..

103

3311 2014 /

:1

1/1

:1-1

1/1

:1/1-1

1/1

:2/1-1

1/1

:2-1

3/1

:1/2-1

3/1

:2/2-1

4/1

5/1

:1-2

1/2

3/3-1

1/2

1/3-1

1/2

1/3-1

6/2

3/3-1

8/2

1/3-1

8/2

1/3-1

8/2

:1-1

30/1

3/1-1

30/1

1/1-1

30/1

1/1-1

30/1

3/1-1

31/1

1/1-1

31/1

1/1-1

31/1

1/1-1

31/1

1/1-1

31/1

1/1-1

31/1

30/1-1

10/1

33/1-1

10/1

3311 1033 /

.. 103

 31/1-1

13/1

31/1-1

13/1

33/1-1

11/1

:1-1

11/1

3/1-1

11/1

1/1-1

11/1

1/1-1

11/1

3/1-1

11/1

1/1-1

11/1

:3-1

33/1

3/3-1

33/1

1/3-1

33/1

1/3-1

31/1

31/1

() S1

Topographic Factor S1

3/

3/

()

3/

()

3/

..103

3311 2014 /

1-1
:1/1-1 )[1,2,3] )Scope

.
( )Allowable Stress Design ( Strength

.)Design (

)
.

:2/1-1 ([1,2])General Requirements

:1/2/1-1 ()Strength

( )Factored Loads
( )Load Combinations
.
:2/2/1-1 ()Serviceability

( )Deflection
( )Lateral Drift ( )Vibrations

( )Nominal Loads
.
.. 301

14352014 /

1/1

 :3/2/1-1 ((Self-Straining Forces

( ) ( Differential Settlements of
)Foundations ()Restrained Dimensional Changes

:4/2/1-1 ((Analysis

()General Stability
( (Equilibrium

( )Geometric Compatibility

(.)Short and Long Term Material Properties

()Residual Deformations

( )Added Eccentricities .
:5/2/1-1 ()Counteracting Structural Actions

.

. .

2 /1

14352014 /

.. 301

 :2-1 ([1, 3] )Code Notation and Definitions

:1/2-1 )) Notation

Ae
b
Cpe
Cpi
d
dh ( )Undeflected Roof
(.)mm

ds

()Undeflected Roof

(.)mm

()Dead Loads

()Earthquake Loads

( )Fluid Loads .

'F

()Frictional Drag

()Soil Loads

()tendon

()Live Loads

()Rain Loads

S1
S2
( .) Vs

S3
.

()Self-Straining Forces

..301 .

1435 2014/

3/1

()Basic Wind Speed

Vs

()Design Wind Speed

51 mm/Hg 067

T
t

:2/2-1 )) Definitions

][1,2,3

()Nominal Loads

.
()Nominal Strength

()Allowable Stress Design Method

( Working

.)Stress Design Method

)Design Strength( :

.
( ) Factored Loads

4 /1

1435 2014/

..301 .

 ()Strength Design Method

.

()Resistance Factor

( )Live Load

.
( )Dead Load

.
)Partitions( :

.
.

[1] American Society of Civil Engineers "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structures (ASCE7-05)," Structural Engineering Institute, 2006, 419pp.
[2] International Code Council "International Building Code", International Code
Council, INC., 2009, 731pp.
[3] ACI Committee 318 "Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and
Commentary (ACI 318M-08)," American Concrete Institute, 2008, 473pp.

..301 .

1435 2014/

5/1

1-2
:1/1-2 ()General

( )
( )Fixed Service Equipments .
:2/1-2 )[1,2,3, 4,5,6] (Weights of Structural Materials

( )1/1-2( .)2/1-2

( :)1/1-2
kN/m3

)Aggregates( :

16.0

4.0-8.0

23.0

.. 301

16.0

5.0-11.0

25.0
1435 2014 /

1/2

 kN/m3

)Cement( :

15.0

)Water( :

10.0

)Concrete( :

23.0

20.0

23.0-25.0

:
%2

24.0

%4

25.0

6.4-16.0

16.0-20.0

)Soil( :

:
()Loose
()Dense

18.0
20.0

:
()Soft

16.0

))Firm

17.5

()Stiff

20.0

)Asphalt( :

23.0

)Stones( :

2/2

26.0

29.0

20.0

22.0

1435 2014 /

.. 301

kN/m3

27.0

21.0

23.0

24.0

)Brickwork( :

20.0

22.0

24.0

( )25%

15.6

16.4

18.0

20.0

14.0-18.0

18.5

14.0

7.0-8.0

18.5

19.0

8.7

)Block work( :

)
.. 301

19.6-22.0

1435 2014 /

11.0-14.0

3/2

 kN/m3

9.5

)Lime( :

12.0

)Mortar( :

21.0

18.0

19.0

14.0-18.0

)Wood( :
()Oak

7.0-9.5
5.5

()Larch

()Teak

6.5-9.0

6.8

4.0

5.7

)Glass( :

27.0

)Cork( :

1.2

3.8

)Metals( :

86.0

90.0

28.0

70.0

111.0

4/2

78.5

1435 2014 /

.. 301

 kN/m3

76.0
71.0

( : )2/1-2

kN/m2
13 733

33

3-

13 953

43

13233

8
: 25

3-

3-

)3,35(5,3

3-

1368

12.5

13223

12.5

13253

: (12.5 )3:1

13333

: 25

13363

135

3333-

3-

( ) 25
:
75
133
125
153
: 63

3-

13363
13363
313363
313363
313213
3-

.. 301

15

13113

23

13173

1435 2014 /

33-

5/2

:
13

3.2
4.8
19
:( )1.6-3.2
: 1.3

kN/m2
1335

33-

13343
1334
31368
3(13)25-50
3-

1363

3-

:

243

4.9
5.3
5.8

( )%25 243

3.8

3.9

4.3

25

1363

3-

:3/1-2 [1,2,3, 4,5,6] (Weights of Other Materials( :

( )3/1-2

6/2

1435 2014 /

.. 301

 ( :)3/1-2
kN/m

:
17.3

12.3

( )
3.3-9.3

3.5-6.5

6.3-11.3
:
3

( 91 %)
((43%)
((33%)
:

.. 301

\\

1435 2014 /

9.3-12.3
4.3-6.5
2.5
7.3
8.3-13.3
9.8
7.5-8.3
8.3
5.3
5.8
12.5
11.3
15.3
12.3
14.3

8.3- 10.3
8.3-13.3
5.3-8.3
6.3-8.3
4.3
5.5
5.5
8.3
6.3-8.3
3.5-4.3
4.5
7.3
7/2

 kN/m3

8.3
5.6
11.2
8.3
8.3-9.3
7.3
5.3

: 4/1-2 ( [1,2]) Weights of Partition Walls

(.)2/2/2-2
:5/1-2

][1,3

))Weights of Tanks and Other Receptacles

).

:6/1-2 ([1,2, ,6])Soil Loads and Hydrostatic Pressure

:1/6/1-2 () Lateral Pressures

. ( )4/1-2

.
.

.
.

8/2

1435 2014 /

.. 301

 :2/6/1-2 (Uplift Forces on Floors and

)Foundations

()

()
.

. .

( :) 4/1-2 () ()Backfill Soils

() ()

kN/m2

(()5.5)

(()7.1)

(()13.4)

( )Plasticity

()15.8

() () ( )Moist conditions
.

() ( )Relatively rigid walls

9.5\
2

() 2.5
.

() ( )Relatively rigid walls

15.8\
2

. () m2.5

.
.. 301

1435 2014 /

9/2

 :2-2 Live Loads

:1/2-2 ()General
()Uniformly Distributed Minimum Live Loads

( (Concentrated Minimum Live Loads .

:2/2-2 ([1,2, 5,6] )Uniformly Distributed Loads

.
:1/2/2-2 )(Required Live Loads

(.)5/2-2

2/2/2-2 ) Partition Walls( :

-1 0.75\ 2 .

-2 1.0\ 2 .
-3 4.0\

1.0\

3/2-2 ([1, 7,8] (Concentrated Loads

( )Floors ( )Roofs

( )U.D.L

( )2/2-2

( )1/2-2 (

) .

10/2

1435 2014/

..301 .



0.6 2
.
:1/3/2-2 ((Loads on Stairs

( )UDL
( )1/2-2

( 5.0) ( )
.

( )Fixed Ladders

(1.5) ( 3.0)
.
:2/3/2-2 Loads on Handrails and Guardrails

( 1.0)
( 0.75/)
.

:3/3/2-2 ( (Loads on Grab Bars

( 1.2)

:4/3/2-2 ( (Loads on Vehicle Barriers

( 30 )

( 454 )
( 344 344).
5/3/2-2 ( )Loads on Balconies Handrails and Barriers

( 4.8/) ( 1.5/) .
..301 .

1435 2014/

11/2

 ( )
( : )1/2-2

()kN
kN/m2
)Theatres and Cinemas( :
4.0

5.0

4.8

7.2

5.0

4.8

1.4
2.0

)Garages( :

6.0

9.0

36.4
12.0

4.8

)Hospitals and Medical Centers ( :
3.0
2.5

5.0
4.0

4.0

4.5
4.0

4.8

)Libraries( :
4.5
3.0

9.0
4.8

4.5
7.5

4.0

4.8

4.5

)Workshops and Factories ( :

20.0

4.0

6.0

9.0

12.0

13.5

4.8

12/2

1435 2014/

..301 .

kN/m2

()kN

2.4

9.0

4.8

9.0

7.2

4.5

4.8

4.8

)Administrative Buildings( :

)Residential( :

2.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

)Hotels and Suites( :

2.0

3.0

4.8

3.0

4.8

4.8

2.0

1.4

)Roofs, Awnings and Canopies( :

1.0

3.6
4.8

1.5

9.0

0.25

1.0

..301 .

1435 2014/

13/2

kN/m2

)Schools and Universities( :

()kN

2.5

4.5

3.0

3.0

7.2

4.8

4.5

4.0

4.5

4.8

)Sport Centers( :

4.8

3.6

4.8

7.2

4.8

)Retails and Stores( :

4.8

4.5

6.0

4.5

6.0

12.0

7.2
4.8

)Galleries and Museums( :

14/2

4.8

4.5

7.2

4.5

4.8

4.5

4.8

1435 2014/

..301 .

2
()kN
kN/m
()
( )1/2-2 :

9 (13.35)

) 154 154(.

14 .

()
.

()

2.3 30

94 .

()
:

0.35

0.15

()
.

() ) 154154(
() 1.5 ) 54 54).

..301 .

1435 2014/

15/2

 :4/2-2 ([9,10] (Snow Loads

:
-1

-2
-3
:1/4/2-2 ()Specific Gravity

( )0.1-0.4 ( )0.25

54 ( )1.0

:2/4/2-2
)(Height of Structure above Sea Level and Slope of Surface Subjected to Snow Loads

25
( )2/2-2

( :)2/2-2
( )h()m

()kN/m2

h<250
500<h < 250
1500 <h < 500
2500 <h < 1500

0
(h-250)/1000
(h-400)/400
(h-812.5)/250

25 ()2/2-2
(.) 3/2-2

( :) 3/2-2

16/2

( 75-)\50

25
30
35
40
45

1.00
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
1435 2014/

..301 .

 :5/2-2 ([9,11] (Flood Loads

:1/5/2-2 ()Design Loads

.
:2/5/2-2 ()Erosion

.
:3/5/2-2 ()Loads on Breakway Walls

:
- .

- .
- ( 0.5/)2

( 1.0/ )2
:

-
).) Base Flood

%1

- ( )Collapse

( )Permanent Lateral Displacement

..301 .

1435 2014/

17/2

 :6/2-2 ([11] )Rain Loads

().

:1/6/2-2 ()Design Rain Loads

:
)R= 0.01 (ds+dh

)(1/2-2
:

= R (. )kN/m2
= ds
() (.)mm
=dh
() (.)mm

:7/2-2 ([10,11] (Temperature Change Loads

( )Internal Axial Loads .

( ) (
)

.)Computer Program

18/2

( )Matrix Displacement ( Structural

1435 2014/

..301 .

 t :
t = t T

)(2/2-2
:

= T

= t ()4/2-2
( :)4/2-2
\

(14 )0.9 -1.2

(14 )0.5 -1.1

(14 )1.0

(14 )0.6

55-

55-

. ( )34

( )24 .

:8/2-2 ([10] (Concrete Shrinkage

(5-14 )24-44 (5-14 )34-54

9/2-2 ]11[ (Differential Settlement of Foundations( :

..301 .

1435 2014/

19/2

 :
( :)5/2-2

)(L/1000) (L/2000

)(L/500) (L/1000
L/1000

)(L/250) (L/400

()continuous

)(L/500

()simple

)(L/200

: L
.

:11/2-2 )[11] (Special Loads on Roofs

2.4 6.4

5.0 / 2

.
:11/2-2 ([10, 11] )Impact Loads

( ) 1/2/2-2( ) 2/2/2-2

:1/11/2-2 ()Elevators

% 144

.
20/2

1435 2014/

..301 .

 : 2/11/2-2 ()Machinery

-1 : %144

-2 ( :)Shafts and Motor Driven % 24

-3 ( : )Power Driven Units %54

-4 ( : )Hangers for Floors and Balconies %33

.
.
:12/2-2 ( [10] (Non Specified Loads

( )1/1-1 .

:13/2-2 ([9] (Reduction in Live Loads

( )

( )6/2-2 ) )P .
( :)6/2-2

..301 .

1435 2014/

*P
P
0.9 P
0.8 P
0.7 P
0.6 P
0.5 P

21/2

 :
:P .
:14/2-2 ([9,10] )Crane Loads

:1/14/2-2 )(Vertical Impact Forces

( )Vertical Impact Forces

%125 .

( )Rated Capacity .
:2/14/2-2 )(Longitudinal Forces

( ) Longitudinal Forces %24

( )Rated Capacity
.

:3/14/2-2 )(Lateral Forces

( )Lateral Forces ( )Runway Beams

%24 ( )Rated Capacity

( )Hoist and Trolley
.

22/2

1435 2014/

..301 .

 3-2 Wind Loads

:1/3-2

((Vortex Shedding

) (Aerodynamic Loads

.
:2/3-2 [8,10,12] :
)(Procedure for Computing Wind Loads on Buildings and Structures

:
-1

-2 ( (Roofs ).(Walls

-3 .
:

- ( V )Basic Wind Speed

( (Gust ()50

- ) Vs (Design Wind Speed :

()1/3-2

)Vs = V S1 S2 S3 , (m/sec

: V

:S1 ()1 /2/3/3-2

:S2
( ) Vs ()2/2/3/3-2

..301 .

1435 2014 /

23/2

 :S3
()3/2/3/3-2

- ( (q :
)q = k VS2 , (N/m2

)(2/3-2
:

:k (.)4/3-2
:Vs ( . )3/3-2

- :
)P = Cp q , (N/m2

)(3/3-2

Cp

Cp (.)Suction

( )

:
()4/3-2

)F= [ Cpe Cpi] q A , (N

:
:Cpe

:Cpi
: A

( ) F

).)outward

) )Vectorial Summation .

- ( )Total Wind Loads

Cf

24/2

1435 2014 /

..301 .

()5/3-2

F= Cf q Ae

: Ae
:3/3-2 ()Design Wind Speed

:
()6/3-2

)(m/sec

VS= V S1 S2 S3

:
: V ()1/5/3-2

: S1 S2 S3 ()2/5/3-2

:1/3/3-2 ))Basic Wind Speed

50 .

( )1/3-2
(( )5 ).

:2/3/3-2 )) Wind Speed Factors

( )V

S1 S2
S3

..301 .

1435 2014 /

25/2

Note: Wind speed zoning in IRAQ based

on 3-sec Gust speed measured at 10m
height in open level country with few
obstructions associated with an annual
probability of 0.02. The Gust speeds are
modified in accordance with the
recommended Gust speeds for stations in
IRAQ given in Table 7 Ref. 12.

( :)1/3-2 ( [12])m/sec
:1/2/3/3-2 ( )Topography Factor S1

( )% 5.0
S1 .

S1

( ) S1
(.)1.36 S1 1.0

( )S1

( )1.0 .

() ( )S1 (.)1.0

26/2

1435 2014 /

..301 .

 :2/2/3/3-2
)(Ground Roughness, Building Size and Height above Ground Factor S 2

( )Ground Roughness ()Building Size

( )Height above Ground .

:

() .

() .

() .
() .

S2

: A
.

: B (
50).

: C
( 50).

( )1/3-2 ( ) S2

( ) S2 .
Pitched

).)Roofs
3/2/3/3-2 )) Statistical Factor S3

( )S3
.

( ) S3

(( )1.0 50 .)0.36

(.)2/3-2

..301 .

1435 2014 /

27/2

 ( :)1/3-2 S2 ][8,10

H
)(m

Class

A B C
3 0.73 0.78 0.83

ABC
0.63 0.67 0.72

Class

C
A B
0.55 0.60 0.64

Class
C
A B
0.47 0.52 0.56

0.78 0.83 0.88

0.70 0.74 0.79

0.60 0.65 0.70

0.50 0.55 0.60

10

0.90 0.95 1.00

0.83 0.88 0.93

0.69 0.74 0.78

0.58 0.62 0.67

15

0.94 0.99 1.03

0.91 0.95 1.00

0.78 0.83 0.88

0.64 0.69 0.74

20

0.96 1.01 1.06

0.94 0.98 1.03

0.85 0.90 0.95

0.70 0.75 0.79

30

1.00 1.05 1.09

0.98 1.03 1.07

0.92 0.97 1.01

0.79 0.85 0.90

40

1.03 1.08 1.12

1.01 1.06 1.10

0.96 1.01 1.05

0.89 0.93 0.97

50

1.06 1.10 1.14

1.04 1.08 1.12

1.00 1.04 1.08

0.94 0.98 1.02

60

1.08 1.12 1.15

1.06 1.10 1.14

1.02 1.06 1.10

0.98 1.02 1.05

80

1.11 1.15 1.18

1.09 1.13 1.17

1.06 1.10 1.13

1.03 1.07 1.10

100

1.13 1.17 1.20

1.12 1.16 1.19

1.09 1.12 1.16

1.07 1.10 1.13

120

1.15 1.19 1.22

1.14 1.18 1.21

1.11 1.15 1.18

1.10 1.13 1.15

140

1.17 1.20 1.24

1.16 1.19 1.22

1.13 1.17 1.20

1.12 1.15 1.17

160

1.19 1.22 1.25

1.18 1.21 1.24

1.15 1.18 1.21

1.14 1.17 1.19

180

1.20 1.23 1.26

1.19 1.22 1.25

1.17 1.20 1.23

200

1.21 1.24 1.27

1.21 1.24 1.26

1.18 1.21 1.24

1.16 1.19 1.20

1.18 1.21 1.22

28/2

Class

1435 2014 /

..301 .

 ( :)2/3-2 [8,10] S3
:4/3-2 )(Dynamic Pressure of the wind

()7/3-2

q = k Vs2

:
0.613 = k ( )N/m2( )m/s .
( )2/3-2 ( )q ( . (Vs

:5/3-2 ()Pressure and Force Coefficients

:1/5/3-2 ()General

-1 ( )Cp
-2 ( )Cf

( )3/3-2 ( )4/3-2
.

..301 .

1435 2014 /

29/2

 ( :)2/3-2 q [8,10])N/m ( SI
2

9.0

8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

VS
m/s

221
516
932
1 470
2 130
2 920

199
481
885
1 410
2 060
2 830

177
447
839
1 350
1 990
2 750

157
414
794
1 300
1 920
2 670

138
383
751
1 240
1 850
2 590

120
353
709
1 190
1 790
2 510

104
324
668
1 130
1 720
2 430

88
297
628
1 080
1 660
2 360

74
270
589
1 030
1 590
2 280

61
245
552
981
1 530
2 210
3 000

10
20
30
40
50
60
70

( :)3/3-2 ( )q ([8,10] (Vs

:2/5/3-2 ()Pressure Coefficients

.
.

:
-1 ( ) Cpe
-2 ( )Cpi

-1
-

30/2

1435 2014 /

Cpi
02+
..301 .

-2

03-

03-

:3/5/3-2 ()Force Coefficients

.
.

.
:4/5/3-2 ()Frictional Drag

( )
( ) 2/5/3-2 (.)3/5/3-2

()d/h

( )d/b ( )40 :

: d

: h .
:b

(' )F :

( ) h b
()8/3-2

(F'=Cf ' qb(d-4h)+ Cf ' q2h(d-4h

( ) h b

()9/3-2

(F'=Cf ' qb(d-4b)+ Cf ' q2h(d-4b

' 0.01= Cf .
' 0.02 = Cf .

' 0.04 = Cf .

..301 .

1435 2014 /

31/2

 ( :)4/3-2 Cpe ][8,10

Degrees

0
l 3

w 2

Cpe

+0.7

-0.2

-0.5

-0.5

}-0.8

h 1

w 2

90

-0.5

-0.5

+0.7

-0.2

+0.7

-0.25

-0.6

-0.6

3 l
4
2 w

l 3

w 2

Cp

}-1.0
90

-0.5

-0.5

+0.7

-0.1

+0.7

-0.25

-0.6

-0.6

}-1.1

90

-0.6

-0.6

+0.7

-0.25

1 h 3

2 w 2

+0.7

-0.3

-0.7

-0.7

90

-0.5

-0.5

+0.7

-0.1

+0.8

-0.25

-0.8

-0.8

3 l
4
2 w

l 3

w 2

}-1.1

}-1.2

90

-0.8

-0.8

+0.8

-0.25

+0.7

-0.4

-0.7

-0.7

-0.5

-0.5

+0.8

-0.1

3 h
6
2 w

3 l
4
2 w

90

}-1.2

( )h ( )parapet ( )l ()w
.
32/2

1435 2014 /

..301 .

 ( :)4/3-2 Cpe
][8,10

h 1

w 2

3 h 1

2 w 2

h 3

w 2

GH EF
0
-0.4 -0.8 Degrees
0
-0.4 -0.9
5
-0.4 -1.2
10
-0.4 -0.4
20
-0.4 0
30
-0.5 +0.3
45
-0.6 +0.7
60
-0.6 -0.8
0
-0.6 -0.9
5
-0.6 -1.1
10
-0.5 -0.7
20
-0.5 -0.2
30
-0.5 +0.2
45
-0.5 +0.6
60
-0.6 -0.7
0
-0.6 -0.7
5
-0.6 -0.7
10
-0.6 -0.8
20
-0.5 -1.0
30
-0.5 -0.2
40
-0.5 +0.2
50
-0.5 +0.5
60

FH EG
90
-0.4 -0.8
-0.4 -0.8
-0.6 -0.8
-0.6 -0.7
-0.6 -0.7
-0.6 -0.7
-0.6 -0.7
-0.6 -1.0
-0.6 -0.9
-0.6 -0.8
-0.6 -0.8
-0.8 -0.8
-0.8 -0.8
-0.8 -0.8
-0.7 -0.9
-0.8 -0.8
-0.8 -0.8
-0.8 -0.8
0.7 -0.8
0.7 -0.8
0.7 -0.8
0.7 -0.8

- -2.0 -2.0 -2.0
-1.0 -1.2 -1.2 -1.4
-1.2
-1.4 -1.4
-1.2
+1.0
-1.1
-0.8
-1.1
-1.1
-2.0
-2.0
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0

-2.0
-2.0
-2.0
-1.5

-2.0
-1.5
-1.5
-1.5

-1.0
-1.2
-1.0
-1.0

-2.0
-2.0
-2.0
-1.5
-1.5
-1.0

-2.0
-2.0
-2.0
-1.5

-2.0
-1.5
-1.5
-1.5

-1.0
-1.2
-1.2

)h(: 1 ( )parapet
( )w .

:2
.

..301 .

y=h or 0.15w
1435 2014 /

33/2

 ( :)5/3-2 Cpe
[8,10] h/w < 2

y=h y= 0.15 w
: H L

0
H

45
L

90

Cpe
135

H H&L H&L L

180
H

Le He L2 L1 H2 H1 L

W/2

-0.9 -1.0 -0.5 -1.0

-1.0

-0.5

-2.0 -2.0 -1.5 -2.0 -1.5 -2.0 -1.0 -0.5 -1.0 -0.9

10

-0.8 -1.0 -0.5 -1.0

-1.0

-0.5

-2.0 -2.0 -1.5 -2.0 -1.5 -2.0 -1.0 -0.4 -1.0 -0.8

15

-0.7 -1.0 -0.5 -0.9

-1.0

-0.5

-2.0 -2.0 -1.4 -1.8 -0.9 -1.8 -1.0 -0.3 -1.0 -0.6

20

-0.6 -1.0 -0.5 -0.8

-0.9

-0.5

-2.0 -2.0 -1.4 -1.8 -0.8 -1.8 -1.0 -0.2 -1.0 -0.5

25

-0.6 -1.0 -0.5 -0.7

-0.8

-0.5

-2.0 -2.0 -0.9 -0.9 -0.7 -1.8 -0.9 -0.1 -0.9 -0.3

30

-0.6 -1.0 -0.5 -0.5

-0.8

-0.5

-2.0 -2.0 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -1.8 -0.6 0

-0.6 -0.1

( )h ( )parapet ( )l
( )w .

34/2

1435 2014 /

..301 .

 ( :)6/3-2 Cf
( )][8,10

Cf

l/w

h/b

b/d
4

1/2

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

4
1/4

0.7

0.7

0.75

0.75

0.75

1.1

1.2

1.25

1.35

1.4

3
1/3

0.7

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.8

1.0

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

2
0.5

0.75

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

1.5

0.95

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.5
0.8

2/3

0.9

0.85

0.95

Cf

h/b

b/d l/w
1/2
1

0.9

10

20

1.4 1.2 1.1 1.05 1 0.95

( )b ( )d

( )l ( )w .

..301 .

1435 2014 /

35/2

 ( :)7/3-2 Cpe (
) [8,10] h w
1

section

a
degrees degrees
0
5
10
20
30
45

-0.9
-1.1
-0.7
-0.2
0.3

degrees

degrees

45

90

-0.4
-0.4
-0.4
-0.4
-0.6

-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6

-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.2

-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.4

-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.2
-0.2

-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.4

-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5

-2

-1.5

h2

h1
-0.8

-0.6

h3
-0.2

: ( )=0
( )= 90

(.)4/5/3-2

(.)7/3-2
36/2

1435 2014 /

..301 .

 ( :)8/3-2 Cpe ( )
( ) [8,10] h w
1

section

degrees
0
180

0.6
-0.5

-0.3
-0.4

-0.4 -0.7 -0.7

-0.3 -0.3 -0.3

degrees
90
270

n
-0.2
-0.6

-0.3 -0.1
-0.1 -0.6

-2

-1.5

h1

h2

h3

-0.8
-0.2

-0.6
-0.6

-0.2
-0.8

: ( )=0
( )= 90

(.)4/5/3-2

(.)8/3-2

..301 .

1435 2014 /

37/2

(/9/3-2) : Cp ( ) 1 h 1 ( 3
4
w
0.1L

[8,10]) 1 L

a) Duopitch canopies
roof angle
roof angle

0.1L

h
0.1w

0.1w
0.1w

0.1w

positive roof angle

negative roof angle

key plan

) (degrees*
( )

-20
-15
( )

-10
-5
5
10
15
20
25
30

-20
-15
-10
-5
5
10
15
20
25
30

0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.9

0.8
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3

1.6
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6

1.7
1.4
1.1
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.7

=0
=1
=0
=1
=0
=1
=0
=1
=0
=1
=0
=1
=0
=1
=0
=1
=0
=1
=0
=1

-0.7
-1.3
-0.6
-1.4
-0.6
-1.4
-0.5
-1.3
-0.6
-1.3
-0.7
-1.3
-0.8
-1.3
-0.9
-1.3
-1
-1.3
-1
-1.3

-0.9
-1.5
-0.8
-1.6
-0.8
-1.6
-0.7
-1.5
-0.6
-1.3
-0.7
-1.3
-0.9
-1.3
-1.2
-1.4
-1.4
-1.4
-1.4
-1.4

-1.3
-2.4
-1.3
-2.7
-1.3
-2.7
-1.3
-2.4
-1.4
-2
-1.5
-2
-1.7
-2.2
-1.8
-2.2
-1.9
-2
-1.9
-1.8

-1.6
-2.4
-1.6
-2.6
-1.5
-2.6
-1.6
-2.4
-1.4
-1.8
-1.4
-1.8
-1.4
-1.6
-1.4
-1.6
-1.4
-1.5
-1.4
-1.4

-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-1.1
-1.5
-1.4
-1.8
-1.8
-2.1
-2
-2.1
-2
-2
-2
-2

.
*
.

38/2

1435 2014 /

..301 .

 (/9/3-2) Cp ( ) 1 h 1 ( 3
4
w
L/10

[8,10]) 1 L

(b) Monopitch Canopies

Roof angle

Cp

L/10
Section

W/10

W/10
W
key plan

()degrees
)

0
5
10
15
20
25
30

( )

=0
0
=1
=0
5
=1
=0
10
=1
=0
15
=1
=0
20
=1
=0
25
=1
=0
30
=1

..301 .

+0.2
+0.4
+0.5
+0.7
+0.8
+1.0
+1.2

+0.5
+0.8
+1.2
+1.4
+1.7
+2.0
+2.2

+1.1
+1.3
+1.6
+1.8
+2.1
+2.3
+2.4

+1.8
+2.1
+2.4
+2.7
+2.9
+3.1
+3.2

-1.3
-0.6
-0.5
-1.8
-1.5
-1.3
-1.7
-1.1
-0.7
-1.2
-1.6
-1.4
-2.2
-1.5
-0.9
-2.6
-2.1
-1.4
-2.4
-1.8
-1.1
-2.9
-1.6
-1.4
-2.8
-2.2
-1.3
-2.9
-1.6
-1.4
-3.2
-2.6
-1.6
-2.5
-1.5
-1.4
-3.8
-3.0
-1.8
-2.2
-1.5
-1.4
) )0.25w .
1435 2014 /

39/2

-1.4
-2.2
-1.8
-2.5
-2.1
-2.7
-2.5
-3.0
-2.9
-3.0
-3.2
-2.8
-3.6
-2.7

 (/9/3-2) : Cp ( ) 1 h 1 ( 3
4
w

[8,10]) 1 L

(c) Multibay canopy

h
Section

0.87

0.68

1.00

0.81
0.61
0.63

( :)10/3-2 Cf
vs b
()m2/s

1
0.5

20 10

<6

0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

< 10

0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

10

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

b/d =2

<8

1.7 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8

1.5 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8

b/d=1

<4

1.0 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6

r/b=1/3

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

b/d=1

< 10

1.3 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7

b/d =1/2

40/2

Cf

1435 2014 /

1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7

..301 .


r/b=1/6
b/d=1/2
r/b=1/2
b/d=1/2
r/b=1/6
b/d=2

..301 .

vs b
()m2/s
10
<3
3

Cf

0.5
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
1

20 10

0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

r/b=1/12

1.9 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9

b/d=2

<6

1.6 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7

r/b=1/4

0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

r/a=1/3

< 10
10

1.5 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

r/a=1/12

1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9

r/a=1/48

1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9

r/b=1/4

< 11
11

1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

r/b=1/12

1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8

r/b=1/48

1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7

r/b=1/4

<8
8

1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7

0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

1/12<r/b<1/48

2.1 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2

1435 2014 /

41/2

 Cf

vs b
()m2/s

0.5

20 10

12

< 12
12

1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7

1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0

( :)11/3-2 ][8,10

degree

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180

Cpe

h/D = 10 h/D 2.5 h/D = 10

+1.0
+0.9
+0.7
+0.4
0
-0.5
-0.95
-1.25
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.5
-0.4
-0.4
-0.4

+1.0
+0.9
+0.7
+0.4
0
-0.4
-0.8
-1.1
-1.05
-0.85
-0.65
-0.35
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3

h/D 2.5

+1.0
+0.9
+0.7
+0.35
0
-0.7
-1.2
-1.4
-1.45
-1.4
-1.1
-0.6
-0.35
-0.35
-0.35

+1.0
+0.9
+0.7
+0.35
0
-0.5
-1.05
-1.25
-1.3
-1.2
-0.85
-0.4
-0.25
-0.25
-0.25

( )11/3-2
) .( D>0.3m

( .) D

42/2

1435 2014 /

..301 .

 : h

( ) h ( .) h/D
.

- ( )h/D0.3

(.)08-

- ( )h/D<0.3

()08-

..301 .

1435 2014 /

43/2

 4-2 :

: 1/4-2

( )2/4-2 (.)3/4-2

:2/4-2
( [5,6,7] (Combining Factored Loads Using Strength Design Method

( (Required Strength
( )1/4-2

(.)2/4-2

( :)1/4-2 *


1.4D+1.7L

)1.4(D+F

)0.75(1.4D+1.7L+1.6W
0.9D+1.6W
1.4D+1.7L
)0.75(1.4D+1.4T+1.7L
1.4D+1.7L
0.75(1.4D+1.7L)+1.0E
0.9D+1.0E
1.4D+1.7L
1.4D+1.7L+1.7H
0.9D+1.7H
1.4D+1.7L

)0.75(1.4D+1.7T+1. 7L
7
( 1.4(D+T
( )L ()L+I
8
* .

44/2

1435 2014 /

.. 301

( :)2/4-2 *][5,6,7

1
2
3

1.2D+1.6L
)1.4(D+F
)0.75(1.2D+1.6L+1.6W
0.9D+1.6W
1.2D+1.6L
)1.2(D+F+T)+1.6(L+H)+0.5(S or R
)1.2D+1.6 (S or R)+( 1.0 L or 0.8 W
)1.2D+1.6W+1.0L+0.5(S or R
0.9D+1.6W+1.6H
1.2D+1.0L+1.0E+ 0.2S
0.9D+1.0E+1.6H

1.2D+1.6L+1.6H

0.9D+1.6H

1.2D+1.6L

)0.75(1.2D+1.6T+1. 6L

( 1.4(D+T
( )L ()L+I

7
8

* .
:3/4-2
( (Combining Factored Loads Allowable Stress Design Method

(.)3/4-2

.. 301

1435 2014 /

45/2

( )3/4-2
*][5,6,7

2
3

L+D
D+F
)(D+L+W
D+W
D+L
)D+F+T+L+H+(S or R
)D+ (S or R)+( L or W
)D+W+L+ (S or R
D+W+H
)(D+L+E
D+E
D+L
D+L+H
D+H
D+L

)(D+T+L
((D+T
( )L ()L+I

* .

" - ][1
" 121 .
" ][2
( ")201
197 2008 .
" 1 ][3
- " 89 2006.
" [4] 121 2000
.
46/2

1435 2014 /

.. 301

[5] American Society of Civil Engineers "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structures (ASCE7-05)," Structural Engineering Institute, 2006, 419pp.
[6] ACI Committee 318 "Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and
Commentary (ACI 318M-08)," American Concrete Institute, 2008, 473pp.
[7] International Code Council "International Building Code", International Code
Council, INC., 2009, 731pp.
[8] British Standard Institution (BSI) "CP3: Code of Basic Data for the Design of
Building, Chapter V: Loading, Part2: Wind Loads", British Standard Institution,
London, 1972 with Amendments up to2003, 48pp.
[9] British Standard Institution (BSI) "British Standard BS 6399, Loading for
Buildings, Part1: Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads", British Standard
Institution, London, 1996 with Amendments up to 2002, 11pp.
[10] British Standard Institution (BSI) "British Standard BS 6399, Loading for
Buildings, Part2: Code of Practice for Wind Loads", British Standard Institution,
London, 1997 with Amendments up to 2002, 115pp.
[11] British Standard Institution (BSI) "British Standard BS 6399, Loading for
Buildings, Part3: Code of Practice for Imposed Roof Loads", British Standard
Institution, London, 1988 with Amendments up to 2002, 21pp.

47/2

2014 / 1435

301 ..

 ()

S1
)APPENDIX (A
Topography Factor S1

1-
:1/1-

.1,33 S1 1,0

2/1-[1,2,3] (Symbols ( :

: L (.)1/ 1-
: Z (.)1/ 1-
: s (.)5/ 1-

: Le (..)1/ 1-
)Z/L) : .

:3/1- ([1,2,3])Significant Slope

( ) .0,05

:4/1- ([1,2,3] )Type of Feature

)1,5( Le )2,5( Le

( ) < 0,05 Le
. ( ) > 0,05

( .) 1/1-

5 Z .

:5/ 1- ()Topography Factor S1

S1 ( )1/1-

Le s :
-1 ( ) 2/1- .
..301 .

1435 2014 /

1/

 -2 ( )3/1- .
: 0,3
.

s ()3/1- .

( :)1/1- LeS1
( =)Z/L) )Slope
( 0,05 0,3 )Shallow ( 0,3 )Steep
Le= Z/0,3
Le=L
S1= 1+ 0,33 s
S1= 1+ 1,2Zs/L

()

()

()

2 /

( :)1/1-
1435 2014 /

..301 .

 ( :)2/1- s

( :)3/1- s

..301 .

1435 2014 /

3/


[1] " .
. 31 1893 "
[2] British Standard Institution (BSI) "CP3: Code of Basic Data for the Design of
Building, Chapter V: Loading, Part2: Wind Loads", British Standard Institution,
London, 1972 with Amendments up to2003, 48pp.
[3] British Standard Institution (BSI) "British Standard BS 6399, Loading for
Buildings, Part1: Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads", British Standard
Institution, London, 1996 with Amendments up to 2002, 11pp.

301 ...

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 ()

Administrative Buildings

Nominal Loads

Snow Loads

Concentrated Loads

Factored Loads

Height above Ground

Lateral Drift

General Stability

Asphalt

Brickwork

Block work

Serviceability

Collapse

Vibrations

Deflection

Oak

..301 .

1435 2014 /

1 /

Analysis

Residual Deformations

Geometric Compatibility

Equilibrium

Load Combinations

Soil

Firm

Loose

Dense

Stiff

Soft

Partition Walls

Lime

Stones

Building Size

Concrete

Wood

2 /

Vortex Shedding
1435 2014 /

..301 .

Undeflected Roof

Basic Wind Speed

Cement

Floors

Rated Capacity
Roofs

Gust

Cork

Self-Straining Forces

Water

Residential

Hospitals
Factories

Elevators

Libraries

Metals

Resistance Factor
3 /

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301 ...

Strength
Nominal Strength

Strength Design

Mortar
Differential Settlements of Foundations

Workshops

Specific Gravity

Ground Roughness

Machinery

Non Specified Loads

Reduction in Live Loads

Crane Loads

Vertical Impact Forces

Longitudinal Forces

Lateral Forces

301 ...

()

2014 / 1435

4 /

 ()

Administrative Buildings

Analysis

Asphalt

Basic Wind Speed

Block work

Brickwork

Building Size

Cement

Collapse

Concentrated Loads

Cork

Crane Loads

Deflection

()
..301 .

Dense
Differential Settlements of Foundations
1435 2014 /

1 /

Elevators

Equilibrium

Factored Loads

Factories

Firm

Floors

General Stability

Geometric Compatibility

Ground Roughness

Gust

Height above Ground

Hospitals

Lateral Drift

Lateral Forces

Lime

Load Combinations

Longitudinal Forces

Loose
301 ...

2014 / 1435

2 /

Machinery

Metals

Mortar
Nominal Loads

Nominal Strength

Non Specified Loads

Oak

Partition Walls

Rated Capacity

Reduction in Live Loads

Residual Deformations

Residential

Roofs

Resistance Factor

Self-Straining Forces

Serviceability

Snow Loads

Soft
3 /

2014 / 1435

301 ...

Soil
Stiff

Stones

Strength
Strength Design

Specific Gravity

Undeflected Roof

Vibrations

Vertical Impact Forces

Vortex Shedding
Water

Wood

Workshops

301 ...

2014 / 1435

4 /