Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Farokh Rokhbakhsh-Zamin
& Department of Microbiology
Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology
Agricultural Biotechnology
))Biofertilizers
:Soil health
Biological, Chemical and
Physical
features to long term,
sustainable
agricultural productivity with
minimal environmental impact
.)Arias, 2005(
:Soil Fertility
Are: soil organic matter )including
microbial Biomass(, Soil texture, soil
structure, soil depth, content of
nutrients, storage capacity
adsorption capacity(, soil reactions(
& absence of toxic elements
FERTILIZERS:
2. Soils may be naturally low in nutrients
3. Deficient due to nutrient removal by crops
4. When high yielding varieties are grown
(In order to obtain high yields, Fertilizers are needed).
FERTILIZERS
Endophytic .1 Exophytic .2
Bacteria Bacteria
Bacterial Endophytes:
Why Are They There?
• Opportunists?
–Some have no apparent effect
on plant performance
• Mutualists?
–Evidence is accumulating to
support this possibility
Bacterial Endophytes: Another
Mutualistic Symbiosis
• Benefit to microorganism:
– Provides an environment buffered from external
stresses
– Steady source of nutrients and water
• Benefit to the plant host:
– Nitrogen fixation
– Biological control of plant pathogens and pests
– Enhanced uptake of nutrients and water
Bacterial Genera With
Endophytes:
Acetobacter Acidovorax Achromobacter
Directly Indirectly
* Production of Plant hormones*Antibiosis
* Phosphorous solubilization *Induced resistance
* Enhanced iron availability *Iron scavenging
* Nitrogen Fixation *Competition for nutrients/niche
* Etcetera * Parasitism & Predation
*Etcetera
Well known
PGPRs:
• Arthrobacter
• Acetobacter
• Azotobacter
• Azosperillum
• Bacillus
• Enterobacteria
• Klebsiella
• Proteus
• Pseudomonas
• Rhizobium
Pseudomonas spp. & related
genera:
• Although a range of different bacterial genera
and species have been studied, the
overwhelming
number of papers have involved the use of
Pseudomonas species. It’s so because
Pseudomonas and related genera are
characteristically:
• Fast growing
• Easy to culture
• Manipulate genetically in the laboratory
• Able to utilize a range of organic
compounds
Other
rh izobacteria
• Sin ce o th er rhizobacte ria a re a lso
found i n t he rh iz osphere o f
many c rop p la nts L ik e w heat and th ere
were l it tle d etail ed stu dies o n t hem
fr om p lant r hizosphere:
• It becomes in teresting t o f in d o ut th e
probable role of oth er s i n r hizosphere
of wheat & o ther c rop p la nts.
Di r ect
Pla nt Gr owt h
Pr omotio n
1.Microbial Production of Plant Hormones:
• Plants themselves synthesize Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinins,
Ethylene, and Abscisic acid, but under less than ideal climatic
and environmental conditions, Plants may not synthesize
sufficient endogenous concentrations to sustain optimal
growth and development.
Asymbiotic Symbiotic
Azotobacter Rhizobium
Azosperillum Bradyrhizobium
Bacillus Cyanobacteria
Klebsiella Anabaena
Clostridium
P.vulgaris
In Di r ect
Pla nt Gr owt h
Pr omotion
Biocontrol PGPR
• According to the United States
Department of Agriculture, biological
control of plant disease is defined as "
the involvement of the use of
beneficial microorganisms, such as
specialized fungi and bacteria, to
attack and control plant pathogens and
the diseases they cause.
• These "specialized" fungi and bacteria
are microorganisms that normally
inhabit most soils.
• Direct Competition with the Target Organism.
Example:
• Iron competition in Pseudomonads has been intensively studied and
the role of the pyoverdine siderophore has been intensively studied
and the role of the pyoverdine siderophore produced by many
pseudomonas species has been clearly demonstrated in control of
Pythium and fusarium species.
2. Antibiosis:
The biocontrol agent produces an chemical compound such
as an antibiotic or some type of toxin that kills or has some
sort of detrimental effect on the target organism.
Example:
phenyazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) from Pseudomonas
aureofaciens kuyver tx-1 has even been used as a direct field
treatment of the control of dollar spot on creeping bent grass
(Powell et al., 2000).
3. Induced Resistance of the Host Plant.