B THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

THUYT MINH
D tho Tiu chun Vit Nam
TIU CHUN V HP MC IN LASER

H Ni2015

B THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

THUYT MINH
D tho Tiu chun Vit Nam
TIU CHUN V HP MC IN LASER

H Ni2015

MC LC
LI NI U......................................................................................................4
1. Thc trng th trng v vn qun l hp mc in laser ti Vit Nam. .4
1.1 c im, tnh hnh i tng tiu chun ho.............................................4
1.2 Hin trng h thng chnh sch qun l hp mc in laser hin nay............6
1.3 Thc trng th trng v sn xut hp mc in laser ti Vit Nam...............6
2. L do, mc ch xy dng tiu chun............................................................7
2.1 Nhu cu tiu chun ha hp mc in............................................................8
2.2 Mc ch xy dng tiu chun...................................................................10
3. S c xy dng tiu chun............................................................................10
3.1 Kinh nghim quc t..................................................................................10
3.2 La chn ti liu........................................................................................11
3.3 Hnh thc bin son...................................................................................21
3.4 Phng php xy dng tiu chun............................................................22
4. Ni dung chnh...............................................................................................22
4.1 Ni dung tiu chun...................................................................................22
4.2 Tiu chun vin dn...................................................................................23
5. Kt lun v khuyn ngh p dng................................................................27
5.1 Kt lun......................................................................................................27
5.2 Khuyn ngh p dng.................................................................................27

LI NI U

D tho Tiu chun Vit NamTCVN-xxx:2015 Tiu chun v hp mc

in Laser c xy dng trn c s tham kho tiu chun ISO/IEC 19752:2004
v phng php nh gi kh nng in ca hp mc in en trng v cc thit b
lin quan (Information technology Method for the determination of toner
cartridge yield for monochromatic electrophotographic printers and multifunction devices that contain printer components) v ISO/IEC 19798:2007
phng php nh gi kh nng in ca hp mc in mu v cc thit b lin quan
(Information technology Method for the determination of toner cartridge
yield for color electrophotographic printers and multi-function devices that
contain printer components), trong :

Phm vi p dng tiu chun:

Tiu chun ny c s dng trong vic nh gi kh nng in ca hp
mc in laser trong vn phng v c p dng cho my in, cc thit b a chc
nng c cha cc thnh phn my in v c kh nng in k thut s.
Tiu chun c mc ch o kh nng in ca hp mc in laser v so snh
vi kh nng in c cng b ca hp mc in laser mi.
Tiu chun ny khng p dng cho hot ng in cng nghip v c khi
lng ln

Ni dung ca tiu chun bao gm:

Phng php th nghim m cc nh sn xut nn s dng xc nh
kh nng in ca hp mc.
Phng php xc nh gi tr kh nng in ca hp mc t cc kt qu
kim tra.
Xc nhn kh nng in ca hp mc nhm lm c s nh gi cht lng
cn li ca hp mc m bo iu kin phn phi trn th trng.
1. Thc trng th trng v vn qun l hp mc in laser ti Vit Nam
1.1 c im, tnh hnh i tng tiu chun ho
Hp mc in laser en trng l hp mc c tnh cht ch c chc nng thc hin
in i vi trang in en trng. Hp mc in laser mu thng bao gm 3 hp mc
4

mu c bn l xanh, , da cam c th phi hp to thnh cc t hp trang in

mu.
Hp mc in bao gm nhng thnh phn sau:

Trng (Drum): Linh kin ny c tc dng quan

trng n bn in, bn in p - xu - m - in lem...l do
linh kin ny gy ra. Nguyn tc hot ng ca Drum l
nhn tn hiu t my (hoc trc t) t d liu bn in
trong my tnh v in ln giy khi n chy qua.
Trc cao su (trc st): Trc ny c
nhim v l gi v cun giy a ln Trng (Drum),
trc ny t khi hng hoc li. Nu trc li s gy ra kt
giy (him khi), bn in en mt na, mt gc hoc en
tng vt theo tun hon cng c th en c bn in.
Gt mc (gt ln): C nhim v gt
mc tha t Trng (Drum) vo khay cha mc tha ca
my, nu thy bn in c vt sc k t trn xung (k
nh, thanh) th do li gt b m hoc mn hoc cng do
gt gy ra cc vt en nm ngang bn in.
Tr t: Trc t ng vai tr quan trng
trong cu trc hot ng ca hp mc c tc dng "ht"
mc t hp mc ln v cn vo Trng (Drum) v c bn
trc ny t khi b li, mc d c th b try xc hoc
mn,... tuy nhin u c th vn ti s dng.

Gt t (gt nh): Khi trc t quay s ht

mc ln cn vo Trng (Drum), tuy nhin khi ht s
ht rt nhiu khi bn in s rt m, thm ch en c
bng, vn t ra l cn c mt linh kin, thit b gi li
mc ch cho trc t "ht" ln mt lng mc va cn
thit cho bn in. Gt t ny c tc dng nh vy, nu bn
in xut hin mt (hoc nhiu hn) vt en to bng u
a tr ln, vt en xm t trn xung th khi l li
Mt
linhtkin
mc
gt
casGt
yukm
- cntheo
phihp
thay.
L xo gi hp mc (ch c duy nht trong hp mc 12A ca HP v 303 ca
Canon): l xo ny c tc dng ko 2 phn ca hp mc kht li vi nhau, nu
thiu n phn bn gn l xo s m hoc trng mt na.
L xo di trc cao xu: l xo ny rt him b li, biu hin r nht khi l xo
hng l c bn in en ht, khi phi kim tra tnh trng li xem l xo
Hai ming np nha mng hai u trc t: c tc dng gi v ngn ko
cho mc b lem ra 2 mp ca bn in, nu thiu, rch, hng thi bn in s b lem,
en mp b thiu hoc c 2 mp.
L xo u cn li ca trc t: l xo ny rt quan trng, l ny c nhim
v tun hon gip cho trc t quay u, khng lch vng quay, nu b gy,
hoc hng, bn in s b lem, hoc trng bn.
1.2 Hin trng h thng chnh sch qun l hp mc in laser hin nay
Hin nay v chnh sch qun l hp mc in laser ti Vit Nam cn trong
qu trnh xy dng v hon thin, i vi hp mc in mi th nh sn xut tun
th cc quy nh sn xut v xut nhp khu thng thng. i vi hp mc in
c hin chu s iu chnh ca Thng t s 11/2012/TT-BTTTT ngy 17/7/2012
quy nh v danh mc sn phm cng ngh thng tin qua s dng cm nhp
khu. Ti Khon 8 iu 4 nhp khu hp mc in qua s dng, sau khi sa
cha, lm mi hoc sn xut lm mi cung cp, phn phi ti th trng trong
nc hoc ti xut.Ngoi ra cn mt s nhng quy nh, chnh sch lin quan c
th:Quyt nh s 1621/Q-0TTg, iu 1 khon b) v vic tp trung u t
cng ngh;Quyt nh s 221/Q-BTNMT, quy nh danh mc nhm sn phm,
dch v chng nhn nhn xanh trong c mc in my in laser; Quyt nh s
223/Q-BTNMT, quy nh cc tiu ch nhn xanh Vit Nam; Thng t s
01/2012/TT-BCT quy nh phn loi v ghi nhn ha cht; Quy chun
6

40:2011/BTNMT v nc thi cng nghip, nh my sn xut mc in bt buc

phi tun theo.
1.3 Thc trng th trng v sn xut hp mc in laser ti Vit Nam
My in hin l thit b ph dng cn thit i vi cng vic v cuc sng
hng ngy. Gi thnh mt my in c cu hnh bnh thng ch s dng in en
trng vi tc khng cao, p ng c cc yu cu ca doanh nghip nh v
h gia nh hin nay ch khong t 100-150 USD, y l mt mc gi m rt
nhiu ngi dn c kh nng mua. Thng thng hin nay th mi hp mc
y th ch in c khong 2500 trang A4, v sau hai ln thay mc mi th phi
thay hp mc mi. Tng chi ph cho nhng thay th trung bnh t 100-150
nghn ng, mi ln thay hp mc l khong 800 nghn n 1 triu ng, vy
vi nhng ngi s dng va phi (mi nm thay 1 cartridge) th trung bnh chi
ph cho s dng my in laser trong vng 2 nm s bng gi thnh.
Hin nay vn x l mc thi trong qu trnh sn xut ti sn xut hp
mc in kh n gin v m bo v sinh mi trng. i vi lnh vc ti sn
xut hp mc in (hp mc in sau khi c lm mi c gi l hp mc in
tng thch), c tnh th trng trn th gii nm 2010 t khong 22 t USD ,
trong doanh thu ngnh ti sn xut hp mc in en trng khong 7,7 t USD,
chim 35% ngnh hp mc en trng. Theo c tnh khong 375.000 doanh
nghip ti Vit Nam, nu trung bnh mi thng dng 01 hp mc chnh hng c
gi l 60 USD. Gi tr hng nm phi nhp 375.000 x 60 USD x 12 thng =
270.000.000 USD (Hai trm by mi triu USD), trong cha k n c s
lng cc h gia nh s dng my in. Qua cho thy mt th trng quy m
rt ln ca hp mc in laser Vit Nam l rt ln.
Hin nay, trn th trng bao gm cc loi hp mc in laser c nhn mc,
ngun gc xut x r rng, hp mc in tng thch c nhp khu hoc do cc
doanh nghip uy tn sn xut trong nc v cc hp mc in do c s t nhn
trong nc ti ch hoc xut x t Trung Quc c cht lng thp. Trong c
tnh hp mc in chnh hng chim khong 60% th trng. Th phn ca cc hp
mc in tng thch trong nc chim khong 5% cn li l cc hp mc in gi,
km cht lng khng c ngun gc xut x.
Vit Nam c khong 7 doanh nghip hot ng lnh vc sn xut hp mc
7

in tng thch bao gm (Vmax, Clover, Mc in Vit,) vi doanh thu ca hot

ng ca lnh vc ny nm 2010 t hn 230 triu USD trong phn ln lm
theo n hng ca cc i tc nc ngoi xut khu, hot ng ny to
hng chc ngn vic lm cho ngi lao ng ti cc a phng. Hp mc in
tng thch ca cc doanh nghip ny thng bo m cc tnh nng, cng
dng gn nh tng ng cc sn phm ca nh sn xut gc, ng thi cn
tng thch vi nhiu loi my in. V d khi mua hp mc in Vmax 92A, ngi
tiu dng c th dng cho cc loi my in: HP Laser Jet 1100, 1100A, 3100 v
Canon 1120, 800,... vi cht lng tng t nh khi dng hng ca nh sn xut
my in gc. Cc doanh nghip ny nhp khu cc hp mc in c t nc ngoi
v thc hin sa cha lm mi v ti xut, mt s nhng hp mc in trong nc
c thu gom v ti sn xut lm mi v phn phi ra th trng.
2. L do, mc ch xy dng tiu chun
2.1 Nhu cu tiu chun ha hp mc in
Vic xy dng tiu chun nhm p ng nhng yu cu nh sau:
a) p ng nhu cu pht trin ngnh cng nghip dch v CNTT (tn
trang, ti ch,...)
Ngnh cng nghip dch v CNTT l mt ngnh mi v pht trin nhanh.
Hin nay, nc ta ngnh cng nghip dch v ny ang giai on hnh thnh
nhng tc pht trin rt mnh m. Bn cnh s h tr c lc ca cc thit b
hin i, i vi ngnh cng nghip dch v CNTT th khng t nhng cng
on cn s tham gia trc tip ca con ngi. Vi li th ca nc ta l c
ngun nhn lc tr di do, tuy phn ln c trnh cng ngh thp nhng gi
nhn cng r hn nhiu so vi cc nc trong khu vc. Hn th, cc hot ng
dch v ny rt ph hp vi th mnh ca ngi lao ng Vit Nam cn c, kho
lo, chu kh, ham hc hi. Hin nay, xu hng lm dch v trong khu vc v
trn th gii ang dch chuyn dn sang nhng nc c ngun nhn cng gi r,
trong c Vit Nam. y l mt c hi tt to cng n vic lm cho lao
ng trong nc, tng ngun thu c bit trong bi cnh suy gim kinh t ton
cu hin nay. Mt khc, trong tnh hnh suy gim kinh t, tit kim chi tiu nh
th th trng tim nng ca ngnh cng nghip dch v phn cng in t m ra
rt ln trong c ngnh cng nghip ti sn xut hp mc. V tc ng i vi
8

mi trng ca ngnh cng nghip dch v: sa cha, phc hi, lm mi cc

hp mc l gii php tit kim, gp phn bo v mi trng. i vi lnh vc ti
sn xut hp mc in, lng cht thi pht sinh khng nhiu, khng gy nhim
nu so vi rt nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc hin nay. Chi ph x l cht thi
pht sinh ny t hn rt nhiu ln nu cc sn phm c khng c ti s dng
m loi b ra thnh rc thi.
Tuy nhin v vn x hi, bn cnh xu hng pht trin tch cc ca
lnh vc sn xut hp mc in laser cng cn t ra nhiu mt tri lin quan tiu
chun lin quan c bit xc nh cht lng ca hp mc. y cng l vn
nhc nhi trong x hi hin nay khi tn ti rt nhiu nhng hp mc in gia cng
hoc c xut s t Trung quc tri ni trn th trng dn n thit hi sn xut
v c bit l ngi tiu dng khi mua phi hp mc km cht lng. Do vy
tiu chun lin quan hp mc in l nhu cu tt yu nhm loi b nhng mt tri
ca lnh vc ny v to iu kin cho ngnh cng nghip dch vc phn cng
ni chung v lnh vc sn xut hp mc in tng thch ti Vit Nam pht trin.
b) Nhu cu v bo v mi trng trong vic gim thiu rc thi cng ngh
thng tin
Mt hp mc in tng thch c s dng gip gim thiu chi ph 3060% so vi hp mc in chnh hng, theo nh phn tch trn hng nm nhu cu
s dng hp mc in ca cc doanh nghip v h gia nh trong nc l rt ln,
vic khng x l nhng hp mc c to ra lng rc thi ra mi trng rt ln.
Do vy vic thu gom v ti sn xut cc hp mc in c thnh cc hp mc in
tng thch khng nhng gp phn hn ch lng rc thi in t tri ni khng
c x l trn th trng m cn mang li hiu qu kinh t x hi cao.
c) p ng nhu cu qun l nh nc v hp mc in laser
Hin nay, cc c ch chnh sch (vn bn php lut) ca Vit Nam cha
theo kp vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca ngnh cng nghip CNTT c bit
trong lnh vc cng nghip dch v cn mi m ny. Lut cng ngh thng tin,
Ngh nh 71/2007/N-CP hng dn mt s iu ca Lut CNTT v cng
nghip CNTT cng quy nh mt s vn lin quan n hot ng dch v
CNTT. Tuy nhin, quy m cng nghip dch v th cc VBPL vn cha c
b sung, hon thin, do trong giai on ti nhu cu qun l nh nc i vi
9

cng nghip dch v ni chung v lnh vc hp mc in ni ring l ht sc cp

thit. Do vy xy dng nhng tiu chun lin quan mi c th theo kp vi yu
cu ca thc tin pht trin ca ngnh ny. V d i vi hp mc in tng
thch, ngoi ra, vic tiu hu cc cht thi pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut c
th kim sot c. Chng ta ch chp nhn cho php cc doanh nghip lm
dch v nu c phng n x l cht thi c c quan nh nc v bo v mi
trng chp thun, c nhng sn phm hp mc tiu chun cht lng cung
cp ra th trng l ht sc ph hp.
2.2 Mc ch xy dng tiu chun
Xy dng tiu chun cho hp mc
in tng thch sn xut ti Vit Nam nhm lm iu kin phan phi cho th
trng ti Vit Nam nhm:
- Trung thc vi ngi dng: Tiu chun c xy dng v thc hin s
gip hn ch hp mc in gia cng hoc nhp khu t Trung quc, ngi tiu
dng bn cnh vic la chn hp mc chnh hng s c c hi tip cn hp mc
in tng thch m bo cht lng gn tng ng vi hp mc in chun c
s kim nh v nh gi cht lng mt cch r rng.
- Tit kim ngoi t cho quc gia: khi tiu chun hp mc in c
ban hnh s l c scho cc doanh nghip sn xut p ng iu kin c th
phn phi ngay ti th trng trong nc. y l vic lm gip tit kim ngoi t
v ngn sch quc gia do gii quyt bt cp hin nay l cng nhng hp mc in
tng thch do doanh nghip trong nc sn xut phi ti xut ra nc ngoi v
sau li nhp ngc tr li th trng Vit Nam di mc ca cc nh sn xut
khc.
- Hiu qu kinh t x hi v sn xut trong nc v vn lao
ng: Vic pht trin ln mnh loi hnh dch v ti sn xut hp mc in laser s
gp phn pht trin cng nghip dch v phn cng in t ca Vit Nam ni
chung ng thi cng gip to s lng ln vic lm cho ngi lao ng v x
hi.
3. S c xy dng tiu chun
3.1 Kinh nghim quc t
i vi nhng hp mc in mi c sn xut bi cc tp on,
cng ty uy tn trong lnh vc sn xut my in nh HP, Canon,...th ti cc nc
10

nh M, i loan, Thi lan, c th c c phn phi ra th trng i hi

cc hp mc ny phi m bo cc tiu chun v sn xut trong cng nghip
trong c vic cng b thng s k thut v kh nng in ca hp mc ph hp
vi tiu chun ISO/IEC 19752: 2004 v ISO/IEC 19798: 2007 1. y l hai tiu
chun c bn c cc hng p dng ph bin trn th gii cng nh ngi tiu
dng tham kho nh gi cht lng v kh nng in ca hp mc trc khi
quyt nh s dng.
i vi hp mc in tng thch. y l loi hp mc ny c dng t
khong 20 nm trc. Ti th trng M v Chu u, mc in tng thch chim
n 30% th phn, c tnh gi tr trong nm 2010 t trn 22 t USD (2). Thng
thng mt hp mc in tng thch c xem l r khong 50% so vi hp mc
chnh hng v c gii hn 3 ln thc hin ti ch, lm mi.c bit ti M, tng
thng M George W. Bush k quyt nh: Ton b nh trng thc hin chng
trnh tit kim chi ph vn phng trong c iu khon dng mc in tng
thch tit kim chi ph.Xu hng s dng hp mc in tng thch nhng
quc gia ang pht trin v khu vc chu cng ngy cng tng nh gi c
cnh tranh nhiu hn so vi mc in chnh hng m cht lng tng ng
nhau.
Tuy nhin v vn phn phi hp mc in tng thch, ti cc nc M,
Hn quc, Canada, i Loan, u cm vic nhp khu cc hp mc in tng
thchkhng c tiu chun sn xut r rng. c th phn phi hp mc in
tng thch cc nc ny u c nhng tiu chun v c cc c quan ng ra
kim kim duyt, nh gi cht lng hp mc intrc khi cung cp ra th
trng. V hnh thc ch yu l thng qua hnh thc dn nhn nh STMC (M);
ETIRA (EU); Green-Lable (Thi lan),
Trn th gii hin nay chia lm hai m hnh qun l hp mc in nh sau:
Th nht l m hnh ca cc nc (M, EU, Nht bn,). y l m hnh
c yu cu c tiu chun rt cao v hp mc in tng thch, trong ni dung
tp trung ch yu lin quan vn mi trng v qun l sn xut. C th tiu
ch gii hn cht c hi cho php ca vic sn xut, khng c php s dng
kh CFC, tiu chun v iu kin lao ng ca ngi sn xut, cht lng sn
phm sau bn hng nh khng qua 1% phn hi hay khi kin ca khch hng
i vi cht lng sn phm, thu gom v theo di sn phm sau khi phn phi,
1 Tham kho Ph lc
11


Th hai l m hnh cc nc i loan, Thi lan thc hin qun l hp
mc in tng thch thng qua nh gi cht lng ca hp mc da trn kh
nng c th in cn li ca hp mc. Trong ni dung chnh l quy nh hp
mc in tng thch iu kin phn phi ra th trng phi t ti thiu cn
trn 90% kh nng in so vi hp mc in ca nh sn xut gc. Vic nh gi ny
da trn tiu chun ISO/IEC 19752:2004 v ISO/IEC19798:2007 xc nh
kh nng in ca hp mc,ngoi ra l cc tiu chun khc lin quan quy nh v
dn nhn, t l ti ch,
Cn c thc t hin nay ti Vit Nam hu nh cha c tiu chun mi
trng mt cch c th i vi dch v phn cng cng nhtrong lnh vc sn
xut hp mc in tng thch. Nhm nghin cu tip cn theo hng m hnh
th hai ca i loan v Thi lan lin quan nh gi trc tip n cht lng v
kh nng ca hp mc.y c coi l m hnh c kh nng p dng ph hp
hn trong iu kin Vit Nam ng thi vn m bohp mc in tng thch
n tay ngi tiu dng c cht lng cao.
3.2La chn ti liu
Trong giai on nghin ng k v nghin cu ti, Nhm bin son
r sot k lng cc ti liu lin quan n tiu chun hp mc in laser, v c bn
cc tiu chun hin hnh chia lm cc nhm:
a) Cc tiu chun lin quan cng ngh in bao gm:
ISO/TS 10128:2009 Graphic technology -- Methods of adjustment of the
colour reproduction of a printing system to match a set of characterization
data(Cng ngh ha - Phng php iu chnh mu sc ca mt h thng in
n ph hp vi mt tp hp cc d liu c t);
ISO 12635:2008 Graphic technology -- Plates for offset printing
Dimensions(Cng ngh ha Tm in offset tiu chun kch thc);
ISO 12636:1998 Graphic technology -- Blankets for offset printing(Cng
ngh ha Tiu chun in offset);
ISO/CD 12643-1 Graphic technology -- Safety requirements for graphic
technology equipment and systems -- Part 1: General requirements(Cng ngh
12

 ha - Yu cu an ton i vi thit b ha v h thng - Phn 1: Yu cu

chung);
ISO 12643-1:2009 Graphic technology -- Safety requirements for graphic
technology equipment and systems -- Part 1: General requirements (Cng ngh
ha - Yu cu an ton i vi thit b ha v h thng - Phn 1: Yu cu
chung);
ISO/CD 12643-2 Graphic technology -- Safety requirements for graphic
technology equipment and systems -- Part 2: Prepress and press equipment and
systems(Yu cu an ton i vi thit b cng ngh ha v h thng - Phn
2: ch bn, thit b v h thng trong in n bo ch);
ISO 12643-2:2010 Graphic technology -- Safety requirements for graphic
technology equipment and systems -- Part 2: Prepress and press equipment and
systems(Yu cu an ton i vi thit b cng ngh ha v h thng - Phn
2: ch bn, thit b v h thng trong in n bo ch);
ISO/CD 12643-3 Graphic technology -- Safety requirements for graphic
technology equipment and systems -- Part 3: Binding and finishing equipment
and systems(Cng ngh ha - Yu cu an ton i vi thit b cng ngh
ha v h thng - Phn 3: thit b v h thng ng sch);
ISO 12643-3:2010 Graphic technology -- Safety requirements for graphic
technology equipment and systems -- Part 3: Binding and finishing equipment
and systems(Cng ngh ha - Yu cu an ton i vi thit b cng ngh
ha v h thng - Phn 3: thit b v h thng ng sch);
ISO/CD 12643-4 Graphic technology -- Safety requirements for graphic
technology equipment and systems -- Part 4: Converting equipment and
systems(Cng ngh ha - Yu cu an ton i vi thit b cng ngh ha
v h thng - Phn 4: Chuyn i thit b v h thng);
ISO 12643-4:2010 Graphic technology -- Safety requirements for graphic
technology equipment and systems -- Part 4: Converting equipment and
systems(Cng ngh ha - Yu cu an ton i vi thit b cng ngh ha
v h thng - Phn 4: Chuyn i thit b v h thng);
ISO 12643-5:2010 Graphic technology -- Safety requirements for graphic
13

technology equipment and systems -- Part 5: Stand-alone platen presses(Cng

ngh ha - Yu cu an ton i vi thit b cng ngh ha v h thng Phn 5: My in p s dng trc ln);
ISO/IEC 13660:2001 Information technology -- Office equipment -Measurement of image quality attributes for hardcopy output -- Binary
monochrome text and graphic images(Cng ngh thng tin - Thit b vn phng
- o lng cc thuc tnh cht lng hnh nh cho u ra - vn bn v hnh nh
ha);
ISO/DIS 15341 Graphic technology -- Method for Radius Determination
of Printing Cylinders (Cng ngh ha - Phng php xc nh bn knh ca
trc ln in);
ISO/IEC 15775:1999 Information technology -- Office machines -Method of specifying image reproduction of colour copying machines by analog
test charts -- Realisation and application(Cng ngh thng tin - my vn phng Phng php xc nh ti to hnh nh ca my sao chp mu sc bng cch
kim tra bng xp hng tng t - Hin thc v ng dng);
ISO/IEC 15775:1999/Amd 1:2005;
ISO/IEC 16680:2012 Information technology -- The Open Group Service
Integration Maturity Model (OSIMM)(Cng ngh thng tin - Dch v Open
Group tch hp M hnh (OSIMM);
ISO/IEC DIS 17629 Information technology -- Office equipment -Method for measuring first print out time for digital printing devices(Cng ngh
thng tin - Thit b vn phng - Phng php o in u tin ra thi gian cho
cc thit b in n k thut s);
ISO/IEC CD 17823 Colour Terminology for
Equipment(Mu ng cho cc thit b vn phng in mu).

Office

Colour

a) Cc tiu chun lin quan kh nng in ca hp mc:

ISO/IEC CD 17991 Method for Measuring Scanning Productivity of
Digital Multifunctional Devices(Phng php o qut sut ca cc thit b a
chc nng k thut s);
14

ISO/IEC 19752:2004 Information technology -- Method for the

determination of toner cartridge yield for monochromatic electrophotographic
printers and multi-function devices that contain printer components(Phng
php xc nh kh nng in ca hp mc in cho my in laser en trng v cc
thit b a chc nng c cha cc thnh phn my in);
ISO/IEC 19752:2004/Cor 1:2012
ISO/IEC TR 19797:2004 Information technology -- Office machines -Device output of 16 colour scales, output linearization method (LM) and
specification of the reproduction properties(Cng ngh thng tin - my vn
phng - thit b u ra ca 16 thang mu, phng php tuyn tnh u ra (LM)
v c im k thut nng sut in);
ISO/IEC 19798:2007 Method for the determination of toner cartridge
yield for colour printers and multi-function devices that contain printer
components(Phng php xc nh kh nng in ca hp mc in cho my in
laser en trng v cc thit b a chc nng c cha cc thnh phn my in);
ISO/IEC AWI 19798 Method for the determination of toner cartridge
yield for colour printers and multi-function devices that contain printer
components(Phng php xc nh kh nng in ca hp mc in cho my in
laser en trng v cc thit b a chc nng c cha cc thnh phn my in);
ISO/IEC 19798:2007/Cor 1:2012
ISO/IEC 19799:2007 Information technology -- Method of measuring
gloss uniformity on printed pages(Cng ngh thng tin - Phng php o
bng ng u trn cc trang in);
ISO/IEC 21117:2012 Information technology -- Office equipment -Copying machines and multi-function devices -- Information to be included in
specification sheets and related test methods(Cng ngh thng tin - Thit b vn
phng - My sao chp v cc thit b a chc nng - Thng tin c bao gm
trong cc bn quy cch v phng php th nghim lin quan);
ISO/IEC TR 24705:2005 Information technology -- Office machines -Machines for colour image reproduction -- Method of specifying image
reproduction of colour devices by digital and analog test charts(Cng ngh
15

thng tin - my vn phng - My ti to hnh nh mu - Phng php xc

nh ti to hnh nh ca thit b mu sc ca bng xp hng th nghim k
thut s v analog);
ISO/IEC 24711:2007 Method for the determination of ink cartridge yield
for colour inkjet printers and multi-function devices that contain printer
components(Phng php xc nh lng mc in cho my in phun mu v cc
thit b a chc nng c cha cc thnh phn my in);
ISO/IEC CD 24711 Method for the determination of ink cartridge yield
for colour inkjet printers and multi-function devices that contain printer
components(Phng php xc nh sn lng hp mc cho my in phun mu v
cc thit b a chc nng c cha cc thnh phn my in);
ISO/IEC 24711:2007/Cor 1:2012
ISO/IEC 24712:2007 Colour test pages for measurement of office
equipment consumable yield(Mu sc trang th nghim o lng nng sut
thit b vn phng);
ISO/IEC 24734:2009 Information technology - Office equipment Method for measuring digital printing productivity(Cng ngh thng tin - Thit
b vn phng - Phng php o lng nng sut in n k thut s);
ISO/IEC DIS 24734 Information technology -- Office equipment -Method for measuring digital printing productivity -- Revision draft(Cng ngh
thng tin - Thit b vn phng - Phng php o lng nng sut in n k thut
s - d tho sa i);
ISO/IEC 24735:2012 Information technology -- Office equipment -Method for measuring digital copying productivity(Cng ngh thng tin - Thit
b vn phng - Phng php o lng nng sut sao chp k thut s);
ISO/IEC TS 24790:2012 Information technology -- Office equipment -Measurement of image quality attributes for hardcopy output -- Monochrome
text and graphic images(Cng ngh thng tin - Thit b vn phng - o lng
cc thuc tnh cht lng hnh nh cho u ra cng - vn bn n sc v hnh
nh ha);
ISO/IEC 28360:2012

Information technology -- Office equipment -16

Determination of chemical emission rates from electronic equipment(Cng ngh

thng tin - Thit b vn phng - Xc nh t l pht thi ha hc t cc thit b
in t);
ISO/IEC 29102:2011 Information technology -- Office equipment -Method for the determination of ink cartridge photo yield for colour printing
with inkjet printers and multi-function devices that contain inkjet printer
components(Cng ngh thng tin - Thit b vn phng - Phng php xc nh
cc hp mc nng sut nh in mu vi my in phun v cc thit b a chc
nng c cha cc thnh phn my in phun);
ISO/IEC CD 29102 Information technology -- Office equipment -Method for the determination of ink cartridge photo yield for colour printing
with inkjet printers and multi-function devices that contain inkjet printer
components(Cng ngh thng tin - Thit b vn phng - Phng php xc nh
cc hp mc nng sut nh in mu vi my in phun v cc thit b a chc
nng c cha cc thnh phn my in phun);
ISO/IEC 29103:2011 Information technology -- Office equipment -Colour photo test pages for measurement of ink cartridge yield for colour photo
printing(Cng ngh thng tin - Thit b vn phng - trang th nghim hnh nh
mu o lng nng sut hp mc in nh mu);
ISO/IEC TS 29112:2012 Information technology -- Office equipment -Test charts and methods for measuring monochrome printer resolution(Cng
ngh thng tin - Thit b vn phng - bng xp hng th nghim v phng
php o lng phn gii my in n sc);
ISO/IEC 29142-1:2013 Information technology -- Print cartridge
characterization -- Part 1: General: terms, symbols, notations and cartridge
characterization framework(Cng ngh thng tin - In hp mc c tnh - Phn
1: Tng qut: iu khon, biu tng, k hiu v m t c im hp mc in);
ISO/IEC 29142-2:2013 Information technology -- Print cartridge
characterization -- Part 2: Cartridge characterization data reporting(Cng ngh
thng tin - In hp mc c tnh - Phn 2: Mc c im bo co s liu);
ISO/IEC 29142-3:2013 Information technology -- Print cartridge
17

characterization -- Part 3: Environment(Cng ngh thng tin - In hp mc c

tnh - Phn 3: Mi trng);
ISO/IEC 29183:2010 Information technology -- Office equipment -Method for measuring digital copying productivity of a single one-sided
original(Cng ngh thng tin - Thit b vn phng - Phng php o lng
nng sut sao chp k thut s);
ISO/IEC TR 29186:2012 Information technology -- Office equipment -Test method of colour gamut mapping algorithm for office colour softcopy and
hardcopy (Cng ngh thng tin - Thit b vn phng - Phng php ca gam
mu thut ton lp bn mu cho bn cng hoc bn mm ca file in).
Da trn trn nhng tiu chun v hp mc in hin nay v nhng phn
tch iu kin thc t ca Vit Nam, l do la chn cc tiu chun ISO/IEC
19752:2004v ISO/IEC 19798:2007c a rabao gm:
Th nht vic xc nh kh nng in (s trang in) ca hp mc l yu t
quan trng nht trong vic nh gi cht lng cn li ca hp mc. Thng
thng mt hp mc c kh nng thc hin 3 ln hot ng tn trang hay sa
cha lm mi, sau 3 ln thc hin dch v tn trang, sa cha th cc chi tit
cu thnh s khng m bo yu cu cht lng v cc hp mc ny c
coi l ht kh nng s dng v c em i ti ch. iu ny tng t nh nh
gi kh nng chiu sng hay s gi c th hot ng ca mt bng in, nu
vt qu s gi cho php mc d cn c th chiu sng nhng s khng cn
m bo tiu chun s dng na. y cng l cch thc c bn m cc nc i
loan, Thi lan, s dng nhm nh gi hp mc in cn p ng c cht
lng c php phn phi ra th trng. V d minh ha theo bng di nh
sau:
Bngminh ha v kh nng in ca hp mc i vi cc loi my in2
M hp mc My in

S lng Gi
trang in (USD,
cha
thu

2 Ngun http://www.sieuthivienthong.com/
18

VAT
10%)
MY IN CANON
CWFX03

Canon
L200/220/240/250/300/350/360

CWFX09

Fax

2.500

44

Canon Fax L100/MF4150/MF4690

2.000

44

CWEP22

Canon
LBP
(=CW4092A)

2.500

34

CWEP25

Canon LBP 1210 (=CW7115A)

2.500

39

CWEP26

Canon LBP 3200/3200i

2.500

44

CWEP303

Canon LBP 2900/3000 (=CW2612A)

2.000

44

CWEP308

Canon LBP 3300 (=CW5949A)

2.500

44

CWEP309

Canon LBP 3500 (=CW7516A)

12.000

99

800/810/1120

MY IN EPSON
CW50010

Epson EPL 5700/5800

3.000

55

CW50087

Epson EPL 5900/6100

3.000

55

CW050167

Epson EPL 6200/6200L (3.000p)

3.000

53

CW51091

Epson N2500/2020

10.000

119

3.000

44

2.000

34

MY IN SAMSUNG
CWS1710

Samsung
SCX4100

ML-1520/1710/1740/1750,

CWS1610

Samsung ML-1610/2010, SCX-4521F

MY IN XEROX
19

CWX3110

Xerox Phaser 3110/3120

3.000

37

CWA0683

Xerox Phaser PE220

3.000

43

2.000

13

MY IN/FAX PANASONIC
KX-FAT88E

KX-FL401/402/403
FLC411/412/413

KX-

Th haicn c vo iu kin nc ta hin nay th vic xy dng ngay cc

tiu chun mi trng lin quan n hp mc in l rt kh kh thi do hn ch v
trnh cng ngh v h thng quy phm php lut v mi trng trong sn
xut ca nc ta cha hon thin, bn cnh cng i hi nhng chi ph cao
trong quy trnh sn xut,... Mc d trong nm 2013, y ban ISO/IEC JTC1/SC
28 thng qua tiu chun 29142 v chun ha cc c tnh ca hp mc (ISO
cartridge characterization standard 29142) bao gm 3 ni dung chnh: phn 1 v
tng quan (General), phn 2 quy nh v dn nhn (Labelling) v phn 3 v mi
trng (Environment). V c bn, tiu chun ny k tha nhng tiu chun nh
gi kh nng in ca hp mc ISO/IEC 19752:2004 v ISO/IEC 19798:2007 v
nhng tiu chun mi p dng i vi nhng nh sn xut hp mc in gc
(OEM) v hp mc in tng thch lin quan n vn mi trng. Tuy nhin
nhng phn tch trn vic tham kho p dng ngay b tiu chun ny ti Vit
Nam thi im hin nay l cha ph hp. Do trong giai on hin nay nhm
ch tr xut cn tham kho m hnh tiu chun hp mc ca i loan, Thi
lan, trong vic xy dng tiu chun da trn nh gi kh nng in cn li ca
hp mc (tiu chun ISO/IEC 19752:2004 v ISO/IEC 19798:2007).
Th ba cn c mc tiu xy dng tiu chun hp mc in laser in trong
vn phng v c p dng cho my in, cc thit b a chc nng c cha cc
thnh phn my in v c kh nng in k thut s v khng p dng cho hot
ng in cng nghip c khi lng ln. Do vy vic la chn cc tiu chun
ISO/IEC 19752:2004 v ISO/IEC 19798:2007 lm ti liu tham kho cho xy
dng tiu chun quc gia v hp mc in laser l hon ton ph hp. y l cc
tiu chun c cc nc p dng v cc doanh nghip, tp on hng u sn
xut hp mc in trn th gii ang p dng. C th v cc tiu chun ny nh
sau:
20

ISO/IEC 19752:2004, Phng php nh gi kh nng in ca hp mc in

en trng v cc thit b lin quan (Information technology - Method for the
determination of toner cartridge yield for monochromatic electrophotographic
printers and multi-function devices that contain printer components)
Mc ch:a ra phng php nh gi kh nng in cn li ca hp mc
in en trng p dng cho cc thit b a chc nng c cha cc thnh phn my
in c kh nng in n k thut s.
Ni dung: cp phng php th nghim khuyn ngh cc nh sn xut
s dng xc nh kh nng in ca hp mc in en trng, cch xc nh gi tr
trang in t cc kt qu kim tra; phng php thch hp m t kh nng in
ca hp mc cung cp ti ngi tiu dng v nh sn xut.
ISO/IEC 19798:2007,Phng php nh gi kh nng in ca hp
mc in mu v cc thit b lin quan (Information technology - Method for the
determination of toner cartridge yield for color electrophotographic printers
and multi-function devices that contain printer components):
Mc ch: a ra phng php nh gi kh nng in cn li ca hp
mc in mu p dng cho cc thit b a chc nng c cha cc thnh phn my
in c kh nng in n k thut s.
Ni dung: cp phng php th nghim khuyn ngh cc nh sn
xut s dng xc nh kh nng in ca hp mc in mu, cch xc nh gi tr
trang in t cc kt qu kim tra;phng php thch hp m t kh nng in ca
hp mc cung cp ti ngi tiu dng v nh sn xut.
Vic xy dng tiu chun quc gia ca hp mc in laser cng ph hp vi
chc nng nhim v ca B Thng tin v Truyn thng ti iu 19 Ngh nh
132/2013/N-CP ngy 16 thng 10 nm 2013 Quy nh chc nng, nhim v,
quyn hn v c cu t chc ca B Thng tin v Truyn thng v vic: Ban
hnh cc quy chun k thut quc gia, ngh cng b tiu chun quc gia
trong cc ngnh, lnh vc thuc phm vi qun l ca B; ban hnh cc vn bn
quy phm php lut v qun l cht lng trong cc lnh vc thuc phm vi
qun l ca B trong bao gm hp mc in laser.
3.3Hnh thc bin son
Sau khi nghin cu ni dung, thc trng Vit nam v tham kho tnh hnh
qun l hp mc in ca cc nc, nhm bin tp xut s dng cc tiu chun
21

ISO/IEC 19752:2004 v ISO/IEC 19798:2007 lm ti liu tham chiu chnh

xy dng Tiu chun v hp mc in Laser.
3.4 Phng php xy dng tiu chun
Khuyn ngh tiu chun ISO/IEC 19752:2004, ISO/IEC 19798:2007c
tham kho chnh lm c s xy dng tiu chun ny.
Trn c s r sot cc tiu chun lin quan n hp mc in laser cng nh
tham kho cc phng php xy dng tiu cc tiu chun/quy chun v cht
lng ca hp mc in laser, nhm nghin cu ti xy dng tiu chun theo
phng php chp nhn mt phn tiu chun ISO/IEC 19752:2004v ISO/IEC
19798:2007 c b sung mt s ni dungtheo quy nh Tiu chun quc gia.
4. Ni dung chnh
4.1 Ni dung tiu chun gm 6 phn chnh:
Phn 1:

Phm vi p dng: Phm vi p dng xc nh cc i tng cn

p dng tiu chun ny.

Phn 2:

Ti liu vin dn: Lit k nhng ti liu m ngi s dng quy

chun cn dng khi thc hin, hay phi tun th cc yu cu
trong quy chun.

Phn 3:

Thut ng v nh ngha: Bao gm cc nh ngha v cc thut

ng c s dng trong tiu chun ny.

Phn 4:

Quy nh k thut:a ra cc nguyn tc, iu kin tiu chun

cho vic tin hnh kim tra cht lng hp mc in laser

Phn 5:

Phng php kim tra: a ra quy trnh kim tra kh nng in

ca hp mc v cc quy trnh x l s c trong qu trnh kim
tra b li

Phn 6:

nh gi v xc nhn kt qu kim tra: phn ny a ra nh

gi xc nh gi tr in ca hp mc, bo co d liu kim tra v
xc nhn tiu chun ca hp mc.

4.2 Tiu chun vin dn

D tho tiu chun c xy dng da theo phng phpphng php
chp nhn nguyn vn phng php tiu chun ISO/IEC 19752:2004v b sung
22

mt phnv ni dung. Cu trc ca tiu chun s tun theo cu trc c quy

nh ti Tiu chun Vit Nam do vy phm vi v nh ngha v mt s im
c b sung b sung tiu chun kim tra i vi hp mc in mi v hp mc
in tng thch v ni dung lin quan n tiu chun ISO/IEC 19798:2007
thng nht vic tiu chun c th p dng ng thi cho hp mc in en trng
v mu, c th ni dung theo bng di y:
Bng i chiu tiu chun vin dn
Ni dung tiu chun

Ti liu vin dn

Sa i, b sung

1. Phm vi p dng

ISO/IEC 19752:2004

B sung phng php

thch hp m t kh
nng in ca hp mc
cung cp ti ngi tiu
dng v nh sn xut.

2. Ti liu vin dn

ISO/IEC 19752:2004

B sung tiu chun

ISO/IEC
24712;
v
ISO/IEC
19798;
v
CCD39
EcoLogo
Standard.

3. Thut ng
nh ngha

v ISO/IEC
19752:2004

3.1Hin
tng Phai

3.1 Fade

3.2 Th tc lc
hp mc

3.2
Procedure

3.3Tn hiu cnh

bo lng mc
thp

3.3 Toner Low

Chp thun nguyn vn

3.4 Tn hiu dng

in

3.4 Toner out

Chp thun nguyn vn

3.5 im cht ca

3.5 End of Life

Chp thun nguyn vn

B sung ni dung hp
mc in tng thch

Chp thun nguyn vn

Shake Chp thun nguyn vn

23

hp mc in
3.6Kh nng in
ca hp mc

3.6 Individual Page Chp thun nguyn vn

Yield

3.7Hp mc in
tng thch

ERITA

B sung khi nim

4. Quy nh k
thut

ISO/IEC
19752:2004

B sung ch tiu k thut

v phai

Mc
4:
parameters
condition

Test
and

4.1. Ch tiu k
thut

CCD39
Standard.

4.2 Cc iu kin
v tham s kim
tra

ISO/IEC
19798:2007

4.2.1 Thit lp qu
trnh kim tra

4.1 Set-up

Chp thun nguyn vn

4.2.2 Mu kim tra

i vi my in
laser

4.2 Sample size

B sung ni dung thit

lp mu i vi my in
mu tham kho tiu
chun ISO/IEC 19798

4.2.3 Ch in

4.3 Print mode

Chp thun nguyn vn

4.2.4 Mi trng in

4.4 Print
environment

Chp thun nguyn vn

4.2.5 Giy in

4.5 Paper

Chp thun nguyn vn

4.2.6 Bo tr

4.6 Maintenance

Chp thun nguyn vn

EcoLogo B sung ch tiu k thut

v phai

Chp thun nguyn vn

Mc 4: Test
parameters and
condition

24

4.2.7 File in

4.7 Test file

5 Phng php
kim tra

ISO/IEC 19752
Mc 5: Test
methodology

B sung ni dung tiu

chun
ISO/IEC
19798:2007

5.1 Quy trnh kim

tra

5.1 Test procedure

Chp thun nguyn vn

v b sung bc kim tra
i vi hp mc in en
trng tham kho tiu
chungISO/IEC
19752:2007

5.2 Quy trnh x l

hp mc hay my
in hng trong qu
trnh kim tra

5.2 Procedure for

handling a
defective cartridge
or printer

Chp thun nguyn vn

5.2.1 Hp mc
hng

5.2.1 Defective
cartridge

Chp thun nguyn vn

5.2.2 My in hng

5.2.2
Defective
printer

Chp thun nguyn vn

6. nh gi v xc
nhn kt qu kim
tra

ISO/IEC
19752:2004;
CCD39 EcoLogo
Standard;

B sung ni dung xc
nhn iu kin tiu chun
ca hp mc in theo tiu
chun CCD39 EcoLogo
Standard

Mc 6:
Determination of
the yield value and
declaration
6.1 nh gi kh
nng in ca hp

6.1 Determination
of the declared
25

B sung file in tiu

chun
ISO/IEC
19798:2007

B sung ni dung xc
nh kh nng in ca hp

mc

yield value

mc in mu theo tiu
chun ISO/IEC: 19798

6.2 Bo co kt
qu kim tra

6.2 Test data

reporting

B sung ni dung xc
nhn iu kin tiu chun
ca hp mc in theo tiu
chun CCD39 EcoLogo
Standard v mu bo co
XEROX

6.3 Xc nhn kh
nng in ca hp
mc

6.3
Declaration of the
yield

B sung ni dung mu
bo ca hp mc in mu
tham kho tiu chun
ISO/IEC 19798:2007
v ch tiu xc nhn
theo tiu chun CCD39
EcoLogo Standard

PH LC A1. V d ISO/IEC
v phai ca
19752:2004
trang in tiu chun Ph lc A
i hp mc in
en trng

Chp thun nguyn vn

PH LC A2. V d ISO/IEC
v phai ca
19798:2007
trang in tiu chun Ph lc A
i hp mc in
mu

Chp thun nguyn vn

PH LC B1. V d
v quy trnh kim
tra hp mc in
laser en trng

ISO/IEC
19752:2004

Chp thun nguyn vn

PH LC B2. V d
v quy trnh kim
tra hp mc in
laser mu

ISO/IEC
19798:2007

Ph lc B

Ph lc B
26

Chp thun nguyn vn

PH LC C1
Mu bo co kim
tra hp mc in
laser en trng
PH LC C2
Mu bo co kim
tra hp mc in
laser mu

Ph lc CISO/IEC
19752:2004;
CCD39 EcoLogo
Standard; XEROX
test report

B sung ni dung tiu

chun CCD39 EcoLogo
Standard v mu bo co
XEROX

Ph lc C, ISO/IEC
19798:2007;
CCD39 EcoLogo
Standard; XEROX
test report

B sung ni dung tiu

chun
CCD39
EcoLogoStandard
v
mu bo co XEROX

5. Kt lun v khuyn ngh p dng

5.1 Kt lun
t c mc tiu v ni dung ca cng, nhm thc hin ti
thc hin:
+ Tm hiu thng tin v th trng hp mc in ti Vit Nam
+ Tm hiu c im, yu cu k thut lin quan n my in v hp mc in
laser.
+ R sot cc tiu chun, quy chun quc t v quc gia lin quan hp mc
in laser; cc tiu chun ca cc t chc tiu chun ha quc t v ca mt s
nc v qun l v quy nh tiu chun i vi hp mc in laser
+ Xy dng Tiu chun v hp mc in Laser da trn chp nhn nguyn
vn ISO/IEC 19752:2004 v b sung mt phn ni dung. y l ti liu c
cc t chc v hp mc in quc t v cc hng sn xut hp mc in laser tun
th. Tiu chun ny gm cc yu cu v:
Phng php th nghim m cc nh sn xut nn s dng xc nh
kh nng in ca hp mc.
Phng php xc nh gi tr kh nng in ca hp mc t cc kt qu
kim tra.
Xc nhn kh nng in ca hp mc nhm lm c s nh gi cht
lng cn li ca hp mc m bo iu kin phn phi trn th
trng.
5.2 Khuyn ngh p dng
27

Cng vi cc tiu chun xc nh kh nng in ca hp mc, nhm nghin

cu ti khuyn ngh p dng d tho tiu chun Vit Nam Tiu chun v
hp mc in Laser lm s c cho cc nh sn xut xc nh kh nng in ca
hp mc v xc nh iu kin hp mc in m bo v cht lng cp ti
ngi tiu dng.

Ti liu tham kho

1 Lut Cng ngh Thng tin s 67/2006/QH11 ngy 12/7/2006.

2 Ngh nh s 71/2007/N-CP ngy 3/5/2007 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit v
hng dn thc hin mt s iu ca Lut Cng ngh thng tin v cng nghip
cng ngh thng tin.
3 Quyt nh s 75/2007/Q-TTg ngy 28/5/2007 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph
duyt K hoch tng th pht trin cng nghip in t Vit Nam n nm 2010
v tm nhn n nm 2020.
4 Ernest, Dieter (2002), Global Production Networks, Knowledge Deffision and
Local capabiliry Formation, Research Policy.
5 Timothy J. Sturgeon (2010), Momoko Kawakami, Global Value Chains in the
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7
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Electronics Industry, Policy Research Working Paper, The World Bank.

ETIRA: Annual Report 2010, 2013.
Nordic Swan Ecolabeling program (Norway):
Eco Mark (Japan): http://www.jeas.or.jp/ecomark/english/nintei.html
Environmental Choice Program
(Canada):http://www.environmentalchoice.com/guidelines/guide.cfm?

content=Guideline&Name=
10 Environmental Labeling (Korea):http://www.kela.or.kr/english/
11 Green Label (Thailand):http://www.tei.or.th/Program_Projects
12 Green Mark Program [R.O.C.(Taiwan)]
13 Milieukeur (the Netherlands): http://www.milieukeur.nl/english/
14 Blue Angel (Germany): http://www.blauer-engel.de/englisch/
15 Milieukeur (the Netherlands): http://www.milieukeur.nl/english/
16 Helwett Packard: http://www.hp.com/
17 Canon Inc.: http://www.canon.com/index.html
18 Ricoh: http://www.ricoh.com
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19 Environmental Issues: http://environment.about.com/

PH LC
MU BO CO NH GI KH NNG IN CA HP MC

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