MALAYSIAN Ms 1472 : 1999 STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE FOR FIRE PRECAUTIONS IN THE DESIGN OF BUILDINGS — SMOKE CONTROL IN PROTECTED ESCAPE ROUTES USING PRESSURIZATION B Ics: 13.220 Gssatstors = bullaing, system, nstaraion ard equipment, excape route DEPARTMENT OF STANDARDS: MALAYSIAMINCONDULY SDN. BAD. LIA ‘YSIAN STANDARDS The Department of Standards Malaysia (DSM) 's the national standardisation and accrediation bady, The main function of the Department is to foster and promote standards, standardisation ‘and accreditation as @ means of advancing the national economy, promoting industrial eflicieney and davelopment, benefiting the health and safety of the public, protecting the consumers, facilitating darnestic and intemetianal trade end furthering international cooperation in relation to standards and standardisation. Malaysian Standards are developed through consensus by committees which comprise of balanced representation of producers, users, consumers and others with rolevant interests, as may be appropriate to the subject in hand, To tha greatest extent possible, Malaysian ‘Standards are aligned to or are adoption of Intemational standards, Approval ol a standard as 8 Malaysian Standard is govemed by the Standards of Malaysia Act 1996 (Act 549). Malaysian Standards are reviewed periodically. The use of Malaysian Standards is voluntary except in so far aS they are made mandatory by regulatory authorities by means of regulations, local by-laws or any other similar ways. ‘The Department of Standards appoints SIRIM Berhad as the agent to develop Malaysian Standards. The Department also appoints SIRIM Berhad a8 the agent for distribution and. sale of Malaysian Standards. For further infornation on Malaysian Standards, please contact: Department of Standards Malaysia oR SIFIM Berhad Level 1 & 2, Block C4, Parcel G (Coripany Mo. 987474 - Vp 1, Porsiaran Dato’ Menteri F fai "ederal Coane! ministrative Contre 2P.0. ee 40811 Shah Alam MALAYSIA ‘ Selangor D.E. Teli 603 5544 6000 Fax: 60 3 5610 8095 Tel GO 3 88858000 Fac 60 3 89885060 bhitpewencdsm govemy Exmalk info@dsm.gov.my DeployContralled Copy Ef Stamped In es 40 CONTENTS Cammittee representation. : Foreword... Scope... . Referenced documents Definitions The building The system a co ‘The installation and equipment... Genaral Pressurization levels... Values of ()" for N= 2 and N= 1.8 . ‘Typical leakage areas for four types of oor ss ‘Air leakage data for doors .... Air leakage data for windows .. caneciac Values of factor F for various vent ses... ges ‘Values of K. Airfiaw through an open door: staircase only pressurized: stairease/accommodation door Airflow through an open doors: stzircase and lift labby pressurized to ‘same level: airlove when one lobbylaccommadation doaris open Airflow through two open doors: staircase and lif lobby pressured to same lave te by doors (elinweVioboy and lobbylaccommodation) pan an same floor . 0 MS 1472: 1999 Page (ii (ivy 11 4 a7 ” 4 8 20 25 a0MS 1472: 999. CONTENTS (Contd.) Page Tables 11. Minium otal angth of window cracks (per or) or saltfactony venting of the pressurizing alt a cennesin 38 12 Suggestions for choice of venting system 4 a Figures 1 Pressurizing stairtase OY vsnsesstinnnsntnnienesin 5 2 Staircase only pressurized (gives no protection to lift lobby} 6 3 Pressurizing staircase and lift BBY a... ee 7 4 Leakage paths in series... a ccmmcas AG 5 Leakage paths in paralel rs s zi 6 6 —_ Steps in obtaining the equivalent resistance of a-cembination of series and parallel paths of air leakage oo... An 7 Diagram of leakage from Ff landing d0t snus seins sie 2 8 Diagram of airflow conditions listed in Table & - eosin 28 9 Diagram of airflow conditions listed in Table 9 . Sn 2 10 Diagram of airlow conditions listed in Table 10 a . 4 At Plan of bullding for worked example vo co 52 3 82 Appendix A A Worked eXEMPIE nun «MS 1472: 1999 Committee representation ‘The Fite Safety and Prevention Industry Sierdande Geetios under whose supervision this Malaysian Standard vias developed, comprises repaseriabves for the follewing Gavemmert Winisires, Trade, Commerce and Manufacturing Associations, and Scinliic and Frotessinral Bods ‘Ascodatlon of Consulting Engineare Miaysia Construction Ingusty Development Board Maisie Department af Chernisty, Malaysia Dopartment of Standards Malaysia Federation of Malaysian Consumers Associaton Fire and Rescue Department taken Foros! Resnaren Institute oF Mise (Ganeral tauranee Aasaciaton of Mal Housing Developers’ Associaton Mis Malaysian Fe Protection As eater Sue's Assocision Muaysia Porsatuan Akeck Malaysie Publi Whe Dapertment The Insetulon af Engineers, asa The Inatulisn of Pra Engingers (UK) Malaysia Branch ‘The Tactnigel Commatee on Emake Management wich davalgped the Metaysian Stondan consists ofthe folowing reproxertsives: Br Oe Ghee Sheng {Ghairmaa} Inalital Teknlagi MARA Puan Siti Mariam Ranmat (Secretary) SIRI Bechad ir Khali Hacean Instn Tekroiagi MARA Actacintion af Consulting Engnaers Mi tr, CheniThiar Leona! r, Leong Wal Tal nck Daniel Le Eneik Lim Chong Ling Enolk Nadalan Hashim/Enck Aman Yah Fire and Reseun Depasiment Malaysia Enoi Wan Mohammad 2aidi Wien Isa Enck Atrnad Zaha rail General Insurwnice Associstion of Malaysia Enck Chaw Teow Wavencik Gng Tek Wel Fogaretio of Malaysia: Manutactuiers Enek Willsrs Kang 9s Fatt, Leong Siew Mera! The Insbiuan of Engineers, Malaysie Ic tlong Bee Foong Enelktabak Aboa! Public Werks Depertment Enel Aba, Rehin Anmad s Dr, Nor Mariah Adar Universit Pure Malaya iH Fuad Abas ciMs 1472 : 1999 FOREWORD ‘This Malaysian Standard was devaloped by the Technical Committee an Smoke Management Under the authority of tha Fie Safety and Prevention industy Standards Commitee. In the preparation of this standard, roference was made to BS 5588: Part 4: 1976. ' Fire Precautions in the design of buildings: Part 4; Smoke control in protected escape routes using Pressurization’ Ghanges made as compared to the basis were as follows 4, Clause 4.2.4 * Pressurizing the whole building (nat recommanded)" was deleted. Clause 5.4.1 * Pressurization of staircase(s)": a) The allowance for a single supply entry point was changed from three storeys and fewer to four storeys and fewer. b) The stack effect is taken into consideration in the design of pressurization of Staircases. lt is defined by the equation (22) and (23) 3. Clause 6.3.1 * Assessing fan duty” ‘The allowance for laakage to be added to the voluma flow rate far sheet metal ‘ducting was changed from 16% to 10%, 4 Clause 6.6.1" Type of sensing oF switching requieed! : “The choices of systems wore deleted § Clause. 6.8" Maintenance procedure" : “The period for testing the emergency operation of systern is carried out monthly, instead of weekly In the original standard. 6 Minimum egress velocity was standardised ta 1,Omis. With this change, calculation in Appendix A was also changed, ‘Changes were made to suit the currant practices in Malaysia, This code offers a diferent method for keeping protected escape routes clear of smoke by [pressurizing these routes and so creating a pattem of airflow away fram them. The objects of this code are to state general principles and to give both planning and technical data conceming pressurzation of protected escape routes. Pressurization is one of several methads of smoke control in buildings in the event of fire and it is not suggested that it is the only effective method in all cicumstances. Ithhas however certain advantages in as much as it olfars greater fiexibilty of layaut than other methods and in some cases reduced costs ‘storniming from this flexibility &)MS 1472 : 1999 Protected escape routes may include corridors, lobbies, staircases and other communication ‘spaces connecting to a final exit, Unprotected routes include spaces within reoms or open sloreys and corridars where travel distances apply. The travel distances as spectied in ather ‘codes or regulations should not be modified because smoke control is employed as desoribed inthis code. Once inside @ protected route, people in a buiding should be able to make their way to a final ext and safely in the open air. It is smoke and toxic gases, rather than flame, that wil in the first instance inhibit this movement and the exclusion of smoke and gases from the protected Toutes is thus of great impartanee, In normal fire-prevention design the intention always will be to confine the ‘ire within = fire Compartment and, although this may §e effective in limiting the spread of fire, smoke vill readily spread to adjacent spaces through the various leakage openings that occur in the compartment enclosure, such a3 cracks, openings around pipes, ducts, airiow grilles and doors, In good building practice the leakage at some of these points will be minimized but itis rot generally possiblo to seal them camplotely. ‘There are two main factors that determing tha movernent of smoke arising from a fre in a ‘building. These are: @) the mobility af smoke that results from i consisting of het gases less densa than the ‘surrounding air, bb) the normal air movement (which may have nathing to do with the fire) that can camry Smoke, sometimes slowly, sometimes quickly, to all parts of the building. ‘Air movement is itself controlled by: 8) the stack effect (see 3.1.5); b) the wind, 31 buildings having some air leaks and wind action contributing to air movemant ‘Brough the leaks; c) any mechanical air-handing system installed in tha building Pressurizatin provides pressure differences that oppose and overcome those generated by the factors causing movement of smoke. In pressurization, air Is Injacted into the protected escape routes, i.e, into staircases, lobbies or corridors, to raise their pressure slightly above the pressure in adjecent parts of the building. Consequently smoke or toxic gases wil be Unlikely to find their way Into eseape routes. ‘The use of a system to extract air from spaces that are pressurized is very stongly deprecated because It will render the maintenance of the required pressure in the escape routes extremely difficult, ©MS 1472 : 1999 tis necessary to determine not only where the fresh air supply for pressurization is to be introduced into # buliding but also where that fresh air ill leak out and what paths it will take in the process. The aim will be to establish a pressure gracient (and thus an airflow pattern) with the protected escape routes at the highest pressure and tha pressure progressively decreasing In areas remote from the escape routes. Tha design criteria given in detail in Clause 6 deal with the various ways in which the escape of pressurlzad alr Gan be arranged ‘A pressurization systom for smake contro} shoud a) give positive smoke control in the protected escape routes) b) be readily available whan a fire starts; ¢) be reliable and capable of functioning for a period corresponding to the standard of fire resistance of the elements of structure in a bulking; 0) be simple and aconamic. ‘Some of the advantages that can be expected from the use of pressurization are: 28) staircases and lobbies need not be placed on extemal wails; b) smoke shafts may not be required as means of sltemative ventilation; ©) it may be possible ta omit some ‘smoke siop' daors from escape rout 4d) the additional staircase considered necessary in calculating the number of staircases required in relation ta the population density when other methods of smake control are used may possibly be omittad; 2} conservation of energy Diagrams that accompany the text in this code are intended only to clarity points made in the text It should not be assumed that the arrangements shown are more satistactory than others that may be devised. Consultation with the building control authority at an earfy stage is recommended, to check not only that proposals for means of escape are satisfactory but also that over building regulations, concemed for example with ventiiation of parts of the building for public health purposes, are satisfied This code does not contain all the necessary information for the satisfactory design of a pressurization scheme, which shauld be undertaken by 2 competent person, Compliance with a Malaysian Standard does net of itself confer immunity from legat obligations. oi)MS 1472: 1999 FIRE PRECAUTIONS IN THE DESIGN OF BUILDINGS - SMOKE CONTROL IN PROTECTED ESGAPE ROUTES USING PRESSURIZATION 1 Scope This cade of practice gives guidance on the use of pressurization in buildings for the purpose of smoke eantrel in protected escape routes. The principles stated in the code may be used for other occupancies and purpose groups where the fundamental aim is to keep the protected escape route clear of products af combustion, 2 Referenced documents ‘The following referenced dacuments contain provision which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of Malaysian Standard. For dated references, where there are subsequent amendments to, of revisiens of, any of these publications to Malaysian Standard shall be amended or revised accordingly, For undated references, the latest edition of the Publication referred to applies. ‘The tites of the publications referred to in this standard areas follows: MS 1471: 4999 Series Vocabulary an fire protaction, BS 5720-1978 Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning in buildings. BS 8313:1989 Ducts for building services, BS S89 Pit; 1980 Installation and servicing of electrical fire alarm systems. MS-IEC 364-1998 Electrical installations of building 3. Definitions For the purposes of this code, the definitions given in MS 1471, together with the following, apply a4 Air duct A passage way for the transmission of air BZ Air release The means by which pressurizing air Ie able to exeape from the accommodation er other unpressurized space ta external alr.Ms 1472 : 1999 33 Air leakage The movement of air, generally from a pressurized space through openings that have relatively small cross-sectional area 34 Airsupply Amechanically driven current of air led by suitable ductwork or impelled by the direct aetion of aten a5 Buoyancy ‘An upwiatd force exerled on a fluid when itis surrounded by a denser flu 3.8 Firefighting lobby ‘A protected lobby providing access from a firefighting stalr to eccommadation area and to any associeted frefighting li. 37 Leakage ares ‘The cross-sectional area of the air leakage path, measured normally to the direction of alflow and generelly integrated into a toial area for a particular building eamponent (such @s & daor of a window}, 38 Plonum ‘A.compartment or chamber or space ta which one or more air ducts are conhactad and that forms pert of an air distribution system. 3.9 Pressure differential The difference in pressure between two adjacent spaces in @ building 3.40 Pressurized space A space in a building in which the air pressure is maintained at a higher value than that in the rest ofthe building by direct input of an air supply 3.11 Pressurization level ‘The pressure difference between the pressurized space and the accommodation served hy the pressurized escape route (expressed in gascals (Pa) 1 0= 7 Nine3.12 Protected escape corridor That pert of an escape raute protected against fire by being enclosed in a fre resisting sonstructian, 3.13 Simple lobby A lobby that does not give access to fits, shafts or ducts that could constitute @ significant leakage path for smoke to spread to other stareys within the building. A simple lobby may be either Unventilated or naturally ventilated. NOTE. A labby connactes w a UR wel or ether haf fe aur a simple loin Ital 6uCn shafts aro pressutoad 344 Stack effect The pressure differential caused by the air inside the building boing at a temperature different from that of the aic outside the building, which. when there ere openings top and battom, wil promote natural airflow through the building, upwards when the building air is warmer than the outside airand dawnwards when it is cooler, 4. The building 41 General SAA General principle of pressurization ‘The spaces to Be pressurized will be those that constitute the protected escape routes, These ‘are the staitcase(s), the lobbies and in same cases the eartidars, One or more of these spaces will ba pressurized and the general principle is that smoke control will only be satisfactory for those spaces that are pressurized, i.e. that have an input of pressurizing air (air supply). Thus the extent to which smoke encroachment is to te prevented wil determine the spases te be pressurized 441.2 Single-stage or two-stage pressurization The pressurization system oan be designed to operate anly in an emergency. This is called = single-stage system, Allematively, a continuously operating law level of pressurization of the appropriate spaces oan be incorporated as part of the normal ventilation with provision for an increased level of pressurization to be brought into operatian in an emergency. This is called atvionstage systern (See 5.2.1) 4.1.3 Combustible material in protected escape routes Itis important that any stairease, lobby or corridor of g protected escape route should contain or be likely to contain, a minimum of combustible material in which a fire could occur,MS 1472 : 1999 4.2 Methods of pressurizing the spaces to be pressurized 4.24 Method 1, Pressurizing stalrcase(s) only ‘The protection given by this methad is entirely confined ta the vertical part of the escape raute, It is only appropriate In buldings where no smoke control is needed for the horontal part of the escape route on each fioar of the building and, in general, it should be used only when a staircase is approached directly from the accammodation area or through a simple lobby. The simple lobby, which may be required to complete the fire-protecting enclosure of the staircase, will serve to reduce the effect of an open door to the pressurized staircase. ‘The simple lobby should be unvensisted under fre mode, in which case twill be automatically pressurized by the air flowing out of the staircase Figure 1 shows examples of pressurized ‘staircases leading into simple lobbies. The resutiing pressurization of the lobbies is indicated. as also is the effect of an open lobby door. Figure 2 shows the conditions that arise when the Staircase only is pressurized and this leads into a simple lebby and then into @ non- pressurized lift lobby; this is an unacceptable arrangement. All pressurized staircases in a building should be pressurized in an emergency 4.2.2 Method 2. Pressurizing the staircase(s) and all or part of the horizontal route 4.2.24 General In every building in which each flocr has @ horizontal component of the protected escape route (other than the simple lobby mentioned in 4.2.1) the pressurization should be carried ints the lobby and possibly into the protected escape corridor beyond, ifany ‘All pressurized staircases, and pressurized lobbies and pressurized corridors on all floors ‘should be pressurized in an emergency. 4222 Pressurizing staircase and lobby If lobby separating the staircase from the accommodation is other than a simple lobby. this lobby should be pressurized independently of the staircase, i.e. It should have pressurizing air ‘Supplied fram a dust (or source) that is separate from that supplying the staircase. The kaoby: prassure should be equal to-oF slightly below the pressure in the staircase (but not more than 5 Pa below), Figure 3 shows an example of indopendently pressurizing staircase and lift ably and indicates the effect of an open doar, 4.22.3 Pressurizing staircase, lobby and corridor IF the lobby opens into a corridor of substantial construction (i.e, 30 min fire resistance or more) that forms part of the protected escape raute, the pressurization systom may be replaced with smoke oxtraction system and eo take the smoke control right up ta the door of the accommodatian unitMS 1472: 1999 Letty pressure anos ‘oceommestian 10 (90) i po a : “La Acemaedeion — —S—-_ Preszurization lavel of staircase st S045) Accommodation Staircase | Lobby —_Atammadation ‘The too upper dagrares show prensurtaton levels sed pussses with typ nbbpliccemmadation doors wnt The ‘cehets remade Fora 4D-storey bulding, presourzaion Fora storey bulding, pressurization lev as id pressures in Pa shown thas: (88) Figure 1, Pressurizing stalrcase onlyMs 1472 : 1999 Presaurization level of atolrcose 4s $0101 Fora s0-storoy bullding. pressurization loves ed pressures in Pa shew th storey bullding, presaurlzston levels and pressures i Pa shown th 0 20) Figure 2. Staircase only pressurized (gives no protection to lift lobby)MS 1472 ; 1999 Accommadal ier Er] Pressurization tevel of 50150) In staireaze end Lobby Stoircase Lift lobby ‘Accommodation | re ~ = [ tes) = pees | ey Jott {ae { r bce) 1 [4 ir ‘1126) ‘The upper diagram shows prossuszation levels with the lt aby! arcorwmodtion doors shut Tho wor diagtam shows pressurization levels with one it obbyaccarmadation doar open, tne olner ders remaining shut Fors iO-sterey busing, prossunzation levele ead pretsus 1 Pasi us 31 Fora Storey tulsing, pmssurzation levels snd pressures Pa shown tus: (25) Figure 3. Pressuri ig staircase and lift lobbyMS 1472 4.23 Method 3, Pressurizing labbies andlor corridors only In some bulldings it may be found necessary, perhaps for canstructional reasons (such as difficulty in arranging the required ductwork for independent pressurization) to allow the staircase to be pressurized by the air that leaks into it from the associated pressurized Icbbie: ‘or corridors. If properly designed this can be a salisfactory method but in some cases it niay bbe found that the total air supply needed for pressurizing the lobbies anly may be greater than that needed if the staircase and lobbies are independenily pressurzed. In this method the ‘laircase should not be permanently ventilated except by any opening shown to be necessary by the calculation for the open-door condition dealt with in §.3.2 8. ‘All pressurized lobbies and/or pressurized corridors on all ficors in @ building should be pressurized in an emergency. 43 Interaction between several pressurized spaces 43.1 General In a bulling, particularly a large building, there may be several presswized spaces. These may be directiy interconnected or they may be separated by a large unpressurized area. The: presence af several pressurized spaces in a building daes nol generally create a problem, 4.3.2 Directly connected pressurized spaces: This condition will arise when the staircase and the tobby (and perhaps the corridors) aro pressurized. This will apply to many buildings. In such a system the design aim should be to ‘ensure airfiow from the staircase, through the labby, through the corrider (if appropriate) and into the accommodation space where ® fre might ccour ‘There is: no objection to all the connected pressurized spaces being maintained at the same pressure, which should be that given in Table 1 for the appropriate building height lf there is a difference in pressure between adjecent pressurized spaces, this shauld be small ‘and should not exceed 5 Pa. The pressurized space nearest to the accommodation should always be at the lower pressure. This design condition wil be disturbed if, for instance, a door on the staircase is opened on to fan unpressurized space. This circumstance may be regarded as a shortlved temporary occurence during which the staircase pressure will fall below that of the adjacent lobby, but the lobby pressurization will stil maintain sufficient airflow towards the possible fire area. A design check is outined in clause 5 to ensure that this condition is satisfied 4.33 Pressurized spaces that have no direct connection ‘This condition arises when a building has two or more pressurized escape-route systems ‘opening cut into the same unpressurized accommadation area, There are no particular problems or restrictions associated with this arrangement because each escape-route system should have its own independent pressurizing plant and the unpressutized accommadation space shauid have adequate leakage arrangements to allow surizing air from all thé pressurized ace as to escape ta open air, Provided theseMS 1472: 1999 Conditions are satisfied there wil be na possibilty of any interaction between the several pressurized parts of the building, 44 Single-staircase or multiple-staircase buildings 444 Th ireases, The factors associated with floor area that determine whether 4 building may have a single staircase or needs to have two or more staircases will not be affected by the preposal to use pressurization In the building, except that @ pressurized staircase (with a lobby andlor corridor, 48 appropriate) may be considered safer than an escape route that is naturally ventiated. 442 Restrictions 442A Pressurized and unpressurized staircases in the same building No restrictions will arise when all the stoireases in a building are pressurized, but the use of pressurized and naturally ventilated staircases in the same building will introduce diffcetties ‘and should be avoided if possible. It should be considered only if the staircase is cross ventilated and separated from the pressurized staircase(s) by a large unpressurized undivided space from which the air can escape at points well away trom the Unpressurized stairensa(s), in order to prevent the unpressurized staircase from becoming filed with smoke, Under na citcumstances should a pressurized staircase be connected by a corridor or lobby to ‘an unpressurized staircase. 4.4.22 Pressurized and unpressurized spaces in the same escape route Another possibilty is a mixed system for the escape route, for instance a pressurized staircase with a naturally ventilated lobby between it and the accommodation. In this example the protection afforded by the pressurization will be completely confined to the staircase. The pressurization will do nothing tp keep the naturaily ventilated lobby of smoke; it will only Provide a steady supply of fresn air to dilute any smoke entering the lobby. This arrangement is not recommended and the lebby in this position should be unventilated. 4.5 Relation between emergency pressurization and the normal air conditi system It has been explained that the purpose of a pressurization system is to establish an airflow ‘condition In the building that will prevent the smoke from a fire moving towards or past the ‘escape route doors. This is achieved by maintaining the escape routes at an excess pressure bby providing them with a mechanically driven constant supply of fresh alr, and, additionally, by providing for this air to hak out of the building at identified places in or near external walls that ‘ate as far as possible fram the escape route doors, Itis therefore preferable that the airfow pattern established in the building by the normal air conditioning system should also be away fram the escape route antvance, with the vilated air being removed for exhaust or recirculation at points remote from the escape route entrances.MS 1472; 1999 |f the pressurization system is two-stage, i.2. has a constant running feature that maintains the escape routes always ata slight excess pressure. the general air conditioning system to fit in with this arrangement ‘ill probably adapt 2 satisfactory airflow pattern that (8 always. away from the escape routes, When the pressurization system is single-stage, Le. oparates in an omergency only, the Interaction between it and the normal air conditioning arrangement may nat be so obvious but nevertheless is should be considered in the overall design concept ‘An ais conditoning system that uses the corridors or the false celling of a comidor as the ‘exhaust plenum for the vitated air should not be used in cenjunction wth a pressurization ‘system unless special arrangements are made for closing off the whole exhaust system in case of fre. 1m any case, an air conditioning system that could enoaurage smoke to enter the comdors Is not favoured for fre safely reasons even if there is no pressurization inthe building 46 Integration of emergency system with normal air conditioning equipment Normal air conditioning system and the pressurizaten system should be treated as an integral Whole when design calculations sre carried out, This wil certainly be necessary when the pressurization is two-stage, |, a reduced level of pressurization vill be operative at ali norrnal times and sa the air valumes and air movement used for it need to be cansidered In the wider context of the air movements in the narmal ventilation systern, When the emergency pressurization is brought inte action the following changes In the normal air canditioning system should be made. a) Any recirculation of air should be stopped and all exhaust ait vented to atmosphere, e.g. by means ofa suitable damper. ») Any air supply to the sccommodation spaces should be stopped. ° The exhaust system may be continued, provided: 1) the positions of the extraction giles are compatible with the need to establish ‘8. general airflow that is not towards the protected escape route entry, 2) te construction of the ductwork: and fans is such that it wil not be rendered inoperable by hot gases and smoke, 3) there is no danger of smoke spreading to other floors by the path of the extraction system; to ensure this the extraction fen has to be kept running and therefore its position and electrical supply have to be protected. ‘The signal to initiate all these changes in the operation of the air conditioning system should ‘come from the game saurce as thal which operates the emergency pressurization, ‘The use of only smoke detector in the air condoning ductwork should net be relied on for this purpose because of the dilution of the smoke that wil accur when several floors are served by 10MS 1472 : 1999 the same system. This could cause a delay in operating the necessary adjustment to the alr conditianing eystem in case ot fire, & The system BA Basic design criteria for designing the system and Its component parts 54.1 Basic design “The criterion is to establish In the bullding @ pressure gradient pattern that wal aways ensure that smoke moves away trom the escape route. To do this the escape route is maintained at fin excess pressure and adequate air leakage has to be provided from the accommodation areas, 5.1.2 Pressure differentials These are established by maintaining a continuous supply of fresh air, fed by mechanical means into the pressurized space. 6.1.3 Space being pressurized This will unavoidably, in any building, have air leakage paths in its enclosing surfaces. These leakage paths will be the cracks. round doors, cracks round windows, direct leakage through the buliding fabric, leakage thraugh air conditioning ductwork, and sa on. If a pressure difference IS maintained between a pressurized space and Its adjacent space(s) alr wil Now through these leakage paths, 51.4 Pressurization system This bs designed by first Kdentitying the leakage paths (see 6.1.3), estimating ther size and then calculating the airtow that will be needed to create and maintain tie required pressure difference across these laakage paths. A constant air supply of this magnitude has then to be delivered to the space itis desired to pressurize 61.8 General principle ‘The Important principle to understand is that ta maintain @ space A at @ higher pressure than space B, the spaces being connected by, say, a closed but leaky door, there must be a leakage: path from B ssa that a flow from A to B can be maintained. If there were no leakage ath ffom B, air fed into A would raise both A and B to the same excess pressure above the ‘surroundings and smoke from a fire in B could nat be prevented from spreacing to A. 1.6 Components of a pressurization system These are: «) @ mechanically driven supply of fresh air duciod directly into each pressurized space (i.e. staircase, lobby or corridor), bb sir leakage paths from each pressurized space, "MS 1472 : 1999 ° an air leakage path from the accammodation areas in order to design a pressurization system for @ buliding all of these factors have to be determined of specified, Each will partly depend on the level of pressunzation required, which is the first fector to be decided. 5.2 The pressure differentials 5.21 — One-stago or two-stage systems The relative merits of a one-stage or two-stage system have been discussed in 4.1.2 and the pressure levels relative to each are now specified In a single-stage system the pressurizatan is applied anly when a fire situation cocurs, and in a two-stage systom a low level of pressurization Is maintained at all times and is inereasad ta the emergency level when a fre occurs The emergency level of pressurization will be the same whether a cne-stage or hwo-stage: system is used and will depend on the height and position of the building, The redueed level of pressurization for tha two-stage system ‘will 2180 depend on the neight and position of the: building 5.2.2 — Pressurizatian levels to be used The level of pressurization used for design purposes for sny:pressurized space in a buling should not be less than the appropriate level for the building height given in Table 1 {or greater than 60 Pa") with all docrs ta the pressurized space or spaces closed, and aiso all doors ta simale lobbies closed. nores, 4. Butcings used tar the very young or ald o for hancicapoad peopio may need siecialconsileralion ta ensure het oars can Wa used i epila aie orem crasted by te prseais creel 2, The foros thet can be exssted to-epen a dose wil bo lined by the fistion between Une shoes end the floor and @ May ba necassery fo avoid having a ippery fear surfaces near doors cpesing nla pressurized spaces In Gulkiigs inouhich thore are very young persons, 3. The seifetesing mochansems 2n doors opening inlo pressurized epacos should be adjusted to raquirs the ninium forse compatible yy tho effective closing of fhe door in noma use. In buildings in which young ellen may be unaccompanied, consiersinn of te foroas needed to open salfciasie doors may be recessary, H90rs ‘opening oul ofa pressurized egace chault have a elocer that ean koap the door shut against-the pressure, M1 Pa 1 Nir; 26a 0.1 inwater gouge, 2MS 1472 : 1999 Table 1, Pressurization levels Buiding eign Preseunztion Ive! The pressurization levels given in Table 1 are those for @ staircase. If possible, the same levels should be used for lobbies and corridors but levels slightly lower may be used for these spaces if desired. The difference in pressurization levels. between staircase and lobbies. (or corridors) should not be greater than 5 Pa. Unusual building configurations, especially with windy exposures, may need special consideration, 5.3 The air supplies needed to obtain the required prossure differentials 6.3.1 General principles 5.3.4.4 Calculation of air supplies The air supply needed to obtain a given pressure differential is determined by the air leakage ‘Out of the space. When al lows through a restriction such as fhe crack around a door or a window a the result of a pressure differentia! across the restriction, the relatonship between the rate of airfow, the area of the resbiction and the pressure differential is given by Q= 0.827 xAx(Phw ay where, Q 4s the airflow {mvis), A is the area of the restriction (m2), P isthe pressure differential (Ps). N isan index that can vary between 1 and 2. For'wide cracks such a8 those around doers and lorge openings, the value of N can be taken fa be 2 but for the marrow leakage paths formed by the cracks round windows the more appropriate value of Mis 1.8 1 in some ciscursstanes 25 Pa may be appropiate. See Fire Rescarch Nato 864 Publibed by HMSO, 13MS 1472; 1999 1@ values. of (Phuv for these two values of A over the range of pressures (1 Pa ta 50 Pa} likely to be needed for the calculations for the design of @ pressurization system are given in Table 2. ‘Table 2. Values of (F)"* for N= 2 and N= 4.6 7 3 ¥ SSSSHRSSHASYRLRRLSYSBANH Equation (1) ig used to derive the air supply needed to obtain a given pressurization level within space, taking into account the total effective area of the leakage paths out ol the ‘space. In most cases the predominant leakage paths wil be through doors, 0 that NY can usually be taken as 2; thus Qe= 01827 x AeX (Pe)? @ where Qc is the air supply tothe pressurized space (ens). ‘Az is the total offectiva area of the loakage paths out of the space (me? ), Pe fs the pressurization level in the pressurized space (Pa) 14MS 1472 : 1999 5.3.1.2 Rules for adding leakage areas together Leakage paths cut of a pressurized space can be either in series as. shown in Figure 4. in (parallel 2s shown in Figure 5, or in combinations of series and parallel paths as shown, for ‘example, in Figure 6(a}, ‘An example of leakage paths in parallel would be ail of the doors opening out of a staircase, each door leading to an unpressurized space. For paraile! paths the total leakage area Is determined by the simpla addition of all the leakage areas concarnad, Reterting to Figure 5, Anat = Art Are Ase Ab (3) It should be noted that this calculation applies stictly only ta leakage paths having the sams value of NV in equation (1). In practice the predominant leakage paths in paralie! from the unpressurized space will almost invariably be threugh doors er olor openings large enough for N to be taken as 2 Leakage paths in series Occur when there is an intermediate space into which the air from a pressurized space first passes before finally leaking out to the unpressurized space through another leakage path, Examples of this are the simple gppraach lobby intorposed between the staircase and the other accommodation, or 8 lif shaft that connects all the pressurized lobbies and inte which air flows from each lobby and then flows out to the open alr via the vent ‘opaning at the top ofthe it shat For series paths the total effective leakage ares may be determined by using equation (4) ata tg te Asal (A)? "(A (AY (AY 44) (see figure 4) In the context of a pressurization system itis unusual for more than two leakage paths to be in ‘series, so that the calculation becomes: 4 1 1 "ara e or (AXA) _ Aral) ‘The calculations using equations (4), (5) snd (6) apply stricthy only to leakage paths for which the value of Nin equation ( 1 ) is 2 (Le. for doors}. However. the method may be used as an approximate calculation when windows form pert of a series leakage path (8) ies 1sMS 1472 : 1989 Presser spect 4, Ay A NOTE The-dooss shows se normaly MOTI, The doors shown are noxrsty sind ‘hata he afiow av tas placa sted the arPow shou tates pace atthe cracks around the doors fal fhe cai arounel he dears Figure 4. Leakage paths in series Figure 5. Leakage paths in parallel For combinations of series and parallel paths. The total elfective leakage of combinations, ‘of sories and parallel paths can usually be obtained by successively combining simple groups of individual leakages into thelr equivalents, ‘rst combining leakages in paraliel between the ‘same spaces, and series leakages with only one iniet and one cutlel in a space. Figure & gives. an example of this process. Such calculations apply slictly only to leakage paths for which the value of MV in equation (1) is 2 «ie. for doors). However they may be used for an approximate calculetion when windows form part of a series leakage path, rer Aug = Aye Ag wT) Aane = Ay + Ayo 48) Then in figure 6(c}, AA, 2 areagye a Ay x Au oe ro) fe Ae and similarly for Ag and Asn 16ry MS 1472 : 1999 ac Ae ay Pressurized a Ar “ a space Ay Avs Pca Aga — Proneurizes A A ( ” space | Aue Aur | Figure 6. Stops in obtaining the equivalent resistance of a combination of series and parallel paths of air leakage 7MS 1472; 1999 In figure 6(0}, Ayam Aus t Ape * Aana AM) The total equivalent leakage fram the pressurized space ig given by peo Og ay o= Di {Aya + Aano”) 5.32 Leakage areas for various components 5324 Doors “The alr leakage past w doar will in general, ke confined to the cracks around the door, The total value of the leakage area will therafore depend on the length of the cracks (le. on the Sze of the door and on the design and operation of fe door} In general, doors enclosing @ pressurized space will also need to have fire resistance, and this wil ensure that the door is Slose-fiting in is frame, Typical leakage reas for the four types of door Hkely to be found as the closure to a pressurized space are given in Table 3 Table 3. Typical leakage areas for four types of door rack length Leakage ari a “Type of door ‘sie oot Sirgieleat in rehated | zmbigh frame oponng inte a | 00 mm wide pressuNlzes epace ‘Srojedeat in rebated | 2mbion {toere spenieg ouexaris | 00 rem wide ‘om a pressures space Boubleinat wih or | 2m high 903 swthout conte rebate | 1.6m wise Li sncing doo ‘pn tigh 006 f5005.3.23) Prime _ For doors smaller than the anove siges the leakage aress given uhould be used, For doars lemger, the leakage area should be increased in direct proportion to the increase in crack length See alsa 5.4.3. For instanes, a wide eingle-lest doar 2 m high and 4.2 m wide in a robatad frame opening Into 2 pressurized epace will have a leakage arwa of (6.416.8) x 0.01 m? = 0.0114 m? (Le. an increase of 14 %) \Using the leakage areas given in Table 3 and the expression for calculation given in 5.3.1, values of alr leakage past closed doors gwen in Table 4 are obtained for the pressure differentials most commonly required for the design of a pressurization system. 18MS 1472: 1999 53.22 Windows Although in many instances the pre pressurized spaces will not be on an extemal wall and consequently wil not have any window openings, there may be examples where 2 window ‘opens out of a pressurized space. It is therefore appropriate to include typical leakage data for windows in Table 5. Unlike doors, windows will vary cansiderably in size and for this reason the leakags areas given below are for unit length af crack. In determining the leakage round an openabie window the fotal length af eracks should be measured and multiplied by the appropriate factor for unit length from Table § 6.3.2.3 Lifttanding doors Leakage of air past a lift landing door cannot be determined by simply using the leakage ares of the lift door as given in table 4 because the air leaks away from the lobby via the intermediate space of the lit shaft In this case the alr from the lobbies also pressurizes the lit shaft, flowing into the lit shaft at a floors. The overall fiow will thus depend on the leakage paths (a) between the lobties and the fit shaft and (b) between the lit shaft and the outside air (see figure 7}. These leakage paths are in series and the relationship expressing the total ‘ale of airflow from all the lit labbies via the lft shaft becomes ALA, Op sa.aarx AOE an 13) (Aye eae) where, tee total artow ints it shaft (ms) A is the total leakage area between all lobbies and the lift shaft (rm”): {this is generally equal to n A, where nis the number of pressurized lobbies opening into the 5% shaft and A, ts the leakage area of one IR dear, A, isthe total leakage orea hetween iftchaft and non-prassutized spaces (mi, F.—_Iathe pressurization level of it job (Pa), The amount of ale leakage from each lobby into the It shaft can be determined by proporticning the total Q, among all tha lobbies in the ratio of each lobby's contriaution to A, Where the leakage area is the same on all floors the air input to the lif shaft per floor is simply Q,/n, where n is the number of pressurized lobbies opening inte the It shaft. It is suggested that when pressurization is used in the fit lobbies a vent area of at least 0.1m” per lif should always be provided. 19MS 1472; 1999 ‘Table 4. Air leakage data for doors ‘Type el door Leakage | Alrtealaage In rw vawe fece Pressure differential in Ps ‘equation 1) ora | 1spa__|20re | 26a | soa oF mis [ote [ate ft | at singiefast opening | 001 omat oor |oosr |ooes | onses | 2 Info prossurized seco Sngi-test opening |oc2 Jansen foceer [oor foo oir |? outwards from prossurleed spac Dewble teat om Jogi | 9.088 onze Joins | 2 Lue nding door 008 jase | ose ozs feast |? (e908.32.3) Table 5. Airt 92 data for windows Type of wine race | A tegkage av eis per mote crack lergtn for pwvssure | Value cf Nv area | sierentalin Pa (oro i pot eatin 1), Pivcted, na wathor | 255 strepeg x1ot Pivotod aad weoather | x10 sipped Sting 190,Ms 1472: 1999 Lott nate Atte TK Pressurized fobaies Figure 7. Diagram of leakage from lift landing doors aMS 1472 : 1999 For a specified size of opening from the lit shaft to the outside air the leakage from one lobby Into the lift shaft can be calculated from OK a 14) n where, a isthe leakage from one lobby past one it door, a le the aie leakage for an isolated tit door (value taken from table 4 or ealoulated from Qe = 0.0496 x (P)" whore is the pressurization level for the lobby}, f is the factor depending on vent size in Jit shaft and taken trom the appropriate column of table 6, n is the number of pressurized lobbies opening into the lit shaft Ha lft shaft connects a series of pressurized lobbies it should not have @ oar leading to an ungressurized lobby or space unlags that space is not part of an escape route and has no doar communicating with an escape raute. ‘The above calculation relates to one lift and it is assumed that the lit shaft is protected, A Separate calculation has to be made for each lif, Whan thera are two or more lifts in @ ‘commen shaft it is sufficient for the purpose of calculation to treat each If as being in its own single shafi, in whieh case the value of A. used should be that relating to each separale iit (usually 4, for the large common shaft divides by the number of its in that shaft). ‘Tablo 6, Values of factor F to various vent sizes Mumber of pressurized: Value for For vent ize: Hobbies opening intr the it shaft m, s00 aquation 44) 40m 0.22 we 1 om 5.98 2 00 176 3 4.99 232 4 222 270 5 238 2a ® zea 313 7 249 328 8 253 a3 8 258 320 © 258 a 2 269 as “4 2a a 18 263 ast above 18 268 a8 22MS 1472: 1999 NOTES, 1. The Fguras in cohirn 2 (want $26 0.1 m?) shoul be used ifthe only pening fom the Mt shaft to unpressuizad ‘pace ofthis sa. (This Is te neretal dong situstion | 2. The igures in column 3 (vert ize 0.16 mr") souks be used ifthe vent sam is larga than 0.1 i by 80 Ye or wen 1 vent sce of 0.1 r¥ there is cre li door leading lo arr unpressurized ley. 3. The figures in cakurw & (vent sie: 0:22 i} should ne usa i tha went ic larger than 0.1 me? yy 160% oe Hit a [vent nce of 0.1? thee are tn ft doers in bie kare haf opening into unpressorzed lobtion if me mn shat serves n pressured Icohies cpesing into the in shaft snd ie aktion has dors opening into rxare (han 2 unpressurizes lobbies, afresh eal-utation of F aang equations (15) and (16) has to be mace: 5 Goleres 3 or 4 would be used to caicue the a tow out ot 8 by when a door bn one lo (cohen 3} has ‘been lef open of when two 300%, ope in eact often lebies, have bees lt open (colar 4), 6. there are adkitionalinakaye paths out ofthe IM shafi new values of te facir F should be eslestaied fren F (15) where, 2 os (18) GC ag Ar) “\enag = total effective leakage area of lit shaft Ay is the leakage area of one lift door. A Is the total leakage area between ft shaft and non-pressurized spaces. (normally the area of the vent), o is the number of pressurized lobbies opening into the lft shaft 5.3.24 Other series and parallel leakage paths ‘Similar combinations of series and parallel leakage paths may occur in other situations and the above methods (suitably adapted to take account of the parfcular circumstances) may: be used provided oll the spaces involved are structurally protected. Whero the intermediate space is not @ protected structure it should not be assumed that this space will remain pressurized and the method of assessing airiow requirements for pressurization should be based on equation (1), 23MS 1472: 1999 5.325 Tollotaroas When tallet ar other areas that are directly connected ta a pressurized aace have mechanical ‘extract systems the leakage rate into them is either: a) when the extract fan is running, taken to be the extract rate In cubic metres per second, or bo) when the extract fan is off, calculated fram: = Qxk (7) where, Qe is tha leakage into the toet (or other) space (ms), is the door leakage rate (m’is) at the design pressurization taken from Table 4 or Ccniculated from equation (1}, and K (sa factor doponding on AyAo taken from Tab where, Ay is the minimum erogs-sectional area (Wi) of extract braneh duct (this may be a duct tress section or the balancing device at the orifice or damper), and As is the door leakage area including area (m*) of any airflow grilles or large gaps for alr transfer so to be weed 10 osloulste the NOTE. The vake of Ag inelveing sifow prties andor targa gaps fr air taster \Wslue t Q, when the leakage area is geealer than the normal total area of eracke, Table 7. Values of K 4 ocmom 2 1 08 0.25 0r ies 5.3.2.6 — Unidentifiable leakage from pressurized space “The design process for a pressurization scheme depends on Kentifying all the leakage areas out of the space fo ba pressurized. Fram a knowledge of the total leakage from the space calculation is made af the sir supply nesded to maintain @ pressure differential of the required levelMS 1472 : 1999 It follaws that any space to be pressurized has to be so constructed that any leakage of air through the building fabric will be minirnat If the eonstructon is of concrete it wil probably be satisfactorily feakproof but if the construction is ef blockwork it wil probably need to be rendered or plastered fo ensure that it is leakproof ‘Additionally, attentian should be paid to joints between wails or between walls, floors nd ceilings to ensure that no incidental leakage occurs at these places. This last precaution is likely to be particularly important i a system-built structure Is invoWwed, In calculating the air supply needed for a pressurization systarn two major assumptians have to be made, These are a that the leakage areas of the components (doo’s, it daors and windows) that have een used in the calculations will apply to the components concemed whan the building is completed: b that there are no unidentified leakage areas out of the pressurized spaces. To allow for these two necessary assumptions it is suggested that 25 % should be added to the calculated values of the required air supply. t shauld be emphasized that this addliion is suggested to make allovrance for uncertainties in the values of the leakage areas that have been assumed. This addition is not intended as an allowance to take socount of leakage in the ‘supply ducting. The installer should make his own assessment of the likely leakage in his ductwork and make provision for this. ‘The calculated vaive of the air supply has ta be dolivered ‘in tata! to the pressurized spaces concerned and tho approving authorities will have the power to require evidence that the actual airfow agrees with the calculated value. 53.27 Large openings Design pressurization cannot be maintained if there are large openings between pressurized ‘8fea8 and neighbouring spaces; in these circumstances alher aspects of smoke control may ead to be considered. When design pressurization cannot be maintained, smoke can be kept back from the opening provided the egress air velocity from the space (which wauld be pressurized if the opening were not large) is sufficiently high When the opening is permanent (Le. is not 2 door opening intermittently) the air egress velocity would need ts be 3 mis to 4 mls depending on the temperature expected from the fire (which wil depend on the fire load and ventitation). For a low fire load Ukely to be wet \ventialed the lower air velocity will be edequate but fora high fire load the higher level shoul be used. Te obtain these velocities trough large openings wil require large volumes of air and this ‘system of smoke control may well be uneconomic except for very special circumstances. 25MS 1472: 1999 However, when the large opening is door and itis reasonable to expect that t will be opened only intermittently and for short periods, lower air velocities willbe acceptable. This situation is exomined in'$.3.28. 63.28 The open door No escape route can be effective without doors giving access to it and itis inevitable that ‘these be open from time to time. The design consideration for @ pressurization systern ‘therefore needs to have ragard to the fact that a deor to a pressurized spaca may have to be ‘open for shart periods In 5.3.2.7 it has been stated that, although when a large opening is made between a pressurized space and the surrounding space a pressure difference cannot be maintained, the protection against smoke can be obtained by ensuring that 8 reasonable air velocity out through the iarge opening is maintained. Fer an intermittent epening such as 2 door, 3 lower air velocity than that suggested for the permanent opening can be used, and the velue wil ‘Gepend on the position of the door. The requirements for the major stations are as follows, a) If the staircase: only is pressurized. with no intervening ‘obty, @ minimum egress velocity of 7.0 rrvé through an open door is necessary, and in 2 bulking af mara than 20 storeys when two doors on different floors are open the same ogress velocity through these doors is necessary. (Reefer to table 8, which gives examples of values of airflow for an apen door nat all of which meet this condition.) It is, assumed that the pressurized steircase opens directly into the accomadation spaces from whieh there is leakage in accordance with the racermmendations of § 5, b) If the staircase and lobby on each floor are independently pressurized, a minimum ‘egress velocity of 0.7 mis is required when two lobby doors on one floor are open (his means a staircasellobby door and a lobbylaccommodation door open): this egress velocity may be at eiher of the open doors. When the bulding is of more than 20 storeys this condition should obtain when lobby doors on two floors. ara ‘open. (Table 19 shows examples of values of airflow.) it is assumed that the pressurized lobbies apen directly into the accommodation spaces fram whieh there isleakage in accordance with the recommendations at 5.5. o Hf the staircase ond lobby on exch floor are in¢opendentiy pressurized then, in _aditian to the raquirament in (b} above, ane of the following canditions should els apply when the staircasellabby doors are all closed and any one lobbyfaccommodation door is open. Either the egress velocity through the open lobbylaccommedation door should be at least 0.5 m's or the pressure differential -aoross the comesponding staircasellobby door should be within 5 Ps of the appropriate design value for the staircase pressurization level (table 1). It is ‘assumed thet the pressurized lobbies open directly inta the accommodation space rom which there is leakage in accordance with he recommendations of § 5. a If the staircase only is pressurized and it opens Into a corridor that serves several units of the accommodation, airflow through the open dear that is recommenced in (a) should be achieved when one (or more) door(s) from the corridor to. the accommodation isfaro open and the leakage from each wait of the accommodation is m accordance with the recommendations of 5.6 28MS 1472 : 1999 ® ff the staircase only is pressurized ond & opens inta lobbies andlor corridors that serve one or more units of the accommedation, the aiffew trough the open staircase door that is recommenced in {2) should be achieved when doors between the staircase and the accommodation are open in such a way that there is at least ‘one path where there is no closed door between the staitcase and the accommodation, The leakage from each unit of the eecommodation should be in aceardance with the recommendations of 5.5, A If the independently pressurized lobby opans into a corridor that serves several units of the accommodation and the construction of that corridor is such thet it will give @ fire resistance of at Isast 30 min, then the airflow through the open door that is recommended in (b) and (c) may not be necessary because there is ‘inree door protection between the accommadation and the staircase. 9 IF the independently pressurized lobby opens into a coridor thal serves several tunis of the accommodation but the boundaries of that corridor are not of fire- resisting construction then the conditions for airflow through the open-door that are set out in (b) and (¢) have to be achieved with one (or more) doors) to the ‘accommodation units open and each accommodation unit having leakage from it in ‘accordance with the recommendations of 5:5, Alternatively airflow griles of a suitable size may be filed between accommodation units. in which case the Jeakage recommended in 5.5 may be distributed among the aecommodaten unis, hy Hat the design stage of @ pressurized system the accommodation on each floor is undivided but js subsequently partitioned into separate units, airflow griles should be-fitted betwaen the accommodatian units. ‘Tables 8, 9 and 10 agsume Infinkts leakage and show that for the particular cases analysed in them the egress velocity conditions set out above have been automatically achieved for all but the smallest buildings when the spaces concemed are pressurized to the lavels recommended in Table As port of the design calculatons the designer should show the value of the egress velocity thal wil apply when doors, as dealt with above, are open. If the required egress velocities ara not achieved as a result of the intial design, then the air input values to the staircase should be increased until these open-door conditions are satisfied. When this is necessary additoncl Permanent openina[s) may have to be placed in the staircase to prevent the pressure rising ‘above 60 Pa whan all the doors are closed, This additional leakage area may be closed by = Counterbaianced ‘lap valve 80 designed that it will only open when the pressure exceeds 60 Pa. The flap valve would usually be placed between a pressurized space and an internal space. The calculated quantity of additonal air shouid not be increased by the 25 % allowance for unsdentiiable leakage recommended in 5.3.2.6 arMS 1472 : 1999 Table 8. Airflow through an open door: staircase only pressurized: ‘staircase/accommodation door open Case 1. Staircase has single-leat door from accommodation opening into stairwell in each ffoar plus doubie-leat door ta apen air on ground faor and single-leaf door opening inwards to root. Open door is assumed ta have an area of 1.6m, Gase 2 As case 7 but with double-leaf door to.accommodation on every floor. eultding Number of | Pressurtzation Aictiom through one open door height storys Feel fe SS Case Case? m Pe mts ms ol ts 5 ” oso o3t 19 oss xu © O78 ar an 10 3 2 4 aso uM 20 199 2 2 15 “no 2 listed in Table Figure 8. Diagram of airflow condition: 28MS 1472: 1999 Table 9. Alrflow through an open door: staircase and lift lobby pressurized to same level: airflow when ong lobbylaccommodation door is open Design conditions: Stoircase has dauble-teat door to open air at ground floor, single-leat door to open air on real. Single-leat door at all levels between stairwell and lobby. Two lit ‘entrance doors in each lobby and doubie-leaf dear between lobby and accommodation Buitaing height | Number arstareys | Prescurization lovel | _Alrfiow through ane apen door Pressure in ther lobbies n Pa Pat ws 5 5 0 = 086 om 20 10 Py (Oa? as is = 2 las oss 10. ® Fy a 090 036 J > oven soe | Figure 9. Diagram of airflave conditions listed in Table S 2aMS 1472 : 1999 ‘Table 10. Airflow through two open doors: staircase and lift lobby pressurized to same level: two lobby doors (stairwelllobby and lobby/accommodation) open same floor Design conditons. Staircase has dauble-teat door to open air at ground floor, single leat ‘door to open air on root. Single-leat door at all levels between stairwell and labby, Two ft ‘entrance doors in each lobby and double-leaf door between lobby and accommodation. (The design conditions assumed ave identical with those of table 9} Buiding | Number of | Pressuseation | Pressurlestion lave! | —_Alrow through Airiow throug pelgtt | storeys ove! ‘nother iotbies | stacaseobby door | tobtylaccommedtion soot ™ Pa Pa we ome ome 1s 8 2 2 oe ome | 1m OTe 2 @ 60 a osz ono | 137 ans 3 28 ry 3B ioe | sta 180 = 50 a 230 tae | 30: tae | it cS u Figure 19, Diagram of airflow conditions listed in Table 10 30MS 1472: 1999 5.5.2.8 Estimation of egress velocity through an open doar (or other large opening). ‘The Velocity actually attained in an open doorway when the venting recommendations af §.5 ‘ebtain will be lever than that predicted fer an open floot plan and for infinita leakage (as assumed in tebles 8, 8 and 10), Thorefare the velocity through an open door shauid be calculated for infinite leakage in the accommadetion, using the methads given in. 6.3.2.0.1, 32,92 and 5.32.93, and should then be mulipied by a factor 0.6 to yield a better Bpproximation to the velocity that would ba attained in practice when the venting recommendations of 5.5 are mat. This factor should be used whenever airflaws through an anen dosrway are calculated according to the methods outlined in §.3,2.9.1, §.9.2.9.2 and 5:3.2.9.3 (see the worked exampla in Appendix A). This procedure and the methods given in 5.9.2.9.1, 5.9.2.8.2 and 6.3.2.0.3 for estimating the airflow past an nen doorway are not exact, but are suficiently accurate for the purpose and in many cases represent a very substantial simplification in calculation procedure Uncertainties in the leakage resistance of actual systems do not justify a more sophisticated calculation procedure, The volume of airflow past an open door derived according ta the methads set out in 5.3.2.9.1,532.82 and 53.29.3 will ba expressed in cubio metres per second. It may be assumed that the open door will be a single-leaf door (or one leaf cf a doubleleat doar) and that its area will be 1.6 mi To express the airflow past the door as an air speed in metres per second the values abtained for the volume flovr should be divided by 1.6 5.3.2.8.1 Estimation of egress velocity: staircase only pressurized a) For buildings of 10 storeys of less itis sufficient to assume that all the air inout to ‘he staircase will flow oul of the aper daar. {The open door has been assumed ta be single-leaf and 1.6 rr in erea,) b) For buildings of more than 10 storeys the leakage ares of all of the other doors in the staircase (plus any other leakage areas) has to be [otalled and the proportion of the input ale that will flow out of the 4.6 m’ door area calculated Example. if there sre 20 storeys and 21 double-teat doors leading aut of the siaircase the total leakage area through the remaining closed doors will be (21-11 x 0.09 m° and the proportion of air ta low aut of the open dear wil be = 0.727 (16 +06) atMS 1472 : 1999 6.3.2.9.2 Estimation of egress velocity: staircasa with lobby on cach floor independently pressurized, one door {lobbylaccommodation open Lobbies not connected by lft sheft(s). The total airfiew out of an open lobby door will be the sum of 1) the air supplied to the lobby by the supply duct, and 2} the airflow past a closed door from the staircase inte the lobby, To calculate (2), it is sufficient to assume that the design pressure in the stairwell Is ‘maintained and that the pressure in the lobby with the open door falls to zero. by Lobbies connected by one or more lift shafi(s). The total airflow out of an open lobby doar will ba the sum of: 1) the air supplied to the lobby by the supply duct, 2) the aiffaw pasta closed door trom the staircase into the lobby, and 3) the airflow out of each lit shaft past te closed lift entrance door. Ta calculate (2), use the method given in (a) above. To calculate (3), assume that the airiow Into each lft shaft is stil the value used in the desiga caloulations, Then (roughly) one-third of this total air will flow into the labby with the door from each lift shaft open. If there are two lobbies in the building with an open door then (roughly) only one-quarter of the total airflow Into ac lit shaft will low into each lobby. 5.3.2.8.3 Estimation of egress velocity: staircase with lobby on each floor Independently pressurized, two doors {stairease/lobby and lobbyaccommodiation) on same lobby open. @) _Lobbies not connected by lift shafi(s), The airflow past the door between the lobby and staircase will be the sum of 1} the air supplied to the staircase by the supply duct, and 2) all the air which wil low into the staircasa past the closed doors from all the ‘other lobbies. The value of (2) is calculated using the formula : Ay Q=Qx xdoye th ANB) ALMS 1472 : 1999 where, Co 's tha total airflow into stairwell from all the pressurized tobbias whose doors are closed, a is the air supplied by duct to one pressurized lobby, fo 's the leakage area of the closed door between lobby and stairwell (assumed to be the same-on all floors), A is the total leakage area through which air leaks aut of each lobby = A, + Ay, where, A is the loakage area of each looby used in the design calculation, am is the number of pressurized lobbies opening onto the staircase. two lobbies in the buliding have both doors open the air fawing through the staircase door to ‘each lobby will be one-half of the total of (1) and (2) above and the factor (n, -2) should ba substituted for the factor (ng 1) in equation (48). “The airfiow past the seccnd lobby door will be the total of 1) the air supplied to the lobby by the ducted supply, and 2) the alrfiow out of the staircase through the open staircase/lobby daor {calculated a8 Indicated abave for one lobby or two labbies with deots apen ‘93 appropriate), by Lobbies connected by lift shaft(s) ‘The alr flow past the door betwaen the labby and staircase will be the sum of 1} the air supplied to the staircase by the supply duct, and 2) all the air that willl flow into the staircase past the closed door trom all the ther lobbies, The value of (2) is calculated using the formula (19)MS 1472 : 1999 where, a is the total airflow Into stairwell fom all the pressurized lobbies whose doors are closed, a isthe air supplied by duct to one pressurized lobby, Ao is the leakage area of the closed door between abby and stairwell (assumed to be the same on all floors), Ay is the leakage area of each lobby used in the design calculations excluding the leakage area of the litt doors, As is the leakage area of lit entrance daors (usually assumed to be 0.06 m*), 0 is the number of pressurized lobbies opening in the lft shaft, ™ is the number of lit shafts opening into each lobby, Fe is the factor listed in Table 6 for the approprate number of storays, using column 3 ‘ar column 4 of thatt table according to whether one lobby in the building has: two doors open or two lobbies have daars open. In the latter case the factor {r-2) must he substituted for the lactor (ret in equation (19), ‘Then the total sirflow through the open stairceseslif labby door will be equal to Q, + Q,. where Q, Is the air supplied by duct to the staircase ‘The airfiow past the open door between the lift lobby and the accommodation willbe the sum ot 3) the total aleflow into. the lobby from the stairease (.e. Q, +-O,). 4) the air supplied by duct to each lobby (16. Q ), andl 5) the airflow out af all the lif shafts past the closed ft entrance doors, ‘The value of (5) ls calculated using the formula Fag, Bs * ota Ae (20) Where Qis the total airflow out of all lif shafts into @ labby vith twa apen doors, and the othar quantities are the same as those in equation (19). When two lobbies each have tvo doors open, the factor rv in equation (20) should be changed ta ¢n44, and column 4 of table 6 should be used to determine the value of F The total of (3), (4) and (5) above, Le. the total airflow past the open doors between lif lobby and accommodation, can he writen, 34MS 1472 : 1999 jontg (2.2) age ‘Tatal airflow past door = ag +a, ———*1_* — (24) where, a is the air supplied by duct to the staircase and the ather quantities are the same as thase in equations (18} and (20). 54 Stipulations regarding air supplies ‘Thore are important conditions for the disposition and interconnection of air supply duets and ‘outlets for a pressurization system. SAA Proseurization of staircases} ‘A separate pressurization system shouli be provided for each staitcass. ‘The sale supply to a pressurized staircase should be distrituted evenly throughout the whole height of the staircase, Consequently. a single supply entry point is not acceptable unless the building has four storeys or fewer. ‘The ait supply should be ducted up (or down) the staircase with autiet grilles at intervals not exceeding three storey heights between adjacent criles. The outlets should be arranged and ‘balanced go that equal quantities of air flow fram each outlet grille, ‘The design of pressurization of staircases should take into consideration the stack effect a3 delined by equation (22) and (23) 13 perlt-2]n sent -Z i Ino. wher, ap Pressure differential from shaft to outside {Pa}; & Cootticient (3460), r Absolute temperature of outside air (], ‘Absolute temperature of airin shaft (KY; h ‘Distance above neutral plane (m). 35MS 1472 : 1999 Losation of nautral plane is calculated as follows: Hh * 1 1 — ———_. oo (23) 4 Va (TTS AH CTT AVAL where, A, Distance from the botiom of shaft to the neutral plane (im); 4 Height of shaft (mi A ‘Area of vent opening above neural plane (rr), A Avea of vent opening below neutral plane (m"), In general, the neutral plane is approximataty halfway up the shaft €g, A 100m tall building with inside and qutside teriperature of 22°C and 33°C, what is the: pressure difference at the bottom af the building? H from (22) Hy = s0.am 14 TFT 542 — Pressurization of jobbies In general, lobbies may be pressurized using a common fan and duct system provided suitable balancing arrangements ensure that the correct air supply is provided to each lobny, When the ambient pressure in one or two lobbies is disturbed because of open tdaors the reaction on the air supply to the other fabbies should be minimal {sea 6.1), If the pressurization sschame consists of a staircase and associated lables a common pressurization fan system may be used for both staircase and lobbies but hwo duct systams should be used, one far the staircase and one for the lobbies, If more then one staircase has access to e common labby separate pressurization systems should be used for each staircase (as recommended in 5.4.1). All or any of these staircase pressurization systems may be used to supply the lobbies provided a duct run is used for the lobbies that is separate from that used for the staircase 8MS 1472 : 1999 5.4.3 Importance of door clearance(s) When a design for a pressurization system is being prepared assumptions need to be made fagarding the leakage past ders, windows and other building components in order te specify the fan and ductwork required. It is essential, tharofore, to ensure + 3) that notwithstanding the informatian about doot leakage given in 6.3.2, the leakage areas summed are reasonable for the particular items (doors, windows, atc.) to be Used In the bulding, and bj ‘thot when fitted in the building these toms conform with the leakage essumptions made. ‘A common difficuity arises in connection with the clearance at the bottom of a door. Hf, for example, because of a change in the thickness of foor covering, a large gap is left at the bottom of @ door, this would not be regarded as important from the fire-resistance point of ‘view, but it could have a major effect on the operation of a pressurization system. Such a ‘change in floor covering could affect al the doors in a building, 5.4.4 Fire dampers in the ductwork Since a pressurization system must continue to operate for the duration af a tre the duct work shauld be so positianed in the building as to enable the provision af fire dampers to be avoided. Ducts contained in protected shafts do not normally need to be fitted with fire campers, (See 6.4.2) 5.5 The scape of the pressurizing air from the building 5.8.4 General itis important to ensure that the pressurizing sir can escape {rom the building in a way ang at @ place: (or places) compatible with the design concept for the pressurization scheme. Care ‘Should be taken when partitioning to preserve the airfow. ‘There are four possible methods, A.B, C and D, that can be used and recommendations for each of these are given in 8.5.2, 5.8.3, 5.5.4 and 5.5.5. If more than one method is used in ‘ane building, the requirement for the individual methods may be neduced in proportion to the ‘amount of venting provided by each one. The vent sizes will be the same for above and below graund flaors, The designer should consider local weather conalttons. in all of the tables and expressions given betow Qy is the net volume rate of pressurkzing air flowing into the floor, {excluding the air leakage to atmosphere via lift shafts and toilets) in ms. The airflow figure for the door-open candition deait with in 4.3.2.8 should be taken for this purpose. arMS 1472: 1999 55:2 — Mothod A : window leakage When the bullding has openable windows on every float itis probable that the leakage thraugh ‘these will be sufficient 10 alaw satisfactory venting of the pressurizing air, Table 11 shaws the minimum total langth of windaw cracks satistactory for these purposes, Table 11. Minimum total length of window cracks (ner floor) for satisfactory venting of the pressurizing air ‘Type of window Recommended ontek fength i metros ($00 6.5.1 lor Pwoled, no weather 120010, tipping Pivot ana 300 x Gy wonther sippes tis 9000 Adverse wind conditions, in assessing the available total length of cracks, one face of the bulding should fre discounted because of possible adverse wind canditions. If tre windaw leakage is not evenly distriuuted araund the extemel wall, the side with the largest area of window leakage should be discounted. 5.6.3 Method B: provision of special vents at the bulkling periphery When the building is sealed or insufficient openable windows are available special vents should be provided on all sides of the building and the total effective area per floor shauld be not loss than Q/2.5 mr? (for Q, $20 5.5.1} Adverse wind conditions. In assessing the effective area of wonting requited per floor, one ‘side of the building should be discounted. If the venting is not eveniy distributed around the extemal wall, the side with the largest area of venting should be discounted for the ‘calculation. ‘Vent opening arrangements. itis unlikely that vents in the form of permanent openings will be acceptabie for the normal use of the builcing, so that a vent design has ta be used that ensures that the vent area is open when the emergency pressurization system starts operating. The necessary features of the vent openingts} are thet: a) the vent closure should be normaly held (or should rest} in the closed position; b} when the emergency pressurization system operates, the vent closuire should be released so that the pressurizing air Is free to escape without having to develop ary anpreciable pressure to do so; Co) the vent closure should bo capsbie of being closed by the action of adverse wind on that particular face of the bulkingMS 1472 : 1999 | autornatically controlled venting is proposed, it is preferable that the venting should take place on the fire floor only. On all other floars, although the pressurization on thase floors is active, the vents should remain closed. However, design celcuiations should assume that venting takes place on all floors. 5.8.4 — Method C : vertical shafts If venting the pressurizing air by building leakage or peripheral vents is not possible, vertical shafts may be used for this purpose. The minimum sizes of shaft and vents that are ‘acceptable for this purpose are : Net vent area par floor (accommodatien into shaft) a A> ——— =n) (24) 2 Shaft size = A, (rn) 25) ‘Tap vent (shaft ta atmosphere} = A, (my (26) For Qy, $00 6.6.1 For buildings more than 100 m high special consideration of the pressure fosses through the duct and its openings may be necessary. Advoree wind concitions The dificuties dus ta adverse wind conditions can be really avoided ‘when vertical shafts ore used because a verteal discharge (ith a suitable cowl) can be arranged. Vents pormanantly open. If the vents into the vertical shafts from the accommodation ficor are Permanently open either & separate shatt for each floar should be used or, if a common shaft is proposed, a shunt duct system to avoid smake and fre spread between floars should be used. Fira dampers should not be fied to a vertical shaft used for venting the pressurizing air. ‘Vents automaticaly opened. A verlical duct arrangement that uses a system in which fe vents on all foors are normally clased by @ fire-resistng closure and that, when the ‘emergency pressurization system operates, opens the vent on the fire floor only fs the most satisfactory and should be usod if possible when @ vertical duct is proposed. This allows & ‘common duct to be used without risk of fire and smoke spread between floors and explcits the advantage a! venting the pressurizing air on the fre floor only. 5.5.5 Mothod D: mechanical extract The release of the pressurizing air by using mechanical extraction is 8 satisfactory method if suitable precautians are taken, The extract rate par floor should net be lass than Q,, m/s, this value to be attained when 2 free path exists through apen doors to the pressurized space. The extract system (ducts and fan) shovid be capable of withstanding temperatures up to 800 “C for a reasonable period and ‘smoke and fire should nat be able to spread ror floor to floor thraugh the extract system. (For Qy See 5.6.1). 38MS 1472: 1999 This latter condition can be satisfied by having @ separate extract system for each floar or by arranging for the ducts on all floors to ba normally closed by a fire-resisting damper. When the emergency pressurization system operates, the damper closing the extract system opens on the fire floors only Ifthis last arrangement, which Is preteraibie, Is used, then a) the ductwork should be constructed to the appropriate standand of fra resistance; 4) the rate of extract should be such that an extract rate of Q, can be maintained on the fre floor. (For Gysee 5.6.1.) 6.5.6 Summary af venting arrangements Venting arrangements are summarized in Table 12 5 Design procedure to be followed When designing a pressurization system for a buliding the faliowing steps should be taken. a) Consider the proposals for the building and indicate changes in layout that will be possible or necessary if pressurization is to be used, by Identiy the spaces to be pressurized and consider any possible interaction between pressurized and unprescurized space o Decide whether the system is ta be single-stage ar two-stage and select the levels of pressurization to fe used for emargency operation and, it appropriate, for reduced-capactty operation (Table 1), ay Identify all the leakage paths through which air can escape from the pressurized space(s} and determine the rate af air leakage through each for the appropriate pressure differential, The procedures set out in 6.3.1 and 5.3.2 should be folawed a Total all the ai flows out of each pressurized space and increase this tolal by 25 ba in accordance with §.3.2 6. This will give the air supply needed for each pressurized space. oy ‘The sir velocity through an open door should be estimated using the appropriate procedure set out In 6.3.2.9. If tho conditions of 6.3.2.6 are not satisfied the air supply proposed should he increased, a) ‘The air supply as estimated in e} and f) has to be provided at the duct terminal (or terminals) in each pressurized space. The positions of the duct terminals should be discussed with the appropriate authorities, hy The fan capecity and duct sizes should be decided by a qualified person after due consideration af the adelttonal recommendations set out in Giause 6 40D K MS 1472: 1999 ‘The escape of the pressurizing cir from the building should be considered and the appropriate method of venting specified (5.5) The operation of the system should be considered and the pasition of smoke ‘detectors (It required) specified (Clause 6) A note of the leakage arees assumed should be given to the architect, reminding ‘him that these areas have to bé achieved in the finished building, that the satisfactory operation of tablished (clause 6). ‘A moasurement procedure shavid be specified the installation in the compieted bullding can be Aworked example is given in Appendix A. ‘Table 12. Suggestions for choice of venting system Building Windows ‘Ventilation Venting system layout Moin methed ‘Additional oF allernative methods (it aquired) ‘Open pin ‘Operate, not | Naturat Natural leakage ‘weather siippsd {indo age) Ceenable, weamer | Natural Natural leakage or | Pesiabersl vents stepped ‘or Mlecbanicst ‘yetical share smechsfical exract Seen Mestanical Pedphorst vents | Mochanical exact ‘sr verical thats Foor parttione | Opanate, not | Nena Niscal —_hekape ‘weather shipped (window leakage) ‘Gponabie, weather | Nezurat cor | reaturat weanape or | Vertoat ens or ‘sipped maces! peroneal vente | mechanical extract Senied Mechanical einhoralvonis | Vertical shefis or = mechanic! exrsct 3) b) a ‘The installation and equipment ‘The installation and equipment assaciated with a pressurization scheme consist af air intake arrangements; fon with ts electrical system: distribution ductwork: aMs 1472: 1999 d ductwork terminals, i<. grilles, diffusers, etc; a automatic sensing or manual switching devices fer initiating the emergency state of the system; A arrangements for the ralease of the pressurizing air; a maintenance arrangements for all the equipment In all of these. items special arrangements will need to be made to ensure that in the event of and during a fire the installation works and continues to work in order to provide the smoke Control required of it. Al items of the installafion should be 50 designed and so placed that at no time can any part of them be threatened by a fire in the building. 62 ‘The alr intake arrangements tis essential that the air supply used tor pressurization should never be in danger of contamination by smoke from a fire in the building. Any increast or decrease in inlet of outiet pressure due to wind affect wil be communicat through the builging, possibly modifying the pressure balances through it It is therefore essential that the air pressure conditions for the pressurization air intake and exhaust are ‘made substantially independent of wind speed and direction When a pressurization system is used in conjunction wilh a mechsnisel air distribution system in the building it fs also essential that any effects cf wind speed and direction should be the same on both systems, ‘The position of the air intake for a pressurization system should preferably be at or near ‘arcund level and should not be placed near a potential {re hazard. [tis resemmended that 2 ducted cannection be inserted between the aif intake and the fan inlet Ifthe alr intake fs positioned at raof level it should be placed so thet itis unlikely to be affected by rising smoke; for instance, it should be separated from smoke rising up the face of the building by an upstand wall, and should be placed at a lover level than the discharge point of any duct or shaft likely to discharge sitcke during a fe in the building. It Is suggasted that Such an upstand wall shauld extend for at least 1 m abave the level of the air intake and simiariy that the discharge paint of any smoke duct should be at least 1m abave this level, ‘The air intake and the disc irarge point should have at least 5 m horizontal separation, If the building Is pressurized by Individual fans on each floor the air intakes should be positioned or designed so that the risk of smoxe being drawn into the system is minirnal In general, the air intake will probably be at the same level as the plant room and therefore the importance of placing the air intake al ground level should receive consideration when the position af the plant raom is decided 4263 634 MS 1472 : 1999. ‘The fan with its electrical system ‘Assessing fan duty ‘The requited tan duty should be assessed {com the following Volume tow rato Aggregated supply to all pressurized areas supped by that fan, plus an allowance for probable leakage in the ductwork. The allowance for leakage to be added to the volume flow rate should be 10 % for sheet metal ducting and 25 % for builders’ work ducting, unless an on-site test can ansure & lower level of leakage, Fantotal pressure Total resistance of distibuton system plus emergency pressurization level Fen state pressure Fan total pressure minus velocity head at fan discharge. B32 Stand-by plant requirement A dual powar supply system shall be provided, It should be noted thet provision of a stand-by plant does not remave the necessity for proper maintenance arrangements. 6.33 a) b) 9 Electrical supply and equipment ‘The electricat supply cable should be run through the building In such @ way that itis ‘Bratected from attack from a fire anyerhere in the buiiding. fan emergency power supply using an independent prime mover is provided for the building, automate arrangements should be made to connect the pressurization fan ‘and associated electrical equipment to the emergency power supply if R has to be used at any time. If an independent emergency power sunply is not provided for the building, an aterative electrical main intake from a substation different from that supplying the ‘main building supply should be provided, Whatever the electrical supply arrangements, the connections for the pressurization equipment should bo such that iff is necessary to switch off the electrical supply to the building the electrical supply to the pressurization equipment wil not be interrupted. The electrical switching and other contral equipment associated with the pressurization fan motor should be provided with the same protection from fire as indicated in a. 43MS 1472: 1999 c) ‘The following control arrangements are recommonded, 1) The fan should be energized from an automatic smoke or fire detector system, Including a sprinkler system vrhere this is fitted, or from a manual call point, Switch-off arrangements for the fan should be independant of the Getector system. 2) Manual start/stop controls should be placed in the following postions : in the fire contrat roar: ne pressurzation plant room If this is vemote from the fira control room: near the building entrance in a positon agreed with tha fire authority. a) Bectrical installations shoukd be in accordance with MS IEC 364, 63.4 Protecting structure for the pressurizing fan The pressurization plant, Le. the fan. the electric motor and any associated control gear normally placed adjacent to the motor, should preferably be Noused in a plant room separate from the main services plant room. If it is in the same piant room as the other service equipment it should be separated from the other equipment by @ fire-resisting enclosure having a minimum fire resistance of 1h. Access doors to the pressurizatian plant raom should have the same perlad of fire resistance and should be self-closing. A generator should be protected in its compartment to the same standard as the fan, 64 The distribution ductwork 84.1 General For rmuitistorey buildings the preferred arrangement of a pressurization distribution system is a vertical duct running adjacent to the pressurized spaces. 6.4.2 Fire dampers in ductwork Building regulations may call for fire dampers to be instalked in the branch ducts where they penetrate the vertcal protective structural shaft. The operating conditions for a pressurizaton system should not lead to the closing of such dampers, but they could create a hazard in tha case of pressurized joubias if a random mechanical failure of a fusible link occurred when the pressurization fan started. To avoid this happening it is recommendad that permission be sought ta omit these fire dampers. The need for fire dampers can be avoided Hf the duct is situated wholly within a protected enclasure. Fire dampers operated by remote menns, €.9. smoke detectors oF fusible links placed outside the ductwork, should nat be incorporated in a pressurization air supply systern, 64.3 Ducteonstruction The ductwork used for the distribution of the pressurizing air should preferably be of shiect- metal construction and should have machine-formed longitudinal seams and have sealant a”MS 1472 : 1999 applied to all transverse jsints, This construction should be in stcordance with wv 144 for ductwork, of the Heating and Ventilating Contractors’ Association, The sheet-metal dusting should be sun in protected shafts. Builders’ work ducts may be used provided such ducts are used solely for pressurizing air distribution and provided the internal ‘surface is rendered to limit air leakage, or @ shestmetal fining i$ usad, or it is shown that the leakage level is satisfactory. A pressurelleakage test should proferably be applied to the installation, whatever type of senstruction is used, but when builders’ work ducting is used it is essential that a test be applied to ensure that the leakage will not exceed 10 % when the emergency volurme of pressurizing air is being carried in the duct The method of test should be that given in ‘specification DW 144 for ductwork, of the Heating and Ventilating Contractors’ Association. The use of adhesive tape should not be relied upan for the long-term sealing of ducts. “The layout of tha duchwark and the sizing of the main duct or manifold and of the branch auets shauld be in accordance with slandard dasign procedure, as set out In tha several publications: relating to the heating and ventilating industry, @ g. |HVE hanual of the Chartered Institution af Building Services or ASHRAF Guide and Data Book of the American Soclety of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. The system shauid be regulated and the airfiow fates set in accordance with the IHVE Commissioning Gode Series A. In additen, the commissioning procedure should include measurement of the tole! airflow into each pressurized space (soe 7.3) 6 The duct terminals, grilles, diffusers, etc, 6.5.1 Position in the pressurized space ‘The position of the inlet air grille for the pressurization of @ space is not critical, For pressurized lobbies it should not be placed close to the main leakage path aut of the space and ifthe leakage is fairly evenly distributed araund the space a central position far the air inlet rile should be chosen, For staircase pressurization, there should be several air inlot grilles, evenly spaced throughout the height of the staircase and situated eo that thore is a maximum distance of three storey heights between adjacent grilles. (Bee 5.4.1.) Terminal design When @ common duct system serves ceveral coparate pressurized spaces it is important to ensure that when the pressure in one or more is disturbed because of apen doors the reaction on the air supply to the others will be minimal when a door to one labby is opened the airflow to the ather lobbies is reduced by 45 9 the corresponding reduction in pressure differential in those cther lobbies will be 30 %. This condition should be regarded as the maximum permissible and the duct terminals designed or chosen to ensure that it IS not exeeeded. To achiave this condition if the emergency pressurization level is 50 Pa a pressure drop of 50 Pa is required in the duct terminals. 45MS 1472 : 1999 66 The use of automatic sensing or manual switching for initiating the ‘emergency state of the system 66.1 Type of sensing or switching required “The preferred system for initiating the emergency state of the pressurization is by autornatic smoke detectors but in some occupancies the pressurization may be started by an automatic fire alam system or by @ manual call paint system if thasa are installed in the builcing ‘Attangement should be made for testing fre alarm systems without necessarily operating the pressurization system. 66.2 Position of smoke detector heacls or other fire alarm (automatic or manual) paints In buildings in which smoke detectors are installed only for the operation af the emergency pressurization system tse 6.6.1) a smoke detector should be fived on the low-pressure side of quory dearway that leads ftom an accomadation space to a pressurized space The placing of the smoke detector head inside the pressutized space is not generally acceptable, but in blocks of flats it may he necessary to place smoke datectors in the common cordon, In those buildings where other systems af fire alarm are permitted as alternatives to smoke detectors (See 6.6.1) manual call points shauld be sited in accordance with CP 1015, 6.7 Arrangements for the release of the pressurizing air In buildings having an arrangement for the release of the pressurizing air that relies on the Automatic operation of tha venting device (see 6.5.3, 5.54 and 6.5.5) the signal that operates, this device should be the same as that which starts the emergency pressurization fans. Seperate sensors that operate the vents only are not satistactary The whole of the automatically operated equipment that provides the venting of the pressurizing air from the building should be includes in the maintenance procedure, 68 Maintenance procedure ‘Tho whole of the pressurizing equionient, which includes the smoke detector system ar any other type of fire alarm system used, the switching mechanism, the fans, the emergency power supsly arrangement and the automatically operated venting equiament, should be the subject of a regular maintenance prccedure; attention to these items of equipment should be Included in the maintenance schedule far the building services. ‘The emergency aperation of any system should be tested monthly to ensure that each fan operates. The pressure differentials should be checked annually in eccordance with 7.2.2 and it may be possible to install permanent apparatus for this purpose, A check list of maintenanoe procedure should be provided by the professional consultant or installer responsible far the: dasign of the system On every accasion that the maintenance procedure is carried out, the person responsible for the building should obtain signed canfirmation of this, together with written details cf any. Unsatisfactory feature found during the maintenance check, 48MS 1472: 1999 it, General TA Integration with other active fire-protection measures In the building ‘The purpose of other fre-protection measures installed in the building will almast certainly be the extinguishing of a fire should one occur, this is different from the purpose of pressurizatian, which will be to prevent the ingress of smoke into an escape route. ‘A considerable quantity of smoke may be praduced in the early stage of w fire before a sprinkler or other automatic heat detection or extinguisher system is operated. For this reason. itis recommended that the operation of any such system should not be the sola methad of initiating the emergency operation cf a pressurzation system. The recommended methods are set out in 66.1 and 6.6.2, If sprinklers or heat-detection or extinguishment systems are provided, thay should be linked with the pressurization system . 72 Acceptance tests: 724 General The only satisfactory way of establishing that a pressurization installation is operating correcty and accarding to the design concept is to make physical measurements f the pressure differentials across, AA test using cold amok will demonstrate cnly the air mavemonts in the building and, short of an actual fire test, 8 hot smoke test is almost impossible, However, cold smoke tests can sometimes reveal unwanted smoke flow paths caused by faulty construction. ‘The design eviteria for a pressurization system contain an allowonce for adverse weather conditions and because It cannot be ensured that such weather conditions will obtain on the selected day even a fre test cannat be regarded as completely satisfactory as an acceptance test ‘Thus the acceptance teat should consist of: a) ‘@ measurement in all the pressurized spaces of the pressure differenvial between ‘each space and the adjacent unpressurized space, all doors boing closed (this may require the summation of pressure diferences measured across sets cf doors}; b) ‘@ measurement of the air velocity out of @ representative selection of open doors that, when closed, separate the pressurized space and the accommedation space of the building. The test should only be carried out when the buliding is completed, the air conditianing and pressurization systems balanced, and the whole system in working order, with every component functioning satislactorly and directed by the inltialing system Inte its comet emergency mode. Where mechenical systems are used for normal ventilation or alr conditioning itis especially necessary to ensure that the conditions set out in 4.6 are met, [It is norrnally advisable far the engineer responsible for the system to be present at the test(s).] 47MS 1472: 1999 7.2.2 Measurement of the pressure differentials “The measurement of the pressure differential between the pressurized space(s) and the adjoining unpressurized space(s) shauld be carried out using an adjustable liquid manometer or ather sensitive and properly calibrated device A convenient place te measure the pressure differential will be across a closed door, small probe tubes. sre led to each side of the door, one tube passing through a door crack or under the door. The two probes are then connected to the manometer by flexible tubes. It is important that the tube inserted through a door crack should pass thraugh the crack and far ‘enough into the space beyond for the open end to fie in a region of stil air, It is suggested that ‘this tube should contain an L-bend (al least 50 mm long) so that after insertion through tha crack the tbe can be rotated at right angles to the crack. This procedure will bring the open -end into a region of stl air It is important that the insertion of the probe tube in the door crack dows nat modify the leakage characteristic of the door, for instance by holding the doot face away trom the frame rebate, The positin for the measuring probe should be chosen accardtingly. ‘The full operating and measuring procedure is set out in the Manual for Regulating Air ‘Conditioning Installations, BSA Application Guide 1175, published by the Bullding Services Research and Infarmotion Association; the methads desoribad in that publication should be fotaived 7.2.2.1 _ Attainment of tho correct pressurization level. There are three main reasons for failure to achieve the design pressurization jevel; these are 2s follows. a ‘The rate of input of fresh air to the pressurized space is too low, and remains low ‘even when substsntial leakage paths are opened fromtthis space to the apen air, for ‘example by opening doors and windows. b) “The leakage areas cut ofthe pressurized spaces are greater than those assumed in the design caleulation. 3 ‘The leakage areas cut of the rest of the building are insufficient. In this case the rate of input of fresh ait to the pressurized snace will be lower than the design value, but ‘wil increase if substantial leakage paths are opened, for example by opening doors and windows, Measurement of the air supplies to the pressurized space The measuring procedure to be used in estimating the airflow at any point in a ventilation duct system is described in the BSRIA manual cited in 7.2.2; to determina tha volume rate of allow ino any pressurized space the following steps are required, al ‘Measure the total fan air supply volume rate of flow as described in section three of the BSRIA manualMS 1472: 1999 by ‘Subtract the system leakage as determined by the pressure leakage test, using the methed specified in HVGA Specification DW 144 of the Heating and Ventilating Contractors’ Association (see 6.4.3). °) Proportion the net airfow te the terminals trom the measurements obtained during ‘he regulating of the system (which should be carried out in accordance with the IHVE Commissioning Code. Series A. of the Chartered Institution of Building Services), Measuremant methods fer estimating the airfow aut af ary singio torminai af the system ate described in the BSRIA manual and may be used as an alternative to the full procedure described abave when tracing positions of inadequate air supply. ‘The measurement of air Supply to the pressurized space should first be made with the doors leading to the pressurized! space cloged and with nermal joakaye fram the accommodation. the measured air supply is less than the design value, it should be measured again with substantial leakage paths opened between the pressurized space and the outside. 7.2.23 Thelleakage paths for the pressurizing air if the messurements made under 7.222 show that the design input rate has been ‘satisfactorily achieved in the installation, the reason for 8 low pressurization level should be S0ught in the leakage areas out of either the pressurized spaces or the unpressurized space, ‘The cracks around doors and windows should be examined, with spacial attention to the gap at the bottom of ail the daors. if any of the deor or window gaps are found to be Unaceeptnbly large they should be reduced in size. If all the daors snd windows are found to be normally dose-fiting, the enclosure of the pressurized space should be examined for ather leakage paths that were not identified for the original design caicutations. Extra leakage paths found should be sealed or the air volume input rate should be increased to alow the corract value of the pressurization level to be achieved with the additional leakage paths effective Finally, the air lenkage from the unpressurized spaces should be examined to ensure that this is In aocordance with the values. set out in 5.5, If this is inadequate, the leakage should be increased to confarm to the value recommended in that section, If an excess leakage from a pressurized space is comected by increasing the alr input supply an inerease in the leakage from the Unpressurzed space(s) may also be required 7.2.3 The tolerance permissible in pressurization lovel The measued pressutization level Should not be lower than 80 % of the desga value or greater than 60 Pa. 7.2.4 — Measuroment of airflow through an open door This measurement should be made with a roteting vane anemometer or other suitable instrument properly calibrated, using the procedure desoribed in BSRIA Application Guide 1176 of the Building Services Research and Information Association, 4MS 1472 : 1989 “The average velocity through an open door should be found by combining measurements ata ‘sufficient number of points. over the opening to ensure that vertical and horizontal asymmetry in the flow does not cause substantial inaccuracy. For high accuracy at least 10 measurements at uniformly distributed pasitions in the door opening should be taken and an average value obtained for the airflow: high accuracy will usually raquire stable wing conditions and an empty building, 7.3. Information to be made available 7.3.1 To'the approving authority ‘The spproving authority should be provided with full details of the installation. These should include: a full calculations showing the design crteria used; by full specification datas of the equiomentused; ° complete plans showing pasition and protection of the fan and associated electrical Control equipment, and the location affresh air inlets; a Constructional details of the ductwork and dust terminals vised for the pressurization aystem:; e any other relevant constructional information required by the authority; of {ull operational details slescribing in words and by diagram the exact sequence of actions that will occur in the pressurzation system and in the normal ventilating system when a fire occurs in the building, F .a completa maintenance schedule indicating the maintenance check needed for ‘each item of the equipment and the frequency of this check. ] ‘on completion, the results of the tests carried aut on the pressurization system. 73.2 — To the building occupieriowner “The eccupleriowner of the building should be provided with @ clear description of the purpose ‘and operation of the installation. This should include: a) 8 clear description of the purpose of the instaliaticn, b) 8 concise statement in words assisted by diagrams of the operation of the installation giving a clear indieation of the sequence of events that will follow a fire larry, 3) 18 description of the function of each individual Item of the Installation with an indication of where in the building each pert is situated; dd) a Complete maintenance schedule indicating the maintenance check needed for ‘each item of the equipment and the frequency of this check (see 6.8.1), 50e) a hy MS 1472: 1999 8 check list in the maintenance schedule of the actions necessary for maintenance, together with & register book that will form a record of the maintenance carried out and in which any faults found are recorded, Any corrective actions needed should also be recorded in this register. 4 Set of drawings for retention an the site; 2 warning that alterations to pertitioning ar flosr coverings under doors may atfect the operation of the pressurization system, ‘| recommendation to inform occupants that a pressurization system is installed and that, in the event of a fire, doors may be slightly harder er easier te open, and that there may be noise from the fans. atMS 1472: 1999 Appendix A A worked example The following worked example is given to indicate how the code may be used. For clarity @ very simple case has been selected. Gift eb Singie do Doubie doer NOTE. Alsi for are simsiar oxcapt tat the ground fat has a door to the anterior, Figure A1. Plan of building for warked example To moke the example easier to follow the relevant parts of the design procedure to be followed, given in 5.6, are reproduced here. b) a % Consider the proposals tor the building and indicate changes in layout that wil be possible or necessy pressurization is to be used. In this example the possibile for changing the layout arising cut af the use of a pressurization system are not discussed. Identify the spaces {o be pressurized and consider any interaction between pressurized and unprossurized space. The staircase and lit lobby will be independently pressurized to the same level. (See 4.2.2.2.) Decisis whetirer the system is to be single-stage or (wo stage and select the levels of pressurization to be used for emergency operation and, if appropriate, for reduced capacity operation (Table 1}. A single-stage system is selscied for this example with a pressurization level of 50 Pa Identity al the leakage paths trough which air can escape trom the pressurized space(s} and determina the sate of air leakage through each for the propriate pressure differential. The procedures set aut in 5.3.1 and 5.3.2 should be followed.MS 1472: 1999 ‘Staicase with 6 doors to lit lobbies. There is no pressure differental across any of the 6 ‘doors leading to the lift labbles, so no air supply is required for these. “1 double dos to exterior: leakage area © 0.03 m* (Table 3) air leakage © 0.175 mils (Tablo 4 far 60 Pa) Alternatively {rom equation (2), the air leakage = 0.827 x 0.03 x (50) '*= 0.175 mite i tabby (each) 11 double door to accommodation: leakage area 2 0,03 in? (Fable dy airleakago 0.175 m3vs (Table 4 for 60 Pa) 41fft door into lift shat: door area = 0.06 m* (Table 3) ai leakage (uncorrected) = 0.351 ms (Table 4). If tha lift shaft has @ vent of 0.1m? area then from table 6 and equation (14) F= 1.61 and 0351x161 Qd= ———— = 0.0942 mis 6 Alternatively from equations (16) and (15) (x000)" (oy o.09260 = = 181 0.08 83MS 1472; 1999 e) Total all the airflaws out of each pressurized space and increase the total by 26 % in ‘accordance with 6.2.2.6. This will give the air supply needed for each pressurized ‘space, Staircase Airflow = 0.175 mts increasing by 25% gives an air supply of 0.219 mits Each lobby Aifiow = 0.175 + 0.0942 = 0.269 mis Increasing by 25% gives an air supply of 0.337 mats » The ac velocity through ant open door should be estimated using the appropriate procedure set out in 532.9. If the candtions of 5.3.2.8 are not satslied the air Supply proposed should be increased TWO DOORS OPEN (5.3.2.8, case (b)) Staircasallabby door 1) Air supplioe to the staircase by the supply duct = 0.218 mis, 2) Air that will fow Into the staircase past the clased doors from all the other Jobbies (equation (191) is given by aaa? x 001« ae - 08 ¥ 1.67 oor sana + € = 0.300 mis ‘Then the total airflow through the open sisircaseliobhy door {assuming infinite leakage in ‘accommedation) =0.300+0,219 = 0.519 ms, ‘The total airflow through the open staircaseflobby door, corrected for resistance of leakage in accommadation =0.519x0.5 = 0.911 mis, o3tt Estimated velocity through daor = 191s 18 “This value is less than the 1,0 mis required by 5.3.2.8 c) but as either doar may be considered itis not necossury at this stage to modify the design. 5a,MS 1472 : 1999 Lobby/sccommedation door 1} Total airflow into the lobby from the staircase = 0.51 mts (ebtained above) 2) Air supplied by duct to the lobby = 0.337 1. 3) Airflow out of all the lift shafts into the lobby past the closed lit entrance dears {equation (20}} if. 1.61 x 0.05 x 0.337 ) Q, ‘A aho01 40.03 +1/6x0.06 x 16) = 0.183 mits, ‘Then the eel _— through the lobby‘accommodation door (assuming infinite leakage in = 0.519 + 0.337 + 0.193 = 1040 mis, ‘The total airflow corrected for the resistance of the leakage in the mccommodation = 1.049 x 0.6 = 0.629 mis. Estimated vetocty through the door = 0.629 = 0.59 ms. 16 This is less than the 1.0 m/s specified in 6.3.2.8 (b) so that in accordance with the last paragraph of 5.3.2.8 tho air input values to the staircase must be increased. ‘The velocity required is 41.0 ms, corresponding to a design alr flow of: 10x16 = 267 mis os ‘This comesponds to an extra air supply to the staircase of 267 - 1.049 1.62 rs. ‘This value should not be increased by 25 % to allow for unidentified leakage (5.3.2.8), Then a first estimate for the area of the relief lap wauld be 162 = 0.26 mr? o.g27 x50" 55MS 1472 : 1999 However, the rule by which the calculated sir supply to a pressurized space should be increased by 25 % to allow approximately for unidentifiable leakage, means in this case the presumption that the leakage area fram the staircase is.0.03 + 25 %, The area of the relief flap. ‘could therefore be reduced by 25% of 0.03 m™, Le. by abaut 0.01 m’ to 0.13 mr “This is 8 trivial corraction in the present example, but if the example dealt with, for instance, a system in which anly the staircase was pressurized and the effective leakage area from the staircase (and therefore the air supply to the staircase) was grater the correction cauld be significant, ‘ONE DOOR OPEN (5.3.2.9) A checkis now made to see that the conditions of 6.3.2.8 (c).are satisfied. 5) [Air-vetocity through opan lobby/sccommodation door (staireaseviobby door crosed): i) Ale supplied to tabby by duct = 0.337 mits ii) Alflow past elosed door from staircase into lebby (Table 4) = 0.0586 mis, |i) Allow out of each lift shaft past the closed lit entrance daar, taken es 1/3 of the total alrlow into the it shaft (assumed to be the same as with the door closed) © 173 x 0.0842 x86 = 0.19 m's, ‘Then the total flow through the open lobbyvaccommadation door, assuming infinite leakage in the accommosiation =0.937 + 0.0586 + 0,19 = 0.585 mls ‘The total flow corrected far the resistance of the leakage in the accammodation = 0.585 x 0.6 = 0.351 mils. “The estimated velocity = 0.351/1.6 = 0.22 m's. “This is lass than the 1.0 ms recommended by 5.3.2.8 (c) and it is therefore necessary to check that the alternative recommendation is ret. 2) Pressure differential across the staircasellobby door is estimated as 2 (- Qs ( 16240218 =a) gon) “Coa +002 + oot) nom 8 Pa where, 2, is the air supplied by duct to the staircase, and A, is the total eflactive leakage area from the staircase. 56MS 1472 : 1999 ‘Thus the pressure differential requirement of 5.3.2.8, with the tolerance allowed, is met, and ‘no further modification fo the air supply is needed. 3 The air supply 05 ostimated in 6) and f) has to be provided at the duct terminal for terminals} in each pressunzed space. The positions of tha duct tomminals shoud be discuseed With the grehitect and the appropriate authorities, In this case 9 terminal would be required in each lift lobby and at least three evenly distributed in the staircase shat hy The fan capacity and duct sizes should be decided by a campotent engineer after duo consideration of the adcitional recommendations set out in clause 6 Tha position of the intake griles should bo agrood with tho architect and any special protection required for the instattation specified (clause 6). In this example the totat supply t0 the pressurized parts of the escape route has to be | 0337 x6 +0210+182 = 386 ms and the quantity has to be delivered against 2 back pressute of 50 Pa. ‘The fan capacity will have to be greater than 3.86 rots because there ix fkely to be Guct leakage and the operating pressure is likely to be larger than 50 Pa because of duct and terminal presstire drops, The fan specification should then be chawen in eanjunetion with the requirement of clause 6 ) Tho escape of the prossurizing air fom the building should be considered and the appropriate method of venting specified (6.6). In this example method B (5.5.3) is selected. O}, the net volume rate of pressurizing air =10216= 18 mie (58.1) hence the total effective vent area per fioor should be 16 =0.64 mt 26 ‘This should be distributed around the building, discounting one wall because of the effect of adverse wind, In this case only three walls are available for venting, henoe each wall should have an effective vent area of: 064 im, Le, 0.32 m? @-4) 87MS 1472 : 1999 » 2a 3) 4) The operation of the system should be considered and the position of smake detectors (if required) specified (clause 6). In this example detectors would be fited ‘on the accommodation side of the libbylaccommodation deors, and possibly on the lobby side of the staircase/labby doors. A nota of tha leakage ereas assumed should be given to the architect reminding ‘im that these areas have to be achieved in the finished buioing. In this exampia special wants have been selected for wenting s0 there should be litte problem in ensuring the correct leakage area. A measurement procedure shautd be specified 20 that the satisfactory operation of 4a tnstallation it) the campieted buliding car be established (Clavse 6). In this example the following tests would probably be performod: Mecsurement of pressure differential across sinircase! tebby door. The value would be expected to be zero. Steasurement of pressure diffarential across lobby! accommodation door. The value ‘would be expected to be at least 40 Fa but not to exceed 60 Pa. With both lobby/accommodation and siaircaseilobby doors open the velosity of air through the lobby? accommodation daar would be maasured and a value of 1,0 ms ‘expected. A selection of corridor doors would be open, \With the lobbylaccommodation door open the pressure differential across the closed stzircaseflobby door would be measured and a value between 40 Pa and GO Pa expected. Measurements (1), (2). (3) and (4) would ba made on every floor