1.

Red flag or indicator areas (red flags is defined as issues that may
become possible problems within the developmental process)
There is not much information given about Mrs. Salazars pregnancies
however, I believe the stress that she has complained of having for her
entire life should certainly be a red flag. Additionally, she reports that she
has been sickly throughout her life. This could possibly be a red flag for
maternal illness and may indicate that Mrs. Salazar takes medications for
these health issues which can also be a red flag.

2. Biological Changes for First Trimester, Second Trimester, Third

Trimester, and Hormones (all of the information may not be in the case
study and application information from the text may be needed)
1st Trimester after eight weeks the fetus begins to look like a human
and is 90% formed. Between 8-12 weeks the chorionic villi develop into a
functioning placenta attached to the mothers uterus. The fetus is
connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord. The placenta will act as the
babys lungs, digestive tract, kidneys, and liver for the remainder of the
pregnancy. (Human Behavior in the Social Environment 5 th Ed.)
2nd Trimester By 20 weeks the fetus is covered with fine hair called
lanugo. By 24 weeks the fetus resembles a tiny baby. At 24 weeks the baby
makes breathing motions, hiccups, and sleeps and wakes in noticeable cycles.
(Human Behavior in the Social Environment 5th Ed.)
3rd Trimester the fetus stores fat and gains weight. (Human Behavior in
the Social Environment 5th Ed.)

3. Are there indicators other than age to consider Maria's a high-risk

pregnancy?
I do not recall any information about Mrs. Salazars age, however there
are other factors that may consider her pregnancy with Maria high-risk. I
think that maternal stress and maternal depression and anxiety may have
been risk factors in her pregnancy. Her stress may have caused Maria to
suffer from IUGR and possibly caused her premature birth.

4. What are the different risk factors for pregnancy? Include age,
poverty, and cultural factors.

Some risk factors for pregnancy include maternal age, multiple

gestations, maternal nutrition, maternal illness, maternal drug use, maternal
alcohol abuse, maternal smoking, maternal stress, maternal depression and
anxiety, poverty, and cultural factors. Older women run a higher risk of
having babies with chromosomal abnormalities than younger women. Younger
women are less likely to receive adequate prenatal care than older women.
Poverty can also be a risk factor. Impoverished women may be more
stressed, depressed, or anxious than other women. These issues can have
serious consequences on the babys development. They may also be
malnourished which may also negatively effect on the baby. Impoverished
women may also be less likely to receive adequate prenatal care. Cultural
factors may include the inability of undocumented immigrants to receive
adequate prenatal care.