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Page1

Moulds

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Mouldshavealotof

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Mostproblemsarecaused:

Penicillum

Aspergillus

Fusarium

mycotoxinsproducers

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Moulds

Reproductiondependsprimarilyonthewater
availability

Bacteria>0.91

Mouldsalsofrom0.85to0.9
SomeEurotium0.75to0.8,andAspergillus
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Thefoodismicrobiologicallystablewhenthewater
activityis<0.75

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HomeDamage

flavor

fragrance

structure

POISONRETURNiemycotoxins

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Mycotoxins
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arenotPROTEIN

arenotenzymes

arelowmolecularweight<700gmol

thesecondarymetabolismproducts

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Whyisproduced

mycotoxins?

Mayactantifungisideina

Protectingmushroomsreproductiveorgans

Mostlynocertaintywhy
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Allstrainsofthesamespeciesdonotproduce

Differentspeciescanproducethesamemycotoxin

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Wheremycotoxins

produced

Worldgrainproductionby2530%hasbeen

abreedinggroundformoldsandseen

Mycotoxins

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Tuohoutuukomycotoxins
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easily?

Not

Mycotoxinsusuallydonotdisappearor

inactivatedinthemanufactureoffood

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Cerealalreadyinfectedinthecorn

Mouldsgrowparasites,epiphytes

orsaprophytes

Homeplantassociationveryspecific
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Page13
Thecontextofpostharvestgrain

maybedamaged

Mushroomscanpenetrate

thedamagedsectionjyvn

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Inorderforfungalgrowthwouldbeimpeded

cerealsafterpuimisen

dried

Dryinglessthan14%watercontent

Whenthegrainwatercontentislessthan5.13%it

themicrobiologicalshelflife

Oilbearingcropseedsmustbedriedbelow

12.5%

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Ifthegrainisstoredtoo

humid

Mouldsandfungigrow

Metabolismproducesheatandtheharvestheatsup

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Mushroomskilltheembryoandseednolongergerminate

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Ifthegrainisstoredtoo

inahumidatmosphereof6590%

itgrowsvarastohomeita

Eurotium,Aspergillus,Penicillum

Later,Mucor,Rhizopus,and
Nigraspora

Cropqualityispooriftheconcentrationofsporesoffungal

morethan10

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Grainstorage

Relativehumidity<85%

10C

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Ifthegraintogrowmushrooms

asaresult,cellrespirationarises
metabolicwater

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Cerealiswettedandlesskserofyyttisetsienetkin
cangrow

Aspergilluscandidus,A.flavus,A.parasiticus,A.
fumigatus,Emerciellanidulans,Penicillum
Piceum,P.capsulatum

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Thesefungiform

mycelium

Canbindgrainklimpeiksi

orsolidlumps

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Growthandtemperature

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Thegrowthandactivityofthewater

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FAOandtheWHOrecommendation

max30gaflatoxin/kgfood

timehigh,butmalnutritionversus
livercancer

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AflatoxinB1

LD

dogs0.5mg/kgbodyweight
50

LD

rat9mg/kg
50

ForratsandrainbowtroutaflatoxinB1inone
themostcarcinogeniccompounds

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AflatoxinB1

India19741000peoplebecameill
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aftereatingmoldyrice

100died

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OchratoxinA

WasfirstisolatedA.ochraceusSouth

Africa

Themoststudiedbarley,wherePverrucosum

toproduceit

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OchratoxinA

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Inpigs,causedbykidneyproblems

Movestoaccompanymeat

Peoplewhoeatcannedalongtime
homekypsennettyjhamsmaybeexposed
(Balkanendemicnephropathy)

nephrotoxicandmaycauserenalcellcarcinoma

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Sterigmatokystiini

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Sterigamtokystiini

Aflatoksiinisynteesinprecursor

ManyofAspergillusmoldsproduceit
especiallyA.versicolor

Notastoxicandcarcinogenicthan
Aflatoxin

Itisfoundinmanyfood

ForalongtimestoredinEdamandGoudacheese

Thepoisononlyinthesurfacelayers

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Patulin

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Patulin

PenicilliumandAspergillusproducers,including

Byssochlamys

Apples,blueberries,strawberries,currants,

gooseberries

Theeffectsofpatulinisnotknownexactly
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Nordiccountries,themaximumallowableamountis

50g/kg

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Patulin

Discoveredin1942,itwasthoughtthatitwouldbe

goodantibioticbecauseofitslarge
Theantimicrobialactivityof

In1959itwasassociatedwithcattlepoisoning
moldygerminatedbarleygrain

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Patulin

Notverystable,exceptinacidic

conditionssuchasapplejuice

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T2

DermonecrosiscattleintheUSA

MaybeinRussia194247disease
"AlimentaryToxicAleukia"

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T2

immunosuppressiveagentssuchasochratoxin

andaflatoxin

allthreealsoinhibit
proteinsynthesis,butatdifferentpoints

Mixturesmaybesynergistic

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DON

Deoksynivalenol(=vomitoxin)

Japan"redmouthdisease",diarrheaand

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vomit

F.graminearum

FeedfactorrequiredforrefusalinpigsinNorthCarolina

LesstoxicthanT2

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Verrukariinit

Stachybotrysatra

Inhorses,aftereatingmoldyhay

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Zearalenone

vulvovaginitispigswhoatethemold
maize

infertility
fewerchicks
insomecountriesareusedasanabolics
increaseingrowthfactorsandinothersitisforbidden
monitoringtheproblem,becauseifthefeedisitso
Itisalsodetectableintheflesh

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Ergotamine

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Ergotism

alsoreferredtoasStAnthonyfire

Thereisageneral

toxiceffectspoorlyunderstood

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