CONNECTIVES

1. AND-TYPE CONNECTIVES- are similar in meaning with the conjunction and

Connectives of listing:
FIRSTLY, FINALLY, ABOVE ALL, LAST BUT NOT LEAST
ALSO, FURTHERMORE, MOREOVER, IN ADDITION,LIKEWISE,
SIMILARLY, IN THE SAME WAY

Connectives of transition:
WITH REFERENCE TO, WITH REGARD TO, WITH RESPECT TO,
REGARDING, AS FOR.

Connectives of summation:
TO CONCLUDE, TO SUM UP, IN BRIEF, THEREFORE, IN
SUMMATION

Connectives of apposition:
THAT IS TO SAY, VIZ ( =NAMELY), IN OTHER WORDS, RATHER.

Connectives of result:
SO, THEREFORE, AS A RESULT, CONSEQUENTLY, THUS, HENCE

Connectives of reference:
THEN, IN OTHER WORDS, THAT IMPLIES, ELSE, IN THAT
CASE.

2. OR TYPE CONNECTIVES-are similar in meaning with the conjunction or

Connectives of reformulation:
BETTER, RATHER, IN OTHER WORDS, TO PUT
SIMPLY

IT MORE

Connectives of replacement
ALTERNATIVELY, RATHER, BETTER WORSE, ON THE OTHER
HAND.
3. BUT TYPE CONNECTIVES-are similar in meaning with the conjunction but

Connectives of contrast:
INSTEAD, ON THE CONTRARY, BY (WAY) OF CONTRAST, IN
COMPARISON, ON THE ONE HAND, ON THE OTHER HAND,
CONVERSELY.

Connectives of concession:
BESIDES, HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS, STILL, ALTHOUGH ,
THOUGH, YET, IN ANY CASE, AT ANY RATE, FOR ALL THAT, IN
SPITE OF/ DESPITE OF, ALL THE SAME, EVEN IF, EVEN THOUGH
EXEMPLIFICATION
FOR EXAMPLE
SUCH AS
FOR INSTANCE
X IS A CASE IN POINT
AN EXAMPLE IS/MAY BE/BEING
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
SIMILARITIES: BOTH X AND Y HAVE/ ARE
X AND Y ARE SIMILAR/ ALIKE IN THAT THEY BOTH
X IS SIMILAR TO Y IN THAT
X IS SIMILAR TO Y IN

X AND Y BOTH.. THE SAME KIND OF.

X LIKE Y..
X IS. SO/ TOO IS Y.
DISSIMILARITIES: A AND B ARE DISSIMILAR IN THAT A HAS MUCH
SMALLER.THAN B
A IS DIFFERENT FROM B IN THAT..
A IS. WHEREAS / WHILE B IS.
WITH REGARD TO..A IS..THAN B.
ON THE ONE HAND A IS/ HAS. ON THE OTHER HAND B IS/
HAS.
THE MAIN DIFFERENCE/ ONE OF THE DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN A AND B IS THAT..
ARGUMENT
INTRODUCING A POINT OF VIEW: PROS
o THE FIRST THING TO BE CONSIDERED IS THAT.
o IT IS A FACT THAT.
o I BELIEVE WITH X THAT.
o YHE POINT TO BE MADE CLEAR IS THAT.
INTRODUCING CONS
o I DISAGREE WITH X WHO MAINTAINS THAT
o BUT-TYPE CONNECTIVES
STYLISTIC INVERSION
UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES
ON NO ACCOUNT
SELDOM DID.
NEITHER DID
LITTLE DID SHE/HE+ VERB.
NEVER DID
NO SOONER.. THAT
HARDLY WHEN
NOT ONLY BUT ALSO.
DRAWING CONCLUSIONS:
SUMMARISING IN SHORT
- IN BRIEF
- IN A WORD
- TO SUM UP
CONCLUDING IN CONCLUSION
- ON THE WHOLE
- ALTOGETHER
- IN ALL
IT IS GENERALLY/ WIDELY ACCPTED/ ARGUED/ HELD/BELIEVED
THAT.
THEREFORE/THUS/ON THIS BASIS/ GIVEN THIS IT CAN/ MAY BE
CONCLUDED/DEDUCED/INFERRED THAT.
FROM TABLE 1 /THE TABLE/FIGURES/DATA/RESULTS/INFORMATION IT
CAN/MAY BE DEDUCED/SEEN/ CONCLUDED/SHOWN/ESTIMATED/
CALCULATED/ INFERED THAT
IN CONCLUSION/ FINALLY WE CAN/ MAY SAY/BE SAID THAT
CAUSE AND EFFECT
THE CAUSE/ EFFECT/ CONSEQUENCE/ RESULT/ REASON FOR/WHY (+CLAUSE)
OF.IS
CAUSE
THEREFORE/SO
/
AS
A
RESULT/
AS
A
CONSEQUENCE/ACCORDINGLY/THUS/HENCE/ FOR THIS REASON EFFECT

BECAUSE OF THIS
BECAUSE/AS /SINCE/NOW THAT.
CAUSE CAUSATIVE VERB
EFFECT
= TO CAUSE/RESULT IN /LEAD TO/ PRODUCE/ BRING ABOUT
EFFECT BECAUSE OF/AS A RESULT OF/ ON ACCOUNT OF/ OWING TO/ DUE
TO
IF CLAUSE
THEN MAIN CLAUSE
Essay writing:
introduction
TO BEGIN WITH
development
WITH REFERENCE TO
IN THE SAME WAY
IN OTHER WORDS
THAT IMPLIES
TO PUT IT MORE SIMPLY
ON THE OTHER HAND
IN COMPARISON
BESIDES
conclusion
TO CONCLUDE
TO SUM UP
THE FORMAL STYLE
Contracted verbal forms are to be avoided
Familiar language should be replaced by formal vocabulary
FORMAL
IN FORMAL
SIMPLE VERBS
PHRASAL VERBS
CONDUCT
DISCOVER
INVESTIGATE

CARRY OUT
FIND OUT
LOOK INTO

Impersonality is recommended. It may be achieved by using:

Introductory it
There is type of predicates
Impersonal one
The passive voice
Tentativeness and caution are recommended. It should be achieved like this:
Basic meaning
verbs
adverbs
1. not definitely true
to appear to, to seem to
apparently, seemingly
2. not definitely certain
to tend to, to be likely to, ( very) probably
may well
3. possible
might, may, could, can
maybe, perhaps, possibly
CLASIFICATION
TO CLASSIFY
TO GROUP
TO DIVIDE
TO ORGANIZE
TO FALL INTO= TO CLASSIFY YOURSELF INTO
VOCABULARY
CRITERION/CRITERIA
BASIS/ BASES
FEATURES
CHARACTERISTICS

TO CATEGORISE
TO ARRANGE
TO PUT INTO
TO PLACE IN
TO DISTINGUISH
TO DIFFERENTIATE
TO SUB-CLASSIFY
TO SUB-CATEGORISE
TO SUB-GROUP
TO SUB-DIVIDE
CATEGORIES, SUB-CATEGORIES
SORTS
SPECIES
BREEDS
ORDERS
DIVISIONS
FAMILIES
MEMBERS
CLASSES, SUB-CLASSES
GROUPS, SUB-GROUPS
TYPES , SUB-ORDER
KINDS, SUB-DIVISIONS
X CONSISTS OF/ COMPRISESACCORDING TO.
WHETHER OR NOT.THERE IS X.
WHETHER THERE IS X OR NOT.
X MAY BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO/ON THE BASIS OF/ DEPENDING
(UP)ON
THE CLASSIFICATION IS BASED (UP)ON
. MAY BE DIVIDED.
..MAY BE FURTHER SUB-DIVIDED.