. oms an omis safrTxesa da laSqrobebs, anda laSqrobebis Catarebisa da xarkis aRebis saWiroebas _ miuxedavad maTi daniSnulebisa
Tu mizezisa _ hqonda erTi da igive Sedegi; saxeldobr, ufro Zlieri
winamZRolis gaCena da ukeTesi an ufro Zlieri organizacis aRmoceneba
imisda miuxedavad, Tu risTvis iyo igi gankuTvnili: TavdacvisaTvis Tu
TavdasxmisaTvis. omisaTvis saWiro organizaciuli SesaZleblobebi, ierarqiuli sistema da centralizebuli sardloba sazogadoebaSi samxedroebisagan vrceldeboda _ meomrebi mefeebi xdebodnen da mmarTvelobaSi samxedro disciplina SehqondaT. amdenad, aSkaraa, rom omianoba
kavSirSi unda yofiliyo saxelmwifos warmoqmnis procesTan.
rogorc wesi, mosaxleobis zrdas, ra mizeziTac ar unda yofiliyo
igi gamowveuli, mosdevda zewola sazogadoebaSi arsebul resursebze. es
faqtorebi warmoadgendnen saxelmwifoebriobis warmoqmnis meqanizmebs,
oRond, mxolod gansazRvrul garemoSi da Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi
ganviTarebis pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. saxelmwifo organizacia
mxolod maSin aRmocendeboda, rodesac moxdeboda misi warmoqmnisaTvis
saWiro pirobebidan, ramdenime maTganis urTierTdamTxveva. amasTanave,
rogorc Cans, yoveli calke aRebuli saxelmwifo, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli winapirobebis arsebobis Sedegad iyo aRmocenebuli, ris gamoc,
sxvadasxva adreuli saxelmwifo, sakmaod mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan. miuxedavad amisa, moipoveboda raRac saerToc adreuli
saxelmwifoebis aRmocenebis procesSi. rac Seexeba, socialur uTanabrobas igi ar warmoadgenda saxelmwifo organizaciis warmoqmnisaTvis aucilebel winapirobas.
zogierTi adreuli saxelmwifos warmoqmnis xasiaTi, ueWvelad avlens am procesSi dapyrobis gadamwyvet zegavlenas. iyo SemTxvevebi,
50

rodesac mesaqonleTa gabatoneba miwaTmoqmedebze, iwvevda saxelmwifos

aRmocenebas, amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom marbieli momTabareebi ara
mxolod Zarcvavdnen binadar miwaTmoqmedebs, aramed, zogjer, axdendnen
politikuri ganviTarebis procesebis stimulaciasac. adreuli sazogadoebebi TavianT mezoblebTan kontaqts xom arcTu iSviaTad omebis,
laSqrobebis da dapyrobis mcdelobis saSualebiT axorcielebdnen. omi
da misi Tanxmlebi movlenebi dadebiT, zegavlenas axdendnen mmarTvelobiTi da samTavrobo institutebis warmoqmna-ganviTarebaze. mecnierTa gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, mxolod ukanaskneli 5500 wlis ganmavlobaSi anu
brinjaos xanis dasawyisidan, kacobriobam sul vota 14000-jer ioma.
omianoba da laSqrobebi saTaves udebda centralizebuli mmarTvelobiTi sistemis Camoyalibebas; ufro metic, samxedro Zala, omi da
dapyroba xels uwyobda samxedro struqturaze damyarebuli centralizebuli saxelmwifos aRmocenebas. Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifo iTxovda
samxedro struqturisagan, misi uxifaTobis garantad yofnas. samxedro
struqtura, faqtobrivad, warmoadgenda mebrZolTa erTobliobas, romelsac saxelmwifo xelisuflebisagan miniWebuli hqonda, arsebuli Tu
mosalodneli safrTxeebis mxedvelobaSi miRebis safuZvelze, Zalis gamoyenebis ufleba, qveynis dasacavad Tu sxva qveyanaze TavdasxmisaTvis.
SeiZleba iTqvas, Tu mecnierTa erT nawils miaCnia, rom saxelmwifo
iqmneboda upiratesad Sinagani ganviTarebis Sedegad, meore nawili saxelmwifos warmoqnas ukavSirebs garegan faqtorebs. isini Tvlian, rom
dapyroba da omi iwvevs ra erTi xalxis mier, meoris damorCilebasa da
eqploatacias, aucilebels xdis saxelmwifo organizaciis warmoqmnas
sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibebuli uTanasworobis SesanarCuneblad. erTi ram
udavoa, omianobasa da dapyrobebs, marTlac SeuZlia gamoiwvios adreuli
saxelmwifoebis aRmocenebis stimulireba, magram amisaTvis saWiroa, sazogadoebaSi arsebobdes Sesabamisi Sinagani pirobebi, Tundac, ganviTarebis saTanado donis mxriv, rogorc dampyroblebs, aseve dapyrobilebs,
Soris. ase rom, saxelmwifos warmoqmnisaTvis, rac Cvens mier ganxilul
epoqaSi arsebuli sazogadoebebis ZiriTadi mizani da monapovaria, saWiro
iyo sazogadoebis Sinagani ganviTarebisa da masze zemoqmedi garegani
faqtorebis urTierTdamTxveva.

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *
51

avarisi _ hiqsosebis dedaqalaqi. gaSenebuli iyo egviptis Sua samefos xanis qalaqis, rovartis nangrevebze, nilosis deltis CrdiloaRmosavleT nawilSi.
aTlaTli _ Subis sasroli miliseburad amoRaruli xis joxi, romelic faqtiurad mklavis damagrZelebelis funqcias asrulebda da
zrdida srolis efeqturobis xarisxs.
amurru _ amoreelebis qveyana siriaSi.
ani _ Sumeruli zecis RvTaeba, yvela sxva RvTaebis mama, batoni da
damcveli.
aniangi _ Zv. w. 1554-1045 w.w. Sangis dinastiis dedaqalaqi, mdebareobda CrdiloeT henanis provinciaSi (CineTi).
arieli _ farTod gamoyenebuli termini, romelic, ZiriTadad,
ganixileba winareindo-iranelTa TviTdasaxelebad.
arnaimi _ qalaqi kadeSis samxreTiT, egviptidan kadeSisaken mimaval
gzaze.
aqemenianebi _ sparseli tomebis gamaerTianebeli samefo dinastia,
romelmac safuZveli daudo aqemenianTa pirveli sparsuli imperiis arsebobas, Zv. w. 558-330 w.w.
gavgamela _ adgilmdebareoba CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi, dRevandel
q. mosulTan.
gilgameSis eposi _ epikuri poema. msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze
adreuli Txzuleba. iTvleba, rom gilgameSi mesopotamiis adredinastiuri II periodis mmarTveli iyo (daaxl. XXVII s.).
guTiebi _ mesopotamiis aRmosavleTiT, zagrosis mTianeTSi
mcxovrebi mebrZoli tomebi.
gurzi _ igive bunikiani kverTxi; faqtobrivad warmoadgenda xis
xelkets, romlis erT boloSi qva iyo Casmuli. igi gamoiyeneboda axlo
brZolaSi mowinaaRmdegisaTvis Casartymelad.
dafuri _ karnakis warweris mixedviT, es qalaqi `xeTebis qveyanaSia~, Tumca, sinamdvileSi siriaSi unda yofiliyo; adre mas qanaanis TaborTan aigivebdnen.
delta _ mdinaris SesarTavTan warmoqmnili nariyi are, daserili
mdinaris totebis qseliT, xSirad samkuTxedi formisa.
difuzia _ gavrceleba, gafarToeba, ganbneva.
dominos efeqti _ martivi jaWvuri reaqcia, romelsac adgili
aqvs, rodesac raime cvlileba iwvevs aseTive cvlilebas iqve, mis gverdiT da a.S. gamoiyeneba movlenaTa urTierTdamokidebuli jaWvis ganmartebisas.
egeida _ dasavleTiTa da CrdiloeTiT saberZneTiT da aRmosavleTiT TurqeTiT SemosazRvruli egeosis zRvis kunZulebi.
eleqtrumi _ minerali, TviTnabadi oqros nairsaxeoba, Seicavs 2550% vercxls. agreTve, oqrosa da vercxlis Senadnobi.
52

epipaleoliTi _ berZnulad `Zveli qvis Semdgom~; arqeologiuri

termini, gamoiyeneba Zveli qvis xanis Semdgomi periodis anu e. w. Sua
qvis xanis anu mezoliTis adreuli etapis aRsaniSnavad.
vedebi uZvelesi induri sibrZnis wignebi; ganekuTvneba Zv. w. II
aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi.
vindias mTagrexili _ indostanis naxevarkunZulis centraluri
nawilis dasavleTiT, ganyofs indoeTs, CrdiloeT (indisa da gangis
dablobi) da samxreT nawilebad.
zRvis xalxebi _ likielebi, sardinielebi da egeosis zRvis
tomebi.
Tarxuntasa qalaqi xaTusas samxreT-dasavleTiT, jerjerobiT
arqeologebis mier ar aris mikvleuli.
Tebe _ egviptis erT-erTi uZvelesi dedaqalaqi, zemo egvipteSi,
nilosis aRmosavleT napirze, q. luqsoris maxloblad.
iliada _ `simRera ilionze~ anu troaze, ZvelberZnuli epikuri
poema, romelsac homeross (daaxl. Zv. w. IX s.) miaweren.
indo-ariuli _ indo-evropuli enaTa ojaxis indo-ariuli ganStoeba.
indo-evropelebi _ monaTesave enebis erT-erTi didi ojaxi; masSi
Sedian: xeTur-luviuri, induri, iranuli, berZnuli, somxuri da sxva
enebi.
kadeSi _ igive yadeSi, Zveli galavniani qalaqi dasavleT siriaSi,
md. orontis maxloblad. q. homsis samxreT-dasavleTiT 24 km, dRes misi
nangrevebi cnobilia rogorc Tel nebi mendis borcvi.
karnaki _ umdidresi sataZro kompleqsi, mdebareobs luqsoris
maxloblad (egvipte). mniSvneloba SeiZina meTerTmete dinastiis xanidan;
misi istoria TebesTan aris mWidrod gadajaWvuli.
kasta _ indoeTsa da aRmosavleTis zog sxva qveyanaSi gancalkevebuli sazogadoebrivi jgufi, romelSic adamianebi uflebrivi mdgomareobis, profesiis Tu warmomavlobis mixedviT iyvnen gaerTianebuli.
logistika _ armiis momaragebisa da gadaadgilebis marTva.
luvielebi _ indo-evropul enaTa ojaxis, anatoliuri jgufis ena,
romelSic xeTurTan anu nesiturTan da falaurTan (palas ena)
erTiandeba. gavrcelebuli iyo Zv. w. II aTaswleulis samxreT
anatoliaSi, arcavasa da kicuvaTnaSi.
marianu _ etliT mebrZolTa privilegirebuli kastis warmomadgeneli Zvel aRmosavleTSi.
megido _ qalaqi Crdilo-dasavleT palestinaSi, ezdraelonis
velze, Tanamedrove q. haifas maxloblad, israeli.
memfisi _ q. kairos samxreTiT 20 km, nilosis dasavleT napirze.
qvemo egviptis pirveli nomisa da Semdeg Zveli samefos dedaqalaqi
daaxl. 2200 wlamde.
53

miTani _ Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi, CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi mdebare xurituli samefo.
morhana pahari _ adgilmdebareoba mirzapuris mxareSi, utarpradeSis provincia (CrdiloeTi indoeTi).
mtkvar-arezis kultura _ Zv. w IV-III aTaswleulebSi mtkvrisa da
arezis SuamdinareTSi gavrcelebuli adrebrinjaos xanis kultura;
kavkasiis garda farTod iyo gavrcelebuli wina aziaSic (igive mtkvararaqsis kultura).
nearini _ igive naarni amurrus saxelmwifoSi q. biblosis
CrdiloeTiT Tu qanaanSi mcxovrebi xalxi.
nairi _ Zv. w. XIII-X ss., vanis tbis irgvliv mcxovrebi tomebis
erToblivi saxelwodeba.
neandertaleli _ kacobriobis ganviTarebis gverdiTi Sto, cxovrobda ZiriTadad Sua paleoliTSi.
neoliTi _ berZnulad `axali qva~; arqeologiuri termini, gamoiyeneba axali qvis xanis aRsaniSnavad.
nipuri _ q. baRdadis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 160 km. miCneulia Sumeris erT-erT uZveles qalaqad. igi iyo samyaros mmarTveli RvTaebis,
enlilis qalaqi, romelsac Sumeruli RvTaebebis ierarqiaSi meore
adgili ekava anis Semdeg.
onagri gareuli viri.
paleoliTi _ berZnulad `Zveli qva~; arqeologiuri termini, gamoiyeneba Zveli qvis xanis aRsaniSnavad.
panTeoni berZnulad yvela RmerTis taZari.
petroglifi _ berZnulad `qvaze amokveTa~. adamianis mier gamoqvabulebSi da kldeze amokveTili gamosaxulebebi.
pirosis gamarjveba _ iseTi gamarjveba, romelsac Zalian didi
msxverpli dasWirda. gamoTqma ukavSirdeba, epiris mefe piross, romelmac
Zv. w. 279 w. daamarcxa romaelebi udidesi msxverplis fasad.
piqtograma _ Sinaarsis gadmosacemad gamoyenebuli gamartivebuli
naxatebi.
ramesiduli periodi _ daaxl. Zv. w. 1295-1069 w.w., axali samefos
mecxramete da meoce dinastiebis momcveli epoqa.
rameseumi ramses II-is memorialuri taZari TebeSi, zemo egvipteSi, Tanam. q. luqsorTan.
rigveda _ `sagalobelTa codna~, vedebis wignis uZvelesi nawili;
Seiqmna Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi.
rodosi _ berZnuli kunZuli TurqeTis samxreT-dasavleTiT, egeosis zRvis sanapiros maxloblad.
semitebi _ monaTesave enebis erT-erTi didi ojaxi; masSi erTiandebian: arabebis, ebraelebis, asurelebis, amoreelebis, aqadelebis da sxvaTa
enebi.
54

seti egviptis Zveli RvTaeba, dakavSirebuli udabnosTan, qariSxalTan da qaosTan.

suza _ msoflios erT-erTi uZvelesi qalaqi, mdebareobda md. tigrosis aRmosavleTiT 250 km, suzianaSi, Tanamedrove xuzistani, iranSi.
umma _ Sumeruli qalaqi, cnobili q. lagaSTan xangrZlivi konfliqtiT. Zv. w. XXIV saukuneSi, misma mmarTvelma, lugal-zagesma
daiqvemdebara uri da uruqi. mdebareobda tigrosis dasavleTiTa da
lagaSis CrdiloeTiT.
upu igive apu, q. damaskos sanaxebi, siriaSi.
uris Standarti _ warmoadgenda xis yuTis Tavsaxurs, romelzedac
gamosaxulia SumerTa omisa da mSvidobis scenebi, gvxvdeba oTxTvala
etlebic. napovni iyo uris e. w. samefo akldamebis gaTxris dros.
falanga _ Zvel saberZneTSi gamoyenebuli qveiTi jaris sabrZolo
wyoba, jariskacTa erTmaneTTan mijrili mwkrivebi.
forposti _ samxedro mniSvnelobis mowinave posti, mowinave
pozicia; igive avanposti.
furuSxanda _ savaraudod, Tanam. ajemhoiuqi, centralur anatoliis samxreT nawilSi, q. aksarais Crdilo-dasavleTiT 18 km.
qanaani _ Zveli geografiuli termini, egviptelTa mixedviT moicavda mTel aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTs anu levants.
Sangis anu inis dinastia _ istoriulad dadasturebuli Cinuri
saimperatoro dinastia. arsebobda Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Suxanebsa da
meore naxevarSi, Camoyalibda centralur CineTSi, CrdiloeT henanSi,
yviTeli mdinaris dablobze anu e. w. `sakuTriv CineTSi~.
SabTuna _ qalaqi kadeSis samxreTiT, moxseniebulia ramses II-is
aziur laSqrobasTan dakavSirebiT, q. arnaimTan erTad.
Sedgenili mSvildi _ mzaddeboda sruliad gansxvaveuli masalebisagan, romelTa erT fenad gaerTianeba xdeboda dawnexiT. gansxvavebuli
masalebis gaerTianeba SesaZleblobas iZleoda gamoyenebuli yofiliyo
TviToeuli maTganis saukeTeso Tvisebebi.
xadiri _ kunZuli mdebareobs gujaraTis provinciaSi pakistanis
sazRvarTan.
qalkoliTi _ berZnulad `spilenZ-qva~. arqeologiuri termini
spilenZisa da qvis erdrouli gamoyenebis xanis aRsaniSnavad.
xuritebi _ savaraudod, kavkasiuri warmomavlobis xalxi; cxovrobda CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi, daaxl. Zv. w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan. maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnia miTanis
samefo.
homogenuri _ SemadgenlobiT, warmoSobiT, TvisebebiT erTgvarovani.
gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:

55

 Bradford, A. S. & Bradford, P. M. With Arrow, Sword and Spear. A History of

Warfare in the Ancient World. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2001.
Divale, W. T. Warfare in Primitive Societies. Santa Barbara, 1973.
Ferguson, R. B., ed. Warfare, Culture, and Environment. Orlando, 1984.
Ferrill, A. The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great.
London: Thames & Hudson, 1985.
Giles, L. Sun Tzu on the Art of War. The Oldest Military Treatise in the World.
Translated from the Chinese with Introduction and Critical Notes by Lionel
Giles. London, 1910.
Hall, H. R. The Anceint History of the Near East from the Earliest Times to the
Battles of Salamis. London: Methuen & CO, 1924.
Kammler, H. Der Ursprung des Staates. Eine Kritik der Ueberlagerungslehre.
Koeln: Opladen, 1966.
Keegan, J. The Mask of Command. New York, 1987.
Manzanilla, L., ed. Studies in the Neolithic and Urban Revolutions, 2 vols. Oxford, 1987.
Mellaart, J. The Neolithic of the Near East. London, 1975.
Raaflaub, K. A. & Rosenstein, N. War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval
Worlds: Asia, the Mediterranean, Europe, and Mesoamerica. Cambridge, MA:
Center for Hellenic Studies, 1999.
Rausing, G. The Bow. Lund, 1967.
Service, E. R. Urspruenge des Staates und der Zivilisationen. Der Prozess der
kulturellen Evolution. Frankfurt am Mein, 1977.
Thompson, T. J. Ancient Stateless Civilization. Bronze Age India and the State
in History, - The Independent Review, vol. X, no. 3, Winter 2005, pp. 365384.
Turney-High, H. H., Primitive War: Its Practice and Concepts, 2nd ed. (Columbia, S.C., 1971).
Woods, M. & Woods, M. B. Ancient Warfare: From Clubs to Catapults. Minneapolis: Runestone Press, 2000.

56

tabulebi

57

58

ilustraciebis aRweriloba:
1. narmeris fila, agreTve cnobili rogorc hierankonpolisis palitra.
TariRdeba daaxl. Zv. w. XXXI s-iT.
2. Standarti uris samefo samarovnidan, Zv. w. III aTaswleulis
Suaxanebi.
3. xeTuri etli, gadmoxatuli egvipturi bareliefidan.
4. ramses II dafuris alyis dros; rameseumis (Tebe) kedlis ferwera, Zv.
w. XIII s.
5. lagaSis mefis eanaTumis mier qalaq umaze laSqrobis aRniSvneli
gamarjvebis stelis fragmenti; cnobili agreTve `svavebis stelis~
saxelwodebiT. daaxl. Zv. w. 2450 w. kirqva.
6. aSurnasirpal II-is bareliefi nipuris sasaxlidan.

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