Chng 3 Tm hiu vt liu nha v sn phm thit k

CHNG 3
TM HIU V VT LIU NHA V SN PHM THIT K
3.1 Tm hiu vt liu nha
3.1.1 Phn loi vt liu nha
Trong sn xut, vt liu nha c chia thnh 2 loi: nha nhit do v nha
phn ng nhit (nha nhit rn).

Hnh 3.1 Phn loi vt liu nha

Nha nhit do c s dng rt ph bin, c th ti s dng nhiu ln tuy
nhin s mt dn cht lng.

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Chng 3 Tm hiu vt liu nha v sn phm thit k

Hnh 3.2 Cu trc nha nhit do
Nha phn ng nhit t s dng trong sn xut. Khi nung nng, lc u nha
phn ng nhit chy do ra nhng sau th ng cng li v khng c kh nng ti
sinh nh nha nhit do.
Theo trng thi pha chng ta c th chia nha nhit do thnh 2 loi: nha c cu
trc v nh hnh v nha c cu trc tinh th. Ngoi ra, theo phm vi s dng chng ta
cng c th chia nha nhit do thnh 2 loi: nha gia dng v nha k thut.
Nha c cu trc v nh hnh (PS, PC) d dng nhn thy bi tnh cht
cng v trong sut. Mu sc t nhin ca loi ny l trong nh nc hoc gn nh ct
vng hoc mu m c. Loi nha ny c co rt rt nh, ch bng 0,5 - 0,8%.
Nha c cu trc tinh th (PP, PE, PA) loi nha ny thng cng v bn dai,
nhng khng trong sut, thng c dng trong lm gia dng.
Nha gia dng dng ch to cc chi tit hay cc sn phm c chnh xc
v c tnh khng yu cu cao nh v bc dy in, dp nha, thau git , ng nc
Nha k thut dng ch to cc chi tit my, cc chi tit lp hay cc sn
phm c yu cu v chnh xc v c tnh cao nh bnh rng, bu lng, ai c, v
my

3.1.2 Mt s loi nha thng dng

a) Cc loi nha gia dng
PA (Poly Amide)
Cn gi l nylon, c cu trc tinh th, mu t trng c n vng xm, bn cao,
chng va p tt nhng lo ho bi nh sng, cc loi tia.
Nha PA dng ch to bnh rng, ln, trt, ai c cc chi tit trong my
dt, ng dn xng, vt liu trong cc si dt, dy cc, n vi cao su lm v xe
PC (Poly Cacbonat)
C cu trc phn t, cng cao nn kh gia cng, n nh kch thc kh cao, lo
ho chm, dn di cao v chu va p tt nhng chu ti c chu k yu, tnh cch
in nhit cao tt.
Nha PC dng ch to cc chi tit ging nh nha PA.
PE (Poly Etylen)
Khng mu, cng khng cao, dng tinh th, oxy ho chm nhit thp nhng
tng i nhanh nhit cao. PE bn trong nc, chng thm kh tt.
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Chng 3 Tm hiu vt liu nha v sn phm thit k

Do bn khng cao nn dng ch to cc sn phm dng mng, cc si, dy
bc dy in, cc ng dn nc chu p lc khng cao, ch to cc chai l bng phng
php thi
PP ( Poly Propylen)
Trong sut, khng mu, dng tinh th, dai va p km, c bn ko v n
nh nhit cao, kh dn.
Nha PP dng lm np chai, v bt, chai l trong y t, bao b, dng trong ngnh dt,
gi da, bc dy in
PS (Poly Styren)
Khng mu, dng v nh hnh, c cng kh tt, dai va p km, d gia
cng bng phng php p phun hoc c p lc, chu n mn ho hc tt.
Nha PS dng lm cc sn phm gia dng, bn gh, ly tch hoc kt hp vi cao su
lm v rut xe c tnh n hi cao
PVC (Poly Vinyclorid)
Mu trng, dng v nh hnh, bn thp, khng thi tit tt, n nh kch
thc, bn s dng cao, d to mu sc.
Nha PVC c th cn mng 0,01 - 0,05 mm, lm ng nc bng phng php n
lin tc, cc sn phm dng tm, cch in, c th cn ln vi
PET (Poly Etylen Terephatale)
C cu trc tinh th, trong sut, kh bn. Thng dng to mng mng, ko di
thnh cc si c tnh co gin nh len, t
b) Cc loi nha k thut
PA6 (Polyamide 6, hay Nylon 6, hay Polycaprolactam)
Phn t gm cc nhm amide (CONH). C bn, cng cao, chu nhit tt. c
s dng lm khung, dm, cc gi cn bn v cng vng cao.
PA 66 (Polyamide hay Nylon 6,6)
C bn v cng cao, l mt trong cc loi nha c nhit nng chy cao nht,
hp th m trong qu trnh p phun. Thu tinh l cht thm vo thng dng nht
tng c tnh vt liu, ngoi ra cn thm cc cht n hi nh: EPDM, SBR tng
bn. C nht thp, d dng chy vo lng khun, do cho php to cc vt c thnh
mng. co rt t 1% n 2%.
Nha PA66 dng ch to cc chi tit trong xe hi, dng lm v cc thit b my
mc
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Chng 3 Tm hiu vt liu nha v sn phm thit k

POM (Poly Acetatic)
Nha Acetals c hai loi Homopolymers v Copolymers. Homopolymer c bn
ko tt, bn mi cao, cng nn kh gia cng. Copolymers n nh nhit tt, t b nh
hng bi ho cht, d gia cng. C hai nha Homopolymers v Polymers l nha tinh
th, ht m km. Nha Acetals c h s ma st thp v n nh kch thc tt, nn thch
hp cho vic ch to bnh rng v trc. Nha Acetals chu nhit tt, nn c s dng
ch to cc chi tit trong my bm, van
ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene)
c to t ba n phn t: acrylonitrile, butadiene, v styrene. Mi n phn t c
tnh cht khc nhau nh: tnh cng, bn vi nhit v ho cht l ca acrylonnitrile, d
gia cng, bn ca styrene v do dai va p ca butadiene
Nha ABS dng ch to cc chi tit trong xe hi (np ca cc ngn cha, v bnh
xe), t lnh, cc thit b trong gia nh (my sy tc, cc thit b ch bin thc phm,
bn phm my tnh, in thoi bn, vn trt tuyt)
PMMA (Polymethyl Methacrylate)
C tnh cht quang hc rt c bit, c th truyn nh sng trng cao n 92%, cc chi
tit c c th c tnh lng chit rt thp, do rt l tng ch to cc a ht.
Nha PMMA dng trong xe hi (cc thit b bo hiu, cc bng dng c), cng
nghip (a ht, cc k trng by ), y t
PBT (Polybutylene Terephthalates)
L mt trong nhng nha nhit do k thut c c tnh rt cao. PBT l mt loi nha
bn tinh th, c tnh khng ho cht rt tt, ht m rt t, c tnh tr nhit v tr in cao,
n nh di cc iu kin mi trng.
Nha PBT dng ch to cc thit b, dng c trong gia nh v cng nghip (li
trong cc thit b ch bin thc phm, cc chi tit trong my ht bi, qut, my sy tc,
ca, v my, cc chi tit trong xe hi ), cc thit b trong ngnh in (cng tc, v cu
ch, bn phm my tnh, nhng u ni )

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Chng 3 Tm hiu vt liu nha v sn phm thit k

Hnh 3.3 Cho chng ta mt ci nhn tng quan v s tiu th cc loi nha nhit
do k thut trn th gii (nm 1999).
Bng 3.1: Du hiu nhn bit cc cht do
TT Nha

ABS

Mm

Bt

ra

la

Mu la

Chy tip

Khi

Mi

Du hiu

Vng b

Hng

Hi ging

hng
2

PA

Khng

Kh

hng

Xanh l,

Khng

mi cao su
G

nh vng
3

PP

Vng, xanh

bt la
C

l y
4

PVC

Kh

Vng, xanh

Si bt khi

Du

Mm

nng

nhit cao

Khng

Trng

Hng

D hn gn

Du

Khi bn

Kht

La si

lc y
5

PS

Da cam

hng
6

PF

Khng

Kh

Vng

Khng

3.1.3 Cc thng s quan trng ca vt liu nha

Bng 3.2 Nhit gia cng
TT

Nha

Tn gi y

40

Nhit

Nhit cui

khun (0C)

piston-vt(0C)

Chng 3 Tm hiu vt liu nha v sn phm thit k

1

PP

Polyropylene

10 - 80

220 - 235

PS

Polystyrene

10 - 75

200 - 280

ABS

Styren co-polymers

10 - 80

200 - 280

PVC

Polyvinyle-chlorid

20 - 60

170 - 200

PMMA

Polymethyl metacrylace

30 - 70

190 - 240

PA 6

Polyamide (nylon 6)

50 - 80

250 - 280

PA 66

Polyamide (nylon 6,6)

50 - 80

250 - 280

PPO

Phenylene oxide

40 - 80

300 - 330

PC

Polycarbonate

70 - 115

300 - 350

10

POM

Poly acetatic Resins

60 - 90

190 - 210

11

LDPE

Low density polyethylens

50 - 70

160 - 260

12

HDPE

High density polyethylens

30 - 70

75 - 110

Ghi ch: Nha ABS d b oxi ho trong khun nu gin on sn xut qu 15 pht.
Bng 3.3: Nhit ph hu ca mt s loi nha
TT

Nha

Nhit ph hu (ra nt)

(0C)

ABS

310

PA 66

320 - 330

PS

250

PP

280

PVC

180 - 220

Bng 3.4: co rt ca mt s vt liu nha

TT

Nha

co (%)

Mt (g/cm3)

PS

0,3 0,6

1,05

ABS

0,4 0,7

1,06

LDPE

1,5 5,0

0,954

HDPE

1,5 3,0

0,92

PP

1,0 2,5

1,15

PVC mm

> 0,5

1,38

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Chng 3 Tm hiu vt liu nha v sn phm thit k

7

PVC cng

0,5

1,38

PMPA

0,1 0,8

1,18

POM

1,9 2,3

1,42

10

PPO

0,5 0,7

1,06

11

PC

0,8

1,2

12

PA 6

0,5 2,2

1,14

13

PA 66

0,5 2,5

1,15

14

PF

1,2

1,4

15

MF

1,2 2,0

1,5

16

MPF

0,8 1,8

1,6

17

UP

0,5 0,8

2,0 2,1

18

EP

0,2

1,9

Bng 3.5: Chiu dy thnh sn phm nha nhit do

TT

Vt liu

Chiu dy min

Chiu dy trung

Chiu dy max

(mm)

bnh (mm)

(mm)

PA

0,38

1,6

3,2

PC

1,0

2,4

9,5

LDPE

1,6

6,4

HDPE

0,9

1,6

6,4

PP

0,63

2,0

7,6

PS

0,76

1,6

6,4

PVC

1,0

2,4

9,5

0,5

Bng 3.6: Quan h gia nghing thnh vi cao v chiu dy thnh

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Chng 3 Tm hiu vt liu nha v sn phm thit k

Hoc c th da vo th Hnh 3.4 xc nh gc thot khun cho thch hp:

Hnh 3.4 Gc vt v chiu cao vt

3.2 Sn phm thit k

3.2.1 Tm hiu sn phm thit k
Sn phm thit k l tay nm dng cho xe hi .

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Chng 3 Tm hiu vt liu nha v sn phm thit k

Hnh 3.5 Tay nm dng trong xc hi

c im ca sn phm

Chi tit l mt sn phm i hi tnh thm m cao: hnh dng mu m p,

bng b mt cao, mu sc p

Tay nm dng trong xe hi thng c kch thc nh gn, chu tc ng ngoi

lc bi nhng ngi ngi trn xe ... Do n phi m bo cng vng chng li

cc lc tc dng sinh ra khi ngi s dng.

Ngoi ra chi tit phi c cng vng cao.

3.2.2 Vt liu s dng

Trong thc t ngi ta thng s dng hn hp nha PP/ABS (Polypropylen/
Acrylonitrile - Butadien -Styren) lm cc chi tit cn thm m cao nh : v in
thoi, remote, tay vn dng trong xe hi v do nhng tnh cht sau:

Hn hp PP/ABS th hin nhng tnh cht k thut tt hn so vi ABS v d gia

cng hn so vi PP.

PP/ABS c tnh thm m, tnh nhiu mu v c th sn ln b mt sn phm.

bn chng va p ca hn hp PP/ABS l (10-14 ft.-lb/in)

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Chng 3 Tm hiu vt liu nha v sn phm thit k

Kh nng chng tia t ngoi tt

bng cao

Tnh n nh kch thc cao

ng dng ca hn hp PP/ABS

PP/ABS c s dng rng ri trong bng iu khin t, vnh bnh xe, bn

phm, mn hnh, my in, mui xe ko nh, in thoi, remote, cnh qut, m bo him,

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Chng 3 Tm hiu vt liu nha v sn phm thit k

Hnh 3.6 Cc sn phm t nha PP

- Hn hp PP/ABS chu c ng sut gy ra khi i xe v nh hng ca nhit .
- Hn hp ny ni ting vi s tuyt vi ca chng nhit thp.
Bng 3.7: Kh nng chng li cc yu t ho hc v mi trng ca PC, ABS, PC/ABS
PC

ABS

PC/ABS

Weak acids

Strong acids

F1

G1

G1

Weak alkalis

Strong alkalis

Organic Solvents

P2

P3

P2

Alkohols

Hydrocarbon

(Dung mi hu c)

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Chng 3 Tm hiu vt liu nha v sn phm thit k

Fuels

Gamma radiation

UV radiation

Trong :
E: Excellent

G: Good

F: Fair

P: Poor

(1): Tn cng bi axit c tnh oxy ho

(2): Ho tan c trong cc Hydrocarbon thm v Hydrocarbon cha Clo
(3): Ho tan trong Xtn, te, Hydrocarbon thm v Hydrocarbon cha
Clo
Bng 3.8: Tnh cht vt l ca cc nha PC, ABS, PC/ABS
Nhit (0F)

Sy

im ngng

Melt

Mold

(0F)

Time (h)

t ( F)

PC

550 - 600

180 - 250

250

-20

0,02

ABS

400 - 460

145 - 185

180

0,1

PC/ABS

470 - 525

200

-20

0,02

125 - 200

Bng 3.9: Nhit sn phm ca mt s loi nha

Loi nha

ABS

PC

PC/ABS

PBT

Nylon

tE (0C)

82

118

93

116

170

Bng 3.10: dn nhit ca mt s loi nha

Loi nha

ABS

PC

PC/ABS

PBT

Nylon

K (W/m.0K)

0,264

0,190

0,246

0,264

0,250

Bng 3.11: Nhit dung ring ca mt s loi nha

Loi nha

ABS

PC

PC/ABS

PBT

Nylon

Cp (J/kg.0K)

1314

1298

1252

1741

4400

Bng 3.12: Khi lng ring ca mt s loi nha

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Chng 3 Tm hiu vt liu nha v sn phm thit k

Loi nha

ABS

PC

PC/ABS

PBT

Nylon

(kg/m3)

1040

1200

1120

1310

961

48