I HC HU

TRNG I HC S PHM

NGUYN NGC THNG

V MUN T DO

TIU LUN
B MN

C S I S HIN I

GIO VIN HNG DN

TS. PHAN VN THIN

HU, THNG 2-2012

Tm tt
Tiu lun ny trnh by mt s tnh cht v ng dng ca vnh di truyn tri,
c th hin trong Mnh 30, Mnh 31. Tc gi xin gi li chn thnh cm n
n TS. Phan Vn Thin, Thy tn tnh truyn t nhng kin thc trong hc
phn C s i s hin i v cho tc gi c hi tip cn cc tnh cht ca vnh
di truyn.

Trong tiu lun ny, ta ch xt cc vnh c n v.

nh ngha 1. Cho R l mt vnh, (M, +) l mt nhm cng aben. M c gi l
mt R-mun tri nu c mt nh x
R M M
(r, x) 7 rx
tha mn
i) r(x + y ) = rx + ry;
ii) (r + s)x = rx + sx;
iii) (rs)x = r(sx);
iv) 1x = x
r, s R, x, y M , 1 l phn t n v ca vnh R.
Ta quy c M l mt R-mun tri khi ni M l mt R-mun.
Nhn xt 2. Mi ian tri I ca vnh R u l mt R-mun vi php nhn v
hng
R I I
.
(r, i) 7 ri
nh ngha 3. Cho M l mt R-mun. Tp con N ca M c gi l mt mun
con ca M nu N l mt nhm con ca nhm cng M tha mn
rx N, r R, x N.
Nhn xt 4. Cho M l mt R-mun v I l mt ian tri ca vnh R. Khi
IM = {a1 x1 + a2 x2 + + an xn : ai I, xi M, i = 1, n, n N}
l mt mun con ca R-mun M .
Mnh 5. Cho M l mt R-mun, S l mt tp con ca M . Khi , giao tt c
cc mun con ca M cha S l mun con b nht ca M cha S.
1

nh ngha 6. Mun con c xc nh trong Mnh 5 c gi l mun con

ca M sinh bi tp S, k hiu S.
Nu S = M th S c gi l h sinh ca M .
nh ngha 7. Cho M l mt R-mun, X l tp con ca M . Mt t hp tuyn

tnh cc phn t ca X l mt tng hu hn ni=1 ri xi , ri R, xi X, i = 1 . . . n.

Phn t x M c gi l biu th tuyn tnh qua cc phn t ca X nu x c
th vit di dng mt t hp tuyn tnh cc phn t ca X.
Tp con X M c gi l c lp tuyn tnh nu mi tp con hu hn bao
gm cc phn t phn bit x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ca X c t hp tuyn tnh trit tiu
n
i=1 ri xi = 0 ko theo ri = 0, i = 1, n.
Mt tp con ca M c gi l mt c s nu n l mt h sinh c lp tuyn
tnh ca M .
nh ngha 8. Cho M, N l cc R-mun. nh x f : M N c gi l mt
ng cu R-mun nu cc iu kin sau c tha mn
f (x + y ) = f (x) + f (y ),
f (rx) = rf (x)
x, y M, r R.
ng cu f c gi l n cu, ton cu, ng cu nu f l n nh, ton nh,
song nh tng ng. Nu c mt ng cu f : M N th M c gi l ng cu
N.
vi N , k hiu M =
Mnh 9. Cho {Mi }iI l mt h khc rng cc R-mun. Tch Descartes

Mi = {(xi )iI : xi Mi }
iI

cng vi php cng

(xi )iI + (yi )iI = (xi + yi )iI , (xi )iI , (yi )iI

Mi

iI

v php nhn v hng

r(xi )iI = (rxi )iI , r R, (xi )iI

Mi

iI

lm thnh mt R-mun.
nh ngha 10. Cho {Mi }iI l mt h khc rng cc R-mun. R-mun

Mi

iI

c xc nh trong Mnh 9 c gi l tch trc tip ca h R-mun {Mi }iI .

2

nh ngha 11. Cho {Mi }iI l mt h khc rng cc R-mun. Phn t (xi )iI
Mi c gi l c gi hu hn nu c mt tp hu hn J I sao cho xi = 0, i

iI

I \ J.
Mnh 12. Cho {Mi }iI l mt h khc rng cc R-mun. Tp hp

= {(xi )iI
Mi : (xi )iI c gi hu hn}
iI

iI

l mt mun con ca

Mi .

iI

nh ngha 13. Cho {Mi }iI l mt h khc rng cc R-mun. Mun con

iI

c xc nh trong Mnh 12 c gi l tng trc tip (ngoi) ca h R-mun

{Mi }iI .
Mnh 14. Cho {Mi }iI l mt h khc rng cc mun con ca R-mun M .
Tp hp
{
}

Mi =
xi : xi Mi , J I, J hu hn
iI

iJ

l mt mun con ca M sinh bi iI Mi .

nh ngha 15. Mun con

Mi c xc nh trong Mnh 14 c gi l
iI

tng ca cc mun con Mi , i I.

nh ngha 16. Cho {Mi }iI l mt h khc rng cc
mun con
ca R-mun M .

Tng
Mi c gi l tng trc tip (trong) nu Mi
Mj = 0 vi mi i I,
iI

k hiu

j=i

Mi .

iI

nh ngha 17. Mt dy cc ng cu cc R-mun

fi2

/ Mi1

fi1

Mi

fi

Mi+1

fi+1

c gi l khp ti i nu Imfi1 = Kerfi . Dy trn c gi l dy khp nu n

khp ti mi i.
Dy khp

c gi l dy khp ngn.

nh ngha 18. Dy khp

/

c gi l ch ra ti Y nu Imf l mt hng t trc tip ca Y .

Dy khp ch ra ti mi mun (tr hai u) c gi l dy khp ch ra.
Nhn xt 19. Dy khp ngn
/

lun ch ra ti X v Z. Do , dy khp ngn ch ra khi v ch khi n ch ra ti Y .

Mnh 20. Dy khp
/X

ch ra ti Y khi v ch khi
Z.
Y = Imf B vi B =
Chng minh.
i. (Khi) R rng, v Imf l hng t trc tip ca Y .
ii. (Ch khi) Gi s dy khp ch ra ti Y . Khi , c mt mun con B ca Y sao
Z.
cho Y = Imf B. Ta s chng minh B =
Xt nh x
h : B Z
y 7 g (y )
D thy h l mt ng cu R-mun v
Kerh = B Kerg = B Imf = 0.
Vy h l mt n cu.
Vi mi z Z = Img, ta c z = h(y ), y Y . V
Y = Imf B = Kerg B
nn
y = y1 + y2 , y1 Kerg, y2 B.
Suy ra
z = g (y1 + y2 ) = g (y1 ) + g (y2 ) = g (y2 ) Imh.
Z.
Vy h ton cu. T B =
4

nh ngha 21. Cho R l mt vnh, S l mt tp. Mt R-mun t do trn tp

S l mt R-mun F cng vi mt nh x f : S F sao cho vi mi nh x
g : S X t tp S vo R-mun X, tn ti duy nht mt ng cu R-mun
h : F X tha mn hf = g.
f

/F
~
~
~~
g
~~ h
~
 ~~

nh ngha 22. R-mun X c gi l R-mun t do nu X ng cu vi mt

R-mun t do trn mt tp S no .
nh l 23. Cho M l mt R-mun. Tp con S M l mt c s ca M nu
v ch nu nh x bao hm i : S M c th m rng thnh ng cu R-mun
h : F M , vi F l R-mun t do sinh bi S.
H qu 24. R-mun M l t do khi v ch khi M c mt c s.
Mnh 25. Cho F l mt R-mun. F l R-mun vi c s S khi v ch khi

F =
Rs.
sS

Chng minh. Vi mi s S, xt nh x
s : R Rs
r 7 rs

R rng s l mt ton cu. Vi mi r R, ta c

s (r) = 0

rs = 0

r = 0.

Suy ra, s l mt n cu, vy s l mt ng cu.

V S l c s ca F nn {Rs}sS l mt h sinh ca F . Suy ra

F =
Rs.
sS

Vi mi t S, xt s Rt F =

Rs. Khi , c s1 , s2 , . . . , sn S, si = t, i =

sS,s=t

1, . . . , n v r, r1 , r2 , . . . , rn R sao cho
x = rt =

r i si

rt +

i=1

r i si = 0.

i=1

Do S l c s ca F nn r = r1 = r2 = . . . = rn = 0. Suy ra x = 0.
Vy

F =
Rs.
sS

Ngc li, ta c
Rs = s (R) = s (R.1) = Rs (1).
Suy ra
F =

Rs =

sS

Rs (1).

sS

Do {s (1)}sS l h sinh ca F v c lp tuyn tnh, hay S l c s ca F .

nh ngha 26. R-mun X c gi l x nh nu vi mi ng cu R-mun
f : X B v mi ton cu R-mun g : A B, tn ti mt ng cu R-mun
h : X A tha mn gh = f .
h ~

~~

nh l 27. Mi R-mun t do u x nh.

Chng minh. Gi s X l R-mun t do, f : X B l ng cu R-mun,
g : A B l ton cu R-mun. Gi S l c s ca X, i : S X l nh x bao
hm.
Vi mi s S, ta c f (s) B. Do g : A B l ton cu nn c phn t ca A
gi l j (s) sao cho g (j (s)) = f (s). V vy, c th xy dng mt nh x
j : S A
s 7 j (s)
j ~~~
~

~
~~
~~ ~

h ~

~~

S
i

X


Do X l mun t do sinh bi S nn nh x j c th m rng thnh ng cu

R-mun h : X A, hi = j. Ta s chng minh gh = f .
Vi mi x X, do S l c s ca X nn
x=

al sl , al R, sl S.

l=1

Khi
n
n
n

gh(x) = gh(
al sl ) =
al gh(sl ) =
al ghi(sl )
l=1

l=1

al gj (sl ) =

l=1

l=1
n

al f (sl ) = f (

l=1

al sl ))

l=1

= f (x).

nh ngha 28. Mt vnh R c gi l di truyn tri nu mi ian ca R l mt

R-mun x nh.
nh l 29. (Kaplansky) Cho R l mt vnh di truyn tri. Khi , mi mun con
A ca R-mun t do F u ng cu vi mt tng trc tip cc ian tri ca R;
hn na, A l mt mun x nh.
Chng minh. Gi {xk : k K} l c s ca R-mun F . Gi s tp ch s K sp
th t tt.

Vi mi k K, xt Fk =
Rxi , khi ta c mt dy tng {Fk }k cc mun
i<k

con ca F vi F0 = 0 v Fk+1 = Fk Rxk . Mi phn t a A Fk+1 c biu din

duy nht di dng a = b + rxk , vi b Fk , r R.
nh x
k : A Fk+1 R
b + rxk 7 r
l mt ng cu v Kerk = A Fk .
K hiu Ik l nh ca k , khi Ik l mt ian tri ca R, v th l mt R-mun
x nh. T , ta c dy khp ngn sau ch ra

A Fk

A Fk+1

/I

Do , tn ti mt mun con Ck ca A Fk+1 sao cho

Ik .
A Fk+1 = (A Fk ) Ck v Ck =

(0.0.1)

Xt C l mt mun con ca A sinh bi kK Ck . V F = kK Fk nn mi phn

t a A u thuc Fk+1 no . Gi (a) l s k nh nht sao cho a Fk+1 .
Nu C = A th tn ti a A sao cho a
/ C, suy ra {(a) : a A, a
/ C} = ,
suy ra tn ti mt phn t nh nht j. Lc , tn ti y A, y
/ C sao cho (y ) = j
v khng c phn t z A, z
/ C sao cho (z ) < j.
V y Fj+1 A nn y = b + c, vi b A Fj v c Cj . Suy ra b = y c, ta c
y
/ C m c C nn b
/ C. Do b Fj , mu thun vi cch chn j.
7

Vy A=C.
Gi s c1 + c2 + . . . + cn = 0, ci Cki , k1 < k2 < . . . < kn . Khi ci Fki +1 , suy
ra
c1 + c2 + . . . + cn1 = cn A Fkn1 +1 Ckn (A Fkn ) Ckn .
Theo 0.0.1 ta c cn = 0 v c1 + c2 + . . . + cn1 = 0. Lp li cc bc trn ta c
c1 = c2 = . . . = cn = 0.
Do A =

Ck v mi Ck ng cu vi mt ian tri ca R.

kK

Mnh 30. Cho R l mt vnh sao cho mi ian tri trong R u l R-mun
t do. Khi , mi m un con ca R-mun t do u l m un t do.
Chng minh. V mun t do l x nh nn theo gi thit R l vnh di truyn tri.
Theo nh l Kaplansky, mi mun con M ca R-mun t do u ng cu vi
mt tng trc tip cc ian ca R. V mi ian l t do nn M l t do.
Mnh 31. Cho R l mt vnh v I l ian ca R tha mn I l R-mun t do
vi c s {bj : j A}. Khi , nu M l mt R-mun t do vi c s {xi : i B}
th IM l R-mun t do vi c s {bj xi : j A, i B}.

Chng minh. V M = iB Rxi v I l ian ca R nn

IM =
IR xi =
Ixi .
iB

Ta vit I =

iB

jA Rbj ,

ta c

IM =
Rbj xi =
iB

jA

R bj xi .

jA,iB

Nu r(bj xi ) = 0 vi r R th rbj = 0 (v Rxi t do trn xi ), do r = 0 (v Rbj t

do trn bj ). Suy ra Rbj xi t do trn bj xi . Vy IM t do trn {bj xi : j A, i B}.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] T. Y. Lam, Exercises in Modules and Rings, Springer Science+Business Media,
LLC, 2007.
[2] T. Y. Lam, Lectures on Modules and Rings, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc,
1999.
[3] L. R. Vermani, An Elementary Approach to Homological Algebra, CRC Press
LLC, 2003.
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