FsaqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi

J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis
departamenti

ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da

eTnologiis instituti

Teimuraz jojua

qarTuli mxedroba
mefe Tamaris epoqaSi
meomris biblioTeka #25

Tbilisi
2008

Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ ocdamexuTe wigni; seria

iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli
saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.
seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli
aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia
popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es
patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa
udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi
warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel
oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da
a.S.
seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis
instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.
didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos
yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.
seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom
brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.

vaJa kiknaZe

seriis saredaqcio kolegia:

recenzenti:

istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori

vaJa kiknaZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori

Tamaz beraZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: leila xurcia

ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe
redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe
teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili
damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli
gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo
departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli
topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.
q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20
tel.: +995 32 91-19-83
faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83

Stabis

Zalebis

1179 wels saqarTvelos mefem, Tavisi drois erT-erTma udidesma

sardalma, giorgi III-m naWarmagevis sasaxleSi* samefo taxtze aiyvana da
Tanamosaydred akurTxa erTaderTi kanonieri asuli _ Tamari. es iyo
pirveli SemTxveva qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis istoriaSi, roca
umaRlesi monarqiuli tituli qals xvda wilad.
Tamaris gamefebas qarTuli samxedro aristokratia didi sixaruliT
Sexvda. gamocdilma da mravalomgamovlilma mxedrebma wesisamebr Tayvani
sces samefo taxtze dabrZanebul Tamars.
aqedan moyolebuli, xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi giorgi III da Tamari
erTad marTavdnen saqarTvelos samefos, romelic im droisaTvis
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis erT-erT uZlieres saxelmwifos warmoadgenda.
am droisaTvis saqarTvelos sazRvrebi nikofsiidan* TeTrwylamde* da
kavkasionis qedidan sevanis tbamde, uzarmazar sivrceze iyo gadaWimuli.
giorgi III-isa da misi saxelovani winaprebis _ daviT IV aRmaSeneblisa
da demetre I-is udidesi ZalisxmeviT Seqmnili vrceli kavkasiuri
saxelmwifo
moicavda
rogorc
mTeli
istoriuli
saqarTvelos
teritorias, ise _ Zveli somxeTisa da Zveli albaneTis* mniSvnelovan
nawils.
1170-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi Sedioda Semdegi
istoriuli provinciebi: afxazeTi*, cxumi*, odiSi, svaneTi, raWa, Takveri
(leCxumi), samoqalaqo (qvemo imereTi), argveTi (zemo imereTi), guria,
aWara, tao, klarjeTi, SavSeTi, samcxe, eruSeTi, artaani, kola,
palakacio*, javaxeTi, Tori (borjomis xeoba), TrialeTi, qarTli,
dvaleTi, cxrazma (qsnis xeobis zemo weli), xevi, xada, cxavati,
WarTali, fxovi (fSav-xevsureTi), erwo-TianeTi, TuSeTi, didoeTi,
kaxeTi, hereTi, kambeCovani (qiziyi), Saqi*, yabala*, qvemo qarTli, gagi*,
lore*, kaeni*, kaiwoni* da sxva.
giorgi III 1184 wels gardaicvala da samefo xelisufleba mTlianad
Tamaris xelSi gadavida.
dasavleT saqarTvelos sami didi feodaluri gvaris: vardanisZeebis,
saRirisZeebisa da amanelisZeebis warmomadgenlebma, Tamars Zveli
tradiciis Sesabamisad, erT-erTi umTavresi samefo insignia (niSani) _
xmali miarTves, Tumca, vinaidan mefe qali iyo, maxvili welze ki ar
Semoartyes, aramed _ win daubrZanes mas.
Tamaris gamefebis Jams, qveynis umaRlesi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebi
giorgi III-is Zvel da erTgul TanamebrZolebs eWiraT. maT Soris iyvnen
yubasari, romelic amirspasalarobasa* da mandaturTuxucesobas* flobda
da afridoni, romelsac msaxurTuxucesoba* epyra.
arc yubasari da arc afridoni qarTul aristokratiul wreebs ar
miekuTvnebodnen. piriqiT, yubasari gaqarTvelebuli yivCayi iyo, xolo
afridoni _ dabali socialuri fenidan gamosuli piri. maTi
3

dawinaurebis mizezi ara gvariSviloba, aramed piradi Tvisebebi da

giorgi III-is erTguleba gaxldaT.
1185 wels, anu praqtikulad, Tamaris gamefebisTanave, qarTvelma
didgvarovnebma, romelebic manamde giorgi III-is SiSiT eguebodnen
Seqmnil mdgomareobas, poziciebis ganmtkiceba scades.
didebulebma mefes yubasarisa da afridonis gadayeneba mosTxoves,
maT nacvlad ki aristokratiuli wridan gamosuli moxeleebis
dawinaureba SesTavazes.
axladaRsaydrebulma Tamarma didebulebs winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia
da maTi moTxovnebi daakmayofila.
yubasars, romelsac im droisaTvis, damblis dacemis gamo ena da
xel-fexi hqonda warTmeuli, amirspasalaroba da mandaturTuxucesoba
CamoarTves. TanamdebobasTan erTad, yubasars CamoarTves cixe-qalaqi
lorec,
romelic,
tradiciulad,
saqarTvelos
amirspasalarebis
rezidencias warmoadgenda.
amave dros, Tamarma didgvarovanTa moTxovnebis miuxedavad, bolomde
ar gaswira mamis erTguli moxele, mxolod Tanamdebobisa da lores
CamorTmeviT Semofargla, danarCeni qoneba da yma-mamuli xeluxleblad
dautova yubasars da gardacvalebamde udidesi pativiT epyroboda mas.
gacilebiT ufro mZime xvedri ergo afridons, romelmac qarTuli
mxedrobis kategoriuli moTxovnis gamo, erTbaSad dakarga aramxolod
msaxurTuxucesis Tanamdeboba da cixe-qalaqi Tmogvi*, aramed sxva
mravalricxovani cixe-qalaqebi da mTeli qonebac ki.
Tamari yofil msaxurTuxucess, yubasarisagan gansxvavebiT, verafriT
daexmara.
qarTvelma didebulebma pirveli warmateba izeimes da daTmoba mefis
sisusted CaTvales. rogorc Cans, aristokratiam qalis mefobas
daukavSira im imedebis ganxorcieleba, rasac giorgi III-is mefobam frTa
Sekveca.
sxva moTxonebmac ar daayovna. yubasarisa da afridonisaTvis
Tanamdebobebis CamorTmevisTanave saxifaTod gaaqtiurda qarTuli
aristokratiis erT-erTi dajgufebis lideri, meWurWleTuxucesi*
yuTlu-arslani, romelic TbilisSi, isnis velze, parlamentis msgavsi
saxelmwifo dawesebulebis daarsebis moTxovniT gamovida da Tamaris
samefo Zalauflebis SezRudva-gakontroleba gadawyvita.
amjerad, Tamaris mxridan daTmobaze wasvla SeuZlebeli iyo, es
samefo xelisuflebis aSkara marcxs moaswavebda.
amitom, man
dauyovnebliv miiRo sapasuxo zomebi, gakadnierebuli
yuTlu-arslani, romelic yubasarisaTvis CamorTmeuli amirspasalaris
Tanamdebobis
xelSi
Cagdebas
gegmavda,
tyved
Seipyro
da
meWurWleTuxucesis Tanamdeboba CamoarTva.
4

yuTlu-arslanis Tanamoazreebi mefis moqmedebis gamo, didad

SeSfoTdnen da isnis samefo sasaxleze* gadawyvites ieriSis mitana.
qarTuli saxelmwifo Sida dapirispirebis safrTxis winaSe dadga.
Tamarisa da yuTlu-arslanis momxreTa Soris sisxlisRvra, ra SedegiTac
ar unda dasrulebuliyo es brZola, qveyanas kargs arafers uqadda.
omis Tavidan acilebis mizniT Tamarma diplomatiis gzas mimarTa da
amboxebulebTan mosalaparakeblad ori didgvarovani qali gagzavna:
xuaSaq coqali, qarTlis erisTavis, rati suramelis deda da kravai
jayeli.
mefis wargzavnilTa da yuTlu-arslanis momxreTa molaparakeba
warmatebiT dasrulda, amboxebulebi Tamars eaxlnen, patieba iTxoves da
mis winaSe erTgulebis fici dades.
yuTlu-arslanis gamosvlis damarcxebis Semdeg Tamarma maRal
saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze dauyovnebliv ganawesa misi erTguli
moxeleebi. eseni iyvnen:
Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi* _ anton glonisTavisZe, gazrdili
giorgi III-isa.
amirspasalari _ sargis mxargrZeli, romelsac TanamdebobasTan
erTad, gadaeca cixe-qalaqi lore da misi mimdgomi teritoria.
mandaturTuxucesi _ Wiaberi.
meWurWleTuxucesi _ kaxaber vardanisZe.
msaxurTuxucesi _ vardan dadiani.
CuxCarxi* _ maruSiani, romlis mamac, agreTve, CuxCarxi iyo.
amilaxori* _ gamrekel Toreli.
svanTa erisTavi* _ baram vardanisZe.
raWisa da Takveris erisTavi _ kaxaber kaxaberisZe.
cxumis erisTavi _ oTaRo SarvaSisZe.
argveTis erisTavi _ amanelisZe.
odiSis erisTavi _ bediani.
qarTlis erisTavi _ rati surameli.
kaxeTis erisTavi _ bakuryma ZaganisZe.
hereTis erisTavi _ asaT grigolisZe.
samcxis erisTavi da spasalari _ boco jayeli.
samwuxarod, CvenTvis ucnobia Tamaris mier dadgenil sxva moxeleTa
vinaoba. samagierod, viciT, rom swored zemoT CamoTvlili saxelmwifo
moxeleebi da erisTavebi Seadgendnen im samxedro elitas, visi
xelmZRvanelobiTac awarmoebda saqarTvelo mravalricxovan sabrZolo
moqmedebebs Tamaris mefobis pirvel periodSi.
samoxeleo aparatis srulad dakompleqtebis Semdeg qarTulma saero
da sasuliero xelisuflebam dRis wesrigSi dasva Tamaris gaTxovebisa
da mis Tanamecxedred iseTi piris SerCevis sakiTxi, romelic SeZlebda,
5

giorgi III-is msgavsad, mTavarsardloba gaewia saqarTvelos samxedro

ZalebisaTvis.
Tamaris SesaZlo TanamecxedresTan dakavSirebiT, didebulTa azri
imTaviTve orad gaiyo.
erTni upiratesobas bizantiis saimperatoro gvaris warmomadgenels,
imxanad saqarTveloSi myof aleqsi komnenoss aZlevdnen, xolo meoreni
abulasan
iobisZis
mier
SemoTavazebuli
Tbilisis
amiras,*
kandidaturisaken ixrebodnen. es ukanaskneli qarTul aristokratias
novgorodis yofil mTavars, giorgi bogolubskis sTavazobda, romelic
imxanad devnilobaSi iyo da yivCaRTa mefes afarebda Tavs.
sabolood, qarTvelma didebulebma upiratesoba giorgi bogolubskis
kandidaturas misces da misi saqarTveloSi Camoyvana Tbilisel
didvaWars zanqan zorababels daavales. male giorgi saqarTveloSi
Camovida.
aq rusi mTavari piradad gaicnes da didad moiwones Tamaris mamidam,
dedofalma rusudanma, qarTlis kaTolikosma miqael mirianisZem,
umaRlesma samxedro moxeleebma, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleT saqarTvelodan
gamosulma didebulebma da sxva.
mas Semdeg, rac sasurveli kandidati moinaxa, qarTveli saero da
sasuliero pirebi Tamaris dayoliebas Seudgnen da male sawadelsac
miaRwies. amave, 1185 wels Tamarma giorgize iqorwina.
Sida politikuri mdgomareobis met-naklebad mowesrigebis Semdeg
saqarTvelos xelisuflebam mTeli yuradReba sagareo politikaze
gadaitana.
samefo karis mTavar safiqrals qveynis samxreTi sazRvris gaswvriv
sokoebiviT
momravlebuli
Turquli
politikuri
gaerTianebebi
warmoadgenda, romlebic metad agresiul samxedro politikas atarebdnen
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg da yvela xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi Tavs esxmodnen
calkeul sazRvrispira provinciebs.
Tamaris mefobis periodSi TurqTa erT-erTi pirveli aseTi Tavdasxma
palakacios teritoriaze moxda.
palakacioSi SemoWrili Turqebis laSqari sakmaod Soridan,
gelaqunidan* iyo mosuli da mtkvris xeobis zemo welis moTareSebas
isaxavda miznad.
marbieli Turqebis moZraoba qarTvelebma droulad SeniSnes. mtris
Sesaxvedrad daZrul qarTul sabrZolo SenaerTs saTaveSi amilaxori,
gamrekel Toreli Caudga.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Turqebi ricxobrivad bevrad aRematebodnen
qarTvelebs, gamrekelma sastikad daamarcxa mteri, gandevna isini qveynis
teritoriidan da TurqebisaTvis warTmeuli alafi, gamarjvebis niSnad,
Tbiliss, samefo karze gagzavna.
6

saqarTvelos samxedro xelisufleba, rogorc Cans, ar daakmayofila

gamrekel Torelis mier qveyanaSi SemoWrili mtris damarcxebam da axla
Tavad gadawyvita ieriSze gadasvla.
1185 wels laSqarma TbilisSi moiyara Tavi. mxedarTa Soris ufro
dasavleT saqarTvelodan mosuli meomrebi Warbobdnen. samxedro
operacias piradad giorgi bogolubski Caudga saTaveSi.
mefis pirveli laSqrobis keTilad gasrulebisaTvis, qarTvelebma Tan
waritanes saxelovani qarTveli mefeebis _ vaxtang gorgaslisa da daviT
IV aRmaSeneblis naqoni, mraval brZolaSi gamarjvebuli samefo droSa.
qarTvelebma SeteviTi operaciis placdarmad sagangebod SearCies
palakacios mxare anu TurqTa mier sul mcire xnis win darbeuli
provincia.
palakaciodan giorgi bogolubskim ieriSi Tavdapirvelad samxreTis
mimarTulebiT daiwyo da momijnave yarsis provinciaSi SeiWra. Turqebma
qarTvelebisaTvis veranairi winaaRmdegobis gaweva ver SeZles.
yarsis raionis moTareSebis Semdeg qarTvelebma Setevis mimarTuleba
Secvales, samxreT-dasavleTisaken aiRes gezi da TurqTa kontrolis qveS
myof kidev erT somxur provinciaSi _ karniforSi* SeiWrnen. Turqebma
verc aq moaxerxes qarTvelTa ieriSis SeCereba.
giorgi bogolubskim daubrkoleblad moarbia mTeli karnifori,
TareSiT
miaRwia
gacilebiT
ufro
samxreT-dasavleTiT
mdebare
*
provinciis _ basianis sazRvars da aqedan ukan, saqarTveloSi dabrunda.
alafiT datvirTuli qarTuli mxedroba Tbiliss Cavida da
gamarjvebuli warudga Tamars.
sxvaTa Soris, gamarjvebuli laSqris maincadamainc Tbiliss Casvlas
Tavis konkretuli mizezi hqonda.
saqme isaa, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi miRebuli wesis
Tanaxmad, samxedro SenaerTebis mier laSqrobaSi mopovebuli alafis
erTi mexuTedi mefis sakuTreba iyo da Sin dabrunebis Semdeg
aucileblad unda eaxlebinaT misTvis.
amitomac iyo, rom laSqrobidan dabrunebuli qarTuli mxedroba,
rogorc wesi, jer Tbiliss Cadioda da alafis kuTvnil mexuTedsac
piradad gadascemda mefes.
qarTvelebis mier yarssa da karniforSi mowyobili samxedro
operaciis sapasuxod, Turqebma axali didi laSqrobisaTvis daiwyes
mzadeba. saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis organizebis saqmes saTaveSi Caudga
erT-erTi msxvili Turquli politikuri gaerTianeba _ karnuqalaqis
romelsac
Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan
basianis
provincia
saamiro*,
esazRvreboda.
karnuqalaqeli Turqebi kargad xedavdnen, rom qarTvelTa momdevno
laSqrobis obieqti ukve ara yarsi da karnifori, aramed basiani da
7

karnuqalaqi iqneboda, amitomac mowinaaRmdegisaTvis daswreba da

saqarTveloze Seteva gadawyvites.
karnuqalaqelTa mier wamowyebul saomar samzadisSi aqtiurad iyvnen
CarTuli siriidan da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis sxva regionebidan
mosuli Turqebic.
Turqebma samxedro operacia 1185 wels daiwyes. Tavdapirvelad maT
Seteva elviseburad ganaviTares, sazRvrispira qarTuli provinciebi
swrafi marSiT gaiares da sul mokle xanSi samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelos siRrmeSi, klarjeTsa da SavSeTSi aRmoCndnen.
ioli warmatebiT gaxarebulma Turqebma dakavebuli teritoriis
saZarcvavad marbielTa mravalricxovani razmebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT
dagzavnes da amiT sakuTari samxedro Zalebi windauxedavad daqsaqses.
TurqTa mier daSvebuli Secdoma kargad SeniSnes qarTvelebma da
gadawyvites, pirdapir mowinaaRmdegis ZiriTad birTvze mietanaT ieriSi.
qarTvelTa mxridan samxedro operacias meTaurobdnen guzan
taoskareli da samcxis erisTavi, boco jayeli. maT daqvemdebarebaSi iyo,
ZiriTadad, taosa da samcxis laSqari.
qarTvelebma
dartyma
pirdapir
TurqTa
ZiriTadi
birTvis
mimarTulebiT ganaxorcieles, romlis brZolisunarianobac, marbieli
razmebis Camocilebis gamo, Zalze daqveiTebuli iyo. Turqulma
SenaerTebma Setevas ver gauZles da damarcxdnen.
qarTvelebma brZolis velidan gaqceuli Turqebis erTi nawili
daxoces, maTi umravlesoba ki _ tyved Caigdes.
am warmatebuli samxedro operaciis aRsaniSnavad, mravalricxovani
tyve Turqebi, rogorc qveiTebi, ise cxenosnebi, Tbiliss, samefo karze
gagzavnes.
momdevno, 1186-1187 wlebSi qarTvelebma Turqebs qveynis samxreTi
provinciebidanac Seuties.
sabrZolo moqmedebebis am mimarTulebas amirspasalar sargis
mxargrZelis vaJebi _ zaqaria da ivane, agreTve, sargisis Zmis, varam
mxargrZelis vaJebi _ zaqaria da sargisi xelmZRvanelobdnen.
mxargrZelTa pirveli marbieli laSqrobis mizani iyo TurqTa mier
dapyrobili Zveli somxuri qalaqis, dvinis* mimdebare teritoriis
moTareSeba da am regionSi TurqTa kontrolis Sesusteba.
Setevis placdarmad, savaraudod, SerCeuli iyo mxargrZelTa
kuTvnili lores regioni.
mxargrZelebma samxedro operacia 1186-1187 wlebSi ganxorcieles.
Tavdapirvelad maT daubrkoleblad moiTareSes dvinis midamoebi da ukan
gamobrundnen.
male alafiT datvirTul qarTvelTa laSqars qalaq dvinidan da
surmaris provinciidan mosuli samxedro SenaerTebi wamoewia.
8

Turqebi Setevaze gadavidnen. mxargrZelebma mowinaaRmdegis ieriSs

kontrSeteviT upasuxes. sisxlismRvreli brZola didxans gagrZelda da
sabolood qarTvelTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda.
qarTuli mxedroba Tbiliss Cavida da Tamars warudga.
mxargrZelTa warmatebam, qarTul samxedro aristokratias dvinis
winaaRmdeg kidev ufro masStaburi eqspediciis mowyobisaken ubiZga.
meore laSqrobisaTvis jari mTeli saqarTvelodan Sekribes.
mxedrobas saTaveSi giorgi bogolubski Caudga. laSqroba, 1186-1187
wlebSi, savaraudod, Tbilisidan daiwyo.
Turqebis mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze SeWrili qarTvelebi,
amjerad, mxolod dvinis midamoebis morbeviT aRar dakmayofildnen da
sakuTriv dvinzec miitanes ieriSi.
qalaqSi gamagrebuli Turqebi, rogorc Cans, ar elodnen qarTvelTa
Setevas da mowinaaRmdeges moumzadebelni Sexvdnen. giorgi bogolubskim
dvini aiRo da uzarmazari alafiT dabrunda saqarTveloSi.
gamarjvebuli laSqari Tbiliss dabrunda da Tamars eaxla.
dvinis aRebisa da gaZarcvis Semdeg, amave 1186-1187 wlebSi,
qarTvelebma kidev erTi laSqroba moawyves samxreTis mimarTulebiT.
amjerad, Setevis obieqti gelaqunis provincia iyo. am regionSi
damkvidrebuli mravalricxovani Turqmanuli tomebi sakmaod agresiul
politikas awarmoebdnen qarTuli sazRvrispira provinciebis mimarT.
swored gelaquneli Turqmanebis mier iyo organizebuli, mcire xniT
adre, palakacios raionze momxdari Tavdasxma, romelic warmatebiT
moigeria amilaxorma, gamrekel Torelma.
gelaqunis
mimarTulebiT
dawyebuli
samxedro
moqmedebebis
placdarmad, savaraudod, kaenis provincia unda yofiliyo SerCeuli.
qarTvelTa laSqarma ieriSi moulodnelad miitana gelaqunel
Turqmanebze, romlebic Tavisi mravalricxovnobis imedad iyvnen da ar
moelodnen, rom mowinaaRmdege maTze Tavdasxmas gabedavda. qarTvelebma
moulodnelobis efeqtiT isargebles, mravali Turqmani amowyvites, didi
alafi aiRes da ukan gamobrundnen.
Turqmanebma mokle xanSi moaxerxes mravalricxovani laSqris
Sekreba, qarTvelebs kvalSi Caudgnen da male daewivnen kidec.
TurqmanTa SenaerTebs ori sirieli didgvarovani _ rostomi da
ialRuz-alfesi meTaurobda.
mowinaaRmdegeebma samxedro danayofebi saomrad ganalages da
Setakebac daiwyo.
sastiki brZolis bedi qarTvelTa simamacem gadawyvita. maT
Tavganwiruli ieriSi miitanes mowinaaRmdegeze, brZolis velidan
gaaqcies Turqmanebi da xocviT mihyvnen ukan.
brZolis dros Tavi TiTqmis yvela qarTvelma molaSqrem gamoiCina.
gamarjvebuli qarTuli mxedroba Tbiliss Cavida da Tamars warudga.
9

amave 1186-1187 wlebSi, gelaqunis midamoebis moTareSebis Semdeg,

hereTis erisTavma, asaT grigolisZem axali, bevrad ufro masStaburi
laSqrobis idea wamoayena.
gegmis Tanaxmad, qarTuli sabrZolo SenaerTebi gacilebiT ufro
Rrmad unda SeWriliyvnen Turqebis mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze,
araqsis CrdiloeTiT mdebare Zveli somxuri provinciebi daerbiaT da iq
maqsimalurad SeesustebinaT TurqTa gavlena.
qveynis samxedro xelisuflebam gegma moiwona. laSqars mTeli
saqarTvelodan mouyares Tavi.
xangrZliv samxedro operacias saTaveSi piradad Caudga giorgi
bogolubski. laSqrobaSi monawileoba TiTqmis mTelma qarTulma
samxedro elitam miiRo. maT Soris iyvnen: samoqmedo gegmis avtori,
hereTis erisTavi asaT grigolisZe; msaxurTuxucesi vardan dadiani;
mxargrZelebi _ zaqaria da ivane sargisis Zeebi, zaqaria da sargis
varamis Zeebi da sxva.
laSqroba, savaraudod, hereTis saerisTavos administraciuli
centridan, qalaq giSidan* daiwyo.
qarTuli mxedroba, Tavdapirvelad, samxreTisaken daZra da mtkvarze
dadebuli saxelmwifo sazRvari sadRac, ranis* administraciulpolitikuri centris, qalaq ganZis* aRmosavleTiT gadalaxa.
am
ostaturi
manevris
wyalobiT,
qarTvelebma
yovelgvari
danakargebis gareSe auares gverdi ganZaSi gamagrebul Turqul
SenaerTebs, romlebic qarTvelTa Semotevas Crdilo-dasavleTidan
elodebodnen.
mtkvris marjvena napirze gadasuli qarTvelebi mdinares qvemoT
dauyvnen, ranis provincia daubrkoleblad moiTareSes da qalaq
bailayanamde* miaRwies.
bailayanidan qarTulma mxedrobam samxedro operaciis mimarTuleba
mkveTrad Secvala, araqsis marcxena napirze gavida da mdinares zemoT,
araratis mTisaken auyva.
qarTvelebma gzad TurqTa kontrolis qveS myofi sivnieTisa da
naxiCevanis* Zveli somxuri provinciebi moarbies, araqsis marjvena
napirze gadavidnen da araratis mTis midamoebs miaRwies.
aq qarTvelebs ukan dadevnebuli Turqebis didi laSqari wamoewia.
sisxlismRvreli brZola qarTuli mxedrobis gamarjvebiT dasrulda.
brZolis dros Tavi gansakuTrebiT gamoiCines msaxurTuxucesma
vardan dadianma da mxargrZelebma.
araratis midamoebSi mopovebuli gamarjvebis Semdeg qarTvelebi ukan,
saqarTveloSi dabrundnen.
amasobaSi, dadga 1187 weli da saqarTvelos samefo karze didi
cvlilebebi moxda. Tamarma TanamecxedresTan ganqorwineba gadawyvita.
10

rogorc aRmoCnda, gvirgvinosani dedofali ori wlis ganmavlobaSi

morCilad itanda da saidumlod inaxavda giorgi bogolubskis mraval
uzneo saqciels, maT Soris, loTobasa da mamaTmavlobas.
qarTuli aristokratiis aRSfoTebas sazRvari ar hqonda. didebulTa
erTma nawilma giorgi bogolubskis sikvdiliT dasjac ki moiTxova,
Tumca Tamarma didsulovnad Seiwyala yofili Tanamecxedre, didi
simdidre misca da gemiT bizantiis dedaqalaqs, konstantinopols
gagzavna.
giorgi bogolubskis gandevnis Semdeg, dRis wesrigSi isev dadga
Tamaris qorwinebis sakiTxi, misi xelis mTxovneli ki uamravi
gvirgvinosani aRmoCnda.
Tbiliss pirvelad karnuqalaqeli ufliswuli mutafradini Cavida.
uzarmazari amaliTa da Zvirfasi saCuqrebiT Tamars eaxla, xeli sTxova
da qorwinebis sanacvlod mahmadianobis uaryofasac ki dahpirda.
Tamarma jerovani pativiT miiRo karnuqalaqeli ufliswuli, Tumca
meored qorwinebaze uari Tqva da mutafradins Tavisi naxevarda, giorgi
III-is ukanono asuli miaTxova.
mcire xnis Semdeg Tbiliss axla ukve Sirvanis* Sahi, aRsarTan I
ewvia. oficialuri versiis Tanaxmad, igi samefo karTan molaparakebis
mizniT imyofeboda saqarTveloSi, Tumca realurad, Tamaris xelis
saTxovnelad apirebda niadagis mosinjvas.
Sirvanis Sahma Zvirfasi saCuqrebi miarTva qarTlis kaTolikoss,
mahamdianobaze uaris Tqmas dahpirda da Tamarze qorwinebis saqmeSi
daxmarebis gaweva sTxova.
qarTlis kaTolikosis mxardaWeris miuxedavad, aRsarTan I-is
mcdeloba uSedegod dasrulda. Tamarma kvlav uari Tqva meored
qorwinebaze.
qarTveli aristokratia Zalzed SeaSfoTa mefis Seuvalma poziciam
da misgan lamis kategoriulad moiTxoves meored qorwineba. didebulebs
Tamaris Tanamecxedris saxiT, samxedro Zalebis axali mTavarsardlis
gamoCena da samefo taxtis memkvidris dabadeba surdaT.
didi xnis mcdelobis Semdeg didebulebma sawadels miaRwies da
giorgi III-is dis, dedofal rusudanis daxmarebiT, Tamari meore
qorwinebaze daiTanxmes.
Tamaris Tanamecxedred SearCies osi ufliswuli daviT soslani,
romelic saqarTveloSi, dedofal rusudanis karze izrdeboda da Tavisi
znekeTilobiT gamoirCeoda.
qorwili,
romelsac
uamravi
stumari
eswreboda,
Tbilisis
gareubanSi, didubis samefo sasaxleSi, didi zar-zeimiT gadaixades.
Tamaris meore qorwinebidan garkveuli drois Semdeg, 1191 wels
bizantiaSi gandevnili giorgi bogolubski karnuqalaqs movida da aq
11

farulad Sexvda saqarTvelos meWurWleTuxucesis moadgiles anu

nacvals.
molaparakebis dros, am ukanasknelma mefe-yofils dasavleT
saqarTvelos aristokratiis saxeliT, Tamaris winaaRmdeg gamolaSqreba
da samefo taxtis dakaveba SesTavaza.
lixTimereli feodalebi, giorgi bogolubskis srul mxardaWerasa
da sxva didebulebis gadmobirebas hpirdebodnen, daxmarebis sanacvlod
ki, misgan ufro maRali saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebis miRebas elodebodnen.
faruli molaparakeba mxareebis SeTanxmebiT dasrulda.
1191 wels giorgi bogolubskim saqarTvelos sazRvari gadmolaxa da
taos teritoraze Sevida. guzan taoskarelma centralur xelisuflebas
uRalata da Tavisi samxedro SenaerTebiT giorgi bogolubskis mxares
gadavida.
mTeli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo amboxebulTa kontrolis qveS
aRmoCnda. mefe-yofili garkveuli droiT guzan taoskarelTan darCa da
Semdegi moqmedebebisaTvis Seudga mzadebas.
axali ambebis SetyobisTanave msaxurTuxucesi ivane dadiani, romelic
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, qveSis cixeSi* imyofeboda, viTomcda Tamaris
poziciebis gasamagreblad dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida, geguTis
samefo sasaxleSi* dabanakda da laSqris Seyras Seudga.
am droisaTvis vardan dadiani saqarTvelos samefos erT-erTi
yvelaze gavleniani saxelmwifo moxele iyo.
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mas eqvemdebareboda qvemo qarTlisa da
CrdiloeT somxeTis umniSvnelovanesi cixeebi: orbeTi, qveSi da kaeni,
maTi mimdebare teritoriiTurT.
rac Seexeba dasavleT saqarTvelos, aq igi mTeli lixTimereTis
samxedro Zalebis sardlobas flobda.
vardan dadianis mowodebaze laSqari mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelodan
movida: svaneTidan, afxazeTidan, odiSidan, guriidan, samoqalaqodan,
raWidan, Takveridan da argveTidan.
geguTSi lixTimereTis laSqarTan erTad, imyofebodnen CrdilodasavleT kavkasiidan mowveuli meomarTa razmebic.
vardan dadianma mis mier Sekrebili laSqari giorgi bogolubskis
erTgulebaze daafica da guzan taoskarelis samxedro ZalebTan
SesaerTeblad samxreTisaken daiZra.
amrigad,
mTeli
lixTimereTi,
samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelos
msgavsad, agreTve, giorgi bogolubskis kontrolis qveS gadavida.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi Tamaris erTguli mxolod erTi maRali
sasuliero rangis moxele, quTaTeli episkoposi anton saRirisZe darCa.
vardan dadianis laSqrisa da guzan taoskarelis samxedro
danayofebis gaerTianebis Semdeg giorgi bogolubskis droSis qveS
mravalricxovanma mxedrobam moiyara Tavi.
12

amiT gaTamamebulma amboxebulebma guzan taoskarelis saganmgeblo

teritoria datoves da samcxeSi mividnen. aq maT mxareze gadavidnen
samcxis erisTavi boco jayeli da sxva mesxi didebulebi.
samcxeSi Tamaris erTguleba mxolod yvaryvare cixisjvarelma
SeinarCuna, romelic momxreebTan erTad, savaraudod, cixe-qalaqi
oZrxis* midamoebSi gamagrda.
amboxebulebma gza samcxidan CrdiloeTisaken ganagrZes, imereTSi
gadavidnen, giorgi bogolubski geguTis sasaxleSi samefo taxtze
daabrZanes, Tavad ki, iqve, quTaisis midamoebSi dabanakdnen.
paralelurad amisa, samefo karis winaaRmdeg mimarTulma procesebma
Tavi iCina qvemo qarTlisa da CrdiloeT somxeTis mTel rig
provinciebSic, romlebic amboxebulTa momxreebs ekuTvnodaT: gagi _
ivane vardanisZes, kaiwoni _ mayas, kaeni _ Tavad vardan dadians da sxva.
Sedegad, aRniSnuli provinciebi, ise, rogorc mTeli dasavleTi da
samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo, aseve, giorgi bogolubskis kontrolis
qveS gadavida.
amboxebulTa moqmedebebs Tvals fxizlad adevnebda centraluri
xelisufleba.
Tamarma, pirvel yovlisa, TavisTan ixmo misi erTguli erisTavebi da
maTi daxmarebiT, sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi moiyvana: hereTSi, kaxeTSi, Sida
da qvemo qarTlSi, CrdiloeT somxeTsa da samcxeSi mobilizebuli
samxedro SenaerTebi.
mefis mier Sekrebil laSqars saTaveSi, im droisaTvis ukve
amirspasalaris Tanamdebobaze dawinaurebuli, gamrekel Toreli Caudga.
samxedro
Zalebis
Tavmoyrisa
da
sabrZolvelad
momzadebis
miuxedavad, Tamarma mainc scada sisxlisRvris Tavidan acileba,
gulmowyaleba gamoiCina da amboxebulebTan mosalaparakeblad mravalgzis
gagzavna qarTlis kaTolikosi Teodore I, quTaTeli mTavarepiskoposi
anton saRirisZe, samefo karis moxeleebi _ ejibebi, mestumreebi da sxva.
amboxebulebma centralur xelisuflebasTan molaparakebaze uari
ganacxades da Tamaris winaaRmdeg sabrZolo moqmedebebi daiwyes. maT
laSqari Suaze gayves da ori mimarTulebiT daiwyes moZraoba.
samxedro SenaerTebis erTma nawilma lixis qedi gadmolaxa, qarTlSi
Semovida, qalaq gors zemoT mdebare teritoria daikava da adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis Zarcva-rbevas Seudga.
qarTlel didebulTa erTi nawili amboxebulTa mxares gadavida. maT
laSqars SeuerTdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiidan gadmosul meomarTa razmebic.
amboxebulTa laSqris meore nawili, romelsac vardan dadiani da
sxva dadianebi xelmZRvanelobdnen, fersaTis qediT samcxeSi gadavida da
cixe-qalaqi oZrxe dawva.

13

oZrxesTan vardan dadians boco jayeli da sxva mesxi didebulebi

SeuerTdnen. aq amboxebulebma samxedro moqmedebebis saboloo gegma
SeaTanxmes.
gegmis Tanaxmad, vardan dadiani da boco jayeli, pirvel rigSi,
javaxeTis ZiriTad cixe-qalaqebs _ Tmogvsa da axalqalaqs daikavebdnen,
aqedan, aRmosavleTisaken daiZvrebodnen, TrialeTze sakuTar kontrols
daamyarebdnen, qvemo qarTlSi Cavidodnen da aq, agaraTa cixis* midamoebSi
SeuerTdebodnen gagidan da CrdiloeT somxeTidan mosul momxreebs.
sabrZolo moqmedebebis bolo etapze agaraTa cixis midamoebSi
Tavmoyrili laSqari Tbiliss dasavleTidan da samxreTidan miadgeboda,
goris midamoebidan daZruli mxedroba _ CrdiloeTidan da alyaSi
moqceul dedaqalaqs ieriSiT aiRebdnen.
oZrxesTan mdgomi amboxebulebi SeTanxmebuli gegmis Tanaxmad,
javaxeTisaken daiZrnen.
centralurma xelisuflebam sapasuxo zomebs mimarTa, sakuTari
laSqari javaxeTSi gagzavna da mtkvris napirze gamagreba ubrZana.
male mtkvars meore napiridan amboxebulebic moadgnen da mdinareze
gadebuli xidis midamoebSi sisxlismRvreli brZola gaCaRda.
Tamaris momxreTa laSqars amirspasalari, gamrekel Toreli
meTaurobda. masTan erTad iyvnen TorelTa feodaluri saxlis sxva
warmomadgenlebi, mxargrZelebi _ zaqaria da ivane sargisis Zeebi, zaqaria
da sargis varamis Zeebi, savaraudod, yvaryvare cixisjvareli da sxva.
amboxebulTa samxedro SenaerTebs vardan dadiani da boco jayeli
sardlobdnen.
sastiki brZola daRamebamde gagrZelda, Semdeg ki mowinaaRmdegeebma
ukan daixies da Tavdapirvel poziciebze gamagrdnen.
RamiT amboxebulebma TaTbiri gamarTes da vinaidan mixvdnen, rom
Tamaris momxreebs winaaRmdegobas veRar gauwevdnen, gadawyvites, mtkvris
ayolebaze ukan daexiaT da iseT strategiul adgilas gamagrebuliyvnen,
sadac mowinaaRmdegis ieriSebis mogeriebas da warmatebuli kontrSetevis
ganxorcielebas SeZlebdnen.
RamiT amboxebulebma poziciebi datoves da eruSeTisaken daixies.
gamrekel Toreli mowinaaRmdeges fexdafex mihyva, nialis velze* daewia
da ieriSi miitana maTze.
sisxlismRvreli brZola didxans gagrZelda da bolos Tamaris
momxreTa
gamarjvebiT
dasrulda.
damarcxebuli
amboxebulebis
umravlesoba tyved Cauvarda gamrekel Torelis laSqars.
nialis velze mopovebuli gamarjvebis ambavi TbilisSi saswrafod
Caitana sargis mxargrZelma.
vardan dadianis damarcxebis ambis SetyobisTanave Tamaris karze
myofi samxedro moxeleebi dauyovnebliv Seudgnen moqmedebas, sakuTari
SenaerTebi Tbilisidan gaiyvanes da dasavleTis mimarTulebiT daiZrnen.
14

Tbilisidan gamosul laSqars gzad SeuerTdnen qarTlis erisTavis,

rati suramelis samxedro danayofebi, romlebic manamde goris
midamoebamde mosuli amboxebulebisagan icavdnen dedaqalaqs.
Tamaris momxreTa laSqars piradad meTaurobda daviT soslani.
masTan erTad iyvnen: mandaturTuxucesi Wiaberi, qarTlis erisTavi rati
surameli, heri, kaxeli da qarTleli didebulebi.
daviT soslanis samxedro operaciaSi monawileobas iRebdnen yivCaRTa
sabrZolo razmebic.
qarTlSi myofma amboxebulebma, romlebmac ukve icodnen vardan
dadianis javaxeTSi damarcxebis ambavi, daviT soslanTan SebrZolebaze
uari Tqves, qarTli datoves da ukan, dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavidnen.
daviT soslani Tbiliss dabrunda da TamarTan erTad qvemo qarTls
mivida.
gagsa da CrdiloeT somxeTSi gamagrebuli amboxebulebi mixvdnen,
rom brZolis gagrZelebas azri aRar hqonda da Tamars, morCilebis
niSnad, yelze sabelSebmulebi eaxlnen.
zogierTi amboxebuli ufro Sorsac wavida da samefo karisaTvis
erTgulebis damtkicebis mizniT, sakuTari biZac ki gamoasalma
sicocxles.
Tamarma amboxebulebi keTilad Seiwynara da Ralati apatia, Tumca
ki, manamde kuTvnili cixe-qalaqebi da saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebi
CamoarTva da Tavis erTgul feodalebs gadasca.
kerZod, msaxurTuxucesoba da kaenis provincia CamoarTves vardan
dadians da mis nacvlad, gadasces nialis brZolaSi daWril ivane
mxargrZels. ivane mxargrZels uboZes manamde mayas kuTvnili kaiwonis
provinciac.
cvlilebebi Seexo gagis provinciasac, romelic CamoarTves mis Zvel
mflobels, ivane vardanisZes da gadasces zaqaria varamis Ze mxargrZels.
qvemo qarTlsa da CrdiloeT somxeTSi mdgomareobis mowesrigebis
Semdeg Tamari Sida qarTls mivida da naWarmagevis sasaxleSi dadga.
aq mas dasavleT saqarTvelodan mosuli Suamavlebi eaxlnen.
lixTimereli didebulebi Tamars srul morCilebas ucxadebdnen, oRond
uvneblobis pirobas ixvewebodnen da Tavdebobas dedofal rusudans,
kaTolikos Teodore I-s, mandaturTuxuces Wiabersa da sxva maTTvis
misando pirebs sTxovdnen.
Suamavlebis gamogzavnis paralelurad, dasavleT saqarTvelodan
svani didebulebi gadmovidnen, Tan giorgi bogolubskic moiyvanes da
Tamaris pasuxs daelodnen.
mefem amboxebulebsac da mefe-yofilsac uvneblobis piroba misca.
maSin isini dedofal rusudanTan erTad, naWarmagevSi eaxlnen
Tamars.
15

Tamarma amboxebulebs Ralati apatia da mxolod dakavebuli

Tanamdebobebis CamorTmeva akmara, giorgi bogolubskis ki, ivane
mxargrZelis TanxlebiT daatovebina saqarTvelos farglebi.
giorgi bogolubskis gamosvlis CaxSobidan mcire xnis Semdeg
gardaicvala amirspasalari gamrekel Toreli.
madlierma Tamarma mis memkvidreebs yvelaferi xelSeuxeblad
SeunarCuna, mxolod cixe-qalaqi Tmogvi CamoarTva da sargis mxargrZels
uboZa.
rac Seexeba amirspasalarobas, es Tanamdeboba zaqaria sargisis Ze
mxargrZels gadaeca.
amave zaqarias, romelic mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg cixe-qalaq
lores memkvidreobiT flobda, damatebiT, cixe-qalaqi rusTavic eboZa.
Tamarma uxvad daasaCuqra mandaturTuxucesi Wiaberic da mas cixeqalaqi Jinvali da aragvis xeobis didi nawili gadasca.
wyalobis gareSe arc Tamaris erTguli sxva didebulebi darCenilan.
mefem jerovnad daasaCuqra: wirqvalelebi, zartibisZeebi, grigolisZeebi,
WiaberisZeebi, maxatlisZeebi, TorRaisZeebi da sxva.
TamarTan patiebis saTxovnelad gamocxadebul amboxebulebs Soris,
rogorc Cans, ar iyo guzan taoskareli. am ukanasknelma, araTu ar
Seinana sakuTari saqcieli, aramed gaagrZela kidec centraluri
xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZola da am mizniT, axal mokavSireebs
dauwyo Zebna.
kerZod, guzan taoskareli piradad eaxla xlaTis* sulTans da mas
taoskaris*, vaSlovanisa* da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva cixeebi
gadasca.
guzan taoskarelTan erTad, xlaTis sulTans morCileba gamoucxades
amboxebis monawile sxva qarTvelma didebulebmac: samcxidan gamoqceulma
samZivarma da misma aznaurebma, meRvineTuxucesis Tanamdebobis mqone vinme
ucnobma feodalma da sxva.
guzan taoskarelTan erTad, xlaTis sulTanTan imyofeboda misi
erT-erTi vaJi, Tumca guzanis meuRle da misi meore Svili
kvlavindeburad qarTvelTa mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze rCebodnen.
xlaTis sulTanma guzanis ojaxis gamosayvanad da cixeebSi Turquli
garnizonebis Casayeneblad saqarTveloSi laSqari gamogzavna. samxedro
eqspediciaSi monawileobas iRebda guzanis vaJic.
Turquli sabrZolo SenaerTebis moZraoba kargad SeniSnes Tamaris
erTgulma taoelma didebulebma: zaqaria fanaskertelma, Zinielebma da
kalmaxelebma.
maT saxeldaxelod Sekribes mxedroba da sadRac mtkvris
saTaveebTan, kolas provinciaSi gadaeRobnen mowinaaRmdeges.
Turqebi ricxobrivad didad aRematebodnen qarTvelebs da Tormet
sabrZolo droSas flobdnen.
16

miuxedavad amisa, zaqaria fanaskertelma jiqur miitana ieriSi

TurqTa laSqarze da brZolis velidan gaaqcia igi.
guzan taoskarelis ojaxi qarTvelebs CauvardaT xelT.
zaqaria
fanaskerteli
kolaSi
mopovebuli
gamarjvebiT
ar
dakmayofilda, taoSi dabrunda da sul mokle xanSi Turqebs guzan
taoelis mier gacemuli yvela cixe waarTva.
xlaTis sulTnis mier mitacebuli teritoria kvlavindeburad
saqarTvelos samefos daubrunda.
gamarjvebuli
taoeli
didebulebi
zaqaria
fanaskertelis
winamdgomobiT Tbiliss Cavidnen da Tamars warudgnen.
rac Seexeba Tavad guzan taoskarels, is arc mogvianebiT iSlida
Tavisas da xlaTis sulTnisagan zurgmomagrebuli ganuwyvetliv Tavs
esxmoda saqarTvelos sazRvrispira raionebs.
erT-erTi aseTi marbieli laSqrobisas guzan taoskareli mTibavebma
Seipyres kolaSi da datyvevebuli Tbiliss gagzavnes.
daviT soslani kargad icnobda Tamaris mowyale bunebas da SeeSinda,
mefes sxva amboxebulebis msgavsad, guzan taoskarelic ar Seewyalebina.
amitom aCqarda, gandgomil didebuls Tavad gamoutana ganaCeni da
Tvalebis dawviT dasaja.
1192 wels qveynierebas moevlina Tamarisa da daviT soslanis pirmSo
vaJi _ giorgi laSa.
samefo taxtis memkvidris dabadebis aRsaniSnavad, 1193 wels
qarTvelebma
marbieli
laSqroba
moawyves
samxreT-aRmosavleTis
mimarTulebiT da ranis teritoriaze SeiWrnen.
samxedro eqspedicia, savaraudod, gagidan daiwyo.
qarTulma mxedrobam TareSiT gaiara TiTqmis mTeli rani,
gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, umokles droSi aiRo qalaqi
bardavi*, ocdaaTi aTasi tyve wamoasxa saqarTveloSi da gamarjvebuli
movida Tbiliss.
Tamarma Cveuli gulmowyaleba gamoiCina, ocdaaTiaTasive tyve
upirobod gaaTavisufla da mSvidobiT daabruna ukan, bardavSi.
bardavis aRebidan ramdenime kviris Semdeg qarTvelebma kidev erTi
marbieli laSqroba moawyves TurqTa winaaRmdeg.
samxedro SenaerTebi, amjerad samxreT-dasavleTisaken daiZrnen da
uSualod karnuqalaqze miitanes ieriSi.
saomari mimrTulebis placdarmad, rogorc Cans, SerCeuli iyo
xlaTis sulTnisaTvis axlad warTmeuli taos teritoria.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTulma SenaerTebma swrafad gadalaxes
saqarTvelos sazRvari da mokle xanSi karnuqalaqis kedlebTan
aRmoCndnen, Turqebma mainc moaswres sapasuxo zomebis miReba da qalaqis
dasacavad sakmaod mniSvnelovan Zalas mouyares Tavi.
17

sakuTriv karnuqalaqSi idga adgilobriv TurqTa maravalricxovani

garnizoni, romelsac meTaurobdnen nasr-adin salduxis Ze da misi ori
vaJi.
qalaqis
Soriaxlos
dabanakebulni
iyvnen
karnuqalaqelTa
dasaxmareblad mezobeli provinciebidan _ yarsidan da surmanidan
mosuli samxedro SenaerTebi.
qarTvelebma karnuqalaqze Seteva gamTeniisas daiwyes. sastiki
brZola daRamebamde gagrZelda.
sibnelis dadgomasTan erTad, mowinaaRmdegeebma brZola Sewyvites da
Tavdapirvel poziciebs daubrundnen.
karnuqalaqSi gamagrebuli meomrebi koconebis aliT ganaTebul
qarTvelTa banakSi mTeli Rame xedavdnen sakuTari ojaxis datyvevebul
wevrebs, Tumca maTTvis daxmarebis gawevas verafriT axerxebdnen.
gamTeniisas, sakuTari uZlurebiT gaafTrebulma Turqebma mTeli
laSqari gamoiyvanes qalaqidan da iqve, galavnis win ganalages
sabrZolvelad.
TurqTa qveiT da cxenosan SenaerTebs zurgs umagrebdnen qalaqis
kedlebze gadmomdgari meSurduleebi da mSvildosnebi, romlebic
ganuwyvetliv uSendnen qvasa da isars mowinaaRmdeges.
TurqTa moqmedebis paralelurad, sabrZolo poziciebi daikaves
qarTvelebmac da Setevaze gadasasvlelad moemzadnen.
brZola qarTulma kavaleriam daiwyo. SubSemarTulma cxenosnebma
daviT soslanis winambrZolobiT, jiquri ieriSi miitanes TurqTa
razmebze da elviseburad gaarRvies maTi rigebi.
mowinaveebs danarCeni qarTuli SenaerTebic mihyvnen.
Turqebma qarTvelTa masirebul ieriSs veRar gauZles, brZolis veli
miatoves da qalaqis Sesasvlelisaken gaiqcnen.
gamarjvebulma daviT soslanma aRar gaagrZela karnuqalaqze
ieriSebi, daubrkoleblad moiTareSa qalaqis midamoebi, saqarTveloSi
mravali tyve wamoiyvana da didi alafiT warudga Tamars.
amave 1193 wels, karnuqalaqis winaaRmdeg mowyobili warmatebuli
laSqrobis Semdeg qarTvelebma isev samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT
gadawyvites samxedro eqspediciis mowyoba.
amjerad, laSqroba, savaraudod, loredan daiwyo.
Tavdapirvelad qarTuli mxedroba samxreT-dasavleTisaken moZraobda.
maT TareSiT gaiares TurqTa kontrolis qveS myofi gelaquni da
Zveli albanuri provinciebi _ xaCeni* da yaryari*.
aqedan, laSqrobis mimarTuleba Secvales, araqsis marcxena napiris
dayolebaze, Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken gaemarTnen, bailayanis midamoebi
daarbies, ukan gamobrundnen da ranis gavliT saqarTvelosaken wamovidnen.
qarTvelebma yaryaridan saqarTvelos sazRvris axlos mdebare cixeqalaq Samqoramde* mosvlas eqvsi dRe moandomes da am eqvsi dRidan erTi
18

dRec ki ar gasula ise, rom qarTvelebs brZola ar gadaexadaT

TurqebTan.
gansakuTrebiT sastiki iyo qalaq ganZis kedlebTan momxdari
Setakeba. yvela am brZolaSi gamarjveba qarTvelebs darCaT da isinic
Zlevamosili mividnen Tbiliss, Tamaris winaSe.
momdevno, 1194 wels qarTvelebma marbieli laSqroba axla ukve
samxreTis mirTulebiT moawyves.
samxedro eqspedicia amjeradac loredan daiwyo. mas Zmebi _
amirspasalari
zaqaria
da
msaxurTuxucesi
ivane
mxargrZelebi
xelmZRvanelobdnen.
laSqrobis mizani iyo araqsis marcxena napiris moTareSeba da am
regionSi TurqTa kontrolis Sesusteba.
mxargrZelebma saqarTvelos sazRvari gadakveTes da araqsis marcxena
napirisaken daiZrnen, Tumca gzad moulodnelad gadaeyarnen TurqTa
razmebs, romlebic, piriqiT, CrdiloeTisaken modiodnen da saqarTvelos
moTareSebas apirebdnen.
TurqTa laSqari Zveli somxuri cixe-qalaqebidan _ dvinidan,
bijnisidan* da amberdidan* gamoyvanili sabrZolo danayofebisagan
Sedgeboda.
erTmaneTis pirispir aRmoCenil Turqebsa da qarTvelebs Soris
sastiki brZola gaimarTa da mxargrZelTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda.
qarTvelebma laSqroba gaagrZeles, saqarTveloSi didi alafiT
dabrundnen, Tbiliss Cavidnen da gamarjvebulebi warudgnen Tamars.
imave 1194 wels msaxurTuxucesma, ivane mxargrZelma saqarTvelos
samefo kars samxreTis mimarTulebiT, axali didi samxedro eqspediciis
organizeba SesaTavaza.
gegmis Tanaxmad, qarTvelebs TareSiT unda gaevloT gelaquni,
misuliyvnen naxiCevans, aeRoT araqsis marcxena napirze mdebare qalaqi
sparsi-bazari* da daerbiaT misi midamoebi.
qveynis samxedro xelmZRvanelobam ivane mxargrZelis gegma moiwona.
laSqrobas saTaveSi piradad Caudga daviT soslani.
qarTvelebma swrafad daarbies gelaqunSi damkvidrebuli Turqmanebi,
SeiWrnen naxiCevanSi da ieriSiT aiRes qalaqi sparsi-bazari.
Turqebma winaaRmdegobis gaweva ramdenimejer scades, magram _
uSedegod, daviT soslanma yvela SetakebaSi daamarcxa mowinaaRmdege.
am mravalricxovani gamarjvebebis aRsaniSnavad, qarTulma mxedrobam
pirdapir sparsi-bazris teritoriaze, Turqi sulTnisaTvis gankuTvnil
moedanze gamarTa samxedro TamaSoba.
qarTvelebma laSqrobis Sedegad uzarmazari alafi moipoves da
Tbiliss, Tamaris winaSe mividnen.

19

qarTvelTa laSqrobebiT Sewuxebulma iranis azerbaijanis* aTabagma,*

abu baqrma gadawyvita, Tamaris dasasusteblad qveyanaSi axali
Sidaareuloba gamoewvia da am mizniT, giorgi bogolubskis daukavSirda.
mefe-yofili iranSi Cavida, aqedan, abu baqris brZanebiT, ganZas
gamoemgzavra, ranis laSqars saTaveSi Caudga, 1194 wels mtkvari
gadmolaxa da saqarTvelos farglebSi SemoiWra.
giorgi bogolubski, Tavdapirvelad kambeCovanSi mivida da mimdebare
teritoriis darbevas Seudga.
ranis laSqris Tavdasxmis ambavi pirvelma cixe-qalaq xornabujis
patronma saRir maxatlisZem Seityo, damxmare laSqars aRar daeloda da
sakuTari razmebiT giorgi bogolubskis winaaRmdeg daiZra.
saRir maxatlisZesTan erTad iyo misi sami vaJic.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Turqebi ricxobrivad aTjer aRmatebodnen
qarTvelebs, saRir maxatlisZem moulodneli gadawyvetileba miiRo da
Tavganwiruli ieriSi miitana mowinaaRmdegeze.
ranis laSqari aseT jiqur Setevas ar elodeboda da damarcxda.
qarTvelebi kvaldakval mihyvnen ukan daxeul mters da mravali
maTgani tyved Seipyres.
giorgi bogolubskis Sepyroba ver moxerxda da man gaqceviT uSvela
Tavs.
daaxloebiT amave periodSi samxreT kavkasiaSi mniSvnelovani
movlenebi ganviTarda.
saqarTveloSi movida iranis azerbaijanis ufliswuli amir mirmani
da Tamars Zmis, aTabag abu baqris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daxmarebis gaweva
sTxova.
amir mirmansa da saqarTvelos samefo kars Soris Suamavlis rols
Sirvanis Sahi, amir mirmanis simamri, aRsarTan I asrulebda.
viTareba Semdegi iyo: abu baqrma aTabagoba ZaliT waarTva ufros
Zmas, xutlu inanCs da umcros Zmas, amir mirmans devna dauwyo.
amir mirmanma Tavi simamrs, Sirvanis Sahs, aRsarTan I-s Seafara. abu
baqrma
umcrosi
Zmis
winaaRmdeg
gailaSqra
da
siZe-simamris
gaerTianebuli laSqari sastikad daamarcxa.
amas daerTo SirvanSi momxdari saSineli miwisZvra, romlis drosac
qalaqi Samaxa mTlianad ganadgurda, aRsarTan I-is meuRle da Svilebi ki
nangrevebSi daiRupnen.
yovelmxriv Seviwroebul amir mirmansa da aRsarTan I-s meti gza
aRar darCaT da daxmarebisaTvis saqarTvelos samefo kars mimarTes.
Tbiliss mosuli mahmadiani siZe-simamri Tamars samxedro daxmarebis
gawevas, abu baqris damarcxebasa da amir mirmanis aTabagis taxtze ayvanas
sTxovdnen.
Tamarma gaiTvaliswina Seqmnili mdgomareoba da amir mirmans
daxmareba aRuTqva.
20

amasobaSi Tbiliss ambavi movida, rom abu baqri rans iyo mosuli da
qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg gamosalaSqreblad emzadeboda.
mas Tan hqonda baRdadis xalifas mier gamogzavnili droSa, niSani
mahmadianTa sayovelTao mxardaWerisa.
abu baqris mravalricxovani armia koaliciuri xasiaTisa iyo.
xalifas droSis qveS idgnen ara mxolod iranidan moyvanili
samxedro SenaerTebi, aramed samxreT kavkasiis sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan
mosul TurqTa sabrZolo danayofebic.
saqarTvelos samefo kari abu baqris ranSi mosvlas srul
mzadyofnaSi daxvda.
Tamarma laSqari mTeli saqarTvelodan Sekriba: hereTidan, kaxeTidan,
qarTlidan, mesxeTidan, Toridan, SavSeTidan, klarjeTidan, taodan,
somxeTidan, afxazeTidan, svaneTidan, odiSidan, guriidan, raWidan,
Takveridan, margveTidan da sxva.
Tamaris laSqarSi iyvnen osTa razmebi da yivCaReTidan qiriT
moyvanili sabrZolo danayofebi.
qarTuli samxedro SenaerTebi Tbilisis samxreTiT, mtkvris marjvena
napirze, mdinareebis _ algeTis, qciisa da debedas qvemo welze
dabanakdnen.
laSqars saTaveSi Caudga daviT soslani. masTan iyo saxelovani
gorgaslian-daviTiani droSac.
samxedro eqspediciaSi uSualo monawileobas iRebda qveynis pirveli
ministri, Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi, anton glonisTavisZe, romelic
jvriT xelSi win uZRvoda laSqars.
qarTuli samxedro SenaerTebi mtkvris marjvena napirs qvemoT,
samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken dauyvnen.
laSqarma saqarTvelos sazRvari gadalaxa da 1195 wlis 1 ivniss
cixe-qalaq Samqoris maxloblad dabanakda.
uSualod Samqoris kedlebTan iyo dabanakebuli abu baqris laSqaric.
2 ivnisis, gamTeniisas daviT soslanma qarTuli sabrZolo danayofebi
ise ganalaga, rom laSqris marcxena kidem Samqoris velis CrdiloeTiT
mdebare mtkvars miaRwia, marjvena kidem ki _ Samqoris velis samxreTiT
aRmarTul mTas.
ieriSi qarTvelebma daiwyes. daviT soslanma laSqari Suaze gahyo.
aqedan, pirveli dajgufebis amocana iyo cixe-qalaq Samqorze cru
ieriSis dawyeba, mowinaaRmdegis yuradRebis mipyroba, misi ZiriTadi
Zalebis am mimarTulebiT koncentrireba, brZolis maqsimalurad
gaWianureba, bolos ki, meore dajgufebasTan erTad, gadamwyveti ieriSis
mitana abu baqrze.
gansxvavebuli amocana hqonda meore dajgufebas, romelic saerTod
unda garideboda pirveli dajgufebis brZolis adgils, flangidan an
zurgidan moevlo cixe-qalaqisaTvis da maSin, roca abu baqris Zalebi
21

mTlianad
qarTvelTa
pirveli
dajgufebis
winaaRmdeg
iqneboda
koncentrirebuli, meore mxridan dasxmoda mters.
gegmis Tanaxmad, pirvelma dajgufebam amirspasalar zaqaria
mxargrZelis meTaurobiT, pirdapir cixe-qalaq Samqorisaken aiRo gezi,
mis kedlebTan axlos daikava pozicia da karibWeze ieriSis mitana
winambrZol razms daavala.
moieriSe danayofs saTaveSi Caudga zaqaria varamis Ze mxargrZeli.
cixe-qalaqis SesasvlelTan sisxlismRvreli Setakeba daiwyo.
amasobaSi, qarTvelTa meore dajgufebam, romelsac uSualod daviT
soslani xelmZRvanelobda, moxerxebuli manevri ganaxorciela, cixeqalaq Samqors Soridan mouara ise, rom es ukanaskneli qarTul
mxedrobas xelmarjvniv darCa, gadalaxa mdinare Samqoris wyali, Semdeg
mkveTrad Semobrunda da cixe-qalaqisaken gaiWra.
qarTvelTa mier dasaxuli gegma Tavdapirvelad warmatebiT
xorcieldeboda, Tumca Semdeg erTi gauTvaliswinebeli ambavi moxda:
daviT soslanis samxedro SenaerTebma mTagoriani da qvaRorRiani
reliefis gamo, cixe-qalaqisaken swrafi gadaadgileba ver moaxerxes da
am monakveTis gavlas imaze bevrad didi dro moandomes, vidre es gegmiT
iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.
daviT soslanis gauTvaliswinebelma dayovnebam kinaRam mTeli
brZolis bedi gadawyvita.
zaqaria mxargrZelis mier cixe-qalaqis karibWesTan gagzavnili
winambrZoli razmi TandaTanobiT daiRala, danayofis meTaurs zaqaria
varamis Ze mxargrZels cxeni moukles, mis mxardamxar mebrZoli
didebulebis umravlesobam ki, Wriloba miiRo.
winambrZoli razmi ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda.
maSin
zaqaria
mxargrZelma
ZmasTan,
msaxurTuxuces
ivane
mxargrZelTan erTad, gadawyvita, aRar dalodeboda daviT soslanis
SenaerTebis gamoCenas da sakuTari danayofebiT Cabmuliyo brZolaSi.
swored am kritikul momentSi, mxargrZelebma Soridan SeniSnes, rom
daviT soslanis SenaerTebs ukve gadalaxuli hqondaT gzis Znelad
savali monakveTi da brZolis velisaken moiCqarodnen.
maT win amayad mofrialebda mravalomgamovlili gorgasliandaviTiani droSa.
mxargrZelebma swrafad Seafases Seqmnili viTareba da dauyovnebliv
gadavidnen Setevaze.
abu baqris laSqris erTma nawilma qarTvelTa ieriSs ver gauZlo,
poziciebi miatova da ukandaxeva daiwyo.
Tumca, aTabagis samxedro SenaerTebis meore nawili kvlavindeburad
inarCunebda sabrZolo poziciebs da medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevda
mxargrZelebs.
brZola didxans aRar gagrZelebula.
22

male cixe-qalaqis kedlebTan daviT soslanis SenaerTebic gamoCndnen

da gadamwyveti ieriSi miitanes mowinaaRmdegeze.
qarTuli mxedrobis uecarma gamoCenam abu baqris laSqars Tavzari
dasca. maT saerTod Sewyvites winaaRmdegobis gaweva da uwesrigod
gaiqcnen brZolis velidan.
Tavs gaqceviT uSvela abu baqrmac, romelic saswaulebrivad
gadaurCa datyvevebas.
samagierod qarTul mxedrobas xelT Cauvarda xalifis mier
gamogzavnili droSa, romelic misma axalma mflobelma Salva
axalcixelma gelaTis monasters Seswira.
gamarjvebuli qarTvelebi or nawilad gaiyvnen.
erTi nawili iranis azerbaijanSi SeiWra da mahmadianTa wesis
Sesabamisad, sami didi qalaqi gaZarcva: erTi _ abu baqris kuTvnili,
meore _ abu baqris vaJis, xolo mesame _ azerbaijaneli didebulis,
saTmaz ezdinis Zisa.
qarTuli mxedrobis meore nawili mowinaaRmdegis devnis dasrulebis
Semdeg ukan, Samqoris velze dabrunda da abu baqris laSqris nabanakarze
gaaTia Rame.
maT Soris iyo daviT soslanic, romelsac brZolis adgilas
Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi anton glonisTavisZe daxvda.
am
ukanasknels,
rogorc
sasuliero
pirs,
sisxlisRvraSi
monawileoba ar miuRia da mxolod zurgidan adevnebda Tvals sabrZolo
moqmedebebs.
qarTvelebTan erTad Samqoris kedlebTan Rame gaaTies amir mirmanma
da aRsarTan I-mac.
meore dRes, 3 ivnisis, dilas Samqoris mosaxleobam daviT soslans
qalaqis gasaRebi miarTva.
qarTvelebs danebdnen Samqoris axlomdebare cixeebica da qalaqebic.
daviT soslanma damorCilebuli qalaqebi amir mirmans gadasca.
qarTuli mxedroba Samqoridan qalaq ganZisaken daiZra.
qalaqis misadgomebTan adgilobrivi aristokratia win miegeba daviT
soslans da ganZis gasaRebi gadasca. mefe qalaqSi Sevida da sulTnis
taxtze dajda.
sulTnisave sasaxleSi qarTvelebma didi lxini gadaixades. sapatio
adgilebi daikaves amir mirmanma da aRsarTan I-ma. dadgenili ierarqiuli
TanamimdevrobiT dasxdnen qarTveli moxeleebic: mandaturTuxucesi
Wiaberi, amirspasalari zaqaria mxargrZeli da sxvani.
daviT soslanma saxelovani gamarjvebis macned saqarTveloSi
mandaturTuxucesi Wiaberi gamogzavna.
es ukanaskneli tabaxmelis sazafxulo rezidenciaSi eaxla Tamars
da sasaxarulo ambavi iq auwya mefes.
23

male saqarTveloSi danarCeni qarTuli mxedrobac dabrunda da Tan

uzarmazari alafi moitana: Tormeti aTasi tyve, ormoci avaza, oci aTasi
cxeni, Svidi aTasi jori, TxuTmeti aTasi aqlemi, mravali droSa,
auracxeli ganZeuli da sxva.
daviT soslanma damorCilebuli ganZa da mTlianad rani amir mirmans
gadasca.
qarTvelebis ranidan wasvlis Semdeg naxWevanSi gaxiznulma abu
baqrma amir mirmans mkvleli miugzavna da moawamvlina.
umcrosi Zmis mokvlis Semdeg abu baqrma mmarTvelis gareSe
darCenil ranSi laSqari gagzavna, amir mirmanis erTguli moxeleebi
daaxocina da ganZaze sakuTari kontroli daamyara.
amir mirmanis mokvlis ambis SetyobisTanave qarTvelTa samxedro
SenaerTebi ganZisaken daiZrnen.
abu baqrma winaaRmdegobis gaweva ver SeZlo.
maSin SeSinebuli raneli didebulebi win miegebnen SamqorTan misul
daviT soslans da ficiT aRuTqves abu baqrisadmi daumorCilebloba.
qarTvelebma erTgulebis fici ikmares, ukan gabrundnen, Tan waiyvanes
patronis gareSe darCenili amir mirmanis mravalricxovani amala da
pativiT istumres saqarTveloSi.
veragulad mokluli amir mirmani didi mwuxarebiT daitira Tamarma.
Samqoris omis mogebis Semdeg qarTvelebi TurqTa winaaRmdeg axali
marbieli laSqrobebis organizebas Seudgnen.
erT-erTi pirveli samxedro operacia msaxurTuxucesma ivane
mxargrZelma Caatara.
is mcire laSqriT gelaquns mivida da Casafrda.
cota xanSi qarTvelebma SeniSnes, rom ganZidan surmanisaken TurqTa
didi laSqari miemarTeboda.
aq iyvnen: dvinis mflobeli balSani, surmanis patronis Zma,
surmanelTa samxedro SenaerTebiT, cnobili sardali ali SuriSami da
sxvebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ricxobrivad Turqebi qarTvelebs aTgzis mainc
aRematebodnen, ivane mxargrZelma mowinaaRmdegeze Tavdasxma gadawyvita.
qarTvelebma
Turqebs
moulodnelad
Seuties,
isargebles
mowinaaRmdegis dabneulobiT da mTlianad gaanadgures maTi sabrZolo
danayofebi.
ieriSisas gansakuTrebuli simamace gamoiCina ivane mxargrZelma,
romelmac ramdenime Turqi mokla, xolo oTxi meomari tyved Seipyro.
qarTvelebi Tbiliss Cavidnen da gamarjvebuli eaxlnen Tamars.
amasobaSi ranSi isev gaCnda antiqarTuli moZraobis niSnebi.
daviT soslanma mTeli saqarTvelodan Sehyara laSqari da ganZas
miadga.
24

qarTul mxedrobas gzad SeuerTdnen Sarvanis Sahi aRsarTan I da

misi razmebi.
qarTvelebs ocdaxuTi dRis manZilze alya hqondaT Semortymuli
qalaqisaTvis.
bolos ganZelebi danebdnen da daviT soslans qalaqis aoxrebisagan
gadarCenis mizniT, xaraja* gadauxades. qarTvelebs xaraja misces ranis
sxva qalaqebmac.
daviT soslanma mTeli rani moiTareSa, didi alafiT dabrunda ukan
da kojris cixeSi eaxla Tamars.
daviT soslanis ranSi laSqrobis paralelurad, samxedro eqspedicia
moawyo msaxurTuxucesma, ivane mxargrZelmac. is mravalricxovani
sabrZolo danayofebiT gelaqunis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT gaiWra da mTeli
xaCenis provincia daarbia. qarTvelebma xaCenis Turqi didebulebi tyved
wamoiyvanes da uzarmazar alafTan erTad, kojris cixeSi eaxlnen Tamars.
XIII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis, qarTvelTa mier warmoebulma
mravalricxovanma marbielma laSqrobebma udidesi Sedegi gamoiRo da
Turqebma mTel rig Zvel somxur provinciebze kontroli dakarges.
TurqTaTvis warTmeul teritoriebze saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
iurisdiqcia gavrcelda.
Sedegad, qveynis samxreTma sazRvarma gacilebiT ufro samxreTisaken
gadaiwia da mdinare araqsze daido, basianSi ki, araqsis marjvena napiric
moicva. saqarTvelos SemouerTda Semdegi teritoriebi: qalaqi anisi* da
Siraki*, qalaqi dvini da airarati*, bijnisi, amberdi, gelaquni, xaCeni,
karnifori, basiani, da sxva.
qarTvelTa mier samxreT kavkasiaSi mopovebulma warmatebebma mTeli
Turquli samyaro SeaSfoTa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis mahmadianma
mmarTvelebmac sapasuxo RonisZiebebis gatarebaze daiwyes fiqri.
1203 wels iniciativa sakuTar Tavze aiRo rumis* sulTanma ruqn
ad-dinma da aRmosavleT anatoliaSi oTxasiaTasiani laSqari Sekriba.
samxedro eqspediciis dawyebamde sulTanma Tamars werili miswera,
muhamedis saxeliT saqarTvelos omi gamoucxada da misi laSqris
ganadgureba uwinaswarmetyvela.
Tamari ruqn ad-dinis gamowvevas mSvidad Sexvda, TurqebTan
SebrZolebis gadawyvetileba miiRo, sapasuxo weriliT ki mowinaaRmdeges
amcno, rom mTlianad uflis nebas iyo mindobili da gamarjvebis
mopovebasac swored uflis SemweobiT apirebda.
sapasuxo werilis gadacemisas Turqi mociquli TamarTan waradgines.
am ukanasknelma elCisaTvis Seuferebeli saqcieli Caidina da Tamars
Sehkadra, Tu qarTvelTa damarcxebis Semdeg qristianobas uaryof, maSin
ruqn ad-dini colad SegirTavs, xolo Tu rjuls ar Seicvli, maSin
sulTani xarWad dagisvamso.
25

gakadnierebul mociquls amirspasalarma zaqaria mxargrZelma xeli

Semohkra da ugonod dasca.
roca Turqi gons moego, amirspasalarma Tamaris sapasuxo werili
gadasca da ganumarta, elCi rom ar iyo, mefis SeuracxyofisaTvis jer
enis, Semdeg ki Tavis mokveTis Rirsi iqnebodi, axla wauRe werili
sulTans da auwye, rom brZolisTvis mzad varT da Cvens Soris marTali
ufalma gamoaCinoso.
mociqulis ukan gagzavnis Semdeg Tamarma mTeli samxedro Zalebis
TavSeyra brZana. samxedro SenaerTebi saqarTvelos yvela kuTxidan
movidnen. laSqari Tavdapirvelad javaxeTs dabanakda.
samxedro SenaerTebs saTavSi piradad daviT soslani Caudga. masTan
erTd laSqars meTaurobdnen: amirspasalri zaqaria mxargrZeli,
mandaturTuxucesi Salva axalcixeli, misi Zma, ivane axalcixeli da
sxvani.
samxedro SenaerTebis brZolis velze gagzavnisTanave Tamari varZias
mivida da varZiis RmrTismSobels qarTuli mxedrobis gamarjvebas
Seevedra. aqedan, mefe cixe-qalaq oZrxeSi mivida da saqarTvelos
gamarjvebisaTvis dRiTa da RamiT daucxromel locvas Seudga.
amasobaSi ruqn ad-dinis laSqari basianis provinciaSi movida da
boloscixesTan dabanakda.
mcire xnis Semdeg boloscixes qarTuli samxedro SenaerTebic
miuaxlovdnen.
Turqebi sakuTari mravalricxovanobis imedad iyvnen da qarTvelTa
gamoCenisas maincadamainc ar SeSfoTebulan.
daviT soslanma kargad gamoiyena miwinaaRmdegis daudevroba da
moulodneli ieriSis gadawyvetileba miiRo.
qarTvelebma samxedro SenaerTebi sabrZolvelad ganalages. mewinave
razms
saTaveSi
Caudgnen:
amirspasalari
zaqaria
mxargrZeli,
mandaturTuxucesi Salva axalcixeli, ivane axalcixeli, TorelTa
feodaluri saxlis wevrebi da sxva.
laSqris
flangebze
ganlagdnen:
erT
mxares
_
dasavleT
saqarTvelodan mosuli samxedro SenaerTebi, xolo meore mxares _
aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan gamoyvanili sabrZolo danayofebi.
laSqris
sabrZolvelad
ganlagebis
Semdeg
daviT
soslani
mowinaaRmdegisaken uCumrad daiZra.
Turqma guSagebma mxolod maSin SeamCnies qarTvelebis moZraoba,
roca isini Zalze axlos mividnen ruqn ad-dinis banakTan. Turqebma
gangaSi atexes, saswrafod moemzadnen brZolisaTvis da samxedro
danayofebi banakis win ganalages.
brZola qarTvelTa da TurqTa winambrZoli razmebis ormxrivi
ieriSebiT daiwyo. amis Semdeg mowinaaRmdegeebma mTeli danarCeni Zalebic
CarTes brZolaSi.
26

Tavdapirvelad upiratesoba qarTvelebis mxares iyo. maT brZolis

dawyebisTanave Seaviwroves mteri da didi zianic miayenes mas, Tumca,
ricxobrivma upiratesobam TandaTanobiT Tavisi gaitana da upiratesobas
ukve Turqebi daeuflnen.
gansakuTrebiT
mZime
mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCnda
mowinaaRmdegis
ganlagebaSi Rrmad SeWrili qarTvelTa winambrZoli razmi. Turqebma
cxenebi dauxoces am razmis meTaurebs: mandaturTuxuces Salva
axalcixels, msaxurTuxuces ivane mxargrZels, ivane axalcixels, zaqaria
gagels, Tayaiadin Tmogvelsa da sxvebs.
mowinaaRmdegis ganlagebaSi Rrmad SeWril da cxenebis gareSe
darCenil qarTul samxedro elitas ueWveli daRupvis safrTxe daemuqra.
katastrofuli mdgomareoba mcire xniT gamoaswora winambrZoli
razmis danarCeni meomrebis Tavganwirvam. isini cxenebidan Camoxdnen,
meTaurebis mxardamxar, qveiTad gaagrZeles brZola da cxendacxen
gaqcevas saxelovani sikvdili amjobines.
aranaklebad mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen qarTuli laSqris sxva
SenaerTebic. isini veRar uZlebdnen mravalricxovan TurqTa dawolas da
nel-nela tovebdnen poziciebs. brZola, praqtikulad, wagebuli iyo.
swored am dros, qarTuli kavaleriis orma danayofma erTdroulad
ganaxorciela samxedro manevri, romelmac sabolood gadawyvita kidec
brZolis bedi. erT-erTma cxenosanma razmma daviT soslanis meTaurobiT,
xelmarcxniv aiRo gezi, gascda qarTvelTa ganlagebas, Soridan mouara
xelCarTuli brZolis xazs da jiquri ieriSi miitana TurqTa laSqris
marjvena frTaze.
zustad igive xerxs mimarTa qarTuli kavaleriis meore danayofma,
romelsac amirspasalari zaqaria mxargrZeli meTaurobda. es razmi
marjvnidan gascda qarTvelTa ganlagebas da ieriSi ruqn ad-dinis
laSqris marcxena frTaze miitana.
Turqebma ormxriv Setevas veRar gauZles, brZolis veli miatoves
da uwesrigod gaiqcnen. qarTvelebi kvaldakval mihyvnen ruqn ad-dinis
meomrebs, mravali maTgani daxoces, mravali ki, tyved Seipyres. TurqTa
devna daRamebamde gagrZelda, mTeli maTi banaki da auracxeli alafi ki
qarTvelebs CauvardaT xelT.
basianis omi qarTuli mxedrobis brwyinvale gamarjvebiT dasrulda.
ruqn ad-dinis koaliciuri laSqris damarcxebis Semdeg saqarTvelo
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZlieres saxelmwifod gadaiqca da am
regionSi sabolood ganimtkica hegemonoba.
daaxloebiT amave periodSi arankleb saintereso movlenebi
ganviTarda saqarTvelos dasavleT sazRvrebTanac.
yvelaferi 1203 wels daiwyo, roca bizantiis imperatori aleqsi III
Tavs daesxa samSoblodan momaval qarTvel sasuliero pirTa jgufs da
Tamaris mier boZebuli Zvirfasi saCuqrebi waarTva maT.
27

saqarTvelos samefo karma aleqsi III-is saqcieli Seuracxyofad

aRiqva, laSqari Sekriba da 1204 wels bizantiis imperiis aRmosavleT
provinciebze, ufro zustad ki, trapizonis regionze miitana ieriSi.
qarTvelebma samxedro operacia warmatebiT ganaxorcieles da
umokles droSi daikaves qarTveluri tomebiT _ lazebiT dasaxlebuli
mTeli samxreT-aRmosavleTi SavizRvispireTi. Tamarma qarTuli mxedrobis
mier dakavebuli regioni saerTod CamoaWra bizantiis imperias da am
teritoriaze axali politikuri erTeuli _ trapizonis imperia daaarsa.
trapizonis
imperias
saTaveSi
Caudga
cnobili
bizantiuri
saimperatoro gvaris warmomadgeneli _ aleqsi I komnenosi, romelic
Tamars naTesavad ergeboda.
Sedegad, saqarTvelos samefos dasavleT sazRvarTan Camoyalibda
sakmaod Zlieri saxelmwifo, romelic vasalur damokidebulebaSi iyo
Tamaris karTan da mis erTgul mokavSires warmoadgenda.
1206 wels qarTvelebma TurqTa winaaRmdeg laSqrobebi ganaaxles da
axla yarsze miitanes ieriSi. qarTuli mxedrobis miaxloebisTanave
Turqebma qalaqi datoves da gaiqcnen. daviT soslanma yarsi ivane
axalcixels gadasca. axalma mmarTvelma yarsi erTgvar samxedro
placdarmad aqcia da ganuwyveteli ieriSebis Sedegad, Turqebs mTeli
yarsis provincia waarTva. daviT soslanma es teritoriebic ivane
axalcixels gadasca.
yarsis aRebidan sul mokle xanSi, 1207 wels gardaicvala daviT
soslani. misi gardacvalebisTanave mahmadianuri gaerTianebebi isev
gaaqtiurdnen
da
qarTvelTa
winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli
samxedro
eqspediciebis organizebas Seudgnen.
pirveli laSqroba saqarTveloSi ardebilis* sulTanma moawyo. misi
samxedro eqspediciis mizani qalaqi anisis aReba da adgilobrivi
qristianebis gaJleta iyo. amave mizniT, sagangebod SeirCa qristianTa
udidesi dResaswauli _ aRdgoma dRe.
1208 wlis didmarxvis vnebis kviraSi ardebilis sulTani araqsis
xeobas aRma auyva, gzad Zarcva-rbevisagan Tavi Seikava, uCumrad miadga
qalaq aniss da mis karibWesTan Casafrda.
aRdgoma dilas qalaqis mcvelebma wesisamebr gaxsnes anisis karibWe.
sulTnis kavaleria qalaqSi SeiWra da anisi ubrZolvelad aiRo.
Tavdamsxmelebma qristianebis devna da xocva-Jleta daiwyes. mosaxleobis
erTi nawili pirdapir quCebsa da saxlebSi daxoces, meore nawili _
Tormeti aTasi qristiani ki, qalaqis eklesiebSi cxvariviT dakles.
sikvdils mxolod aniselTa mcire nawili gadaurCa. maT qalaqis
mimdebare gamoqvabulebsa da kldis napralebs Seafares Tavi.
sulTanma qalaqidan didi alafi waiRo da ukan, ardebilSi dabrunda.
anisis aRebis ambavi Tamarma geguTis sasaxleSi yofnis dros Seityo.
28

mefesTan erTad iyvnen anisis patroni, amirspasalari zaqaria da misi Zma,

msaxurTuxucesi ivane mxargrZelebic.
Tamarma ardebilis sulTnis winaaRmdeg iranis azerbaijanSi
farTomasStabiani laSqrobis mowyoba gadawyvita, Tumca mxargrZelebma
gansxvavebuli gegma SesTavazes. maT mefes sakuTriv qalaq ardebilze
Tavdasxmis ufleba gamosTxoves, anisSi dabrundnen, narCevi meomrebisagan
mcirericxovani razmi moamzades, mahmadianTa mTavari dResaswaulis _
ramadanis dadgomas daelodnen da misi moaxloebisTanave ardebilisaken
daiZrnen. qarTvelebma ardebilamde uCumrad iares da qalaqis
misadgomebTan Casafrdnen.
dResaswaulis gamTeniisas, roca mueZini minareTze gadmodga da
mahmadianebs locvisaken mouwoda, mxargrZelebma yvela mxridan miitanes
ieriSi ardebilze da sul mokle xanSi aiRes qalaqi. ardebilSi Sesulma
mxargrZelebma sulTanica da misi ojaxis wevrebic sikvdiliT dasajes.
amis Semdeg Tormeti aTasi rCeuli moqalaqe meCeTSi Seiyvanes da
anisis eklesiebSi daxocili Tormeti aTasi qristianis msgavsad,
cxvariviT dakles.
qarTvelebma ardebili sastikad daarbies, moqalaqeTa erTi nawili
daxoces, meore nawili tyved aiyvanes, uzarmazari alafi aiRes da ukan,
saqarTveloSi dabrundnen.
mxargrZelebi Tamars kolaSi eaxlnen da iq amcnes gamarjvebis ambavi.
ardebilis aRebidan arcTu didi xnis Semdeg, 1210 wels
mxargrZelebma _ amirspasalarma zaqariam, msaxurTuxucesma ivanem da
zaqaria gagelma Tamars axali didi samxedro eqspediciis gegma
SesTavazes. maTi gegmiT, qarTvelebs Zlevamosili laSqroba unda
moewyoT iranSi da Soreuli mxareebi moeTareSebinaT.
eqspediciisaTvis
samxedro
SenaerTebi
mTeli
saqarTvelodan
Seikribnen. laSqarma Tbiliss moiyara Tavi. Tamarma qarTvelebs
saxelovani gorgaslian-daviTiani droSa gadasca da daloca. laSqars
saTaveSi amirspasalari zaqaria mxargrZeli Caudga.
qarTuli mxedroba Tavdapirvelad samxreTisaken daiZra, gaiara
naxWevani, miadga qalaq juRas*, gadalaxa araqsi da qalaq marands*
miuaxlovda.
roca marandis mosaxleobam maTken momavali qarTvelebi SeamCnia,
qalaqi miatova da mTebSi gaixizna.
qarTuli mxedroba marandSi Sevida, Tumca qalaqi mTlianad
daclili daxvda. am dros zaqaria mxargrZelma mTebSi gaxiznuli
marandelebi SeamCnia, CaTvala, rom iq iranis azerbaijanis laSqari iyo
dabanakebuli da samxedro SenaerTebi maRlobisaken daZra. Tumca, manamde
xuTaskaciani cxenosani razmi gamoyo, saTaveSi Tayaiadin Tmogveli
Cauyena, ferdobze swrafad asvla, platoze gamagreba da ZiriTadi
laSqris usafrTxo gadaadgilebis uzrunvelyofa daavala.
29

Tayaiadin Tmogvelma amirspasalaris davaleba Seasrula, platoze

avida da TavdacviTi pozicia daikava.
roca marandelebma maRlobze amosuli mcirericxovani qarTuli
mxedroba SeniSnes, gadawyvites, dauyovnebliv dasxmodnen Tavs da
ZiriTadi laSqris mosvlamde gaenadgurebinaT isini. maT saxeldaxelod
Seadgines cxenosanTa samxedro SenaerTi da swrafad miitanes ieriSi
qarTvelebze. Tayaiadin Tmogveli mowinaaRmdegis gamoCenas momzadebuli
daxvda da sakuTar razms konrSetevaze gadasvla ubrZana.
qarTuli kavaleriis ieriSi imdenad Zlieri gamodga, rom
marandelebma momentalurad miatoves brZolis veli da uwesrigod
gaiqcnen. qarTvelebi fexdafex mihyvnen mowinaaRmdeges da did manZilze
sdies maT.
im dros, roca marandelTa devnaSi garTuli Tayaiadin Tmogvelis
razmi Tvals miefara, platoze qarTvelTa ZiriTadi samxedro
SenaerTebic avidnen.
zaqaria
mxargrZels
Setakebis
adgilas
mxolod
daxocili
meomrebiRa daxvda.
roca qarTvelebma daxocilebi kargad daaTvalieres, aRmoCnda, rom
brZolis velze xuTasi marandeli cxenosani egdo da xuTasive maTgani
qarTveli mxedris SubiT iyo mokluli.
mcire xnis Semdeg platoze marandelTa devnidan dabrunebuli
qarTveli cxenosnebic gamoCndnen.
samxedro xelmZRvanelobam Tayaiadin Tmogvels brwyinvale gamarjveba
miuloca, Tumca, maTTan SeuTanxmebeli moqmedebis gamo SeniSvnac misca
mas.
marandidan zaqaria mxargrZelma samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, iranis
azerbaijanis udidesi qalaqis Tavrizisaken* aiRo gezi. qarTvelebis
gamoCenam
Tavrizis
mosaxleobas
Tavzari
dasca.
maT
qalaqis
didebulebisagan saswrafod Seadgines elCoba da zaqaria mxargrZelTan
mosalaparakeblad gagzavnes. Tavrizis mosaxleoba srul morCilebas
ucxadebda qarTvelebs da imis sanacvlod, rom qalaqi ar aeoxrebinaT,
auracxel simdidres sTavazobda maT. zaqaria mxargrZelma SemoTavazeba
miiRo, TavrizSi qarTuli garnizoni Caayena da qalaqs uomrad gaecala.
iranis
azerbaijanis
dalaSqvris
Semdeg
qarTvelebma
*
aRmosavleTisaken gaagrZeles gza da qalaq mianes miadgnen. mianes
meliqma* TvarizelTa msgavsi winadadebiT mimarTa qarTvelebs. zaqaria
mxargrZelma amjeradac miiRo iranelTa SemoTavazeba, mianeSi qarTuli
garnizoni Caayena da samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken gaagrZela gza.
iranis azerbaijanidan qarTvelebi gilanSi* SeiWrnen da am iranuli
provinciis centralur qalaqs zanjans* miadgnen. adgilobrivma
mosaxleobam zaqaria mxargrZelisaTvis morCilebis gamocxadeba ar
isurva da qalaqSi gamagrda. qarTulma mxedrobam zanjans alya Semoartya
30

da qalaqze yvela mxridan daiwyo ieriSi. qarTvelTa TiToeul samxedro

danayofs, romlebic, Tavisi mxriv, saqarTvelos erTi romelime
provinciidan gamosuli memomrebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli, SetevisaTvis
zenjanis galavnis erTi konkretuli monakveTi gamoeyo. qalaqis alya
didxans gagrZelda.
bolos mesxTa sabrZolo danayofma moaxerxa zanjanis galavnis erTerTi monakveTis Sengreva. mesxebi qalaqSi SeiWrnen. maT kvaldakval
galavani sxva samxedro SenaerTebmac Seangries da mcire xanSi zanjani
qarTvelTa xelSi aRmoCnda. zaqaria mxargrZelma winaaRmdegobis gawevis
gamo sastikad aaoxra qalaqi da laSqroba samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken
ganagrZo.
aq zaqaria mxargrZelma jer qalaq yazvinis* midamoebi daarbia,
Semdeg ki, aRmosavleTisaken wavida da xorasnis teritoriaze Rrmad
SeiWra.
qarTvelebis mier iranis CrdiloeT provinciebSi mowyobili
Zlevamosili laSqroba kaspiis zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare
qalaq gorganis* midamoebSi dasrulda.
zaqaria
mxargrZelma
samxedro
eqspediciis
kidev
ufro
aRmosavleTiT gagrZeleba saWirod aRar CaTvala, qalaq gorganis
mimdebare teritoria moiTareSa, auracxeli alafi wamoiRo da ukan
gamobrunda.
im dros, roca qarTvelebi xorasanSi laSqrobdnen, qalaq mianeSi xma
gavrcelda, rom gilanelebma da iranis sxva provinciebidan mosulma
samxedro SenaerTebma zaqaria mxargrZelis laSqars gza Seukres da
mTlianad gaanadgures. mianes meliqma axali ambavi sixaruliT miiRo,
qalaqSi datovebul qarTvelTa razms Tavs daesxa, daxoca isini,
moklul meomrebs tyavi gaaZro da Zelze Camokida. sikvdils
saswaulebrivad gadaurCa erTaderTi qarTveli meomari, romelic sadRac
iqve miimala.
amasobaSi xorasnidan dabrunebuli zaqaria mxargrZeli mianes miadga
da
mis
mier
datovebuli
qarTveli
molaSqreebi
moikiTxa.
Tavzardacemulma
mianes
meliqma
zaqaria
mxargrZelis
motyueba
gadawyvita, qarTvelTa razmma miane TviTneburad miatova da Tavrizs
wavidao. am dros samalavidan gamovida sikvdils gadarCenili qarTveli
molaSqre da zaqaria mxargrZels simarTle amcno.
ganrisxebulma qarTvelebma mianes meliqica da yvela misi maxlobelnaTesavic sikvdiliT dasajes, daxocili qarTveli meomrebis msgavsad,
tyavi gaaZres da mTeli qalaqis dasanaxad, minareTze gamohkides. amis
Semdeg qarTulma mxedrobam sastikad aaoxra mTeli qalaqi, mravali
mianeli tyved aiyvana da Tavrizisaken wavida. SeSinebuli Tavrizis
mosaxleoba Zvirfasi saCuqrebiT miegeba qarTvelebs.
31

aqedan, zaqaria mxargrZeli Crdilo-dasavleTisaken daiZra, araqsi

gadmolaxa, saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi Semovida, Tbiliss Cavida da isnis
samefo sasaxleSi gamarjvebuli eaxla Tamars.
xangrZlivi
samxedro
eqspediciidan
dabrunebulma
qarTulma
mxedrobam arnaxuli raodenobis alafi moitana qveyanaSi.
iranSi mowyobili laSqrobidan dabrunebis Semdeg, mcire xanSi
gardaicvala amirspasalari zaqaria mxargrZeli.
Tamarma gadawyvita, amirspasalaris Tanamdeboba zaqarias Zmis,
msaxurTuxuces ivane mxargrZelisaTvis mieca.
ivane mxargrZelma madlierebiT miiRo mefis wyaloba, Tumca iTxova,
rom sagangebod misTvis SemoeRoT qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis manamde
ucnobi Tanamdeboba _ aTabagoba da mahmdianuri wesisamebr, samefo
taxtis memkvidre gasazrdelad misTvisve CaebarebinaT. Tamarma ivane
mxargrZels
Txovna
ausrula
da
erTdroulad
aTabagisa
da
amirspasalaris saxeloebi uboZa.
ivane mxargrZelis Zveli Tanamdeboba _ msaxurTuxucesoba Tamarma
zaqaria gagelis vaJs, varams uboZa.
daaxloebiT amave xanebSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis erTerTi kuTxis _ fxovis mosaxleoba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovreb
didoelebs daukavSirda da Tamaris winaaRmdeg amboxeba daiwyo. mefem
amboxebis Casaqarobad samxedro SenaerTebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTis danarCeni kuTxeebidan gamoiyvana: dvaleTidan, cxrazmidan,
xevidan, xadadan, cxavatidan, WarTlidan da erwo-TianeTidan.
laSqars saTaveSi aTabag-amirspasalari ivane mxargrZeli Caudga.
centraluri xelisuflebis mier gagzavnilma sabrZolo danayofebma
aragvis xeoba aRma aiares, fxovs dasavleTidan uomrad auares gverdi,
xadaSi Sevidnen da male kavkasionis wyalgamyofi qedis Txemze
aRmoCndnen.
aqedan, ivane mxargrZelma laSqari aRmosavleTisaken Semoabruna, qedqed iara da wyalgamyofze iseTi sabrZolo poziciebi daikava, rom misi
samxedro SenaerTebi, erT mxares _ fxovsa da didoeTs, xolo meore
mxares _ durZukeTs zemodan qvemoT gadascqerodnen. aseTi moxerxebuli
manevris Semdeg, durZukTa mmarTvelebi ivane mxargrZels ZRveniT eaxlnen
da amboxebulTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daxmareba aRuTqves.
zurgis
usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofis
Semdeg
centraluri
xelisuflebis mier gagzavnilma samxedro SenaerTebma fxovelebsa da
didoelebze zemodan miitanes ieriSi. sabrZolo moqmedebebi sami Tvis
ganmavlobaSi, ivnisidan agvistomde gagrZelda da ivane mxargrZelis
sruli gamarjvebiT dasrulda. fxovelebma da didoelebma mowinaaRmdeges
sruli morCileba gamoucxades da pirobis daurRvevlobis niSnad,
mZevlebi misces.
ivane mxargrZeli Tbiliss mivida da gamarjvebuli warudga Tamars.
32

am ambebidan arcTu didi xnis Semdeg, 1210 wels tabaxmelas mdgomi

Tamari,
qarTvel
gvirgvinosanTa
Soris
upirvelesi
xelmwife,
ormocdaaTiode wlis asakSi gardaicvala.
saxelovani mefe-qali, visi zeobis periodic saqarTvelos istoriis
`oqros xanas~ warmoadgens, dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadaabrZanes da
gelaTis monasterSi, bagrationTa sagvareulo saZvaleSi udidesi pativiT
dakrZales.
saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebis mwvervalze mdgomi saqarTvelos samefo
taxtze Tamaris vaJi _ giorgi IV laSa avida da qarTuli mxedrobis
istoriaSic axali, mravali siZneliTa da xifaTiT aRsavse xana daiwyo.

33

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *
agaraTa cixe (igive kojris cixe, azeulas cixe) _ istoriuli cixesimagre qvemo qarTlSi, gardabnis raionis daba kojris ganapiras.
mdebareobda Tbilisidan istoriul qalaq samSvildisaken mimaval gzaze.
iyo saqarTvelos mefeTa sazafxulo sadgomi.
aTabagi _ qveynis mmarTveli an maRali saxelmwifo moxele Sua
saukuneebis maxlobel aRmosavleTSi. Turqul-mahmadianur sivrceSi
Tavdapirvelad ewodeboda sulTnis memkvidris aRmzrdels, xolo
mogvianebiT _ ama Tu im damoukidebeli an naxevraddamoukidebeli
politikuri erTeulis mmarTvels. saqarTveloSi aTabagis wodebas
atarebda qveynis erT-erTi umaRlesi saxelmwifo moxele, ministri anu
veziri. misi ZiriTadi movaleoba iyo taxtis memkvidris aRzrda da
saufliswulo mamulebis marTva. XIII saukunis dasawyisSi Sedioda
vezirTa pirvel sameulSi mandaturTuxucessa da amirspasalarTan erTad.
mogvianebiT aTabagebma TandaTanobiT Seaviwroves mwignobarTuxucesWyondidelebi da Tavad iqcnen qveynis `vazirTuxucesebad~ anu pirvel
ministrebad.
airarati _ istoriuli provincia somxeTis respublikaSi, qalaq erevnis
samxreT-dasavleTiT. misi centri iyo Sua saukuneebis somxeTis erT-erTi
dedaqalaqi dvini.
albaneTi _ erT-erTi uZvelesi saxelmwifo aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi.
moicavda axlandeli azerbaijanis teritorias da daRestnis samxreT
nawils. Sedioda Semdegi provinciebi: hereTi, kambeCiani, Saqi, yabala,
Sirvani, darubandi, gardmani, rani, xaCeni, sivnieTi da sxva. V saukuneSi
albaneTis dasavleTi provinciebi _ hereTi (amJamindeli kaxeTis
aRmosavleTi nawili da saingilo) da kambeCiani (mermindeli qiziyi)
qarTlis samefom daipyro da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gaqarTvelebas
Seudga. XI saukuneSi albaneTSi masiurad Camosaxldnen mravalricxovani
Turqulenovani tomebi, rasac adgilobrivi mosaxleobis TandaTanobiTi
gaqroba mohyva. albanelebis erTma nawilma Tanamedrove azerbaijaneli
xalxis CamoyalibebaSi miiRo monawileoba, meore nawili ki qarTvelebs,
somxebsa da daRestnelebs Seerwya.
amberdis cixe _ istoriuli cixe-simagre somxeTis respublikaSi, qalaq
erevnis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT. mdebareobda bijnisis cixidan qalaq
anisisaken mimaval gzaze. iyo amberdis provinciis centri.
amilaxori _ samxedro uwyebis maRali moxele Sua saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi. iyo amirspasalaris TanaSemwe. eswreboda da saTaTbiro
xmiT sargeblobda saveziros sxdomaze. mas eqvemdebarebodnen sxva
samxedro moxeleebi: meabjreTuxucesi da mejinibeTuxucesi. darbazobis
dros
pativiT
gaTanabrebuli
iyo
meWurWleTuxucesTan
da
msaxurTuxucesTan.
34

amira _ qalaqis mmarTveli Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. iyo

saqarTvelos mefis moxele. misi ufleba-movaleobebi daaxloebiT
emTxveva mermindeli qalaqis mouravisa da qalaqis Tavis uflebamovaleobebs. amirebi isxdnen saqarTvelos did qalaqebSi: TbilisSi,
quTaisSi, rusTavSi, JinvanSi, dmanisSi da sxva.
amirspasalari _ samxedro ministri anu veziri Sua saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi. ganagebda qveynis samxedro Zalebs: regularul samxedro
SenaerTebs, mefis pirad gvardias, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan
gamoyvanil laSqarsa da daqiravebul ucxoel meomarTa razmebs. omis
dros iyo jaris uSualo xelmZRvaneli mefis Semdeg. ebara saxelmwifo
droSa da win miuZRvoda laSqars. Sedioda vezirTa pirvel sameulSi
aTabagsa da mandaturTuxucesTan erTad.
qalaqi anisi _ Zveli somxuri qalaqi amJamindeli TurqeTis respublikis
Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, qalaq yarsis aRmosavleTiT. mdebareobda
aRmosavleT anatoliidan kaspiispireTisaken da saqarTvelodan siriaerayisaken mimavali gzebis Sesayarze. iyo Sua saukuneebis somxeTis erTerTi dedaqalaqi da Sirakis provinciis centri.
qalaqi ardebili _ istoriuli qalaqi iranis respublikis CrdiloeT
nawilSi, kaspiis zRvis samxreT-dasavleT sanapirosTan, qalaq Tavrizis
aRmosavleTiT. mdebareobda CrdiloeT iranidan Sirvanisaken mimaval
gzaze. iyo iranis azerbaijanis erT-erTi centri.
afxazeTi _ istoriuli provincia dasavleT saqarTveloSi. VIII-XV
saukuneebSi
moicavda
teritorias
Tanamedrove
axali
aTonidan
dasavleTiT, vidre qalaq nikofsiamde. amave VIII-XV saukuneebSi aq
moqmedebda
saqarTvelos
ukiduresi
Crdilo-dasavleTi
samxedroadministraciuli erTeuli _ afxazeTis saerisTavo.
qalaqi bailayani _ Zveli albanuri qalaqi azerbaijanis respublikis
teritoriaze, mdinareebis _ mtkvrisa da araqsis SesarTavidan
dasavleTiT. mdebareobda iranidan saqarTvelosaken momaval did savaWrosaqaravno magistralze. iyo ranis provinciis aRmosavleTi raionebis
centri.
qalaqi bardavi _ Zveli albanuri qalaqi azerbaijanis respublikis
teritoriaze, qalaq ganjis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT. mdebareobda iranidan
saqarTvelosaken da somxeTidan Sirvanisaken mimavali didi savaWrosaqaravno magistralebis Sesayarze. iyo ranis provinciis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi centri.
basiani _ Zveli somxuri provincia amJamindeli TurqeTis respublikis
Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, qalaq erzurumis aRmosavleTiT. misi
centri iyo cixe-qalaqi basiani.
baRdadis xalifa _ maxlobeli aRmosavleTis mahmadian sunitTa
umaRlesi sasuliero meTauri X-XIII saukuneebSi. am wodebas atarebdnen
mxolod abasianTa dinastiis warmomadgenlebi. maTi rezidencia iyo
35

qalaqi baRdadi. isini, rogorc mahamdianTa sulieri meTaurebi, aqtiurad

monawileobdnen
qristianuli
saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg
mimarTul
samxedro-politikur RonisZiebebSi.
bijnisis cixe _ istoriuli cixe-simagre somxeTis respublikaSi, qalaq
erevnis CrdiloeTiT. mdebareobda qalaq dvinidan saqarTvelosaken
momaval gzaze. iyo bijnisis provinciis centri.
gagi _ Zveli qarTuli provincia amJamindeli azerbaijanis respublikis
teritoriaze, mdinare mtkvris marjvena napirze, mdinare debedasa da
qalaq Samqors Soris. misi centri iyo cixe-qalaqi gagi.
qalaqi ganZa (igive ganja) _ Zveli albanuri qalaqi azerbaijanis
respublikis teritoriaze, mis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi, mdinare
mtkvris marjvena napirze. mdebareobda iranidan saqarTvelosaken momaval
did savaWro-saqaravno magistralze. iyo ranis provinciis centri.
geguTis sasaxle _ erT-erTi samefo rezidencia Sua saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi. mdebareobs qvemo imereTSi, qalaq quTaisis samxreTiT, 7
kilometrSi, mdinare rionis marjvena napirze.
gelaquni _ istoriuli provincia somxeTis respublikaSi, sevanis
(gelaqunis) tbis midamoebSi. misi centri iyo gelaqunis cixe.
gilani _ istoriuli provincia iranis respublikis Crdilo-dasavleT
nawilSi, kaspiis zRvis samxreT-dasavleTiT. misi centri iyo qalaqi
zanjani.
giSis cixe _ Zveli qarTuli cixe-simagre hereTSi, amJamindeli
azerbaijanis
respublikis
teritoriaze,
qalaq
Saqis
CrdiloaRmosavleTiT. mdebareobda Sirvanidan Tbilisisaken momaval gzaze. XIIXIII saukuneebSi warmoadgenda hereTis erisTavebis _ grigolisZeTa
rezidencias.
qalaqi gorgani _ istoriuli qalaqi iranis respublikis CrdiloaRmosavleT nawilSi, kaspiis zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT. mdebareobda
Sua aziidan kavkasiisaken momaval msxvil savaWro-saqaravno magistralze.
iyo mazandaranis provinciis erT-erTi centri.
qalaqi dvini _ istoriuli qalaqi somxeTis respublikaSi, qalaq erevnis
samxreTiT. mdebareobda aRmosavleT anatoliidan kaspiispireTisaken da
saqarTvelodan siria-erayisaken mimavali gzebis Sesayarze. iyo Sua
saukuneebis somxeTis erT-erTi dedaqalaqi da airaratis provinciis
centri.
erisTavi _ saxelmwifos administraciuli-teritoriuli erTeulis _
saerisTavos gamgebeli Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. iyo umaRlesi
samoqalaqo da samxedro xelisufali saerisTavoSi, saerisTavos jaris
sardali. mas hqonda sasamarTlo xelisufleba, krefda saxelmwifo
gamosaRebebs da saerisTavo gadasaxads. misi moxeleebi ganagebdnen
saerisTavoSi Semaval sxvadasxva kuTxeebs. hqonda sakuTari rezidencia,
36

sagvareulo monasteri da erisTavis insigniebi: droSa, beWedi, sayure da

gansakuTrebuli Sesamoseli.
vaSlovanis cixe _ Zveli qarTuli cixe-simagre taoSi, amJamindeli
TurqeTis
respublikis
teritoriaze,
qalaq
olTus
(olTisis)
samxreTiT, mdinare olTisiswylis marcxena napirze. mdebareobda
basianidan olTisisaken momaval gzaze.
qalaqi zanjani _ istoriuli qalaqi iranis respublikis CrdilodasavleT nawilSi, qalaqebs _ mianesa da yazvins Soris. mdebareobda
iranidan kavkasiisaken momaval msxvil savaWro-saqaravno magistralze.
iyo gilanis provinciis erT-erTi centri.
qalaqi Tavrizi _ istoriuli qalaqi iranis respublikis CrdilodasavleT nawilSi, qalaqebs _ marandsa da mianes Soris. mdebareobda
iranidan kavkasiisaken momaval msxvil savaWro-saqaravno magistralze.
iyo iranis azerbaijanis umniSvnelovanesi saqalaqo centri.
TeTriwyali (igive aRsu) _ mdinare Tanamedrove azerbaijanis
centralur nawilSi, qalaq Semaxas dasavleTiT, mtkvris marcxena
Senakadi. Sua saukuneebSi erTmaneTisagan mijnavda Saqisa da Sirvanis
provinciebs. XII-XIII saukuneebSi TeTrwyalze gadioda saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos aRmosavleTi sazRvari.
cixe-qalaqi Tmogvi _ istoriuli cixe-qalaqi javaxeTSi, aspinZis
raionis sofel TmogvTan, mdinare mtkvris marcxena napirze. mdebareobda
wina
aziidan
saqarTvelosaken
momaval
did
savaWro-saqaravno
magistralze.
iranis azerbaijani _ msxvili politikuri erTeuli iranis azerbaijanis,
CrdiloeT iranisa da samxreT kavkasiis teritoriaze XII-XIII
saukuneebSi. misi centri iyo qalaqi naxiCevani. marTavdnen aTabagebi
ildeRizianTa dinastiidan. saqarTvelos mimarT atarebda agresiul
saxelmwifo politikas.
isnis sasaxle _ erT-erTi samefo rezidencia Sua saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi. mdebareobda TbilisSi, mdinare mtkvris marcxena kldovan
napirze, amJamindeli metexis yovladwmida RmrTismSoblis eklesiis
midamoebSi.
kaeni _ istoriuli provincia somxeTis respublikis Crdilo-dasavleT
nawilSi, mdinare aRstevis zemo welze. misi centri iyo kaenis cixe.
kaiwoni _ istoriuli provincia somxeTis respublikis CrdilodasavleT nawilSi, mdinare debedas marjvena napirze. misi centri iyo
kaiwonis cixe.
karnifori _ Zveli somxuri provincia amJamindeli TurqeTis
respublikis qalaq yarsis samxreT-dasavleTiT.
karnuqalaqi (igive arzurumi) saamiro _ Turq-selCukTa erT-erTi
politikuri gaerTianeba XII-XIII saukuneebSi, TurqeTis respublikis
37

Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, mdinareebis _ evfratisa da araqsis

saTaveebTan. misi centri iyo karnuqalaqi (arzurumi).
lore _ Zveli qarTuli provincia amJamindeli somxeTis respublikis
teritoriaze, mis CrdiloeT nawilSi, mdinare debedas zemo welze. misi
centri iyo cixe-qalaqi lore.
mandaturTuxucesi _ sapolicio uwyebis xelmZRvaneli, ministri anu
veziri
Sua
saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi.
ganagebda
sapolicioadministraciuli moxeleebis _ mandaturebisagan dakompleqtebul
uwyebas. evaleboda wesrigis dacva samefo karze. mefis mgzavrobis dros
asrulebda ceremonmaisteris rols. misi samoxeleo niSani iyo oqros
joxi _ e. w. `samandaturo argani~. Sedioda vezirTa pirvel sameulSi
aTabagsa da amirspasalarTan erTad.
qalaqi marandi _ istoriuli qalaqi iranis respublikis CrdilodasavleT nawilSi, qalaqebs _ juRasa da Tavrizs Soris. mdebareobda
iranidan kavkasiisaken momaval msxvil savaWro-saqaravno magistralze.
iyo iranis azerbaijanis erT-erTi centri.
meliqi _ naxevraddamoukidebeli politikuri erTeulis mmarTveli Sua
saukuneebis maxlobel aRmosavleTSi.
meWurWleTuxucesi _ saxelmwifo xazinis mTavari gamge, ministri anu
veziri Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. mas eqvemdebareboda xazinis
moxeleebis _ meWurWleebisagan dakompleqtebuli uwyeba. ganagebda
saWurWles anu xazinas, sadac inaxeboda saxelmwifos kuTvnili fuli da
yoveldRiurad saxarjo qoneba. hyavda nacvali anu moadgile.
meWurWleTuxucess emorCilebodnen qalaqebi, qalaqis amirebi da vaWrebi.
Sedioda `orTa vazirTa~ jgufSi msaxurTuxucesTan erTad.
qalaqi miane _ istoriuli qalaqi iranis respublikis Crdilo-dasavleT
nawilSi, qalaqebs _ Tavrizsa da zanjans Soris. mdebareobda iranidan
kavkasiisaken momaval msxvil savaWro-saqaravno magistralze. iyo iranis
azerbaijanis erT-erTi centri.
mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli _ pirveli ministri anu veziri Sua
saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. iyo sasuliero piri da saero Tanamdebobis
garda, flobda maRali rangis sasuliero wodebas _ Wyondidis,
iSviaTad, bediis an alaverdis episkoposobas. mis gareSe ar wydeboda
saxelmwifosaTvis mniSvnelovani arc erTi sakiTxi, arc samxedro, arc
sagareo-politikuri da arc raime sxva xasiaTisa. iyo upirvelesi
mrCeveli da mzrdeli, `mama mefisa~. xelmZRvanelobda marTlmsajulebis
umTavres organos `saajo kars~.
msaxurTuxucesi _ samefo karis maRali Tanamdebobis piri, ministri anu
veziri Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. ganagebda samefo karze moqmed
uwyebebs: salaros anu ganZTsacavs da sawols anu mefis mosasvenebel
gansakuTrebul
dawesebulebas.
evaleboda
`mefis
Sekazmva~.
mas
eqvemdebarebodnen `mefis msaxurebi~: molareTuxucesi, mesawoleTuxucesi,
38

fareSTuxucesi, mexileTuxucesi da sxva. Sedioda `orTa vazirTa~

jgufSi meWurWleTuxucesTan erTad.
naWarmagevis sasaxle _ erT-erTi samefo rezidencia Sua saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi. mdebareobda qarTlSi, axlandeli goris raionis
teritoriaze, sofel karaleTis adgilas.
naxiCevani _ Zveli somxuri provincia amJamindeli azerbaijanis
naxiCevanis avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriaze. misi centri iyo
qalaqi naxiCevani.
niali _ vrceli veli javaxeTSi, aspinZis raionis sofel Tmogvis
samxreTiT, mdinare mtkvris marcxena napirze.
nikofsia _ istoriuli cixe-qalaqi amJamindeli ruseTis federaciis
teritoriaze, qalaq tuafses Crdilo-dasavleTiT, Savi zRvis CrdiloaRmosavleT sanapiroze. XII saukunis II naxevarSi nikofsiasTan gadioda
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos ukiduresi Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari.
cixe-qalaqi oZrxe _ istoriuli cixe-qalaqi samcxeSi, adigenis raionis
daba abasTumnis maxloblad, mdinare oZrxiswylis marjvena napirze.
mdebareobda samxreT saqarTvelodan dasavleT saqarTvelosaken mimaval
did savaWro-saqaravno magistralze.
palakacio _ Zveli qarTuli provincia amJamindeli TurqeTis
respublikis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, celis (igive Crdilis,
Cildiris) tbis midamoebSi. aq idga cnobili cixe-simagreebi: qajiscixe,
TeTrcixe da sxva.
rani _ Zveli albanuri provincia amJamindeli azerbaijanis respublikis
teritoriaze, mis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi, mdinare mtkvris marjvena
napirze, mdinareebs _ debedasa da araqss Soris. misi umTavresi centri
iyo qalaqi ganZa.
rumi _ Turq-selCukTa msxvili politikuri gaerTianeba XI-XIV
saukuneebSi, TurqeTis respublikis centralur da aRmosavleT
raionebSi. misi centri iyo qalaqi konia. aqtiurad monawileobda
jvarosanTa winaaRmdeg warmoebul omebSi.
sivnieTi _ Zveli albanuri provincia amJamindeli somxeTis respublikis
teritoriaze, mdinare araqsis marcxena napirze, axlendeli azerbaijanis
mTiani yarabaRisa da naxiCevanis avtonomiur respublikebs Soris.
qalaqi sparsi-bazari _ istoriuli qalaqi amJamindeli azerbaijanis
naxiCevanis avtonomiuri respublikis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi, qalaq
naxiCevanis aRmosavleTiT. mdebareobda mdinare araqsis marcxena napirze
gamavali da saqarTvelosaken momavali gzebis gasayarze. iyo naxiCevanis
provinciis erT-erTi centri.
taoskaris cixe _ Zveli qarTuli cixe-simagre taoSi, amJamindeli
TurqeTis
respublikis
teritoriaze,
qalaq
olTus
(olTisis)
CrdiloeTiT, mdinare olTisiswylis marjvena napirze. mdebareobda
39

koladan da bana-olTisis raionidan TorTumiswylisa da Woroxis

xeobisaken mimaval gzaze.
qveSis cixe _ istoriuli cixe-simagre qvemo qarTlSi, bolnisis raionis
sofel qveSis ganapiras, mdinare maSaveras marcxena napirze. mdebareobda
istoriul
qalaq
samSvildidan
lore-taSirisa
da
zurtaketjavaxeTisaken mimavali gzebis gasayarze.
yabala _ Zveli albanuri provincia amJamindeli azerbaijanis
respublikis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, mdinare mtkvris marcxena
napirze. misi centri iyo qalaqi yabala, albaneTis erT-erTi dedaqalaqi
Sua saukuneebSi.
qalaqi yazvini _ istoriuli qalaqi iranis respublikis CrdilodasavleT nawilSi, qalaqebs _ zanjansa da Teirans Soris. mdebareobda
iranidan kavkasiisaken momaval msxvil savaWro-saqaravno magistralze.
iyo Sua saukuneebis iranis erT-erTi dedaqalaqi.
yaryari _ Zveli albanuri provincia amJamindeli azerbaijanis mTiani
yarabaRis avtonomiuri respublikis samxreT nawilSi.
cixe-qalaqi Samqori _ Zveli albanuri cixe-qalaqi amJamindeli
azerbaijanis respublikis teritoriaze, qalaq ganjis CrdilodasavleTiT. mdebareobda iranidan saqarTvelosaken momaval did savaWrosaqaravno magistralze. iyo ranis provinciis dasavleTi raionebis
centri.
Saqi _ Zveli albanuri provincia amJamindeli azerbaijanis respublikis
Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, mdinare mtkvris marcxena napirze. misi
centri iyo qalaqi Saqi.
Siraki _ Zveli somxuri provincia amJamindeli TurqeTisa da somxeTis
respublikebis teritoriaze, am saxelmwifoebs Soris sazRvrad
dadebuli mdinare arfaCais xeobaSi. misi centri iyo qalaqi anisi.
Sirvani _ Zveli albanuri provincia amJamindeli azerbaijanis
respublikis teritoriaze, aRmosavleT nawilSi, kaspiis zRvis dasavleT
sanapiroze. misi centri iyo qalaqi Semaxa.
CuxCarxi _ samxedro uwyebis maRali moxele Sua saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi. iyo mefis piradi dacvis ufrosi. mudmivad Tan axlda
gvirgvinosans mgzavrobisas da win uZRvoda mas. valdebuli iyo,
daeTvalierebina is adgilebi, sadac mefe unda misuliyo da ezruna mis
usafrTxoebaze. saistorio wyaroebSi xSirad ixsenieba vezirTa gverdiT.
cxumi _ istoriuli provincia dasavleT saqarTveloSi. misi centri iyo
qalaqi cxumi, amJamindeli _ soxumi. VIII-XIV saukuneebSi moicavda
teritorias Tanamedrove axali aTonidan aRmosavleTiT, vidre mdinare
kodoramde. amave VIII-XIV saukuneebSi aq moqmedebda afxazeTis
saerisTavos aRmosavleTiT mdebare samxedro-administraciuli erTeuli
_ cxumis saerisTavo.
xaraja _ dapyrobil xalxebze dakisrebuli gadasaxadi, xarki.
40

xaCeni _ Zveli albanuri provincia amJamindeli azerbaijanis

respublikis mTiani yarabaRis avtonomiuri respublikis CrdiloeT da
centralur nawilSi. misi centri iyo xaCenis cixe.
xlaTi _ Turq-selCukTa msxvili politikuri gaerTianeba XII-XIII
saukuneebSi, amJamindeli TurqeTis respublikis aRmosavleT nawilSi,
vanis tbis Crdilo-dasavleTiT. misi centri iyo qalaqi xlaTi.
marTavdnen sulTnebi Sah-armenTa dinastiidan. imyofeboda vasalur
damokidebulebaSi iranis azerbaijanis ildeRizianTa saxelmwifosTan.
saqarTvelos mimarT atarebda agresiul saxelmwifo politikas.
qalaqi juRa _ istoriuli qalaqi azerbaijanis naxiCevanis avtonomiuri
respublikis teritoriaze, qalaq naxiCevanis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT,
mdinare araqsis marcxena napirze. mdebareobda araqsis marcxena da
marjvena napiris damakavSirebel msxvil-savaWro-saqaravno magistralze.
iyo naxiCevanis provinciis erT-erTi centri.

41

gamoyenebuli literatura wyaroebi:

i. anTelava, saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba
XI-XIII ss., Tb., 1983.
S. badriZe, saSinao politikuri viTareba Tamaris mefobaSi, wgn.:
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. III, Tb., 1979.
basili ezosmoZRvari, cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi, qarTlis
cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnawerebis mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II, Tb., 1959.
m. baxtaZe, erisTavobis instituti saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2003.
m. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazRvrebi XIII saukunis
damdegs, kreb.: saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi, Tb., 1966.
vardan arevelci, msoflio istoria, Zveli somxuridan Targmnes nodar
SoSiaSvilma da eka kvaWantiraZem, Sesavali, komentarebi da saZiebeli
daurTo eka kvaWantiraZem, Tb., 2002.
Tamar mefis droindeli matiane (`cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisa~),
teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da saZiebeli daurTo m.
qadagiZem, Tb., 2001.
istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnawerebis mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier,
t. II, Tb., 1959.
S. mesxia, saSinao politikuri viTareba da samoxeleo wyoba XII
saukunis saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1979.
r. metreveli, mefe Tamari, Tb., 1991.
miqael panaretosi, trapizonis qronika, berZnuli teqsti qarTuli
TargmniT, Sesavali weriliT, SeniSvnebiTa da saZiebliT gamosca al.
gamyreliZem, kreb.: masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis,
nakv.: 33, Tb., 1960.
g. oTxmezuri, XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnis qarTuli lapidaruli
warwerebi, rogorc saistorio wyaro, Tb., 1981.
b. silagaZe, XII-XIII ss. saqarTvelos istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi ibn
al-asiris cnobaTa Suqze, kreb.: saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi, Tb.,
1966.
j. stefnaZe, saqarTvelo XII s. da XIII s-is pirvel meoTxedSi, Tb.,
1985.
qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi, t. I, XI-XIII ss. Seadgines da
gamosacemad moamzades T. enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma, Tb.,
1984.
iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. II, Tb., 1983.
g. jafariZe, saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri samyaro
XII-XIII s-is pirvel mesamedSi, Tb., 1995.
42