DESIGN TO BS 5950 : PART 1: 1990 LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF TUBULAR STRUCTURES USING HOT FINISHED STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS. Preface This brochure has been produced to assist Structural Engineers and Designers who use Hot finished Structural Hollow Sections whose section properties comply with BS 4848 : Part 2 (Ref 1) and whose Steel qualities comply with EN 10210-1 (Ref 2) to design using the Limit State basis as covered by BS 5950 : Part I (Ref 3). It is important for designers to recognise that hollow sections, unlike their rolled open section counterparts, can be produced by a hot or cold forming process. The process of cold forming. produces different mechanical properties in the section to that of hot forming and a reduction in the sectional properties used in design. Designers wishing to use cold formed hollow sections should design in accordance with the appropriate cold formed standard and with the sectional properties as given in BS 6363 (Ref 4). Further guidance is given in British Steels Tubes & Pipes publication TD369 - ‘Cold Formed Hollow Sections’. In addition to the information contained in this publication, further assistance and design guidance is given in companion British Steel Tubes & Pipes publications (references 16 to 21) and the Steel Construction Institute (references 8 to 15) publications as given in Appendix A. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION Extracts from British Standards are reproduced by permission of the British Standards Institution, 2 Park Street, London, W1A 2BS from whom complete copies can be obtained. ‘The information given is not intended in any way to replace that given in the Standards themselves to which reference should always be made. Where reference is made to specific clauses and tables throughout the text, these refer to BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 plus amendment No. 1 Disclaimer we has been taken to ensure that the contents of this publication are accurate, but British Steel ple and its subsidiary ‘companies do not accept responsibilty for ertors or for information which is found to be misleading, Suggestions for or descriptions of the end use or application of products or methods of working are for information only and British Steel ple and its subsidiaries accept no liability in respect thereof. Before using products supplied or manufactured by British Steel ple the customer should satisfy himself oftheir suitability. If further assistance is required, British Steel ple within the operational limits of its research facilities may often be able to help,Contents Page 10 INTRODUCTION 2 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS AND SECTION PROPERTIES 2 Structural Steel oO Physical properties of structural steel 2 Hollow Section range 2 Design Grade 3 Design Strength p, 4 Section Classification 5 3.0 MEMBER DESIGN 8 3a Members in tension 8 3.2 Members in compression 10 33 Members in bending 14 4.0 AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS WITH MOMENTS 7 44 Tension members 17 42 Compression members 18 43 Web bearing and buckling 19 5.0 MEMBERS IN TORSION 20 60 PURLINS AND SIDE RAILS 21 70 COLUMN BASES 2 7A Empirical rules 22 72 Effective area 22 8.0 DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS 24 9.0 COMPOSITION CONSTRUCTION 24 10.0 FIRE RESISTANCE 24 APPENDIX A REFERENCES 25 APPENDIX B FORMULAE AND CONVERSION FACTORS 26 APPENDIX C DESIGN EXAMPLES 291.0 2.0 21 22 23 INTRODUCTION Limit State Design The Limit State design approach for buildings and structures is based on BS 5950 = Part 1 code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction : hot rolled sections, and relates to the use of hot rolled steel sections and plates and hot finished Structural hollow sections, ‘Whilst the standard requires that all relevant limit states of strength, stability and serviceability should be considered this publication relates primarily to the limit state of strength. When considering the limit states of stability and serviceability due regard must be taken of the differing, load factors and combinations that may apply. PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS AND SECTIONAL PROPERTIES Structural Steel BS 5950 : Part I covers the design of structures fabricated from weldable structural steels in designated design grades to the appropriate product grade which for hot finished structural hollow sections are found in EN 10210-1 (Ref 2). Other steels may be used provided due allowance is made for variation in properties, including ductility EN 10210-1 : 1993 contains the technical delivery requirements for Hot Finished Structural Hollow Sections, including British Steel Tubes & Pipes two standard production grades of 8275J2H and $355J2H. Tables in annex A and B detail the required chemical analysis, mechanical properties, testing and certification for hot finished SHS. For further details see TD 364 (Ref 17). Designers are recommended to consider the use of Grade $355 steels in structures. Design strengths for grade $355 are significantly higher than grade $275 steels at only a small extra ‘cost, often resulting in more economical designs. Physical Properties of Structural Steel The values of tensile strength and minimum yield strength specified in EN 10210-1 for the two standard production grades of Hot Finished SHS are; Product Grade ‘Tensile Strength Yield Strength ‘Yield Strength Némm? Nimm* (= 16mm) (6 16 <25 440 Values have been shown for steel in grade 55 but the designer is advised to check availability before proceeding with its use. Note that currently rectangular hollow sections are limited to 20mm thick and circular hollow sections to SOmm thick ‘Thus in practice for sections up 10 and including 16mm thick, py = 275 N/mm? (Design Grade 43) or 355 N/mm? (Design Grade 50). For sections over 16mm and up to 40mm thick py = 265 and 345 respectively for Design Grades 43 and 50. However, this design strength will be reduced when, due to their size and thickness, sections are classified as slender (see section classification). BS 5950 Part 12.6 Section Classification “The classification of a section gives an indication of ils expected performance with particular reference to the elements of the cross section that are in compression due to bending or axial load. “The majority of SHS members will tend to fail at ultimate load by compressive yielding in one or more elements of the cross section. However itis recognised that cross sections ‘with slender elements may fail in compression by local buckling before reaching the full xyield strength thus limiting the ultimate capacity of the section, ‘The onset of local buckling will also be influenced by the level of axial stress. Thus if high yield steel is used (and the applied stzess is greater) then the width to thickness ratio of elements must be within smaller limits to prevent local buckling, The Code places sections into four classifications namely plastic, compact, semi-compact and slender as follows: (illustrated diagramatically in Figure 1) ? Py class Plastic fa \ (Can form plas ings wih qk rciaa ean eae for lnc Esty) LJ t, CLASS2 COMPACT t _—— eas CO moment but with limited ! ] | roto capac) ly, LS /+—_4—__ CLASS3SEMI-COMPACT f a eno rows ye) A Py 4 CLASS4 SLENDER oO ee ' 4 reduced to prevent local i buckling eas) Figure 1 Section classification BS 5950 Part 1 35 36 Table 7Sections in which under bending a plastic hinge can form with sufficient rotation capacity to allow redistribution of moment within the structute, Stress will reach the full design strength Py in a rectangular stress block configuration which will be retained during rotation with no significant deformation of the cross section, Class 2 Compact: Sections in which under bending the full plastic moment can be developed but local buckling ‘may prevent the development of a plastic hinge with sufficient rotation capacity to permit redistribution of moment. In this case elastic analysis of the frame should be used. Class 3 Semi-compact: Sections in which under bending the stress at the extreme fibres can reach the design strength Py ina triangular stess block configuration but local buckling will prevent the development of the full plastic moment, and the moment capacity is therefore based upon the elastic modulus Class4— Slender: Sections in which local buckli will prevent the stress in the section from res ching the d strength p, and consequently a reduced valve of design sirength pymust be used in calculating the bending capacity, which is based upon the elastic modulus, and the compression resistance. The classification of a section is determined by comparing the width to thickness ratio of each element of the section, or diameter to thickness ratio for a HFCHS, with the appropriate limiting values given in BS 5950 Table 7. These limiting values are scheduled for cach classification and type of element and include a factor € (defined as (275/p,)"") which takes account of the steel grade of the section, - ‘The limiting values that apply to structural hollow sections are given in Table 7, part of which is reproduced on page 7. Elements that exceed the semi-compact limits of 39e for HFRHS of 80¢* for HFCHS are classified as slender, BS 5950 Part 1 Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Table 7 Table 7Limiting width to thickness ratio for SHS ‘Type of element Clas of ection 1 Phase 2. Compact 3. Semicompact Incl eon ot 8 2 Dame Wt ih an Serm 420% he mid-depth ‘ ‘ App fe: ely tee dete Se Ca 35, Wena te 12 Sex Canes ‘or axial compression soe Note that for HFRHS the element width is taken as the side wall length less 3 times the thickness as shown in Figure 2 HFCHS Figure 2 Dimensions of SHS ‘When members are subject to bending about one axis only the classification may be read directly from Steelwork Design Guide to BS 5950 : Part 1 (Ref 10); BS 5950 Part I Table 7 Notes to Table 7 Figure 33.0 3. 31 MEMBER DESIGN Design examples of members to BS $950 : Part 1 can be found in reference 11 and Appendix C. MEMBERS IN TENSION Brittle Fracture BS 5950: Part 1 imposes maximum thickness limits for members subject to tensile ste service due to applied axial load or moment when britle fracture is required to be considered. SHS supplied to EN 10210-1 grades have adequate notch toughness within the service temperature limits taken as -5 °C for internal conditions and -15 C for extemal conditions except for sections ‘ervater than 30mm thick in design grade SOC. ‘When steel is subject to lower temperatures the charpy impact performance at the minimum service temperature should not be less then: where K is determined from table 3 of BS 5950: Part 1 Axially Loaded tension members The tension capacity, Py of a member should be taken from: Pre Ac Py where Ac is the effective area of the section as determined from Clause 3.3, Eccentrie connections When members are connected eccentric to the axis of the member the resulting, moment has to be allowed for in accordance with Clause 4.8.2 (See Section 4.0, axially loaded members with moment) Effective area at connections. ‘The effective area, Ac, of each element of a member at a connection, where fastener holes occur may be taken as Ke times its net area, but not more than its gross area, where for steels complying with BS 5950 design grades; kK Ke = 1.2 for design grade 43, 1.1 for design grade 50. 1.0 for design grade 55 BS 5950 Part 1 244 Table 4 2443 Table 3 46 462In hollow section members with bolted flatened end connections, as in Figure 3, itis necessary to make allowance for fastener holes. SS 16.1x5 HFCHS <% with 2 holes 18mm diameter gz Figure 3 ‘The 76.1 x 5 circular hollow section (design Grade 43) member in Figure 3 has a gross cross section area of 11.2 em (from Dimensions and Properties tables). In accordance with clauses 3.3.2 and 3.3.3 the effective area at the connection may be taken as K, times the net area, but not more than the gross area, where K, = 1.2 for design grade 43 steel ‘The effective area, As, is therefore as follows: Ac = (gross area - area of holes) x Ke (11.2 x10). (4x 18x 5) x 1.2 (1120 - 360) x 1.2 = 760 1.2 912 mm < 1120 Use effective area of 912 mm BS 5950 Part 13.2 MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION 3.2.1 Compression resistance The compression resistance P, of a member is obtained from Pc = Ag pe where Ag is the gross cross sectional area and p is the compressive strength, The compressive strength pe is obained from the relevant strut curve and depends upon the slenderness Vir (= 2) and the desiga strength p,, or reduced design strength Pye in the case of slender sections. The design procedure as applied to hollow sections is given as follows: 3.2.2 Design procedure for hollow sections a ect trial section and determine the value of the design strength py (2) Determine whether or not the section is slender, For slender sections in order to prevent local buckling reduce the design strength as follows. For HFCHS obtain the reduced design strength p,, from the semi-compact limit of the circular tube in table 7. Thus from d/t < = 80 ¢? and e = (275/p,)* Pyx = 80 x (275/ (dl) For HFRHS reduce the design strength py, by the stress reduction factor for the internal element ot compression flange in table 8:31 (G) Determine the effective length Ly (4) Calculate the slenderness ratio Lit (5) Select the relevant strut curve according to the section-shape and the axis of buckling For hot rolled structural hollow sections strut curve a is always used, (©) Obtain the compressive strength p. from strut table 27a for the appropriate values of design strength py (oF py:) and slenderness. (= Le/t) (7) Caleulate the compression resistance Pc = Ag Pe Slender sections Slender sections under compression will fail by local buckling before the stress in the section reaches the full design strength p,. Local buckling is avoided by reducing the design strength py, as described above. Problematically, on occasion it will be found that py is less that the lowest value of py N/mm?) tabulated in table 27 and in such eases the compressive strength pe must be calculated according to Appendix Cl and C2. Note that since no HFCHS section in the current range is slender, the reduced value of py, will only apply to a limited range of HFRS, Generally speaking itis the thinner wall sections of side length 200 and above that need to be checked. Section clarification for members subject to bending is given in published form (see Appendix A reference 9). BS 5950 Part 1 47 Table 25 Table 27 Table 6 36 Table 7 Table 8 472 Table 24 Table 25 Table 27a 474 Appendix 1; C2The effective length I, of a compression member should be determined from its actual length L centre to centre of restraint in the relevant plane as given in table 24 of BS 5950: Part 1. The effective length factors from Table 24 are given below and are shown diagrammatically in Figure 4 as follows: EEES Cf Lp Figure 4 Nominal effective length, L., for a strut BS 5950 Part 1 3.2.3 Effective length of struts 124 Conditions of restraint at ends (in plane Effective under consideration) Tength, Ly | Effectively Restrained in diretion held in at both ends Om position at both ends. Partially restrained in ; direction at both ends 0.851 meas Restrained in direction ; atone end O8sL NOT restrained in ditection at either en LOL, One end Other end Effectively Not held Effectively held in in restrained position and position in direction 1.2L. restrained in direction Partially restrained in direction Ls NOT restrained in direction 2.0L. u3.2.4 Lateral restraint Lateral restraint to compression members should have sufficient strength and stiffness to inhibit movement of the restrained point in position and direction as appropriate Positional restraints should be capable of resisting a force of not less than 1% of the axial force in the restrained member and should be connected to an appropriate shear diaphragm ‘or system of triangulated bracing. Compression chord members forming part of a lattice beam, girder or roof truss may require ‘one or more lateral restraint within the span, these intermediate lateral restraints should be capable of resisting a total force of not less than 2.5% of the maximum factored force in the compression chord, divided between the intermediate lateral restraints in proportion to their spacing. All intermediate lateral restraints should be either connected to an appropriate system of bracing capable of transferring the restraint forces to the beam, girder or trusses, effective points of suppor, or else connected to an independent robust part of the structure capable of fulfilling a similar function, Where «wo or more parallel members require lateral restraint at intervals, itis not adequate merely to connect the members together such that they become mutually dependent. ‘Where three or more intermediate lateral restraints are provided, each intermediate lateral restraint should be capable of resisting a force of not less than 1% of the maximum factored force in the compression chord. In this case, the bracing system should be capable of resisting the greater of the effects of (a) the 1% restraint force considered as acting at only one point at a time; (b) the restraint forces described in 4.3.2.1 ‘Where more than three parallel members share the same system of restraints, the combined lateral restraint force should be taken as the sum of the three largest lateral restraint forces required for each individual restrained member, as determined in accordance with 4.3.2.1 and 43.22 3.2.5 Mar um Slenderness The value of the slenderness ratio i (= Ly/t) should not exceed the following: (a) for members resisting loads other than wind loads 180 (b) for members resisting self weight and wind loads only 250 (©) for any member normally acting as a tie but subject to reversal of stress resulting from action of wind 350 Members whose slenderness exceeds 180 should be checked for self weight deflection. If this exceeds length/1000 the effect of bending should be taken into account in design. BS 5950 Part 1 4712 43.2.2 47323.2.6 Strut tables Four strut tables appear in BS $950 : Part | giving values of p, for a range of py. This set of tables recognises the difference in a section's compressive performance depending on the section type and the axis of buekling, In all cases, hot rolled structural hollow sections are designed using the highest Table, 27 (a). The relationship between the compressive strength for design Grade 43 steel and the section type as selected from Figure 6 is shown graphically in Figure 5, 280 Compressive Strength N/mm’ o L$ 0 100 200 Figure Strut curves Slenderness Ratio Axis of buckling ax vy Hot-rolled structural hollow section Rolled I-section Rolled H-section (< 40mm thick) Rolled angle Rolled channel or T-section ‘Two rolled sections laced or battened ‘Two rolled sections back-to-back Compound rolled sections Figure 6 Strut table selection 1B BS 595 Part 1 0 Table 27 Table 25BS 5950 Part 1 3.3. MEMBERS IN BENDING General conditions All members in bending should be checked to take account of the following: 42 4) Atcitical points the combination of maximum moment and co-existent shear and the combination of maximum shear and co-existent moment. b) Deflection limits given in Clause 2.5.1 ©) The resistance of a member to lateral torsional buckling unless the compression flange has full lateral restraint. 4) Local buckling (of slender elements). ©) Web buckling and web bearing, 3.3.2 Shear Shear force Fy should not exceed the shear capacity P, which is given by: Py = 0.6 pyAy, For rectangular hollow sections with the applied load parallel to the web the shear area Ay is Ay=(DIDSB) XA For circular hollow sections, Ay 6A A further check is given in the Code for shear buckling of thin webs (where dit ratio exceeds 63e), but since the sizes in the current BS 4848: Part 2 range do not exceed this limit the check is not applicable. 3.3.3 Lateral torsional buckli 1B Where a flexural member is not provided with sufficient lateral restraint to the 43 compression flange, then lateral torsional buckling will occur before the member can develop its maximum bending capacity 422 Hollow sections possess a high degree of torsional stiffness and do not generally suffer from lateral torsional buckling, It can be seen from Appendix B that for square and circular hollow sections (where I, = ly) the factor 7 will always be equal to zero, It follows that the buckling B2s index p and the equivalent slenderness 2 1:7 will also be equal to zero, indicating that lateral torsional buckling does not occur with square or circular hollow sections,The Code (Appendix B.2.6.1. Table 38) gives a limiting slenderness ratio below which box sections of uniform wall thickness (including RHS) need not be checked for lateral torsional buckling effects. In practice, where normal deflection limits apply, this limit of slenderess is unlikely to be exceeded, and consequently hollow sections in bending may generally be considered as beams with full lateral restraint By applying the limits as given in Table 38 to the current range of Rectangular Hollow Sections sizes in Design grades 43 and 50 the following limiting values of 4 are obtained: DB 2 for design grade 43 21 for design grade 50 | ° 1 inti ininity ) 2 350 2m B + D and Bar overall depth and breadth of RIS respeativel Solow tat based won hese vals of (nich sequal 0 Ly/ fr each RHS Sze there {sa corresponding limiting length L.., beyond which a check should be made for lateral torsional buckling. For example, consider a simply supported laterally unrestrained rectangular hollow section beam 200 x 100 x 5 design grade 43 with D/B = 2. 200 x 100 x 5 (Design grade 43) L, = 14.7m ‘The limiting value of A is 350 Lefty = 350 350 x 4.2x 10mm 147m Le ‘This length (14.7m) is termed the limiting length L, and is tabulated on pages 147, 148, 321 and 322 of the Steelwork Design Guide Volume 1 (Reference 9), Square and circular hollow sections have a limiting length of infinity and, as indicated previously need not be checked for Lateral Torsional Buckling, BS 5950 Part 1 B261 Table 383.3.4 Moment capacity M, The Code gives two sets of expressions for determining M, moment capacity in the absent axial load, the first for members with low shear load (where Fy < = 0.6 P,) and the second, giving reduced moment capacity, for members with high shear load (where F, > 0.6 P,). ‘Since RHS beam members have wo vertical webs itis unlikely that the shear load will exceed 0.6 of the shear capacity and therefore the moment capacity can usually be taken as follows: Class 142. Plastic or Compact sections M, = pyS <= 1.2 pyZ* Class3——_Semi-compact sections Mc = pyZ. Class 4 Slender sections Me =PyZ where pyr RHS wall thickness Pp and for circular or square base plates for solid rounds or CHS members the minimum thickness in mm is given by the following expression which was based on requirements for solid columns and may give unacceptably large thickness for CHS members. Reference to the effective area method is recommended for CHS baseplates, ' I Dp (Dp -0.9D) 24 Dyp ° where «ais the greater projection of the plate beyond the column bis the lesser projection of the plate beyond the column ww is the uniform pressure on the underside of the plate Ps the design strength of the plate with a maximum of 270 N/mm’ Dp is the length of side or diameter of base plate, not less than 1.5 (D + 75ymm D is the CHS diameter If the bearing pressure bencath the base plate is not uniform, calculations should be made to determine the bending moments in the plate which should not exceed 1.2 pypZ where yp 270 N/mm’ and Z isthe elastic modulus of the base plate. Caution must be exercised in use of the above formulae as they assume uniform loading is present at the underside of the base plate and the maximum moment occurs at the external comer of the RHS Resultant base sizes may not produce this condition particularly when dimension D is large in relation to dimension B. As an alternative the effective area method may be used. Efffective Area Method The basis and method are taken from the publication entitled Joints in Simple Construction, Volume | Design Methods’ published by the BCSA and Steel Construction Institut. 1) Baseplates for RHS Columns ‘The shaded area in figure 11 represents the area of base plate assumed to be effective in transmitting the factored column load onto the foundations by imposing a uniform pressure on the concrete not exceeding the limiting bearing strength, The bearing strength is taken as 0.6 fy in accordance with BS 8110: Part 1: 1985, Required effective area Ayeq = (mean wall perimeter length ) x ( width of wall thickness plus two outstands ) = (2D42B-41)(t+2K) Note that when K is greater than (B - 2t)/2 then the internal outstands overlap and the effective area becomes Ary = (D+ 2K )(B + 2K) BS 5950 Part 1 43 4.13.23BS 5950 Part 1 06 fos where Fe = compressive force due to factored loads O.6fcy = conerete bearing strength Fi = smaller of the characteristic cube strength at 28 days of the bedding ‘material or the conerete base. ( BS 8110: Part 1: 1985. Clause 5.2.3.4 ) } Hence K can be determined from quadratic equation or by iteration, Having established the outstand K, the thickness of the base plate tp can be found by: 2k [| _3(@6f) ] but not less than the wall Pro thickness of the hollow section yp = design strength of the base plate, but taken as not greater than 270 N/mm? 2) Baseplates for CHS columns ‘The above method can also be applied to circular base plates for CHS columns. Area of plate Ap? Any = 0.6 fas Effective area Areg = (mean wall perimeter len RAD) x (0+ 2K) th) x (width of wall thickness + 2K) .e Figure 12, By substituting the tube dimensions and forees in the above expressions the value of K can bbe determined. Note that if Kis greater than (D - 20) then the intemal outstands overlap at the centre of the plate and the expression for the Effective area becomes: (D+2K)? < Ay 4 Then plate thickness tis found as in 1) above, Area Ara required Arca required [Tk Tk Figure 11 Figure 12 In addition to the base plate design, the capacity of the RHS or CHS column to base plate weld should bbe checked when the contact faces of the column and base plate are not in tight bearing8.0 9.0 10.0 DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS Whilst the Code gives guidance for bolted connections no specific detail is included for overall design of welded joints. The following reference is therefore included to assist the designer. Lattice structures are usually designed on the basis of pin jointed frames with members in tension ‘or compression and the forces noding at the joint. Bracing and chord members are determined in accordance with the normal laws of statics. Research work has shown that the strength of such joints is dependent on a number of factors: bracing width to chord width ratio chord width/thickness ratio, chord compressive loading gap or overlap of bracings Work conducted with the International Institute of Welding and the CIDECT organisation has led to the publications (Ref 18) of design rules for welded joints for circular, square and rectangular chords, which will be included in Eurocode No. 3. This work has highlighted thatthe final joint strength is substantially influenced by the relative bracing-to-chord sizes and the general joint geometry which is the province of the design engineer as it involves his member selection for both analysis and design. Resulting from this, it hecomes necessary For the designer to fully consider the joint design as part of his work. Final sizing of welds can be left to the fabricator provided one important point is specified. The weld at the toe of a bracing member (highest stressed point) should, ifthe bracing angle is less than 60° be bevelled and a butt weld used. Further information on welding can be found in BS 5135 (Ref S) and British Steel Welded Tubes publication SHS Welding (Ref 19). COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION BS 5950 : Part | gives guidance for the design of cased beam or column sections but no reference is made to hollow sections as this will be covered in Part 3, Code of practice for design in composite construction. A separate design manual for limit state design of concrete filled hollow sections based on BS $400 : Part $ (Ref 6), is available from British Steel Welded Tubes (Ref 20), FIRE RESISTANCE The means to evaluate and define the fie resistance of Structural elements is given in BS 5950 : part 8 (Ref 7) ‘The code recognises that Structural Steelwork can in certain conditions have the required fire resistance even when unprotected. Alternatively, adequate fire resistance can be achieved by use of either externally applied systems such as boards or spray materials or internal systems such as concrete or water filling ‘The thickness of externally applied systems is determined using the section factor Hp/A and fire protection manufacturers data (Ref 15). The evaluation of concrete filling is contained in the standard (Ref 7) and further information is contained in Welded Tubes publication for concrete filled columns (Ref 20) and, in the case of CHS columns, in ECCS Technical Note $5 * ‘The evaluation of water filling and the use of bare external structural stel is referenced by the standard to publications issued by the Steel Construction Institute (Ref 12 and 13) who also publish a handbook to BS $950 part 8 (Ref 15). * ECCS publications are available through The British Constructional Steelwork Association Limited, 4 Whitehall Court, Westminster , London, SWIA 2ES. 44Is, BS 4848 : Part 2 ~ Specification for hot-rolled Structural Steel Sections. Part 2 ~ Hollow Sections EN 10210-1: Hot finished structural Hollow Sections in non alloy and fine grain Structural Steels - Part 1 Technical delivery conditions, BS 5950 : Par 1 ~ Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction Hot rolled sections. BS 6363 ~ Specification for Welded Cold formed Steel Structural Hollow sections. BS 5135 - Specification for Are welding of earbon and carbon manganese steels BS 5400 : Part 5 ~ Code of practice for design of composite bridges BS 5950 : Part 8 ~ Code of practice for fire resistant design. Introduction t Steelwork design to BS $950 : Part 1 Steelwork Design Guide to BS 5950 : Part | : 1990, Vol 1. Section properties member capecitie, 3rd Edition. Steelwork Design Guide to BS $950 : Past 1, Vol 2. Worked Examples. Design of members subject to combined bending and torsion. Water cooled hollow columns Fire Safety of bare extemal Structural Stee. Fire protection for Structural Steel in Buildings. Fire Resistant Design of Steel Structures ~ A Handbook to BS 5950: Part 8 References 8 co 15 are available from The Steel Construction Institute, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS TQN 20. a Appendix A REFERENCES 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 References 1 to 7 are available fiom the British Standards Institution, 2 Park Street, London, WIA 2BS. 8 9 10, u | ‘TD 167 RHS & CHS Sizes, Properties TD 364 RHS & CHS Technical Data ‘TD 338 Design of SHS Welded Joints, to BS 5950 TD 328 SHS Welding ‘TD 296 Design manual for SHS concrete filled columns TD 325. SHS Jointing References 16 to 21 are available from British Steel Tubes & Pipes, SHS Technical Sales. 28APPENDIX B Formulae and Conversion Factors RHS : SQUARES The geometric properties of RHS are calculated by using the following formulae, using em units. Section area A = 2B + D ~ 2t) — @ - =)(R? =) = om? Mass = Ax 0.785 = 2) (D = 20? 2 Second moment of area I, Allez + Az he?) + Meg + Ag he) = em* Radius of Gyration Elastic Modulus Full plastic Modulus* + a(Ag. he) = om! Torsional Constants hy Fi =em* Where: Gis mata h = 2[(B~)+(D-9]-2R4- Ay = (B= 1)(D =) = R2G— 7) Ant h 7 u outside corner rad. (cale) = 1.25 | Nominal radii used for calculating section = inside corner rad. (cale) = 1.00 Properties as given in BS 4848: part 2 mean corner radius = %4(R + 1) Breadth of section Depth of section = Thickness of section -~ UES * when members are subject to axial load as well as bending stresses a reduced plastic modulus must be used. aeReduced Plastic Modulus When a member is subject to axial load as well as bending the full plastic modulus needs modification dependant on the position of the plastic neutral axis. 1) for plastic neutral axis within the area bounded by the walls (ic. internal dimensions of the section) (D~ 22 a forns H )24 forn = B= oe 2) for plastic neutral axis within the wall thickness: Sx = —* (=m [PED +a Jaen 48-0 A forn = 2D Sy = - a » [22 Bena] 4D ~ 0) A forn = 2B ~ 28) tn 1) and2) above n = —F— RHS : RECTANGLES Major axis geometric properties (x-x) are found using the same formulae as for square sections. Minor axis propertc (y-y) are found using the same formulae, but substituting D for B and B for D.cus. Circular hollow sections are calculated from the following formulae (cm units) Sectional area Mass Second moment of area Elastic Modulus Full Plastic Modulus. S = Reduced Pasi Mie 8. = $= 8[1cos( 8) ] for cos( VOr+e)_ Radius of Gyration Go cm Torsional Constants CONVERSION FACTORS 1 kgfimm? 1422.33 Ibis 1 kefimm? 9.80665 N/mm? bin? | Megapascal | Kilopond 1 ket I Kip = 1000 br Ukefim 9.80665 joules Aloe = 1,35582joules Htonffin? 15.4443 N/mm? Ubifin’ = 0.06895 bar | radian PHYSICAL PROPERTIES USED IN CALCULATIONS. ‘Youngs modulus of elasticity (E) = 10 N/mm? (Approx.) Modulus of rigidity (G) = 79,000 Nimm? (Approx.) Coefficient of linear thermal expansion = 12 x 10 6 per °C * Footnote: The reduced plastic modulusis used when a member is subject to axial load as well as bending and the plastic neutral axis lies within the area bounded by the internal radius,Appendix C C-1 Design Examples The publication of B.S, 5950 Part 1. Code of Practice for Design in Simple and Continuous Construction: Hot Rolled Sections, presents the engineer with a change in design philosophy with the use of limit state principles and, partly as a direct result of this, a change in the detail procedures of design. Itis anticipated that the D.0.E. will withdraw approval for B.S. 449 by the end of 1987 and in this event, familiarisation of the new standard is important. To assist engineers a number of design examples have been prepared using Structural Hollow Sections. Whilst it has not been Possible to cover every aspect of the code, it is hoped that the examples will be of practical use in the design of elements. In each case reference should be made to the appropriate clauses in B.S. 5950 which have been given in the margin throughout the examples. In addition reference is made to tables given in the “Steelwork Design Guide — Volume 1, Section Properties and Member Capacities” published by the Steel Construction Institute, and are shown in the margin thus [45]. Appendix C-2 contains relevant extracts from the ‘Steelwork Design Guide’.44 Ret EXAMPLE 1 COLUMN WITH PINNED ENDS 1200kN +~— Factored Loads Factored (Dead + Imposed) Load F, ~ 1200 kN Go Effective length Le = 6-0 m Table 2. Assume 200 x 200 x 6-3 RHS (Design grade 50) Design Strength p, t=6-3mm — <16-0mm Tables py=385 N/mm? Section Classification 38 D = 200mm B = 200mm t =6-3mm d| x fa f=7-9em A =48-6cm? 45 Determine whether or not section is SLENDER. Since p, = 355 N/mm? (2)'-0 88 Table 7 uo Note3 Internal element of compression flange: semi-compactiimit? 39 (Note b= d for square section) Table7 b_ 200-(3 x6-3) _ ° gs 28-7 <30.2-34-3 Since section is not SLENDER, capacity will not be reduced by local buckling 3.6.1 Slenderness 2 4.73.4 80x18 36 180 47.3.2 7-94.2 Ref ‘Compressive Strength p, Select strut Table 27(a) Table 25 For py = 355 N/mm? and 4-76 Pe = 249 N/mm? Table 27(a) Compression Resistance P. P.= Ag Pe | 474 48-6 x 10° x 249 10" =1210 kN Since P. = 1210 kN >, = 1200 kN Section is satisfactory Alternatively using ‘STEELWORK DESIGN GUIDE to BS5950, Vol 1 (3rd Edition) Section properties, member capacities.’ Determine compression resistance for trial section 200 x 200 x 6-3 (Design grade 50) Effective length L- = 6-0m From page 261,P,- 1210 kN 261 Since P,= 1210 KN > F, = 1200 kN, section is satisfactory NOTE Value is shown in bold type. Slenderness does not exceed 180 47.3.2EXAMPLE 2 24 Ret CONTINUOUS MULTI-STOREY COLUMN (SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION) Factored Loading r 40 170KN 3-0m IL _ _ 140 a —— F 140 Il 85 35 325KN + LED pinned Base Selt Weight 5 TOTAL FACTORED LOAD F. 500 KN Generally, for axially loaded compression members with moments, cl. 4.8.3, separate checks are required for local capacity cl. 4.8.3.2., and overall buckling cl. 4.8.3.3. The requirements for overall buckling may be satisfied by either the ‘Simplified approach’ cl. 4.8.3.3.1, or the ‘More exact approach’ using 4.83.32 However for columns of the type in this example a further option is available by reference to cl. 4.7.7, ‘Columns in simple multi-storey construction’ subject to compliance with the qualifying conditions. This clause dispenses with the need for a separate local capacity check, and it is only necessary to apply the rules defined in the ‘Simplified approach’ ‘Simplified Approach Where F = Applied axial load p. = Compressive strength A m ~Equivalent uniform moment factor M,= Buckling resistance moment capacity (major axis) Z, = Elastic section modulus (minor axis) p, —Design strength Gross cross - sectional area 407 48.3312.2 Ret. Assume 200 x 100 x 5-0 RHS (Design grade 50) Design Strength p, t=5-0mm <16-0mm ,p, = 355 N/mm? Section Classification D =200mm B = 100mm t =5mm qd) x S,= 186 cm? S,=115 cm? Z,=1510m® Z,=102cm$ A =28-90m? re=7-230m ty=4-2cm Since p,— 355 N/mm? RHS b=B~3t d=D~3t By inspection, under axial load and bending moments, all elements in the cross section remain in compression Internal element of compression flange, and web subject to compression throughout: bod semi-compactlimit> » $— 39 ¢ b_ 100 ~(3 x 5-0) t 5-0 d_200~(3 x 5-0) + S087 $390 34-3 Section is SLENDER, and capacity will be reduced by local buckling. Reduced p,, is calculated by meeting the limiting proportions for semi-compact sections: a $-39 (i)’-2° (ee) 392x275 39° x 27! a? t Slenderness 2. ‘Check lower column length. Lexand Ley =0-85L 4p 35 X0-85 x 108 723 _3-5 x 0-85 x 10? a2 =17<392=34-3 Reduces p,, = 305-5 N/mm? =41.< 180 70-8 < 180 (governs) Compressive Strength p, Select strut Table 27(a) For i, = 70-8 and py,=305 N/mm? 40 N/mm? Table7 Note 3 Table7 3.6.3 Table7 Table 24 Table 25 Table 27(a)Nominal Moments Eccentricity 0-282, 100 200mm —e, = 492, 100 = 150mm Nominal moments applied to column: 140 x 200 (100 ~ 85) x 150 Ma = Oe 28 kN May iG = 2-25 kNm Stiffness ratio of column lengths -2-3.= 1.16< 1-5 M, divided equally 28 2:25 Mya = 14kNm M5 5>= 1-125 NM Buckling Resistance Moment M., My = Ss Po For Hollow Sections the implication from the Note in 4.3.7.1 is that M, provided that Lateral Torsional Buckling does not need to be checked. As side ratio D/B = 2 350x278 where in this case p, ~ Py.) S, py 350 x 275 308 14,80, 2282295 _56.840m y= 70-B< =315 Overall Buckling Check When nominal moments are applied the column should satisfy the relationship given in 4.8.3.3.1 for the ‘simplified’ approach with the equivalent moment factor, m, taken as 1.0. Foo mM, mM, 451-0 Rep." Me” Biz 00x10" 10x14 1:0x1:125 x10? BE9x 10x 240° 56-8 305 x 102 0-72 + 0-24 + 0-03=0-99<1-0 +, Section is satisfactory ATT 4.3.7.3 B261 Table 38 477 48.3.342.4 Ref, Using ‘STEELWORK DESIGN GUIDE to BS5950 Volume 1 (3rd Edition). Section properties. Member capacities’ RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTION 200 x 100 x 5 (Design grade 50) Section is denoted as SLENDER (marked thus*) and allowance has been made in calculating the tabulated p, values given in Vol 1 (3rd Edition) by reduction factors, obtained from BS5950 Table 7. The amended standard (1990) obtains reduction factors from Table 8 thus the Vol 1 (3rd Edition) tables give conservative values. Using following relationship mM FoomM, +O 3-5 m — actual length. LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING need not be checked. M, = S; Py, and by implication M, = S, p, P x For SLENDER section, pyr See = 305 N/mm? 186 x 305 My = SS =°° - 56-8 kNm Since m ~ 1-0 equation may be re-expressed as: Fo MM, | My at Me tags? 500 14 1-125 x 10° 691 * 56-8 * B05 x 102 = 0-7240-24+0-03 = 0-99< 1.0 *. Section is satistactory 264 48.3.3. 264] 43.7.3 3.6.3 & Table 7 477EXAMPLE 3 Re Ref. LATTICE GIRDER TOP CHORD SUBJECT TO AXIAL COMPRESSION AND BENDING MOMENT te 18m Part of Lattice | Girdor with pura point loads 1 2kN 1H2kN 12k 5-08 «Nm 5-08kNm Bening moment ciagram rdisiotoraly restrained at AB and Factored Loading Factored purlin loads at A, B and C = 11-2kN Average load factor y, = 1-5 From analysis, axial compression in AC = 598 kN Bending moment — My — + Mp = — M, = 5-04 kNm Assume member AC is 150 x 150 x 5 RHS (Design grade 43) Generally, for compression members with moments, checks are required for Local Capacity (4.8.3.2) and Overall Buckling (4.8.3.3) Design Strength p, t=5mm< 16mm Table 6 Section Classification 3.5.2 D=150mm Fig. 3 B =150mm t =5mm (45) 1 =ty=5:91em a A =28-9cm? 157 cm? 135 cm$ \, =1010cm* Since p, = 275 N/mm? -[F| 1-0 Table7 Note 33.2 Ref By inspection, under axial load and bending moment, all elements in the cross section remain in compression Internal element of compression flange, and web subject to compression throughout: b_150-(3x5-0) 57 a5, v BO oe 82232 Table7 Section is COMPACT (within limiting proportions Slenderness 47.3 0-85 x 3600 y= bee 0°85 x 3600 _ 65 1 noe Sore 19 82< 180 (governs) 4.8.3.2 (a) Local Capacity Check FooM, | M, not a ct AgPy Mon Mey * ° 4.8.2 M,, is moment capacity about x-x axis in the absence of axial load (see 4.2.5) SHEAR F, = 11-2+2=5-6kN A) 423 0-6 p,A-0-6p,( 5") 150 10 =238kN 425 Since F, = 5-6 KN <0-6 P, = 143kN, Shear is classified as ‘low’. For plastic and compact sections M.. =p, S, but < 1-2" p,Z, aoe “It'S > 1-22, then 1-2is replaced by average load factor. Note S,= 187 om8<1.2Z,—1-2 x 135 = 162 em? Mo, = 275 x 187 x 10°< 1-2 x 275 x 135 x 102 =43.2<44-6 =43-2kNm ‘Substituting in the interaction equation 98x10? 5.04 BBO x1 x 276 * 4g.2'° ~O'75 + 0-12 =0-87<1-0 48.3.3.4 Overall Buckling Check Checks are required for: (a) out-of-plane buckling between points A and B (b) in-plane buckling between points A and C mM, mM, The simplified approach (4.8.3.3.1), <1,0 3 Pe bh” ByZy assumes that out-of-plane lateral/torsional buckling controls the interaction between axial load and major axis bending,3.3 Ref. Where, as in this example, itis likely that in-plane buckling will be more eritical than lateral/torsional buckling then the More exact approach (4.8.3.3.2) should be used. mM, mM, 4.8.3.3.2 Max My” where M,, is the maximum buckling moment about the major axis in the presence of axial load, taken to be the lesser of: F (- &) Max: = Mex governing in-plane buckling, or fee eals Pox 1- F Mag = Mp oe governing lateral/torsional buckling In this design example: M,=0 Table 13 m=1-0 Compressive strength p. For 4, = 52 and p, = 275 N/mm? For 2 = 30 and p, = 275 N/mm? Por = 249 N/mm? Pey = 267 N/mm? Table 27 ( Pex = 249 x 28-9 10! Py = 267 x 28-9 10! = 720KN =770kN Buckling resistance moment M, Since 2, (=L¢/r,) = 30 is not greater than limiting value © (infinity) in Table 38 B.26.1 for D/B Lateral Torsional Buckling need not be checked, and p, — py Table 38 My = S, pi = S. py = 187 x 10° x 275 = 43-2kNm 4.3.7.3 Moment capacity M. Section is Compact, .M. = S. py 4.2.5 = 187 x 275 x 10° = 43-2kNm M,xis the lesser of Myx and Maxz 598 43-2 (: -) Myy = ——————_=5-17kNm 4 0:5 598 “720 598 Myo= 43-2 (-38) =9-64kNm My = 5-17kNm ‘Substituting in interaction equation 1:0 x 5-04 S17 Section is satisfactory 40=0-97<1EXAMPLE 4 BEAM WITH LATERAL RESTRAINTS AT ENDS ONLY DEAD 40 [DEAD 5. UDL IMP. 40 ae 15kNUDL ee eC LOADING 45KN UDL FACTORED LOADING 82.5 82-5 ea 82-5 SHEAR 82-5 ales —— BENDING =——— = ‘78 MOMENT (Beam is laterally restrained at A and ©) Load Factors, Dead Load y,— 1-4 Imposed Load y, = 1-6 Factored Loads Point load (40 x 1-4) + (40 x 1-6) = 120 kN VDL. (15 x 1-4) + (15 x 1-6) = 45kN 165KN Applied Loads (Unfactored) Point load 40 + 40 80 KN UL. Go 30 kN THOKN Average Load Factor ~ Total factored loads Total applied loads 2414 Table 242 Ref, Assuming Design grade 50 | Trial section; required , | B, _ 178 x 10° 355 =501 om Assume 250 x 150 x 8 RHS (Design grade 50) | fz (8, = 505m) Design Strength p, 344 t=8mm <16mm Table 6 p, = 385 N/mm? Slenderness 7, Span AC, Table 5-0 x10? [a7] ~ 520x108 a7 6-16 x10 81 Limiting x, -280*275 tor side ratio 0/8 = 2 826.1 e Table 38 350 x 275 ] aces | 271>81 | | LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING is not critical Section Classification | 35.2 D = 250mm Fig. 3 B = 150mm t =8mm d - S,= 505 cm? [47] 2,=413.0m* 1, =5170 ome : A =61-10m? Since p, =355 N/mm? -[F| =0-88 Table7 ne (Note 3) Internal element of compression flange Table7 Web with neutral axis at mid-depth 4250-6 <9) 9p. 25.<700-69-52 Section classification is PLASTIC for bending about x-x axis.43 Ret, Web Shear Factored shear force F, (at supports) = 82-5 kN D 250 2 swarm (25)a- (gg) = 3819 mm? 0-6 x 355 x 3819 aoe 813kN P,=813>F,-82-5 Shear capacity P, is adequate. Moment Capacity M, Factored shear force F, (at max. moment) — 60 kN Since F, — 60 < 0-6 P, ~ 488 KN, shear force is ‘low’ and M, need not be reduced M, = py S, but <1-2p, Z, for plastic or compact sections since S,=1-22Z,>1-2Z, the 1-2 constant may be replaced by the average load factor 1-5 Mc = Py Se < 1-5 Py Zy = 355 x 505 x 10 °=179< 1-5 x 355 x 413 x 10 = 220 M.= 179 kNm Applied moment M, = 178 kNm End reaction 82-5 kN Web Buckling For welded flange plates the buckling resistance is based upon two webs and dispersion of load at 45° through half the depth of the section. For ‘end bearing’ with welded end plates the buckling resistance due to the beam alone is the same as ‘continuous over bearing’ > b,=75mm 2 + = 125mm, » | é 3 aN AS 2 ny = 250 mm q bt 2) | 2 Compressive strength p. depends upon sienderness of web e [2 : alas 5 [2 (2x |e 76 = Pe = 200 N/mm? Buckling resistance per web =(b; + 1,)t pc Buckling resistance for RHS, Py = 2 x (75 + 250) x 8 x 200 x 10° = 1040 KN > End reaction 82-5 kN Web Bearing and Buckling are satisfactory Beam has welded end and flange plates 45.1.3 45.2.1 7 475 Table 27 (45 Ref, Using ‘STEELWORK DESIGN GUIDE to BS5950 Volume 1 (3rd Edition), Section properties, Member capacities’ RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTION 250 x 150 x 8 Design grade 50 (azz) Section is PLASTIC for bending about X-X Web Shear Shear force F, (max) = 82-5 kN Shear capacity P, =814 kN Check shear F, (at max. bending) = 60 kN < 0-6 P, = 488 kN Shear force is low’, and M, need not be reduced Moment Capacity Applied moment M, = 178 kNm Moment capacity M.= 176 kNm* “governed by M, = 1-2 p,Z = 176 kNm Higher value may be used since S, = 1-22Z, > 1-22, and constant 1-2 may be replaced by 1-5 (average load factor). M.= Py S.<1-5p,Z = 355 x 505 x 10° < 1-5 x 355 x 413 x 10% =179kKNm <220kNm M.= 179 kNm > M, =178kNm. OK. Limiting length L, = 16-7 m Since span 5.0m " Dt’p,pe by substituting for M, and rearranging, This value is for one web. For two webs and taking into account dispersal of load in two directions for a member continuous over bearing and into a continuously welded sealing plate for end bearing: c1=4P Buckling factor C2 is the stiff bearing component factor and is equal to C1/D and must be multiplied by b, to give the stiff bearing contribution. Buckling factor C3 is the flange plate factor and is equal to C1/D for end bearing and 2C1/D for a member continuous over bearing. C3 must be multiplied by the thickness of the flange plate to obtain the flange plate contribution. (c) The shear value of the section is given by P, 0-6] scala where A is the cross sectional area, 423SQUARE HOLLOW SECTIONS DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES Designation Moss | Area | Ratio [Second Moment] Radius | Elastic | Plastic Torsional Surface | S#2_ ]THckness | Moti | section | Local Pe wm | 50 | wo | we | ao | ae | am | we | oe | om | m | om sialic cod pee att eset Geet rca [cae pte ne | fa pat ec ene osm cea el a ee el ptr ee wo | 2 | So) am| om | tS | ie | ie | we) me | cas fee ied on fon | moody | Ost 0) Bie el ece eens | emia | go. | a9 | a9 | 145 1212 5.38 173 207 wes | 299 | 0583. wer | ae | eo | oe | te | | ae | | | Boe | | 83 | m2) Bo | Be) tm | Sh Re) iS | ge | a | eae co |r| si | ee) io | om | oF | me | Be ae | ome wo] Ss | ss) eo) fm | oe | de | ae | Be) |e veonw | so- | 22 | 2 | mo wwe | cm | wm | me | imo | as | oon feat | Ba) So) Br) me | ce | | | ae) Bee so; |e 83 Go) we | te | a | me | ee) ee | usr | 53 3 | om | fe | eo | & | & | ee | B | ose vem | eg) m2 | se] ms | aw | zm | ae | am | aay | ae | ore so jgo| Sr | es] me | Ge | | B | we | Se | om | fo | So) Ss] es) Sy | ae | & | & | ae | & |e va | ots | foe | is | fae | Ge se | ae | 8 | se | oe ' awan | o0; | ms pe yo am | a5 | ae | om | are | on | om os 82 Se) as) ke | Ge | de | & | ae |e | oe 8) eo gt | zo) me | ge | ae | & | ao | se | om wo |e: mel ve} ge | 38 | 2) e | ee) som moon! 63 | w/oa | az] oe | ae | o | se | mm | 7 | oom so) os | mi | B2| fe | se | a | & | me] ao | ome to | wa | we | za} mo | Ge | om | | ee | oe | ces ws | de | S| us| fe | te | a | SS | ee] 8 | ose 300x300 | 63+ 373 8 466 110600 12.0 706 B12 16120 | 1083 119 | ola eel aoesalese |p eercng alot erates eee connec wo | iy | Me | ro | tee | nS | tor | te | Be) Be | to | ww | tose | one | Sm | BS | Some) ete 350x350 8.0 a7 | 109 40.7 21240, 14.0 1214 1398 92350 1783 1.38 ico | ‘te | im | sea | oo | to | ae | fe | Be) me is 2s | i | iw | eo | Seo | as | tor | oe | See | BS | 1s eo] [ae | a] ase | as | oo | a2 | SR | Be |e ao] 09 | 2 | we | xe} ego | wo | wwe | ze | cow | aos | re eo | i@ | me | mo] Sm | es | me me | sem | ee | ie | | eo | iz | we | ze | Seo | ey | ie | ie | aoe | a8 | 1S ave |i | a | to) San |e feta | So | ts 3620 + Sections marked thus are not included in BS4048: Part 2 + Sections marked thus ar ralled in grade 80C only FOR EXPLANATIONS OF TABLES SEE NOTES ? AND 3RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES Te] rE Designation ‘Mass Area | Ratios for [Second Moment] Rladius Elastic Plastic Torsionsi | Surface Devoravon_| Me A | vom eucking| OF Are | oF Garon | Mewes | Movie | Consoms | Ave Size | THCKRESS | Metre Section] T T 5 i ‘xis | Axis | Ax | Axis | Axis | Axis | Axis | Axis cee o8 1 | Joe tory [oe | vy [ee | vv | ex foe | a] co) Mee me] ain | to | emt | an | ou | amt | om | Se |S | ot | Sh | SH | Ob [| coe we 150%100, 50 1e7 | 239 | 270 | 170 | 747 | 396 | 559) 407 | 995! 791 | 121 | 908 | 06 | 127) 0489 BS | 5) BP] BS. S| oh] BEB GP) Ba | ce | Ae | Be | | cee $3] 81) Bi | BS | seo foe | sa | sae Soe | fer Lis | to | tr |e tee | oa So | #2 | Bs to | too ia| Ge Sar, sae) ts | | ao | te ter a8] oan | 2g |e Sen | a0 ama] fet E30 oe | | ZB | st th 6) m8 | woo | 50 | wo | 29| mo| 0 | ma | a | 7 | aa1| ats | ee] a7 | 77 | w0| 108 | on SSS) BS Bl | aks a | Se | Sts | 330) THe | $86 | uae | an | Sos | tr | cs [ 80 Bs) Bs | Go| pao nia | ae | Sem | 358) te | aoa] a | or | et | 953 5 RS [SS | ae | 20 | tae | fie | Seo | 330 | ws | oe | a | tar json | a | aes | 126 416 | 530 | 980 | 340 | 1836 | 476 | 5.38 | 3.00 | 192 | 119 | 254 | 150 | 1206| 199 | 0.459 amnion} 50 | 27 | me | azo | wo | oe | aoe | r20| 420 v1 | s02 | s0s | ms | rae] v2 | osee | 63 | 23 %0| 287 | 129 | 151) 618 | 7.17 | 414) 15 | 124 231 141 | 1473| 208 | 0.586 | go et) Be | Bo | sso | ses | Ser | ras | sey | aay | tee | aoe | te [ce] aor | oes Be BS] Ss | Ge | fay | Ze | ast | zoo | sau | Ze | tm | | amo |arer| aos Om ee | SS) BS | io | Sam | Ze | to | eso | 300 | ae | aoe | ur | dae [ant] a | ose Teo | Gea | ges | ep | as | ame | tive | em | 398) Sot | 200s | ar | mn) ood | Ooms aooxi20| 50+ | 242 | 309 | 370 | 21.0 | wea | 767 | 742) 498] 170 | 128 | 206 | 144 | 1646) 210 | 0.629 | BS: | BE 1 BS | SS | 38 | ae | ao | 57 | doe] ao | to | dee | tt | to] de | eer oer | Be | Be | a7 | seo | daw | ae | 736 | aso | amo | tee | a0 | re |anm| ze | osm Sar | BS] BS | Bs | 8b | dae | sao | 726 | aoe! ae | 100 | te | ao | at| a0 | oes Boy | 3 | Bo | 0 | ceo | Som | tae | 770 | arr | 50 | am | fee | Zee |r| ar | onte s+ 573 | 730 | 13.0 | 660 | 3658 | 1589 | 7.08 | 467 366 | 265 | 464 319 | 3567] 429 | 0.613 aaneo| sor | ms | ao | azo | 270 | me | 195 | o36 | oa | 27 | 20 | sas | azo |szrs] 2m | 00 Sy | BE] SE] SF] S| BS | We | Sh | Se Se | Be | S| Bt |G] Me oe §3 | Bo] SE] 22 | 5 | sto | aoe | odo | ae fs | Se | aes | Ss [Sone] ou) Ome SE | B91 SS] Bs | Bo | Sa | dre | Si | Gor | sor | dor | ete | 20 [om coe | om ee | 2) ms | Be | soo | See | aso | eso | sor | aot | ax | sor | aan [oerv| ov | ove S| BS) AS | ane | as | ao | ao | ees | sox | ro | sx | eau | aan |oma| aot | once $3 [BS / G7 | S88 | Bo | Sis nS S| ae SE | es | ts || eo | Ses | 83 | 88) as | we | te | howl Sor | tz | Bie | gee | oe | aot | Tae | a0| tre] O39 | S| BS] Re |S | was | Meo | Sow | tet | Gos | ee | See | tre | ee |taeo| tar] sre 160 iy | 149 | 157 | 9.60 | 17700| 9239 | 10.9 | 7.83 | 1120 924 | 1462 | 1094 | 19230] 1489! 0.986 sooa| go | m1} ons | «70 | 220 | sor0| ooss | ws | 48 | axe | exe | s2r0| 245 [iso] ras] 18 Bo | By | Re |e | Ge | ztao| Sige | 148 | 839 | faor| oe | fae | Ste [to] tare) te we | 7 | NS | de | tae | uo. Sua | 143 | goo | rat | sez | tat | sto |2oo|teor| a7 S| ez | den | Zee | oy | ea ftom | ta | ee | ro | Fm | 2m | tune [amc| Zor) | 147 ssoaso| cor | 057 | wo | ss2 | 202 | zm | ram | 167 108, 19m | a70 | 1620 | ro fron! wzo| 138 10.0 | 106 | 136 | 42.0 | 220 | 37180 | 14900| 166 10.5 | 1653 | 1192 | 2013 | 1398 |33250| 1986 | | 1.38 ee | | ee | Soe | feo | cu. toto | tos | toe | zor | tao | Sere | ee [ser| ae] tr TS | fae | 308 | 28 | 126 | Seam ao | tos | toe | aa | tro | acs | oe [som| 2000 | 137 | 500x200} 80+ | 96.7 | 109 | 595 | 220 | 34270| #170 | 17.7, 865 | 1371 | 817 | 1716) 900 '21100| 1430} 1.38 | ioe | Sa |e | SS | Bo |Sata| Sow | 12a | Ser | tee ome | drt | sto [ao| toe] 138 eee | | ae | S39 | a9 | Shea tao | 17s | Sac | Zoo | tte | am | ta 1eo| Zor] 137 j | HR | fae | Be) 2 fees) em) vs |e) me ae) | as asa] | 500x300, 10.0 122 | 156 | 47.0 | 27.0 | 54120| 24560) 18.7 | 12.6 | 2165 | 1638 | 2609 | 1834 |S2400] 2696) 1.58 wo | | i | $5 | HS | eat Steno tee | 13s | dus | toe | see | oor [ecto uaa | 7 tee | iso | de | ano | tay, exo | rom | to | tas | sor | ara | coe | an fan] ane | 87 wh | Be) BS | BS 130 | tc) Saco | 132 | 12 | soo | avo | ae | aur [arao| avs | 10, + Sections marked thus are not included in BS4B48: Par $ Sections marked thus a filed in grade $0C only FOR EXPLANATION OF TABLES SEE NOTES 2 AND 3 redSQUARE HOLLOW SECTIONS SUBJECT TO AXIAL LOAD STRUTS y ( | | COMPRESSION RESISTANCE FOR STEEL GRADE 50 ¥ Designation Mass | ‘Compression Resistance In Kilonewtons Sena) ee ee | oot 1 ei ne 2 ec Po fe st fu al aoa el Pn 10x00 4.0 | 120 asa | ame 251 | 170121 | 903 | oa | S56 | 453 376 317 22T 6.0 48 596 | 461-305 | 206 146 | 109 45 | 672 | Sa 4 | BB 7 we | ae BRS Pe) eet ae | Se | ee 2 | bo) | Bs mm | oe ae | oes ae | tae | te | St eo me aa) aro fb | 2s mw fo | oo | ae ay |i ie | Ms |S Be vow 50 | wo me} oe gsm | wo we | ie oo | mo ge | ve ae 63 | 223 | s35 | 813 ear 22 | wo | va | iy | 92 27 | 2 | cor | 33 | #2 | 33 | am | BM lin ie | he Bs | Be | fb | 32 | Ide a Boy | xe te iy ne | Ss ae ORE) 82 BRE SRS Re wm Gy pean errata oe tex realest fre ect eee af eal Sf) | 3 AS | BB BIB ee | Sot | 33 | ine | in | sto | Bm | Sis te ‘he foo: | dos | itu | tov | tae sy | as as | Ze dn i [252 | a5 | ano | jst0 | 1500 ee | as | See | Sap | 268 13 | tor soso | 0 | 227 | 900 | ste | soo | gee | 2m | 22 | 190 | 9 | 12 | 119 | 992 | 33 | 23 | Ae) & |e | is | we 130 | Ba | tae) Mo | Bo S| S| ie. | ms or ke | ie te 1 bb | BS | ke | 180 | tes | oe ae | 3B) Be | ete (Bs | so | ae zo | | Se | 8 | a | ae | as | ae 2 | [48 | Ga | de | dae | 2 a a [eer | 33 | me) a) le ele ae | fe | 63+ 303 | 1310 1240 | 1110 S10 | 705 | 545 | 4290 345 | 283 236 48, $3.3 | two ap | tao | ae Go | pa | do | i foo: 7 | 2000 ie | Tego | Heo | toc | Se | Gaede | tie | a et S| Has ae Seen | so | Wan | SE sn 38 veoxig 63242 0 | rato t330 | r170 | 950 | 57 a3 37 213 83 | 83 | tlm | te ibe | zo | fae | 3 Sie ae wo 53.0 2320 | 2220 2050 1770 1430 | 1130 598500 315 | (2 2 ao | a0 00 | so | ta | Ho ed oe | eo | 814 Reo | Sebo an | deem | doen | ie tens 0 szaoato | 50-305 wo | m90 1060 | rom | apr | 59 ae ae es | BE | Hao | 18 | ie | 8 | aa | 2s SF So | 0 | dua | dow | jew | eo | tele | to te 3 foo $3 ao | 3am | to | Ber toe | jaan 5 | 3 128 0 | Zao | Sm | Zao | en 250 | eae Se | i | veo 5:8 | Sogo | ano | Sean | Seno Zam | ero Tp | eo tap | S58 \& soa | 6381 sa80 | toa 780 | 1700 | 1650 | aon asg0 | 10 | 367 | ass se0 83 Se | 280 doen | 20 eae | 3680 ten | 1380 ko | toa Fy foo 0 Bao | 38m | Zino | Sean Zao | Seen Zoo | tom | tam | 10 a | } 5 5 | Sao | doco | 3500 | Sey Sao | iso bem | ae0 jaro | temo Se | 33) He Bio | Sino ao | Seo i0 | 390 eso | Zam | 2500 | Te Be sstocin | 63- | 579 seo | 1530 | e00 | 1470 | 140 | 1390 310 | 1200 | 200 | nm | a : So | BSS | $3 SS | $a | S| 83 ake | shake | im foo | 2} dbo | tomo | demo | So | Sapo | Seen | 00 | dew | 90 | eto ia we | Std Seo | fa00 | Seo | re | S00 aso | oso so | Sao | Zreo jan we | 2 Seo | aaeo | Gh | aap | Soa0 Saco | 899. amo | amo | 80 3 sooo) 20 | 657 | zo | 2730 | aeao | zea | 2is0 san | aas0 | 20 | z240 | 210 1220 | eo | 92 | Bi) Hes | eo em | Be iho ie eo | ee | eo 38 He | sso | Sogo | amo | Seo femo | sovo sueo | sooo mo | Som deed ee eo | 18 | Sako | Seip | Soo aap | Seo ino | Soo Saco | St | dao Be saoox400 | 100 | 122 | 750 | 730 | 4660 | 4590 | asto | 420 | «300 | 4170 | 000 | 3800 | 3560 | 3300 | 3030 123 |B | BS) aaa | 6 | See | Ssh | io | 8 | saz | $003 | aah | ash | a | Se eo | $2 | Seo | sero | S190 ap | Stoo oun | Sra | Jeo | Toso emo | cow su00 | 360 aso | 23 | toun | tao | Tomo enc | Seo fes0 | sen | eavo | sean | Sooo | Souo | Seto | Same Values in bold type are for values of slendornoss not exceeding 18 Values in norma typ are for values of sendeaness not excecdeng 20, Values in talc type are Tor values of slenderness nol exceeding $00. "Denotes thatthe slenderness ie gteator than 360 and values have rat bean given = Denotes tat the section slendo" in axial compression and allowance has been made in calculating the above values. 1 Sections marked this ae rot included in BSABSE: Part 2 Sretane marked thus are rated fo Grade SOC only. FOR EXPLANATION OF TABLES SEE NOTE 42 261“Compression Resstence in Kionewtons STRUTS. RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS SUBJECT TO AXIAL LOAD COMPRESSION RESISTANCE FOR STEEL GRADE 50 Effotive Length In Metres B SESSSEER | se0 Besgraton | Macs Suan” | ‘per Thekness | Mote Daaeil ea Jom mm|_mm | tg | Ave | 10 | 18 | 20| 25 ee vaoeo | 50 | ue | px | ooo | ow | os | ore roy | eas | ott see | ase ea | wa | bx gw) mem | 78 poy ao | mes ore | 8 so | mo | px | tom| oe | 900 | o00 roy baz | sae | ast | ove roo | 279 | ex | tea | ta | tao | 1050 Poy. 1210 1130 995-795 | reoueo 50 | 137 | Pex | ma | aa | a5 700 Pey | a0 | aro | Jet | 700 \ 63 | za | Pex | 1050 | 10m | 100 | de j roy | eo | bar | er | 68 | ao | asx | tev | taro) daw | amo | t2t0 j hoy | tao eeo | eo | to | roo | oso | pet | tam | “So | sao | 1470 oy | tego | 1820 | te | 1300 ras | ae | Pex | 960 tro | to | 10 Pey 1920 | 1850 | 1730 | 1550 ers | so | 1 | vex | oe | m2 | 74 | 0 roy | Tae | 708 | 800 | ore sa | ma | sx | aw| a | seo ow ey | am | S20 | S00 700 | so | ara | tex | wo) tm | 1200 160 | ey | tzio | tieo | 1050 | 38 woo | 342 | Pex | 1890) a00 | 70 | 120 ey | taeo | too | aso | 1020 ws | ae | Pex | tomo | tem | 1 | 120 | ey | 1000 | 1690 | 2480 | 1790 szoosao| 50 | 227 | sce | ama | me | mo | 98 | Poy | ae | gaz | aoe | 700 63 | 283 Pex | 1280 | 1260 | 1240 | 1220 | ey | ta | avo | ren | 070 so m4 | pox | 1600 | 1800 | 130 | 1520 ey | to | tea0 | teed | a0 too | 6 | Pex | 1970| 1900 | 10 | 127 Poy | a0 | ten | 170 | te20 ras | saa | pox | zero | 2am | 2am | 2200 Fey | Zam | 2am | 2te0 | 1360 i reo | cea | Pex | 5000 | 200 | D900 | 20 oy | 2am | ro | ew | 2260 seooxtzo| sox | 202 | pox | sua | a6 | 20 | 906 | Poy | a6 | Ste | aso | fs | 60+ | 239 | Pex | 1310| 1290 1270 | 1250 | fey | tae | taeo | tza0 | 170 | 63+ | aa | po | tao| tao | tao | 1300 | Poy. 1360 1320 | 1280 | 1220 | ov | ara | pox | to | t700 | tem | Yoo | | oy | too | eso | te00 | sao | Foo | a7 | pox | aro | 2nwo | oso | 2ov0 rey | zoao | Zao | to | a0 as» | ora | pox | 2500 | aaeo | 2510 | 270 rey | Zaeo | 2es0 | 2400 9a 1490 1160 10 400 1660 2760 1900 a0 za 1090 90 100 1600 420 1970 cod 210 35 “5 29 51 336 om a 795 466 696 sn 281 os 1070 762 1290 | sot | 1550 1060 om | 36 a6 | a 1080 57 1250 605 1510 622 206 600 1180 7 1440 967 ™ 3160 2150, {380 1590 m7 1190 1240 1030 1550 270 1910 1340 ‘080 alles ee Se S| 3 ee 316 | 254 ea ian ES == eae aie aie eile eae fallin be ae falls elias mle a a liae Pale lan ae calle ae allie col onl Zhe alfa ellie Cae rile at Sin ssa ae mee | a ee aia eA say fs eae Sm 2) i fades 2) a isola ie al pea 50 262 146 rtd 175 3 208 450 20 ase 205 a4 6 mm a3 68 493 1020 on 481 187 225 | ma 270 2 a4 i020 706 385 oma m0 tan | 7 73 2150 260 766 asl 1020 | 616 1050 622 | 1220 | 728 1610 | 1950 a0 ane sn a8 ez 783 22 an 298 HANESESESR SABERE 888 a3 200 5 1490 120 en ga8s88 S8RR8aR SERB BE8 ‘Values in bold ype are for values of slondorness not exceeding TED. Values in normal type are for value of slendermess not exceeding 250. Vales in talc type ave Tor values of slendarness not exceeding 360, ‘Denotes thatthe slenderness is greater than 360 and values have not been given 4 Sections maiked thus are not inchuded in BS4848: Part 2 FOR EXPLANATION OF TABLES SEE NOTES 4.2 182 a1 197 106 236 126 mm | 15 a8 5 2a 3 257 558 302 65 16 13 g “i 163 m ate | 109) 2a cd 1s 410 252 572 303 on 982 cd ve mn 164 sn 187 495 +2 630 27 796 237 33 10 306 100 455RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS SUBJECT TO BENDING [ —Besonaton Wass | Nement Gapaciy | Liming | Section Gsscmion eeteum se, Men) Mey |" Bending About] Bending About oem ax te fee AR ry Aaa mm [am | ig | aN | km ms | sono [so | ter as | mz | 10 | Pomc | Compact | ss | m3 a7) 30818) Paste | se | et | Sea) BS ey BME soo | sz as | 9577 | 1S | Pate Pests | | m5 | ae | Sar | fe 02 | Plat Poste | wow | so | 180 na | ss | masic | semi comonct 63 | m3 ti | eee | Pome ste’ eo | 23 xo | ser | Aste Pst ns | a6 se | Pte Paste zoox0 | so | 227 nq | ptasic | Slender 63 | 23 (12 | Plate Sem Compact ao | es 10 | Plesns Fase 0 8 wos | Plate Prose Rs a 10S sts Pac 160 | 64 ot Prete Paste roxio | 50+ | 242 Bs Plstic Slender bor | ea 34 | Plat: | Som-Compoct ss: | ea naa | Paste | SemiCompoct so- 38 132 | Plate Paste hin | 987 125 | ae Pac vee | a3 7 | Pha Paste rss | 50+ | m8 sas | 170 | compsct | Slender | 3 | wee @2 | 19 | “Posse | Slender eo | eo id | 187 | laste | SomCompect | 10.0 99.3 153 | 168 Plastic Plastic | Rs 730 185 16.2 Plastic Plastic | wo | ots eZee | Plate Paste | | a00x200 63 48.1 103, 22. | Semi-Compact Slender 80 | as | 23 |" Boste | Slender too | 0 2a | 21 | Plate | Compoct ne | ms ae |e | Plate Paste wo | wo | Soa) 3 | aie | Plate Paste | woe | so | 71 | emo | 1m | 20 | Posie | stonter woo | 97 | Sam | 2m | faa | Pe | Stender r25 | to | S66 | 38 | 225 | plete | semcompact wo | wo | Sm | ae | 21 | Paste Pine sso | 20+ | 957 208 | 287 | Semicompact| Stender | 500 | 1080 30 | a | Piate | Strdor 2s | iso aie | 21 | Plate | Sem Compact | 60 | 1670 m | zr | Paste | Compact sco | 0+ | a7 ws | as1 | panic | stander os | j50 zi | 9 | Plante | Strder 2s: | 20 ko | a7 | Plate | Stren | 160+ | i670 S| 85 | Plate | Semi Compact | | s00c0 | wo | wo ar | 381 | Compact | Stnder rs | iso oe | se | “Pomc | Slender | wo | 120 fr | 4 | Plate | SomCompact zoos | 2570 | ste | tio | 39 | Plate Presi Lengths above the limiting length should be checked for Lateral Torsional Buckling, {Values matked thus have values of Me governed by Mc 1.2pyZ and a higher value may be used ifthe average load factor is tee than 12, 1 Sections marked ths are not Included in BSABAE: Par? $ Sections marked thus sre rolled in Grade SOC only. FOR EXPLANATION OF TABLES SEE NOTE 4.10, 922RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS mn a BEARING AND BUCKLING VALUES FOR UNSTIFFENED WEBS. FOR STEEL GRADE 50 Designation] Mass | BEARING BUCKLING [Shea Feat hone End Bearing ‘Continuous Over Bearing | End Bearing Continuous Over Bearing | V=lve| L Beam | Suit | Hange| Beam | Suit [Flange] Beam | Soft | Flange) Beam | Stit | Flange) Factor | Bearna| ‘Piste | Factor | Bearing| ‘Pate | Factor | Goering) Plate | Factor |Bearng| Piste | Factor | Factor Factor | Factor Factor | Factor Factor | Factor oe le fotze) eiease| accaie eeeperczial eicsal| icval|econe lores ecia| cag acsg| irl rom | mm | ka) [Arm] KA [ Nm aN] arn) zouso [sor | sos | a4 | sss | 8s | cas | acs | 170 | 209 | os | oa | 240 | 206 | 199 | 510 wel | ees | eas | Ter | ‘eas | 129 | 6a | 392 | ma] aa7 | an2 | rar] sar | ora] 456 | ras | rea | ass | tas | 368 | oar | zs | vor | tor | 268 | vo | 219 ao | a0 | 1a | ses | 2] me | see | 284 | 79 | asa | 319 | 99 | aia | 6g9 | ar | | aa | 170 | 170 | aa | 370 | 339 woo | sas | ve | 710 | 177 | 356 | 710 | 35.4 | t240 | 490 | 499 | 1200 | 495 | S.a8 | 1010 | o> | sis | 247 | 247 | io | 247 | 495 vs | 730 | 27 | ess | 222 | ss | sea | a4 | 170 | Fos | 709 | 1770 | F090 | 122 | 1240 bes | 346 | a6 | ges | aaa | 602 wo} ars | ase | 14 | a4 | 908 | tra | see | 400 | S96 | B96 | 2400 | S98 | 300 | 1580 | tz | 486 | aa | i200 | aes | S72 sooo | 63 | 481 | m4 | aa7 | 12 | rar | aa7 | 224] goo | 196 | 1.95 | cop | 136 | 279 | 702 pas | sas | sas | 200 | G25 | To5 | so | cos | 14 | 56s | 122 | 2 | soe | 24 | 56 | 252 | 252 | 756 | 252 | Soe | 906 aio | t37 | T37 | aio | 137 | 238 | woo | 750 | me | 710 | 7 | 356 | 710 | 95.4 | 1250) 418 | 418 | i250 | 478 | 236 | 1220 624 | 208 | 208 | ea | 208 | 436 ws | s26 | 27 | 8a | 222 | ss | ooo | 44 | to Gar | a7 | too | a7 | 129 | a510 | s00 | 300 | 300 | soo | 300 | 600 wo] 17 | ass | a | 24 | oo | tra | see | 2900 | 235 | 235 | 200 | 925 | ter | 1900 Yao | 431 | 431 | Taso | sat | at somao0 | ao | 721 | 14 | see | 142 228 | 5.68 | zee | oy | 150 | 120 | a7 | 163 | 319 1320 | #0 | 10 | rio | 4a] 130 | 220 100 | 97 | we | 710 | 177 966] 7.10 | a6} imo | 226 | 205 | t150 | 298 | $73 1640 +, | ze | tar | tar) ms | Ter | sa |) ws | 12 | a7 | ass | 222 | ssa | aoe | ada | imo | sas | aes | to | 485 | 9:71 | 2000) ti30 | 2e2 | 292 | 1130 | 282 | sos || wo | 12 | ase | 114 | 234 | oo | 114 | s6e | 3170 | 781 | 701 | ar | 791 | ise | 2560 | i790 | 432 | 432 | io | 4m | aes 450x250 | 0+ | 057 | 116 | 568 | 142 | 220 | soa | 224 | soa | 120 | 1.20 | see | 120 | 220 | 1490 405 | 803 | 903 | 405 | ‘sos | 181 too | 16 | 8 | 710 | 177 | 356 | 710 | 35.4} tor | 238 | 238 | 1070 | 238 | 475 | 1060 | ooo | isi | ter | ego | te | a2 ws | 12 | 277 | ase | 222 | ss | ese | asa | topo | air | 437 | rao | 417 | a3e | 200 | woo | 242 | 242 | ioe | 242 | Se | wo] t67 | 454 | 114 | 204 | a | 114 | soe | 2200) 735 | 715 | 200 | 715 | 143 | 290 | | imo | sai | sei | io | Ser | 782 sooo | ao+ | 957 | m4 | see | 142 | 22 | sex | 284] 596 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 506 | 107 | 216 | 1060 | 20 | se | os | be | 170 roo+| 106 | 178 | 7.10 | 177 | 356 | 7.10 | a54] g96 | 129 | 199 | see | a9 | a:ae | 2060 ga | tar | 147 | tar | tar | 298 125+| 132 | 277 | aaa | 222 | 56s | ap | aca | 1790) 358 | 358 | 1790 | S88 | 716 | 2560 tz | 246 | 245 | 1250 | 246 | 490 | teo+| ror | 454 | ra | 234 | os | t1¢ | 56.8 | 3190 | 639 | 639 | a190 | 629 | 128 | az00 dom | 400 | doe | 20m | acs | 209 sooaoo | 100 | 122 | ve | 710 | 1.7 | 366 | 710 | 25.4} 996 | 190 | 199 | 996 | 199 | age | 2070 | eis | 129 | 129 | 6a | 120 | 257 ws | sz | 27 | ssa | 222 | ss | asa | 44a | 790 | 58 | 358 | I7a0 | aap | 7:16 | 2570 oso | 210 | 210 | 00 | 210 | a8 wo} 2 | a | 114 | 24 | oo | 114 | s68 | 3190) 639 | 39 | ai90 | S39 | 128 | 260 i700 | 339 | 339 | 1700 | 339 | 6.78 zoot| 237 | 690 | 138 | 345 | 1980) 138 | eo | amo 388 | B68 | asa | oes | 19.4 | s010 I I zaio | aes | 483 | 2810 | aes | oes ‘Woe Capacity Sections marked thus ae not included im 8S 4948: Pert 2. Sections marked thus are rolled In Grade 50C only ‘Fre beam comporent for end bearing sssumes 6 sesiing plate of thickness atleast equal to the wall ofthe section is welded to te end of the section by 9 continuous tet weld ‘The higher bucking valves relate to 9 section with a welded flange plate Where the flange plate or packing le not continuously welded the factor C3, for bearing only, should be taken as equal to C3 divided by 2.5. FOR EXPLANATION OF TABLES SEE NOTE 4:11 Ti FBI.CP + W.C3 where BI ia the enath of stiff bearing and tp ls tho thickness of flange plates ov packing,S) Seca Biter