I S TUYN TNH

Ti liu n thi cao hc nm 2005

Phin bn chnh sa

PGS. TS M Vinh Quang

Ngy 10 thng 11 nm 2004

Bi 3 : Gii Bi Tp nh Thc
1. Tnh


 


  trong , , l cc nghim ca phng trnh :x3 + px + q = 0


 
Gii :
Theo nh l Viet ta c + + = 0
Cng ct (1), ct (2) vo ct (3) ta c:

 
   ++

 
 = ++

 
   ++

 
  0
 
= 0
 
  0

2. Gii phng trnh










1
1
1
1


x x2 x3 
2 4 8 
3 9 27 
4 16 64 
Gii :
1




=0



Khai trin nh thc v tri theo dng u, ta s c v tri l mt a thc

bc 3 ca x, k hiu l f (x). Ta c f (2) = 0 v khi nh thc v tri c
2 dng u bng nhau. Tng t f (3) = 0, f (4) = 0. V f (x) l a thc bc
3, c 3 nghim l 2, 3, 4 nn phng trnh trn c nghim l 2, 3, 4.
3. Chng minh

 a1 + b 1 b 1 + c 1 c 1 + a1

 a2 + b 2 b 2 + c 2 c 2 + a2

 a3 + b 3 b 3 + c 3 c 3 + a3




=0



Gii :
Nhn ct (2) vi (-1), ct (3) vi 1 ri cng vo ct (1), ta c:



 2a1 b1 + c1 c1 + a1 
 a1 b 1 + c 1 c 1 + a1



V T =  2a2 b2 + c2 c2 + a2  = 2  a2 b2 + c2 c2 + a2
 2a3 b3 + c3 c3 + a3 
 a3 b 3 + c 3 c 3 + a3




 a1 b 1 c 1 
 a1 b 1 + c 1 c 1 




(2)
(1)
=
=
2  a2 b2 c2 
2  a2 b2 + c2 c2 
 a3 b 3 c 3 
 a3 b 3 + c 3 c 3 

Gii thch:
(1) : nhn ct (1) vi (-1) cng vo ct (3)
(2) : nhn ct (3) vi (-1) cng vo ct (2)
4. Chng minh









a2
b2
c2
d2

(a + 1)2
(b + 1)2
(c + 1)2
(d + 1)2

(a + 2)2
(b + 2)2
(c + 2)2
(d + 2)2

(a + 3)2
(b + 3)2
(c + 3)2
(d + 3)2





=0




Gii :



(1) 
V T = 



a2
b2
c2
d2

(a + 1)2
(b + 1)2
(c + 1)2
(d + 1)2

2a + 3
2b + 3
2c + 3
2d + 3

6a + 9
6b + 9
6c + 9
6d + 9




 (2)
=0




Gii thch:
(1) : Nhn ct (1) vi (-1) cng vo ct (4), nhn ct (2) vi (-1) cng vo ct (3)
(2) : nh thc c 2 ct t l
2

5. Tnh nh thc

 1 + a1
a2
a3

 a1
1
+
a
a3
2

 a1
a2
1 + a3


..
..
..

.
.
.

 a1
a2
a3











. . . 1 + an 
...
...
...
..
.

an
an
an
..
.

Gii :


 1 + a1 + . . . + an

a
a
.
.
.
a
2
3
n


 1 + a1 + . . . + an 1 + a2
a3
...
an 

(1) 
a2
1 + a3 . . .
an 
V T =  1 + a1 + . . . + an


..
..
..
..
..


.
.
.
.
.


 1 + a1 + . . . an
a2
a3
. . . 1 + an 


 1 + a1 + . . . + an a2 a3 . . . an 




0
1
0
.
.
.
0


(2) 
0
0 1 . . . 0  = 1 + a1 + . . . + an
=

..
.. .. . .
. 

. .. 
.
.
.



0
0 0 ... 1 
Gii thch:
(1): Cng cc ct (2), (3),. . . , (n) vo ct (1)
(2): Nhn dng (1) vi (-1) ri cng vo cc dng (2), (3), . . . , (n)
6. Tnh nh thc






















1 x x ... 0 
0
1
1
..
.

1
0
x
..
.

1
x
0
..
.

...
...
...
..
.

1
x
x
..
.

Gii :
Vi x 6= 0

 0 1
1 ... 1

 1 x 0 . . . 0

(1) 
V T =  1 0 x . . . 0
 .. ..
.. . .
.
 . .
. ..
.

 1 0
0 . . . x

  n 1
 
1
1 ... 1
  x
 
 (2)  0
x 0 . . . 0
=
  0
0 x . . . 0
 
..
..
.. . .
.
 
. ..
.
.
.
 
 
0
0
0 . . . x
3

n1
(x)n1 = (1)n1 (n 1)xn2 (n 2)
x
Gii thch:
(1): Nhn dng (1) vi (-x) cng vo dng (2), (3), . . . , (n)
1
(2): Nhn ct (2), (3), . . . , (n) vi ri cng tt c vo ct (1)
x
D thy khi x = 0, p s trn vn ng do tnh lin tc ca nh thc.
=

7. Tnh nh thc







Dn = 
















0 0 0 0 . . . 5 3 
0 0 0 0 ... 2 5 
5
2
0
..
.

3
5
2
..
.

0
3
5
..
.

0
0
3
..
.

...
...
...
...

0
0
0
..
.

0
0
0
..
.

Gii :
Khai trin nh thc theo dng u ta

 2

 0

 0

Dn = 5Dn1 3  ..
 .

 0

 0

c :










0 0 . . . 5 3 
0 0 ... 2 5 
3
5
2
..
.

0
3
5
..
.

...
...
...
..
.

0
0
0
..
.

0
0
0
..
.

Tip tc khai trin nh thc theo ct (1) ta c cng thc truy hi :

Dn = 5Dn1 6Dn2

(*)

(n 3)

T (*) ta c :
Dn 2Dn1 = 3(Dn1 2Dn2 )
Do cng thc ng vi mi n 3 nn ta c:
Dn 2Dn1 = 3(Dn1 2Dn2 ) = 32 (Dn2 2Dn3 ) = . . . = 3n2 (D2 2D1 )
Tnh ton trc tip ta c D2 = 19, D1 = 5 nn D2 2D1 = 9. Bi vy ta c:
Dn 2Dn1 = 3n

(1)

Mt khc, cng t cng thc (*) ta c:

Dn 3Dn1 = 2(Dn1 3Dn2 )
4

Tng t nh trn ta c:
Dn 3Dn1 = 2(Dn1 3Dn2 ) = 22 (Dn2 3Dn3 ) = . . . = 2n2 (D2 3D1 ) = 2n
Vy ta c:
Dn 3Dn1 = 2n

(2)

Kh Dn1 t trong (1) v (2) ta c:

Dn = 3n+1 2n+1
(Bn c c th so snh cch gii bi ny vi cch gii v d 4)
8. Tnh nh thc





D=




a1 x
x a2
.. ..
. .
x x









. . . an 

...
...
...

x
x
..
.

Gii :
nh thc ny c th tnh bng phng php biu din nh thc thnh tng
cc nh thc. Trc ht ta vit nh thc di dng:


 a1 x + x

0+x
...
0+x




0
+
x
a

x
+
x
.
.
.
0
+
x
2


D=

..
..
..
.
.


.
.
.
.



0+x
0+x
. . . an x + x 
(1) (2)

(1) (2)

(1) (2)

Ln lt tch cc ct ca nh thc, sau n ln tch ta c nh thc D bng

tng ca 2n nh thc cp n. Ct th i ca cc nh thc ny chnh l ct
loi (1) hoc loi (2) ca ct th i ca nh thc ban u D. Chia 2n nh
thc ny thnh 3 dng nh sau:
Dng 1: Bao gm cc nh thc c t 2 ct loi (2) tr ln. V cc ct
loi (2) bng nhau nn tt c cc nh thc dng ny u bng 0.
Dng 2: Bao gm cc nh thc c ng mt ct loi (2), cn cc ct
khc l loi (1).
5

Gi s ct i l loi (2). Ta c nh thc l:


 a1 x
0


0
a
2x

Di = 
..
..

.
.


0
0

...
...
..
.

x ...
0
x ...
0
.. . .
..
.
.
.
. . . x . . . an x

cti
x
(1)

= x(a1 x) . . . (ai1 x)(ai+1 x) . . . (an x)

n
Q

(ak x)

k=1

ai x

((1) khai trin nh thc theo ct i)

C tt c n nh thc dng 2 (ng vi i = 1, 2, . . . , n) v tng ca tt c cc
nh thc dng 2 l:


1
1
x(a1 x) . . . (an x)
+ ... +
a1 x
an x
Dng 3: Bao gm cc nh thc khng c ct loi (2), nn tt c cc ct
u l loi (1). V do c ng 1 nh thc dng (3) l:


 a1 x

0
.
.
.
0




0
a2 x . . .
0



 = (a1 x) . . . (an x)
..
..
.
.
.
.


.
.
.
.



0
0
. . . an x 
Vy D bng tng ca tt c cc nh thc ca 3 dng trn v bng:


1
1
1
+
+ ... +
x(a1 x) . . . (an x)
x a1 x
an x
9. Tnh


 a1 + b 1 a1 + b 2

 a2 + b 1 a2 + b 2


..
..

.
.

 an + b 1 an + b 3

. . . a 1 + bn
. . . a 2 + bn
..
...
.
. . . an + bn

Gii :
6






=0




nh thc ny c th c tnh bng phng php biu din nh thc thnh

tng cc nh thc vi cch gii tng t nh bi 8. Chi tit ca cch gii
ny xin dnh cho bn c. y chng ti a ra mt cch tnh na da
vo phng php biu din nh thc thnh tch cc nh thc. Vi n 2
ta c:

1 1 ... 1
a1 1 0 . . . 0
a1 + b1 a1 + b2 . . . a1 + bn

a2 + b1 a2 + b2 . . . a2 + bn a2 1 0 . . . 0 b1 b2 . . . bn

a3 1 0 . . . 0 0 0 . . . 0
A=

..
..
..
..

.. .. .. . . .. .. .. . .
.
..
.
.
.
. . .
. .
. . . .
an + b1 an + b3 . . . an + bn
0 0 ... 0
an 1 0 . . . 0
{z
}|
{z
}
|
B

Bi vy, ta c:

D = detA = det(BC) = detB.detC =
10. Tnh


 cos(1 1 ) cos(1 2 )

 cos(2 1 ) cos(2 2 )


..
..

.
.

 cos(n 1 ) cos(n 2 )

0
nu n > 2
(a1 a2 )(b2 a1 ) nu n = 2
. . . cos(1 n )
. . . cos(2 n )
..
...
.
. . . cos(n n )

tnh nh thc ny ta dng phng php biu din nh thc thnh tch
cc nh thc. Vi n 2 ta c:

cos(1 1 ) cos(1 2 ) . . . cos(1 n )

cos(2 1 ) cos(2 2 ) . . . cos(2 n )

A=

..
..
..
..

.
.
.
.
cos(n 1 ) cos(n 2 ) . . . cos(n n )

cos 1 sin 1 0 . . . 0
cos 1 cos 2 . . . cos n
cos 2 sin 2 0 . . . 0 sin 1 sin 2 . . . sin n

0
...
0
= cos 3 sin 3 0 . . . 0 0

..
..
.. . . .. ..
..
..
.
.

. . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
|

cos n sin n 0 . . . 0
{z
}|
B

...
{z
C

0
}

Bi vy ta c:

D = detA = det(BC) = detB.detC =

0
nu n > 2
sin(2 1 ). sin(2 1 ) nu n = 2

11. Tnh nh thc cp


 a 0

 0 a
 . .
 . .
 . .

 0 0

 0 0
D2n = 
 0 0

 0 0
 . .
 .. ..

 0 b

 b 0

2n
...
...
..
.

0
0
..
.

0
0
..
.

0
0
..
.

...
...
...
...
...

a
0
0
b
..
.

0
a
b
0
..
.

0
b
a
0
..
.

0 ...
0 ...
.. . .
.
.
b ...
0 ...
0 ...
a ...
.. . .
.
.

0
b
..
.

b
0
..
.

0
0
0
0
..
.

0
0
0
0
..
.

... 0 0 0 0 ... a 0
... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 a

(1)
(2)
(n 1)
(n)
(n + 1)
(n + 2)
(2n 1)
(2n)
2n2n

Gii :
Xt khi a 6= 0
b
cng vo dng (2n)
a
b
- Nhn dng (2) vi cng vo dng (2n-1)
a
.....................................................................
b
- Nhn dng (n) vi cng vo dng (n+1)
a
Ta c :

 a 0 ... 0 0
0
0
...
0

 0 a ... 0 0
0
0
.
.
.
b

 .. .. . . .. ..
..
..
..
.
..
 . .
. . .
.
.
.

 0 0 ... a 0
0
b
...
0

 0 0 ... 0 a
b
0
.
.
.
0

2
2

a b
 0 0 ... 0 0
0
...
0

D2n = 
a
2
2
a b

0
...
0
 0 0 ... b 0

a
 .. .. . . .. ..
..
..
..
..
. . .
.
 . .
.
.
.

2

a b2
 0 0 ... 0 0
0
0
...

a

 0 0 ... 0 0
0
0
...
0

- Nhn dng (1) vi










0


0



0
 = (a2 b2 )n


0



..

.



0

a2 b2 

a
b
0
..
.

Khi a 6= 0, do tnh lin tc ca nh thc cng thc trn vn ng. Vy ta

c: D2n = (a2 b2 )n
8

Ch : Khai trin nh thc theo dng (1), sau khai trin cc nh thc
cp (2n 1) va nhn c theo dng (2n 1). Ta s c cng thc truy hi:
D2n = (a2 b2 )D2(n1)
Do cng thc trn ng vi mi n 2 nn :
D2n = (a2 b2 )D2(n1) = (a2 b2 )2 D2(n2) = . . . = (a2 b2 )n1 D2 = (a2 b2 )n
(Chi tit ca cch lm ny xin dnh cho bn c).
12. Tnh nh thc cp 2n


..
 a1 0 . . . 0
. b1 0

..

.
0 b2
 0 a2 . . . 0
 .
.. . .
..
..
..
..
 ..
. .
.
.
.
.


.
.
 0 0 . . . an .
0 0


D2n =  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..
 c1 0 . . . 0
. d1 0

..
 0 c ... 0
.
0 d2

2
 .
.
.
.
..
..
.
..
. . ..
..
 ..
.
.


..
 0 0 . . . cn .
0 0

...

...
..
.

0
..
.

. . . bn
... ...
...

...
..
.

0
..
.

. . . dn

Xt khi a1 , a2 , . . . , an u khc 0 :
c1
- Nhn dng (1) vi ri cng vo dng (n + 1)
a1
c2
- Nhn dng (2) vi ri cng vo dng (n + 2)
a2
.............................................................................
cn
- Nhn dng (n) vi
ri cng vo dng (2n)
an

(1)
(2)

(n)

(n + 1)
(n + 2)

(2n)

Ta c :













D2n = 












a1

...

0
..
.

a2 . . .
.. . .
.
.

0
..
.

..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.

b1

...

0
..
.

b2
..
.

...
..
.

0
...

...
...

...

0 0 . . . an
0
... ... ... ... ...
...
.. a1 d1 b1 c1
0 0 ... 0
.
a1
..
0 0 ... 0
.
0
..
.

..
.

..

..
.

...

..
.
..
.

..
.
0

a2 d2 b2 c2
...
a2
..
..
.
.
0

...






0


..

.


bn


...



0




0


..


.
an dn bn cn 

an
0

n
Y
= (a1 d1 b1 c1 ) . . . (an dn bn cn ) =
(ai di bi ci )
i=1

Khi cc a1 , a2 , . . . , an bng 0, do tnh lin tc ca nh thc cng thc trn

vn ng.
Vy ta c :
n
Y
D2n =
(ai di bi ci )
i=1

Ch : Khai trin nh thc theo dng th n, sau khai trin cc nh

thc cp 2n 1 va nhn c theo dng (2n 1) ta s c cng thc truy
hi:
D2n = (an dn bn cn )D2(n1) n 2
Do , ta c:
D2n = (an dn bn cn )D2(n1) = (an dn bn cn )(an1 dn1 bn1 cn1 )D2(n2)
= . . . = (an dn bn cn ) . . . (a2 d2 b2 c2 )D1
n
Q
= (ai di bi ci )
i=1

(Chi tit ca cch ny xin dnh cho bn c)

1

Ngi nh my : Nguyn Ngc Quyn

10