(Analysis of Covariance)





ANOVA
ANCOVA
MANOVA
.

ANCOVA
Analysis of Covariance

ANOVA Regression

(Nuisance Variables)
(Covariates)
.

ANCOVA
ANCOVA
(Numerical Variable)

Pretest, Posttest

ANCOVA
(Adjusted
Means)
H 0 : 1 = 2 = 3 ... k
H1 :

Logic of ANOVA
Signal
Noise

Between Group Variation

Within Group Variation

Between Group Variance

F=
Within Group Variance

Logic of ANOVA
Mean Square Between Group
F=
Mean Square Within Group

X - X

=
i

N -1

Sum of Square
Degree of Freedom

SS
Variance =
= MeanSquare
DF
.

Partition of Variance
MS Between
F=
MS Within

Partition of Variance
MS Between
F=
MS Within

F=

Treatment Effect + Error

Error

F=

0 + Error
=1
Error

 Regression
( X 3 , Y3 )
Y

( X 1 , Y1 )

( X 2 , Y2 )

( X 1 , Y1 )

Y2 Y2

( X 2 , Y2 )

SSError
Least-Squares estimates
.

Adjusted Means

ANCOVA

 ANCOVA
(Systematic Bias)
Systematic Bias

(Random Assignment)

(Pretest)
.

 ANCOVA
(Error
Variance)
(Power)
R2xy = y x


Huitema (1980)

(Measurement Errors)
(rxy < .4)
(Blocking)
.

Assumptions of ANCOVA

Normality Distribution
Homogeneity of Variance
Independence Observation
Linear Relationship between Covariate and Dependent
Variable
Homogeneity of Regression Slopes
Covariates are measured without errors
.

Equal Slopes Assumption

Equal Slopes Assumption

Equal Slopes Assumption

1 (Control Group)
2 Mindmap (Experiment Group)
3 (Experiment Group)
. (escore)

(pscore)
.

Normality Assumption

Homogeneity of Variance
Assumption
Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances 1
Dependent Variable: pscore
F
.628

df1
2

df2
102

Sig.
.536

Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the

dependent variable is equal across groups.
1. Design: Intercept+group
.


Between-Subjects Factors

Value Label
1
2
3

1
2
3

N
35
35
35

Descriptive Statistics
Dependent Variable: pscore

Mean

1
2
3
Total

84.96
83.54
82.28
83.60

Std.
Deviation
6.822
6.407
7.294
6.873

N
35
35
35
105


ANOVA
pscore

Between Groups
Within Groups
Total

Sum of
Squares
125.894
4786.625
4912.518

df
2
102
104

Mean
Square
62.947
46.928

Sig.

1.341

.266


Descriptives
escore

1
2
3
Total

35
35
35
105

Mean

88.34
81.73
75.83
81.97

95% Confidence Interval

for Mean

Std.
Deviation

Std. Error

5.834
8.486
8.685
9.258

.986
1.434
1.468
.903

Lower
Bound
86.34
78.82
72.85
80.18

Upper
Bound
90.35
84.65
78.81
83.76

Minimum

Maximum

77
62
54
54

98
96
91
98


ANOVA
escore

Between Groups
Within Groups
Total

Sum of
Squares
2743.517
6170.138
8913.655

df
2
102
104

Mean
Square
1371.758
60.492

Sig.

22.677

.000


Dependent Variable: PSCORE(Posttest)

Observ ed

Predic ted

Std. Residual

Model: Interc ept + ESCORE


Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: pscore
Source
Corrected Model
Intercept
escore
group
Error
Total
Corrected Total

Type III Sum

of Squares
2335.5871
1086.185
2209.694
280.362
2576.931
738671.828
4912.518

df
3
1
1
2
101
105
104

Mean
Square
778.529
1086.185
2209.694
140.181
25.514

Sig.

30.514
42.572
86.607
5.494

.000
.000
.000
.005

1. R Squared = .475 (Adjusted R Squared = .460)


Estimates
Dependent Variable: pscore
95% Confidence Interval

Mean

Std. Error

1
2
3

81.1491
83.6801
85.9571

.947
.854
.941

Lower
Bound
79.270
81.986
84.091

Upper
Bound
83.027
85.374
87.823

1. Covariates appearing in the model are evaluated at the following

values: escore = 81.97.


Pairwise Comparisons
Dependent Variable: pscore

(I)

1
2
3

(J)

2
3
1
3
1
2

Mean
Difference
(I-J)

Std. Error

-2.532
-4.809*
2.532
-2.277
4.809*
2.277

1.280
1.451
1.280
1.266
1.451
1.266

95% Confidence Interval

1
for Difference

Sig.

.152
.004
.152
.225
.004
.225

Lower
Bound
-5.648
-8.341
-.585
-5.358
1.276
-.805

Upper
Bound
.585
-1.276
5.648
.805
8.341
5.358

Based on estimated marginal means

*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
1. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni.

ANCOVA
(Power)
ANOVA

(Error Variance)

(Statistical Control)

ANCOVA
(125.878)

(222.549)

(4911.185)
(3473.874)
(4785.307)

(1311.433)