Rank Key 4-grams

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

OF SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHING

THE MEAN VALUES OF
OF THE UNKNOWN WORD
THE BIRD S NEST
WOLFE-QUINTERO ET AL 1998
HAYES ET AL 1996
THE DEVELOPMENT AND TEST
IN THE MEAN VALUES
ON THE TEST DATA
THE HEART IS THE
DURING SECOND LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION
IN THE CHINESE LANGUAGE
THE CHARACTER CATEGORY ASSOCIATION
THE HEART AS THE
DEVELOPMENT AND TEST DATA
OF CHINESE UNKNOWN WORDS
EL PUERTO DE SANTA
DATA FROM THE PENN
CHARACTER CATEGORY ASSOCIATION MODEL
PELITA AND V-KO MALTA
V-A E PELITA AND
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
FROM THE PENN TREEBANK
A BIRD S NEST
SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHERS AND
THE COGNITIVE DEMANDS OF
PUERTO DE SANTA MARIA
OF AN UNKNOWN WORD
IN THE ACTIVITY OF
OF STUDENT PERFORMANCE CUES
VALIDITY OF THE TOEFL
V A E PELITA
GUESSING OF CHINESE UNKNOWN
FOR EACH UNKNOWN WORD
IS IN FRONT OF
THEORY OF INTERNAL ORGANS
THE POS CATEGORIES OF
THE EMOTION OF ANGER
THE HEART AND THE
THAN ALL OTHER DECADES
OF THE DEFERENTIAL FORM
LAKOFF AND JOHNSON 1999
IN THE FIRST LANGUAGE
AND VAN DER VEER
OF THE CENTRAL METAPHOR

Keyness

Frequency

114.41
92.26
84.88
84.88
80.82
77.50
77.50
77.50
77.18
73.81
73.81
70.12
70.12
70.12
70.12
70.12
70.12
66.43
66.43
66.43
66.43
65.46
62.74
62.74
62.74
60.24
59.05
59.05
59.05
59.05
59.05
59.05
59.05
59.05
55.36
55.36
55.36
55.36
51.67
51.67
51.67
50.51
50.51
47.98
47.98

31
25
23
23
32
21
21
21
27
20
20
19
19
19
19
19
19
18
18
18
18
31
17
17
17
22
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
15
15
15
15
14
14
14
20
20
13
13

46
47
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51
52
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60
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62
63
64
65
66
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68
69
70
71
72
73
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75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92

OF THE TV COMMERCIAL
INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIONS AND DECISIONS
THE PREVENTION SUPPORT SYSTEM
THE THEORY OF INTERNAL
SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION
FORMAL LANGUAGE LEARNING EXPERIENCES
TEST DATA FROM THE
OF L2 TEACHER EDUCATION
DATA FROM THE CHILDES
THE COURSE OF ACTION
OF THE BEIJING OLYMPICS
THE V-KO MALTA CONSTRUCTION
PERCEPTIONS OF THE VALIDITY
SECOND LANGUAGE WRITERS TO
TEACHERS' WAYS OF KNOWING
IN EL PUERTO DE
THE COGNITIVE DIMENSIONS OF
THINKING KNOWING OR UNDERSTANDING
KOREAN V-A E PELITA
THESE SECOND LANGUAGE WRITERS
ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND
BY VIRTUE OF THE
IN THE MOTHER TONGUE
WITH THEIR THEORETICAL BELIEFS
HEART IS CONCEPTUALIZED AS
VALSINER AND VAN DER
KNOWING OR UNDERSTANDING IS
IN TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE
SLOBIN AND AKSU 1982
THE BEIJING OLYMPICS IS
THEORY OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR
BETWEEN-LEVEL DIFFERENCES IN THE
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND HISPANICS
THE LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE OF
THE THEORY OF CONCEPTUAL
AHRENS AND HUANG 2002
THE V-A E PELITA
OR UNDERSTANDING IS SEEING
OF NORMAL MEMORY LOSS
TO THE THEORY OF
DIFFERENCES IN THE MEAN
USE OF THE DEFERENTIAL
CHINESE COMPOUNDS AND IDIOMS
BY THE TEACHER EDUCATOR
OF THE HEART AS
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE HEART
OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT ZPD

47.98
47.98
47.98
47.98
47.98
47.98
46.86
44.29
44.29
44.29
44.29
44.29
44.29
44.29
44.29
44.29
44.29
44.29
44.29
44.29
44.29
42.96
40.88
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.60
40.41

13
13
13
13
13
13
17
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
22
17
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
16

93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139

FROM THE CHILDES DATABASE

LI AND THOMPSON 1981
FROM THE POINT OF
THE ZONE OF PROXIMAL
LAKOFF AND JOHNSON 1980
IN FRONT OF EGO
A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER RATIO
OF THE ACCURACY OF
ESL TEACHERS' THEORETICAL BELIEFS
OR MORE CHARACTERS LONG
HOLDING IN THE PALM
EXPERT MENTOR MASTER TEACHER
OF THIS AND THAT
IN ANCIENT CHINESE PHILOSOPHY
IMAGES OF THEMSELVES AS
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF L2 TEACHING
LYRICS OF POPULAR MUSIC
MEMORY LOSS AND AD
LINGUISTIC AND COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
LEARNING IN STUDY ABROAD
LIFE IS A STAGE
IN THE PALM OF
IN THE NOMINATIVE CASE
USE OF URBAN VERNACULARS
INTELLECTUAL TOOLS OF INQUIRY
THEIR INITIAL TEACHING EXPERIENCES
THE INTELLECTUAL TOOLS OF
THE APPROPRIATENESS OF THEIR
THE LANGUAGE OF POLITICS
THE PEDAGOGICAL TOOL OF
THE LYRICS OF POPULAR
THE BEIJING 2008 OLYMPICS
000 MOST FREQUENT WORDS
THE DEVELOPMENT DATA AND
FOR AN UNKNOWN WORD
THE IDEA OF LANGUAGE
AS A LEXICAL VERB
BELIEFS ABOUT SECOND LANGUAGE
SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER RATIO THAN
AS A FORM OF
ON THE DEVELOPMENT DATA
MARKERS OF COMPLETIVE ASPECT
MALVERN ET AL 2004
MAKONI AND PENNYCOOK 2007
MEASURES OF LEXICAL VARIATION
NUMBER OF PROPOSITIONS RECALLED
NORMAL MEMORY LOSS AND

40.41
40.17
38.64
37.08
37.08
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
36.90
33.87
33.57
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21

16
15
33
18
18
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
36
13
9
9
9
9
9
9

140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186

AN UNKNOWN WORD AND

AND RELATE TO EACH
THE QUALITIES OF THE
LEXICAL DIFFICULTY AND DIVERSITY
THE CULTURE OF ORIGIN
THE EVENT STRUCTURE METAPHOR
AND OPEN SENTENCE-COMBINING TASKS
BOTH INDIA AND PAKISTAN
THE HEART IS CONCEPTUALIZED
SUBJECT OF MAIN VERB
CONSISTENT WITH THEIR THEORETICAL
CONTROLLED AND OPEN SENTENCE-COMBINING
CENTRAL METAPHOR OF THE
THE TOEFL ANSWER KEY
STUDENT PARTICIPATION AND ENGAGEMENT
OF THE CULTURE OF
THE ZPD AS A
OF THEMSELVES AS TEACHERS
NN EZ AND SWEETSER
THE TEACHER EDUCATOR AND
COGNITIVE DIMENSIONS OF SECOND
THE CENTRAL METAPHOR OF
OF MAIN VERB LEVEL
LANGUAGE OF THE LYRICS
FRONT OF EGO AND
GALLBLADDER IS CONTAINER OF
INTERPRETATIONS OF THE ZPD
TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
IS CONTAINER OF COURAGE
ABOUT SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHERS
EVENT STRUCTURE METAPHOR SYSTEM
VAN DER VEER 2000
IN THE JAPANESE COMMERCIALS
EZ AND SWEETSER 2006
V-ALE PELITA AND V-KO
WU AND JIANG S
DIMENSIONS OF SECOND LANGUAGE
LANGUAGE LEARNING IN STUDY
OF THE MOTHER TONGUE
FROM THE TRAINING DATA
OF THE VALIDITY OF
HAD A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER
IN THE SECOND LANGUAGE
THE SEMANTIC CATEGORIES OF
THE EIGHT TREATMENT SITES
THE SHORT TIME-TO-DIAGNOSIS GROUP
POS GUESSING OF CHINESE

33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
33.21
32.29
30.80
30.58
30.58
30.52
30.31
29.52
29.52
29.52

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
17
13
17
17
25
12
8
8
8

187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233

THE REFLECTIVE PRACTICE MODEL

THE REVISED D-LEVEL SCALE
FOR L2 TEACHER EDUCATION
PROFICIENCY IN HERITAGE LANGUAGE
ONE WORLD ONE DREAM
WANG ET AL 1997
THE TEST DATA FROM
OF THIS PEDAGOGICAL TOOL
VIEW OF LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE
HOSTING THE BEIJING OLYMPICS
THE SOUTH AND THE
OTHER AS INDICES OF
ORGAN STANDS FOR PERCEPTION
THE GALLBLADDER IS THE
THE CENTRAL FACULTY OF
FLUID IN A CONTAINER
AS THE SEAT OF
FOR UNKNOWN WORD IDENTIFICATION
THE ACTIVITY OF TEACHING
WRITTEN DATA FROM THE
THE CONTEMPORARY CHINESE CORPUS
THE COMPLEX METAPHOR IN
FROM AN INTEGRATIONIST PERSPECTIVE
THE COMMUNITY AS A
FUTURE IS IN FRONT
A FLUID IN A
SOUTH AND THE NORTH
WITH AND RELATE TO
BETWEEN THE SOUTH AND
HAYES ET AL S
FOR THE TASK OF
ASSIGNED TO LEVEL 0
GENRE AND TIMING CONDITION
STAGE OF THE WORLD
FOR PRESERVICE TEACHERS TO
OF THE ZPD AS
ADULT LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT SCALES
DERIVED FROM THE TRAINING
OF ADDRESS FORM COMPETENCE
DEVELOPMENT OF ADDRESS FORM
COMPOUNDS AND IDIOMS INVOLVING
ESL LEARNERS ORAL NARRATIVES
A USAGE-BASED VIEW OF
CONTROL IS HOLDING IN
IN TRADITIONAL CHINESE CULTURE
E PELITA AND V-KO
IS CONCEPTUALIZED AS THE

29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280

LEVELS OF GENERAL CAPACITY

TO MAKE AN ARGUMENT
NEWMAN AND HOLZMAN 1993
EACH OTHER AS INDICES
MENTAL STATES AND ACTIVITIES
ACHIEVES AN ACCURACY OF
COMPARE WITH AND RELATE
AKSU-KOC AND SLOBIN 1986
OF THE POLITE FORM
OF THE RULE-BASED MODEL
OF THE DYNAMIC EVENTIVE
THE THIRD POLICY STATEMENT
A PARTICULAR KIND OF
OF THE SPOKEN LANGUAGE
A SOCIOCULTURAL THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE
THE SYNTACTIC COMPLEXITY ANALYZER
POINT OF VIEW OF
ACCORDING TO THE THEORY
RELATE TO EACH OTHER
THE WAYS IN WHICH
ACTIONS AND DECISIONS OF
WITHIN THE PEER GROUP
THEMSELVES AS TEACHERS AND
05 IN THE MEAN
THE INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIONS AND
WORD AND THOSE OF
ALL OTHER DECADES P
THE GREAT CHAIN METAPHOR
TO STUDENT PERFORMANCE CUES
THE GOOD BEHAVIOR GAME
THREE OR MORE CHARACTERS
THE GENERALIZED CONTEXT OF
VAN DER VEER 1993
ABOUT SECOND-LANGUAGE LEARNING AND
AND JOHNSON 1980 1999
TSENG ET AL 2005
THE HUMAN RELATIONS AREA
VARIOUS ASPECTS AND EVENTS
ACCURACY OF ITS HIGHEST
AND LOW INTERMEDIATE GROUPS
TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE THE
THE INSTRUCTIONAL FOCUS OF
THE QUALITY OF TEST
AIKHENVALD AND DIXON 2003
WAY OF TALKING ABOUT
THE STAGE OF THE
THE V-KO MALTA AUXILIARY

29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
28.43
27.84
27.67
27.43
27.08
26.70
26.56
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
13
16
12
33
11
15
71
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327

THE QUALITY OF ESL

THE SAMPLE SIZE EFFECT
THE UNKNOWN WORD AND
THE SPEAKER OF THE
THE TRAINING AND TEST
THE SCORE OF A
THE USE OF URBAN
THE UNKNOWN WORD IN
THE TEACHER EDUCATOR S
AND EVENTS OF LIFE
THE MIND IS A
UNKNOWN WORD IDENTIFICATION WITH
AND JAPANESE V-TE SHIMAU
USE OF ENGLISH ACROSS
THE NP ROOT NODE
THE PERSONAL AND THE
ANALYSIS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS
THE POS CATEGORY OF
THE V-TE SHIMAU AUXILIARY
THE T OF SOLIDARITY
WITH ONE S EYES
THE FIVE ZANG ORGANS
LINGUISTIC AND STATISTICAL HEURISTICS
LEE AND RAMSEY 2000
LOWER TO HIGHER LEVELS
NOTED IN HER JOURNAL
MIND IS A BODY
DIFFERENT SOURCES OF INFORMATION
IS HOLDING IN THE
IS ASSIGNED TO LEVEL
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AND COGNITIVE
L2 TEACHER EDUCATION IS
KWUN NEY AND TELA
NP ROOT NODE IS
OF TEACHING ACADEMIC WRITING
OF SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHERS
OF THE BODY AND
OF THE COMBINED MODEL
COMPOUNDS AND IDIOMS CONTAINING
OF ITS HIGHEST RANKED
OBJECT OF MAIN VERB
NN EZ ET AL
OF AGING IN AFRICA
OF ITS COMPONENT CHARACTERS
DIFFERENCES P 0 05
HALF OF THE CENTURY
HAD A SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER

25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374

EYES TO THE TARGET

IDENTIFIED AS HAVING A
HIGH INTERMEDIATE AND LOW
FLUENT AND HIGH INTERMEDIATE
FORM OVER THE OTHER
FORCE AND EFFORT DISTANCE
FRAWLEY AND LANTOLF 1985
FROM THE EYES TO
FROM LOWER TO HIGHER
IF THE NP ROOT
EGO AND PAST IS
EMOTION COGNITION AND ACTIVITY
IN THE STATE OF
INTERMEDIATE AND LOW INTERMEDIATE
EFFORT FORCE AND EFFORT
IN THE JAPANESE CORPUS
IN BOTH INDIA AND
IN A SECOND CULTURE
EVENTS ACTIONS AND OUTCOMES
IN KOREAN AND JAPANESE
IN FRONT OF US
COMPLEX METAPHOR AT THE
TEST OF ENGLISH PROFICIENCY
ASPECTS AND EVENTS OF
THE 1920S AND 1930S
THE ADULT LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT
THE ACCURACY OF ITS
TERMS OF THE ACCURACY
SENSE GUESSING OF CHINESE
SECOND-LANGUAGE LEARNING AND TEACHING
SHOWS SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES P
TEACHERS' BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
TEACHER EDUCATOR AND PEER
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADDRESS
THE CULTURE OF ADOPTION
AND PAST IS BEHIND
THE FEMALE MARTIAL ROLE
THE EYES TO THE
THE CREATIVE USE OF
THE BODY AND THE
AS THE CENTRAL FACULTY
AND THOSE OF ITS
AND THE CHILDES DATABASE
THE COMPLEX METAPHOR AT
BELIEFS ABOUT SECOND-LANGUAGE LEARNING
PAST IS BEHIND EGO
PARTS OF THE BODY

25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396

BIRD S NEST AND

PRODUCTION UNITS AND STRUCTURES
PERCEPTUAL ORGAN STANDS FOR
PALM OF THE HAND
CHALLENGE FOR L2 TEACHER
OF THE INCLINED PLANE
OF THE V-KO MALTA
BY THE CHARACTER CATEGORY
CENTRAL FACULTY OF COGNITION
RECOGNITION OF A PROBLEM
BETWEEN THE SEMANTIC CATEGORIES
RULES DERIVED FROM THE
SCORE OF A CATEGORY
QUALITY OF ESL LEARNERS
BETWEEN TIME-R AND HUMAN-R
PROJECTED IMAGES OF THEMSELVES
PUT ON A SHOW
PART OF THE SPEAKER
AS WE SEE IN
THE RESULTS OF THE
OF THE PRESENT STUDY
IN THE PRESENT STUDY

25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.83
25.58
25.41
-25.44
-36.49
-58.24

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
14
12
27
3
15