Sistem Infrastruktur dan Transportasi

TPS 505 Semester V 3 sks

Urban
Transportation
Networks

MANAGEMENT
OF INFRASTRUCTURE
ANDdan
COMMUNITY
Jurusan
Teknik Perencanaan
Wilayah
Kota
DEVELOPMENT
STTNAS Yogyakarta

Pengampu : Iwan Aminto Ardi, S.T.

Reference sources : Mark Zuidgeest

Land use and transport

Urban areas are transport land use systems

Complex entities with a multitude of functions.

System where locations and spatial accumulation form
land uses.
Urban land use:

Expresses the attributes of the urban space.

Attempts to interpret spatial elements and their
interrelations.

This system is highly complex and includes several

relationships.
Each urban area is part of a sub-system including
the transport system, spatial interactions and land
use.

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Land use and transport

Conceptual overview

The relationships between transport and land

use have been investigated for a long time and
subject to numerous approaches.
Von Thunen, concentric ring model,
sector/nuclei
Formal Land Use

Functional Land Use

Shopping center

Commercial

Factories

Industrial

Park

Leisure

Apartments

High density residential

Bungalows

Low density residential

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Von Thunens regional land use model

Isolated State

Modified Conditions
Central city
Navigable river
Market gardening and
milk production
Firewood and lumber
production
Crop farming without
fallow
Crop framing, fallow
and pasture
Three-field system
Livestock farming

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Transport and urban form

Urban form

The form of a city greatly influences and is

influenced by travel patterns, origins and
destinations.
The dense urban cores of many European, Japanese and
Chinese cities enable residents to make 30 to 60
percent of all trips by walking and cycling.
The dispersed urban form of Australian and American
cities encourages reliance on the car.
There is a wide variety of urban forms and urban
transport systems.

Impact of the private car

An increasing number of cities worldwide seem to be

developing at a scale that increases reliance on the
privately owned automobile.
Dispersion is taking place in many different types
of cities.
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The key
relationships
between transport
and urban form

David Banister Unsustainable Transport

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Evolution of the activity system of a city

Financial
Retailing
Wholesaling

Financial
Insurance
Warehousing

Industrial
Warehousing
Wholesaling
Transport

Transport
Wholesaling

Industrial
Transport
Warehousing

B
Core activities

Financial
Retailing

C
Central activities

Peripheral activities

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Transport and urban form

passengers

5a

4
1 - non-motorized transport
2 - ind. transport (car)
3 - bus
4 - Light Rail Transit (LRT)
5a - metro
5b - urban rail

5b

2
km

Urban form, in turn, affects the demand for travel and

the
efficiency/effectiveness of different forms of transport

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Evolution of transport and urban form, technological

impacts

Historically, transport
has shaped the size and
spatial configurations
of urban areas
In particular, as
transport technology
(modes of transport as
well as the transport
system) has changed,
cities have been able to
grow dramatically in
size+
Law of Constant Travel
Time

I
II III

IV

I - Walking-horsecar era (1800-1890)

II - Streetcar era (1890-1920)

III - Automobile era (1920-1945)
IV - Freeway era (1945-)

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Type I - completely motorised network

Road

Highway

Activity centre

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Type II - weak center

Road
Highway
Transit line
Activity centre

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Type III - strong centre

Road

Highway

Transit line

Activity centre

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Type IV - traffic restraint

Road
Highway
Transit line
Activity centre

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Network Structures

Centralized

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

Decentralized

Distributed

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Transport Structures

Node

Feeder

Hub / Interface

Link

Flow
Corridor

Distribution
Warehousing
Financial / Insurance
Retail / Wholesale

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

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Centrifugal and Centripetal Networks

Centrifugal

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

Centripetal

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Point-to-Point and Hub-and-Spoke Networks

Point-to-Point

Hub-and-Spoke

Hub

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

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Impacts of Integration Processes on Networks and Flows

Before Integration

After Integration

Flows

Network

International border

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

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Cost, Revenue and Level of Network Coverage

A

5
3

Cost: 10
10 Revenue: 15
Benefit: 5

Cost: 12
Revenue: 18
Benefit: 6

Cost: 14
Revenue: 25
Benefit: 11

Cost: 19
Revenue: 29
Benefit: 10

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

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Transport Rates and Network Structure

Low

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

Rate
Average

High

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Topology of a Network

Unidirectional link

Bi-directional link

Entry and exit

Exit
Entry

Link

Node

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

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Types of Network Topology

Mesh

Hub-and-Spoke

Linear

Tree

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

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Network Geometry and Number of Links

For each node to be linked to another node
Even number of nodes

Odd number of nodes

For each node to be linked to all other nodes

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

For all the nodes to be linked together

Number of possible combinations

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Topology and Network Connectivity

B or C
D

Fully Connected Network

Minimum Network

Average Path Length

Geographic Barrier

Network Length
This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

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Typology of Transportation Networks - I

Relative location

Abstraction level

Concrete
Orientation and extent

Abstract
Number of edges and nodes
1

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

1
2

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Typology of Transportation Networks - II

Distance, road type and control of
the vehicle

Modes and Terminals

Highway

Port

Railyard
Rail
Road

Maritime

Secondary road

100
50

125 km

Depot

90 km

Volume and direction

Type of traffic

Continuous
Divided

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

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Typology of Transportation Networks - III

Type of correspondence

Load and capacity

Hierarchical
Non- hierarchical

0.3
0.9

0.7
0.5

0.7

Change (dynamics)

Pattern
Linear
Random
Mesh

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

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Transport Networks and Space

Transport Network

Space

Accessibility
This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

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Mode of Territorial Occupation by Transport Networks

Overlap

Rail

Air corridor

Road
Cellular coverage

Clearly defined

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

Vaguely defined

Without definition

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Network Strategies to Service a Set of Locations

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

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Absolute and Relative Distance in a Network

10 km

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

30 minutes

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Networks and Spatial Continuity

A

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue

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Network Performance

While there are many issues involved in

network performance, the key issue is time.
How quick does your system need to be?

How frequent must the

connection be?

This slide is courtesy of Alan Hoffman

How long
should it take
to move through the
network?

What capacity
is required?

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Poorly Adaptive Transit

For cities that are already dispersed, transit that fails to adapt to the urban form will
find it much harder to influence future growth, since it is not perceived as terribly
useful by most.
This slide is courtesy of Alan Hoffman

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Strongly Adaptive Transit

Before
Transit services that are highly adapted to existing urban form can begin to exert a
stronger influence on future urban form. The hybrid transit metropolis develops this
special kind of harmony.
This slide is courtesy of Alan Hoffman

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Strongly Adaptive Transit

After
Transit services that are highly adapted to existing urban form can begin to exert a
stronger influence on future urban form. The hybrid transit metropolis develops this
special kind of harmony.
This slide is courtesy of Alan Hoffman

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Dense Corridors

Mile

Dense corridors may justify an investment in fixed guideway transit, since so many
trip needs can be met with a single line.
This slide is courtesy of Alan Hoffman

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Dispersed Corridors

In cities characterized by low-density dispersal, corridor-focused systems end up

being inconvenient for most trips.
This slide is courtesy of Alan Hoffman

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Dispersed Corridors

The secret to providing urban-adaptive transit in dispersed areas is flexibility. This

can still be done with fixed infrastructure.
This slide is courtesy of Alan Hoffman

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Doubling Population: Impacts

100%

200%

300%

Total Traffic
Generated
(Vehicle
Miles)

Existing: Low
Density
This slide is courtesy of Alan Hoffman

Same Area,
2X Density

Expand Area
at Half Density
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