Sodium he mos economic choice, ba it must be andled with uinow care. There are te way to pepe solutions of sodium. It can be dissolved in auhydrous liquid amamonia or mad ino a complex ‘uth appthalee followed by disoktion nan ether tech asteinhydrofera odimetygeol ar Spe- ial precautons must be taken while working with sadium of Fg solutions. Fluoropelyimers suface- treated by sodium etching shouldbe stored in acold, dark stmospher free fiom ox3gen and moisture. The “useful shelf life eb etched polymer stored under these cendifons a °C i thes to four month ‘Once the foropelymer sheet, fim, ete has been etched, iti an adherable surface. The chotce af adhesive depen on the reqited service con- ‘ions and, to some exten, the sabsate, Some ‘of the considerations in the selection of adhesive include ofhine , resistance, Mexibiliy, and tem perature resistance 7.3.3 Sodium Etching ‘The original method Ef surface treatment fo ‘Offi PT adhesive bonding is form; in sodium [nitinol nmonl Toe tents propred WY simply doling metals ‘Tm in Hild ammonia to abn « 05%-1¥6 weight concentration. The solution has a dark blue Color and should te sited fhoroughl before we. The surfaces" the fluoropolymer should be cleaned afi ol nrg ole ssh se metineto femove els or gree and ober contanipans tat ar ets por tenant and weak bonding Male ture must be kept from the offution by storing it un- bay ape ih ‘The fluoropolymer needs to be in the solution: Sol a brief duration ranging from 2 to 10 seconds"! ‘Amico apy voles afer the wel i = mmved fom te bth, Sodium ean be removed bY tipping fe reued ae mtoc lobo. Tow ong fv immerstn me acaly weakens te adhesive Bak te tue lus dads co ae Hetioos 1 the oft bing. The rested uoropeb mer Teac drt bl alr pis al ‘brown after exposure to air. AnalYsis 80 the baths stow the pesnct of Mune dor chlor ons suggesting defluorination and/or dechlorination of the surface during reatmen (Table 7.1, Differem metbnds have beer devised test he boondabilty of the weated plastic. The specimen can be jtned in diffewat wae: but jim sk oi today sh Ar odhiiv lareror Bln ppd to the wrted rice wchia thee placed agit the Stbstate and heated pes of oven, THe su Statecouldbes dplcaedtiheplstc hs Tale 7.1 gives the bond values of fluoropalymers before and after Sli bined by the tap shear est method. Bond strengths el the treated surfaces of IEE, PVE and ECTFE are lage than hat Prine untreated surfaces by an order of magnitude ormore, a a profourtl effet onthe brie chemist fathe facroplyners Eeevon spose. tony of ekg arabsc (ESCA so known a Fn photclectonspecrocony (XPS) lech ue that as ben used w std the position eb suse, ESCA dos not dteth¥d- fen, and elemental composionsexclige this el- met Resuls af rhe Thoropomershave hen summarized in Table 7.1 Fe oace alegre fliocopalyniers because Gl wesiment are a reduc toe foi anchor ented ae tress in erbon tad Onfged Conon, The Heated strae is vial) eonpnsed Plearbon and oxygen anda stall amount Tuosne. Tica nei: othe en or: polymers is alo refit inthe cota! angle, Exaile waver coms oagie BEFEP sod OB So. foeasa fo 103" $2 (edvaicng) pon todtun! ul eager is aad ig tepolVner Pn lngihY period ean reverse the Changs nie sarie, Wat occ angle weed inverse bck to 10 ae 6 hours exo sure 1 a temperature 200°C. Tble7.2 showsthe fet of sodium otf Eon sever fuoroplyers bY Teta-Etc othe sar fice digi aad np shear bond suength. In general, the data Got various fuorapolyeters indi- area nrcae nthe ubesive Don sea Wi imrcsing lorie a shorn cute Kein treninent it mom fevorble to perducrinated’ than PVF that catalan one uorne per monomer unit according ete data a Tobe 72 ‘Another PTFE Wont bth hat sa mix- ture QF 1:1 rtolar ratio sodium in naphtilene dit Saved in tevalpdrtuan' ek example, 23 3 Fe Sodium is mined wih 128g € naphthalene aes (Sometimes called sodim panes then cs faved inoue lier taal fia The rset gis leu ed Deacle iaas aaco nied by a color change &f the Miliod from inky Dine oda brown ad finaly blac, It kes about ovo fours to prepare the Comneral oltion ig elchant Jo ot contain annmonin or tahydrouran se nd healthreasons. For example, Tetra-Eteh® contains 25% by ‘weight Fesodium-taphthalene complex and 75% of ctaylene alco! dimethyl ether Fhioro Eich (oered by Acton Technologies, Ine.,Pitston, PA) contains About 30% sodium-naphihalene complex and 70% ‘of an ethylene gl¥sol solvent. Acton Techiologics hes reported suscerfol wis ofboth ethylene glycol dimeshy! ether and diethylene glicol dimethyl ether solvents! Using a commercial dispersion of sedium in naphthalene can reduce preparation time. The shel? life 2 the bath is sixty days provided that itis stored in a closed container and isolated from at “The polymer i immensed in the ofing 9h 1 1 3 minutes followed by rinsing in alevhol or acetoue. Bond strength using epoxy adhesives ronges from 7 to Ld MPa in jensile mode. This broad range fo adhesive bond strength is obtained in the but t3- sile, disk tensile, and lap shear test configurations seem in Fig. 7.2. Researehhas shown that the defluorination depth lfthe polymer surface extends about 300 nm (Fig. 7.3) asa result ofsodium naphthalenide treatment.) The report shows that expostire to x-ay decreased the defluorination depth to 30-150 A, The structere ffthedefiaorinatd layer ihighl¥ porous The sig- ested adhesion mechanism is the mechanical inter- locking of adhesive with ths porous structure. Bond failure narly always occurs by stripping the etched layeras opposedito cohesive failure OF the adhesive. ‘fll sotusions ean be purchased frum anum- ber sources. They include Fluoro Etch” by Acton ‘Corp. and Tetra-Etck® by W. L. Gore & Associates. Some companies such as Acton Com. provide sar- face treatment service. Operational safety and waste disposal are two issues concerning pats tht deal ‘with ofthing solutions, FaBricarion TECHNIQUES Chet FLUCROPOLYMERS 257 Table 7.1. Effect of Sodium offitil on the Surface Compostiiton and Adhesion Bond Strenath Et Fluoropolymers!™ Surlace_oiehing Anas (a) by ESCA ee eee sass leeral ee Beet sae r ne Rato | ato | raio| “| © | F |? ‘a Chew Nene |. — [a [are | — FT Teva. Fae sail — | eV ax | i 7 ere wee Toon | — | oz m2 a PTFE Nimin®™ | 0.005 or) wa [oa [ize 2a PE None | 0a Ta_| 296 1s PVE ameter Ton | — [oo — | aor | ir2 | 21 208 ECTFE None | 06 | om? | — | ma] 223 | ma | — 1 rerre wee Toss | oos | orz | a0 | re | 2 | os 100 = Bletron Spectscopy PHbrFEIE Analysis. © ap shea st (2e Fig 7.2)" Soplied by WI. Gore Coporaton "= Trestment witha T mole sulation Cliodim naphthalene in thy rofiran a on temperateTable 7.2. Kinetics of Sodium of ticxl) on Surface Compost Fluoropolymers™ tion and Adhesion Bond Strength Et ‘Surtaee ofhineAmaiws (a) Wy ESCA nam, FRET SET PCT a ] ec : | Benseenets None oat oa ma | ae | os ra lowe 037 ure na | x7 | 09 so in 037 oat ma | 20 | 16 2480 in ons ais wax [a | is 300 DF None 09s ous sua | 29 | on 10 in on a ma | us | oa 2480 ‘nn on ous ws | 92 | ns 2.980 ECTFE None on | ox uz | aa | ms 20 ae * Eecron Spectroscopy Ff PEGA Anais," Bond stength in Nevio (N) using ap sear te (ee Fp, 72) An oxide sdhesive was sed PUF, Sorin, and ECTFE,2cYmoary ne adhesive PIPVDE