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    Chapter 6

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    1K views65 pages

    CH 06

    Uploaded by

    Pygamos
    Chapter 6

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 65
    6) 6.1 ‘The velocity in a certain two-dimen- sional flow field is given by the equation V = 2xti - 2y¢ where the velocity is in ft/s when x, y, and ¢ are in feet and seconds, respectively. Determine expressions for the local and convective compo- nents of acceleration in the x and y directions. ‘What is the magnitude and direction of the ve- locity and the acceleration at the point x = y = 1 ft at the time t= 0? From expression for velocity, us 2xt and wz -2yt. Since GF 4 +a 3 +vge Ho Cloeal)= $= 2x and G, Ceone) = 4 $e wv BE = (2u8)(at) + 6 2y#)(0) = wxt® Similar ly, ay = hin Ge gy ana a, (con u ete 2h = (axtilo) + (~2yt)-24) = 4yt™ At x=42/ft and to uz 20)()=0 re ~20U)(e)=0 So That V0 ad gs axe 4xtdr = 20)+ ¥h)lo) = 2 thr . a G)@) =-2 ftls*® Oy = 2g eye” 2) +r #0 Thi e feel wits |e [= Ve@eears 28 s* as: 62 6.2 The velocity in a certain flow field is given by the equation V = yeh + ae] + xk Determine the expressions for the three rectangular components, of acceleration From expression fer velocrty, u= fz vee uw=Xx Since a, ee a +g pur ge then a,- o+ (4% Mo) + K2)C2) +(x)(y) = Xa + XY Sionlarly, = on Pe SEY Ben we an Gy = 0 + CIF Merely (Bo) + COC = axyg2a™ +x? Also, = ow a Gye Bet SE Se a ge So thet a= OF C¥@ (1) + (K2)@) + Kk lo) yz eZ 6.3 The three components of velocity in a flow field are given by wertyse veaytyzt2 w= -3xz - 22 +4 (a) Determine the volumetric dilatation rate, and interpret the results. (b) Determine an expression for the rotation vector. Is this an irrotational flow field? (a) Volumetric diletatin vate = ge # ge (£3. 6.9) Thus, tev velocity Components giien volumetric dilatation rade = 24 + (kre) + (~3x-2) = This result indicates Toat there 1s no change in the Volume ef «& Fluid element a5 it moves from one location to another. 4) From gs, 6.12, 6.13, and bM with the velocity componerds given: Z(g-29) = - 4 (-# -¢ [o- (yt22)) =~ Gr2) 25° da)” 1 s of 4 [az- 659)] fat 4 ne > ks - —Gaa)d+ 27-48 » Since BD 1's not Zero everywhere tne Llow field 1s not strrotational. No. | 6 64 An incompressible viscous fluid is placed between two large parallel plates as shown in Fig. P64. The bottom plate is fixed and the upper plate moves with a constant velocity, U. For these conditions the velocity distribution between the plates is linear, and can be expressed as Moving plate Fixed plate =ur u=ut Determine: (a) the volumetric dilatation rate, (b) FIGURE P6.4 the rotation veetor, (¢) the vorticity, and (@) the rate of angular deformation. (a) Volumetric dilatation rate = 9+ (b) For velocity distribution givens Dz we and 4 (4-H). - C Eg, 6.18) os 63 A viscous fluid is contained in the space between ‘concentric cylinders. The inner wall is fixed and the outer wall rotates with an angular velocity w. (See Fig, P6.5a and Video V6.1.) Assume that the velocity distribution in the gap is linear as illustrated in Fig, P6.5b. For the small rectangu- Jar element shown in Fig. P6.5b, determine the rate of change of the right angle ¥ due to the fluid motion. Express your answer in terms of rp 7, and. @ o m FIGURE P6.5 From EB. 6.18 y. gu, du ¥* Be7 oy Foy The linear distri bution nee [owe ak The hegative sign indicates That the original right angle 1s increasing. 6-5 6.6 6.6 Some velocity measurements in a three-dimensional and. incompressible flow field indicate that u = 6 v= —4y%z, There is some conflicting data for the velocity component in the z direction, One set of data indicates that w = dyz! and the other set indicates that w = 4yc? — 6y*c. Which set do you think is correct? Explain To satisty The condinuily ey natn gu ove Gar Gat FP 20 ay Sine Ou Leyr and are nce SH abs A #: syZ then From 29.0) by 8424 ye =o Thus, Our Pye ~ by? Cz) oz Lquatwn (2) Can be integrated with respect to 2 4 obtuy few = [ by8de ~ [eyed + £lyy) urs ¥y27~ b972 + £45) The seb of data (wit Fle,y) 20) b= 4y27- byt hoould appear te be the tyrect set, GT 6.7 For incompressible fiuids the volumetric dilatation rate must be zero; that is, V+ V = 0. For what combination of constants a, b, ¢, and e can the velocity components u = ax + by vecrtey w=0 be used to describe an incompressible flow field? For an incompressible lait, gu or. dws ox + 797 G2 ~° Lerth the velocity distribution given au. OK > * Thus, fer an incompressible flow field Aa+€ =O [es] 63 For a certain two-dimensional flow field v (a) What are the corresponding radial and tan- gential velocity components? (b) Determine the corresponding stream function expressed in Cartesian coordinates and in cylindrical polar co- ordinates. ca) At an arbitrary pont P (see Figure) Viz V sino Va = V wse le) Since X = =o ve -# tt fellows That W 13 not a tunction of 4 ancl Yr-Ve +l where C ts an arbitmary constant. Also, with £= Flos © 69 For each of the following stream functions, with tnits of m/s, determine the magnitude and the angle the ve~ locity vector makes with the x axis at x= 1m, y = 2m. Locate any stagnation points in the flow field @ oy ay 2x? + y From the definition of The stream Funchan, - 2# = Ot (29s. 6.37 Ks 55 v-. pee $s. ) (a) for xy, = 2's = ok 2 4= Go = * ve 3K 4 At X=lom, y= don, it follows tuk “eS and rz-1% Thus, [vl =[atae” = Vlm)*+ Cem? = 2.24% 634° Since K=O ab x=0 gna =o at 470, a stagnaton Petia t eccurs at yg : — (b) For Ws 2x74 y , us3hs im vs ~it sox At xelon, y=2m, it follows ut ul % and V4 Thus, . lv[= [arere = V08)+48)> = 42% v 4 4 ‘5 tan 8= T —— x ‘ Since Upxo, there are no stagnatun points. eee 9 G10 6.10 Inatwo-dimensional, incompressible flow field, the x component of velocity is given by the equation « = 2x. (a) Determine the correspond- ing equation for the y component of velocity if v = O along the x axis. (b) For this flow field what is the magnitude of the average velocity of the fluid crossing the surface OA of Fig. P6.\0. ‘Assume that the velocities are in ft/s when x and y are in feet. FIGURE P6.|0 oe . ce der & (4) To satisty the tontinuity eguation (coma thickness = /fé) ou, ve Ox” dg? Integration of 29.11) with respect toy yields Vs - 294 Fle) If 20 along x-axis Cy=0e) Then fi) =0 So That ve a2g (2) Ty sabity Conservation of mass Gon = Gn bore figure) Along AB u=ali)=2 £ so Thed Gan = Aggy = (2 te) NA) = 2 Blong OB wvs0 S80 tat Oar Thus, ee 9 By Gn 2A we and yb: Ga, 27S = py £ ‘AY ares, vz > Ss 6.11 ‘The radial velocity component in an incompressible, two-dimensional low field (v, = 0) is u, = 2r + 37? sin 6 Determine the corresponding tangential velocity component, Up, Fequired to satisfy conservation of mass. 100K) 1 aB : For ttigt 3H =e (eq, 636) Since Vz=0, dup, _ 2G) : 36 OF ” and with rus ar? +33 sin © tt follows That 26%) 2 4r + ar sin O ar Thus, 23.0) becomes oe (kr + F9sin 6) (2) Eguation(2) tan be integrated with respect to ® to obtain few = - [ee 9r* sine) do + £lr) er tgs rHre - @riese + fH) here fer) & an undetermmed function of F. [eiz J 6.12 The stream function for an incompres- xm sible flow field is given by the equation vy =3ry-y 10g where the stream function has the units of m*/s with x and y in meters. (a) Sketch the stream- line(s) passing through the origin. (b) Determine the rate of flow across the straight path A B shown in Fig. P6.I2. f 1m FIGURE P6.|2 20 ge €4) Lines of constant ¥ are streamlines, For th = 3X4y-4? the streamline " a . a is essing Through the origin (420, y=0) 7 i ? has 2 value $20, Thus, the feo i eguation for the Streamlines through the origin is orar7y-9? oF ge tx A skebch of these streamlines is shown in the tigure. (h) - PF fe % At B £20, Y=lm so that ee Bleu) — 1)7= — Ils Cper unit width) At A Xslm, Y=o 50 That Ws 30%) -(0)? =6 Thus , Q= Y= -l Pls (per unit width) The negate sign indicates that the Flew is trom right “to left as we lwok from 4 b B. 6-/2 G13 6.13 A two-dimensional flow field for a non- » viscous, incompressible fluid is described by the velocity components u = Uy +2y B00,1) v=0 where Uyisa constant. If the pressure at the origin (Fig. P6.13) is po, determine an expression for the Pn) pressure at (a) point A, and (b) point B. Explain - clearly how you obtained your answer. Assume the units are consistent and body forces may be neglected. Check te see if Flow is srrobational. Since w,7F CH - 5 ) (240.12) FIGURE P6.!3 aus and ag 2, and tor the gwen velocity chs try bu tion , ae it fellows That WW, #0. Since Flow ts not sprotatenal Cannot apply the Pernoulli eguetion between any two points th the How #ield. (a) Since V=0, The origin and point A ave on the Same streamline. Thus, to, Vo 2 te Va a a 24 x 24 At the origin Vy=U, and at A Yy=U, 50 that trom Eg.) 2 0 (4) Pont B 1s not on same streamline as ongin so Cannot apply Gernoulli eguation between Bando. Te find fr, use the Y- Component of Ealers epuations: ~2P = 2 ua, yor on CA -~5y 77 [of +4 gr 5g Oe (Es. 6.50) Since V0 So that ci GC. 14 6.14 The stream function for a certain incompressible flow field is W = 10y + esinx 1s this an irrotational flow field? Justify your answer with the necessary calculations Fer the How te be irrotational (see Ef. bi2), w= 4 av bu 2a (aL - 55 )F° ana for the stream Function given w= 9b = p- € Sma a vst s ~e sx OK Thus - ~y 0 au. Osim a= e'sink O97 ox so that -9. 3. wr $ (¢ sink ~ € ‘sing ) =o Swnce Wye, this is an irrotationa! th held, Yes. by 6.5 6.15 A contain flow field is described by the stream function W=AO+Brsing where A and B are positive constants, Determine the corte: sponding velocity potential and locate any stagnation point in this flow field 2 £2 2b. Ay Beosd a” Gi exe oes FTN Lhtegrate with respect to b + obtaly [b= C4 + 8 cos0) dr er ¢=Alnr t Breosé +£le) cz) Similarly , ge ohs £ BS = -B sind @) OO ig = [Brsing de Cr gs Brose th) ty) To satisfy botn Ess. (2) ana l¥) grAlnr + Breese tC lohere C [s Gn arbitrary constant. Stagnation points occur where Viz0 ana Uso. From F3,(3) Vgz0 at ©=0 and O=T7. From £7.) wit =0 <4 Ger so tet T20 fo FF -4 . However, since A anaB are beth posite constants This result indicates & Negative Value fer br Which 1s not defined, At @=T77 = bo That Vp=0 fr r=4. Thus, a stagnatron porit occurs at A O=17 ana "AG 6-15 Ge 6.1G It is known that the velocity distribution for two-dimensional flow of a viscous fluid be- ‘tween wide parallel plates (Fig. P6.l¢) is para- bolic; that is ol] | FIGURE P6. with v = 0. Determine, if possible, the corre- Pole sponding stream function and velocity potential. To determine the stream Fanchon lek as 3fe & [1-By'] and integrate with respect fo y te obtary fae = [uli- pe 3 er ye uls-#]+how Since =-3h 20, y 15 net a hanction of x 50 that s = Uy [1- Ff] + € where C isan arhitarg Constant Ta determine the velocity polenta! let us 2% - oO [1 - GB") and integrate 4 sim respect te x to obtain fod > [% [i b]ex er g= u%[x- ho ]+ fo However, vs 20 ~2uxy , eA A Ae og and tws relationship cannot be satished for a// values of x and y. Thus, There 1s nota velocity potential that describes This flow (the How 1s ret Wwrotabona/ fey 6.7 The velocity potential fora cerain inviscid flow fils = -Gry- >) where & has the units of fi?/s when x and y are in feet. Deter- Inine the pressure difference (in psi) between the point (1, 2) and (4 4), where the coordinates are in fet, ifthe fui is water and elevation changes are negligible. Since the Flow field 1% described by 4 velocrty potential tre Hour ts Iprotatwral and the Berneulli efuation can be apphid between any two points. Thus, ALU. te he 74%" 2 B, a FF 2% +” 3g Also, ? =~ 2b, = us ibs —bxy vs ibs -axteay? At xulft, y=2F8 a, ~bG)G2) = - ay = 738 U)*+ 3B)*= So that vy At x=4Ht, got tt das ~b04)4) = —90 Y= -3(¢)*> 3)*= 2. 2 So that y2= (-% #) Thus, from &4.0) fone E08") 1 (624 Bs) [#9 zs(#)'] 5 eB) (ng) vl 32,2 o fi). 370 Be (870 # 2B 6-7 ole 6.12 Consider the incompressible, two-di- mensional flow of a nonviscous fluid between the boundaries shown in Fig. P6.18. The velocity po- tential for this flow field g=r-y {a) Determine the corresponding stream func- tion. (b) What is the relationship between the discharge. q. (per unit width normal to plane of paper) passing between the walls and the coor- dinates +,. y, of any point on the curved wall? Neglect body forces. FIGURE P6.\8 cay as BE 2 8s 2x To determine ~ integrate witw respect y t obteris Jae= Sax dy er ys 2xyr £4) “ Similarly, ars ~ 94 = 2b er zy on * 8G Se That " Jay= Sagae or ge 2x94 hy) ea) To sabisty both Egs. /) and a) grsxyr © where C 1s an arbitrary Constant, Sinte ¥=0 aleny y=o = a cre “a Y= 2xy 63) (4) The discharge, J, Passing Through any surface Connecting the two walls, such as AB (see figure), 1 3 Va-%o From &% 3), y=0 and y= 249. Tt Lillows That Z 2%, 4. 6-1/8 G/F 6.14 The velocity components in an ideal, two-dimensional velocity field are given by the equations w= 307 - 4) v= -6y All body forces are negligible. (a) Does this velocity field sa- tisfy the continuity equation? (b) Determine the equation for the pressure gradient in the y direction at any point in the field. (a) To satist, the continuity equation, a4, dey ax” b6 and fer the velocity ditubuton qiven ou. Cl ox ox ay * bx Thus, 6xX-6420 ,and the combmuity eguation 3 sabishéd. Yes. th) Since the Fluid i's deal with neghgible body forces , and the flow is steady and two- dimension! (ur=0), —2p. ax ov Spe “vers (Ey. b.51b) Thus, 2p sp E lrg beg) + Lery)(- ««)] ax = 18p (4 +9?) 6.20 The streamlines for an incompressible, inviscid, two-dimensional flow field are all con- centric circles and the velocity varies directly with the distance from the common center of the streamlines; that is, vy = Kr where K is a constant. (a) For this rotational flow determine, if possible, the stream function. (b) Can the pressure difference between the or and any other point be determined from the Ber- noulli equation? Explain. (a) ys - 2 akry ” or Since 36 ~ Jt follows That tp is net a function of 8 and therelore ~ ke y= ~KE +e where C is an arbitrary Constant. (8) The How is rotational and thecelore the Bernoullé eguetion cannot be applied between the origi and any point, sthce These points ave not en the Same streamline . No. (Reker to discussion @ssociated wity derivation of EG. 6.57.) 6-20 G21 6.21 (a) Determine the velocity potential and the stream function fora steady, uniform, incompressible, inviscid, two dimensional flow that makes an angle of 30° with the hori- zontal x axis, (b) Determine an expression for the pressure gradient in the vertical y direction. What is the physical in- terpretation of this result? (A) From ERS. 6.80 and 6.8) (b) go OU (Keasae +y sina) (eg, 6.80) Gna fr 430° p= (x cos30'+4y sin30") = U(a.8ex + 0.5004) Sitar ly, ps U (4 cose —x sinc) (By, 6.81) ana for X= 30° p= (4 550% x sin 3’) * Ur (0.8bby ~ 0.500%) Since abd ane . 2 : aK o 1£ follows Thet Us6.9b6U ana VE 0.5000 From the Euler eguaton si the vérheal > divechon (35~ $f = P (Hr adh yr Bs 32) (&. 6 516) Qua with =Constant qua Az-4 go -—pg or This vesult sndicates tat the pressure distribubén & hydrostatic This 13 not a surprising vesult since Tae Bernoulli eguatien indicates That if There 18 no change in Velocity The change in Pressure si simply due te The weight of tnefluid, LC, & hgdrestahe Vanaton, b-21 6.22 6.22 Water flows through a two-dimensional diffuser having a 20° expansion angle as shown in Fig. P6.22. As- sume that the flow in the diffuser can be treated as a radial flow emanating from a source at the origin O. (a) If the ve- locity at the entrance is 20 m/s, determine an expression for the pressure gradient along the diffuser walls. (b) What is the pressure rise between the entrance and exit? (a) For radial Flow = 2 V* arr 6 22m W=20™6 so That wm =2TrU= 21 (2m) (20 ¥ From The Pernoull eg uation Flow Entrance mw FIGURE P6.22 (see Tible 6.1) p+ tpT*= constant So ep. aU Up oe P% 3e a =m oy om Since Ye F Then Fre ana FG. 0 Can be written as 2 = Lm 8h pC Ge) = aes am Thus, fr sos any 4 ym = 80 3 aes (99g 8, ) (son )* | 4ir* p38 (8) Since (Werte 20m/5 and _ im (Videxit = Per = then from The Prema Lf uation Bie- Parbonce® EP C7 ane” =4 (im #)[eo9)* 6-22 Bor 2m (Im) s ( aie} 6u9)] = 18448 [427 J 6.23 As illustrated in Fig. P6.23 a tomado can be approx- imated by a free vortex of strength I’ for r > R,, where R, is the radius of the core. Velocity measurements at points A and B indicate that V, = 125 ft/s and Vp = 75 fi/s. Determine the distance from point A to the center of the tomado. Why can the free vortex model not be used to approximate the tomado throughout the flow field (r = 0)? m FIGURE P6.23 For a tree vortex 2k Br = (£9, 6.8) Thus, at by) Wye vs ft, so that K=125% and at Ny) Ups 75EE So tat KO 7T%y. There fore , 12542 15% Gnd since b-h = leo ft It follows thet 125% = 75 (100+%) er b> [soft The tree vortex cannot be used 4o approximate & tornado Throughent The How Areld sime at reo the Velocity becomes infin/te. 6-23 [eze] 6.24 The velocity distribution in a horizontal, wo-dimen- sional bend through which an ideal uid flows can be approx: ‘mated with a free vonex as shown in Fig. P6.74,Show how the discharge (per unit width normal to plane of paper) through the channel can be expressed as center where Ap = py ~ pa. Determine the value of the constant C for the bend dimensions given. For Free vertex = K , so trad & Yat & ar From fhe Berneull’ eguation > ta + Yes or er 4p* fat or Ke Thus, AP= or Ze and Therehre 4 gece iz dn = Vi Ae OF m | 4 “th ft --+ . * Gs Coy oF m with C= = FIGURE P6.24 6.25 | 6.25 Fora free vortex (see Video V6.2) determine an expression for the pressure gradient (a) along a streamline and (b) normal to a streamline. Assume that the streamline is in a horizontal plane, and express your answer in terms of the circulation, For a Free vortex y= -L Inr (E9. 6.91) 27 So that -y. oe % = dy Brrr Since tne tree vortes represents an irrotatinal flow Field , The Bernoulli efuation f+ Ht # = conetont a1) 1s Valin between ang two points. (a) Along & streamline (= Constant), Vp 15 Constant and Vi=0 so That trom Fg.li) with 2 toastant tre pressure ts Constant, Le. , 2P 6 26 (2) Norma) to the streambne with Vz20 and £= Constaat 6-25 6.26 ' 6.26 Water flows over a flat surface at 5 ft/s as shown in Fig. P6.26. A pump draws off water through a narrow slit at a volume rate of 0.1 fe'/s per foot length of the slit. Assume that the fluid is incompressible and inviscid and can be represented by the combination of a uniform flow and a sink. Locate the stagnation point on the wall (point A), and determine the equation for the stagnation streamline. How far above the sur- face, H, must the fluid be so that it does not get sucked into the slit? 0.1 13/5 (Ger foot of length of sit) FIGURE P6.26 : - ye. 7 Y= Yrntorm * “Uae = Ves od a” Flow Thus, - G VU cso am a@ and = -Usn8 Along the wall Where V=0, o: VU esto’) - and therefore he ae ano For U=5& ana ms 0.2 # of 0.2 TE” must be used * Which / enly one half ee a Es 02% ar a) 3 and the stagnation point is to the right of sit. Upys0 and the stagnation pond occurs so met from &3,(2) m 2rk * (note that « source strength obtain 0.) xe through slit “Fall ' " snk). Thus, = 0.00637 £4 eon The wall 0, 00637 ££ (cont) 6-26 6.26 (cont) The value of % at the stagnation pont (+= 0.00637 4, 6-0") ss ero (€3.1) 80 that the tguation 0 The stagnation streamline is am Os Ursin b- oe fsine = 2 6 ary Since > 151h8 The eguation of The stagnation streamline can be writen as Fluid above the stagnation streamline will not be sucked into sht, The maximum distance, H, for the staqnaten streamline cecurs as O-71T So Tht fe* - OT, 82 F = 60200 f¢ 2rU 2(s#) eS 3 (Wobe : AI! the Fluid below the shegnaken streamline must pess Through The slit. Thus, trom conservation of mass HU = flow itd slit or pe OIF 2 0, 02004 os a . whieh checks with the answer above, ) 6.27 Consider a uniform flow in the positive x directior. combined with a free vortex located at the origin of the coor. dinate system. The streamline y = 0 passes through the point X= 4,y = 0, Determine the equation of this streamline. $° Ynrtm * Yee + Flow vortex = Ursme- £ bar +€ AL x24 g=0 670 Fs Thus, from &3.¢1) O=0o- ZH 4 #O and ras cs Lay so Mmt b= Ur rsing ~ er y= UV rsine ~ andl =o Zz (Lr r-4n 4) a gh g The efuetion for the Y=0 streamiine ts therefore o=Ursme- £44 or . _ bt i Sin B® [eze T 6.28 — Potential flow against a flat plate (Fig. P62.) can be described with the stream function y = Axy where A is a constant. This type of flow is com- monly called a “stagnation point” flow since it can be used to describe the flow in the vicinity of J the stagnation point at O. By adding a source of strength, m, at O, stagnation point flow against a flat plate with a “bump” is obtained as illus- trated in Fig. P6.225. Determine the relationship between the bump height, h, the constant, A; and the source strength, m JK ® sobree ) “FIGURE P4.22 pe Any + Bo = Artsn20+ oe For the bump the stagnation point will occur at x20, 92h (025, +k). Fr the gwen stream tunctony 1 ay. m £95 = Ar tos 26» 2 on and ye - Ye Ar sh 20 6 + The pomt, 6: EB, r=h, will be a stagnation pont if Yiz0 sine Uro at tus point. Thus, trom &4.0) = noes O- Ah Cos + Sey or Abe aa ark and Therehre 6-27 6.29 The combination of a uniform flow and a source ‘can be used to describe flow around a streamlined body called a half-body. (See Video V6.3.) Assume that a certain, body has the shape of a half-body with a thickness of 0.5 m. If this body is placed in an air stream moving at 15 mvs, ‘hat source strength is required to simulate flow around the body? The width of half-body = 2b CSee Fig, 6.23) So That (6.5m) a From 3.6.97 b= & zn where tm is the source strength, and Therefore mm = 2rUb= 20 (15 a) ( San = 7.50 ame = 6.30 6.30 A body having the general shape of a half-body is placed in a stream of fluid. Ata great distance upstream the velocity is U as shown in Fig. P630. Show how a measurement of the dif ferential pressure between the stagnation point and point A can be used to predict the free-stream velocity, U. Express the pressure differential in terms of U and fluid density. Neglect body forces and assume that the fluid is nonviscous and in- compressible. FIGURE P6.30 Write Bernoulle eguation between stagnation pomt ancl point A + obtarh 2 Pug Bt ap % st Aten yor v* (1+ 2% cose + z) and bor Fe Sine At pomt A @=F seo that b(r-T) _ wb ) z a sat or 4:22 % T 7) (£4, 6.101) (£q, 6.100) 62) Substitution of Eg (2) site £7 h.to! yields yr ui(ie o+ Zt) and therelre trom Eg. 0) 4 bags he $pU*(1 A) °F Th us, + 0.103 pl 6-3! 6.3) 6.3! One end of a pond has a shoreline that resembles a half-body as shown in Fig. P6.31. A vertical porous pipe is located near the end of the pond so that water can be pumped ‘out. When water is pumped at the rate of 0,06 m?/s through a 3-m-long pipe, what will be the velocity at point A? Hint: Con- sider the flow inside a half-body. om) isl m FIGURE P6.3) For a half-body, YU rsnb+ Me (©3. 6.97) so That = UV sie and 5 a = Veaoser oe Thus, at port A, 820, 215m ane U=0 > “a Beye Us ee ” For « Howrate of O00 yg Fam long pipe, the Source strength 13 206 a Since ~2 b= a (eg. 6.99) then with b= 5m (226 #*) us ate UE) ae 20h 5 637 x0 FS 217 (5m) Fr £g.u rom BE.) (006 m*) -4 Mm oF = a K yt Ys ae aS ar (/5m) * om 6-32 C.32% 6.32 For the half-body described in Section 6.6.1, show on a plot how the magnitude of the velocity on the surface, V,, varies as a function of the distance, s (measured along the surface), from the stagnation point. Use the dimensionless variables V,/U and s/b where Uand b are defined in Fig, 6.23 _ t LS = = FIGURE 6.23, On the surfece of the half-body 4 (7-8) Fe sin ® and ds = | (ax) *+ (dy)* with x= Ces and Y= bse. Lt follows that dx= + (-sine)db + cose dr dg= r (tose) do + Sinb dr and Therehre ds =) Pee) Hla) ds= |) r+ (%)* ae Leé s*= 3/6 and re=1/6 so that dst = |) (r4}*+(2e)° 4? “ (cont? (£3. 6.100) 6-33 632% (Cont) From &4. b.Jeo dr*. _ sine + (ir-6) cos@ ney ab sin? Thus, the are length s* ss given by ) Ene, ss [ (r+ (SB) 40 (3 Tr for O£G4T. The velocity, y, on the surface of The halt-bedy can be Obtained from £9, b.10/ written 1 the form % Vs 2 4 )* Vte ea * [i r ase + ra OH) Thus, for « gwen 8 F* Can be cbhened tom Ep. 4 leo, S* from 23.3), and V" fom BG ly), Eguetinl3) Can be vategrated asiag the trapepod«| rdle, ee, DI: Get eg, Beg, ¥) Where Yr lO ae and ot below 4 lated dada Gre given an are Tae ated Deis guitn on the neck page. Theta, deg Arclength, sib Velocity, Vs/U 180 0. 0.000 170 0.175 0.174 160 0.353 0.344 150 0.535 0.508 140 0.725 0.661 130 0.927 0.801 120 1.444 0.928 110 1.381 1.032 100 1.646 1.119 90 1.949 1.185 80 2.305 4.231 70 2.737 1.255 60 3.281 1.259 50 4.008 1.244 40 5.054 4.213 30 6.749 1.169 20 10.142 1.116 10 21.549 1.058 rma) Gee rom £4.(3) from Ea. (4)| Gort) — Cont G-34 632%] Cont) 1.400 1.200 - - 8 3 Dimensionless velocity, Vs/U 0.200 {— 0.000 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 Dimensionless arc-length, s/b _ 6-35 [4.33 | 6.33 Assume that the flow around the long circular cylinder of Fig. P6.33 is nonviscous and incompressible. Two pressures, p) and p:, are measured on the surface of the cylinder, as illus- trated. It is proposed that the free-stream veloc- ity, U, ean be related to the pressure difference Ap = py ~ psby the equation i u=cy¥ tee td dds FIGURE P6.33 where p is the fluid density. Determine the value of the constant C. Neglect body forces. Since pf 4 the stagnation pressure, poe ye @ ra ¥ 24 6-36 [es# J 6.34 An ideal fluid flows past an infinitely long semicircular “hump” located along a plane boundary as shown in Fig. P6.34. Far from the MP0 hump the velocity field is uniform, and the pres- sure is py. (a) Determine expressions for the max- _ imum and minimum values of the pressure along _ the hump, and indicate where these points are located. Express your answer in terms of p, U, 2 ae and p (b) Ifthe solid surfaces the y = Ostream- line, determine the equation of the streamline FIGURE P6. 31+ passing through the point @ = 7/2, r = 2a. (4) On the surface of the hump, Be B+ Ze" (1- ¥sirs) (eg. 6.108) The maximum pressure eccurs where sin B20, 0r at BGT, and at These points P lama) Arde (et 670 at) The minimum pressure wecurs Where sino and at MMs pont 2 Plain)? B-ZPU (at o= F) (4) For uniform How ti the negahie x-direchon, pe- Ur (i- =) sh Creter to discussion associated with the derivahen of E3. 6105). At ©: , pe2e 2) 5,5 2-2av ps -2av (1- ap) iF at and Thus The eguation of the streamline passing Through this pont is —~3av z -Ur (/- Laie 24 /,_ a). oe za 0 a) vn e= | GE 6.35 Water flows around a 6-ft-diameter bridge pier with a velocity of 12 fs. Estimate the force (per unit length) that the water exerts on the pier. Assume that the flow can be approximated as an ideal fluid flow around the front half of the cylinder, but due to flow separation (see Video V6.4), he average pressure on the rear half is constant and ap- proximately equal to one-half the pressure at point A (sc Fig. P6.38). x= ———s v1 — aa ——_ m FIGURE P6.35 From Fig. @.Lb 1t follows That the drag en a section Cbetween O20 ana 2 =d) ef 4& cireular cylinder 13 given by The efuatien « Drag = Fe = -[2 (050 «dO fo Fir The force on tue toot half of the cylinder (per att lengn) Re-2 fh ie oy,® Casp ada 5) ana due to symmetry Fy 72 From ©]. 6.104 B= hr apv™ (- 4 sive) (3 6.10) aad since we are wnly interested wi The Arce due te The Plowrig Fluid we onl ket Q=0, Thus fom &y.0) koe L- — 4 306) cose ade aan 1 a La Since [exsee = one] = -/ hy /. / 7 7. wg]. 4d Gnd [one costae = 26 | 3 ‘ny % * f y (cont? 6-38 [e357 cone) Zt pollows trom Eg (t) That - 20% Ae G Mote thet the negative siga inchistes tt The water s actually ‘pulling” on the cylinder (hoat halt) 14 The upstream direchon However, When The effect of tre rear helf of te cylinter bs taken | inks account (sia real fluid) There will be a net drag in the divectin of foy, The pressure at tne top of the cylinder Cpornt A) 13 Given by R= At x DB (1 4 sin?) Eq. b. (09) auq with Oh the p-Zpu* Since p= . 42 GPU Wote That The negative pressure will quie a posite Fi ana . Rozm te Proyected avea =- fae tain So thet —* 1 ere. E,= pv (2a) = %p0e Thus, oR Bi th = ~ 00% , 5pV% 3 Zz = Doo Thue With the cata giitn, RE (19 BB a8) GA) = 6-37 6,360 * 6.36 Consider the steady potential flow around the cit- cular cylinder shown in Fig. 6.24. Show on a plot the vari- ation of the magnitude of the dimensionless fluid velocity, VIU, along the positive y axis. At what distance, y/a (along. the y axis), is the velocity within 1% of the free-stream velocity? = FIGURE 6.24 Along the y-axis Vz=0 So that tne magnitude of te velocity, Vv, & Sual to /%/. Since ye -U (it 2) sine (£4. 6.108) it follows that alory the posite g-aris (9=E, r=9) V2 fgl= U (i+ §) aa ; Vie fp He se Fe vt Ge (£)* a Tabulatecl date. and a plot of the data are gwen below. Lt can be seen from these results Tet tor Zep a the velocity V is with 1% of The Free-steam velocity U’. yla vu 400 2.000 2.00 1.250 300 4.111 400 1.083, 5.00 1.040 > 600 1.028, 3 7.00 1.020 800 1.016 900 1.012 10.00 1.010 Calculated lirom Ea. (1 7.00 2.00 300 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 yla G-40 6.37 6.37 — The velocity potential for a cylinder (Fig. 6.37) rotating in a uniform stream of fluid is a r =ur(i+% ak ou ( *) cos + 8 where I’ is the circulation. For what value of the circulation will the stagnation point be located at: (a) point A, (b) point B? a sin Stag = gre (a) At pont 4) Slag =O and vt - 37 Aug? TE, ane (b) Ab pot B Ps ¥rVa sin tet t dts FIGURE P6.37 (3. 6.15) follows that [=0. from & 4. bls = ~41Va e-Fi 6.38 6.3 The two-dimensional velocity field for ‘an incompressible, Newtonian fluid is described by the relationship V = (12xy? — 6x9)i + (18x¢y - 4y9)j where the velocity has units of m/s when x and y are in meters. Determine the stresses 15 %)» and 1,, at the point x = 0.5m, y = 1.0 mif pressure at this point is 6 kPa and the fluid is plycerin at 20°C. Show these stresses on a sketch. Zs ~ pr au ge (Eg. 68a) Ty =~ P+ rf (eg, 6.18 b) 3 Teg & (55 * or) (eg, 6184) For the given Velocity distribution, with £=05em and y= hom: 24 lay? 18 x* = 12 Che) /8 (0.5) 750% 24xy = 24 (0.5)(10) = aod a = Bbxy2 ab(os)lho) = (8.0% = 19X%1247 = 18 (0.5)*- 12 (10) = ~ 150% Thus, for ps ox, and 42150 US , 3 ; 2 OHM» 2 (1902) (n503) = ~ S984 ag pale eh ok gf +2 (iso%%)(-1503)= ~b02 48 (50 “3 (2.0% + 12.03) = 45.0 R. z- IW. 5 7 bx lo =. te ‘J y [oth 45.0 Pe. — <_— | ; SIAR x ~F 6.3% The stream function for a certain incom- pressible, two-dimensional flow field is v = 3r sin 26 + 26 where y is in ft’/s when r is in feet and @ in radians. Determine the shearing stress, t,., at the point r = 2 ft, 0 = 1/3 radians if the fluid is water. Tro = wr BU)» + 3] (Eg. 6.124) With the given stream function , oh oe. 7 a uy -tk: Gr cas2O+ 7 ae ar Se Uae 2h = ~ FFs 20 Thus, M%) . r2(%) = - Fr sin26 and 4 8% Lib sin 20 r 26 So That Ce =f (-1 Sin 26 - 12 + 526) FT aIAP sin 26 (ote thet the number 21 would have units of oe -) eon = 9.34x10° BS) ps 2 ft and 0:2 rad ae ; F rad, an oe L po les ( ) 4 aT the? (a1 Zh \(23¢x16 as) 2 ft) sin > o lb =~ 8S) x10 ee G- #3 6.40 6.40 ‘Typical inviscid flow solutions for flow around bodies indicate that the Muid flows smoothly around the body, even for blunt bodies as shown in Video V6.4. How- ever, experience reveals that due to the presence of viscos- ity, the main flow may actually separate from the body cre- ating a wake behind the body. As discussed in a later section = (Section 9.2.6), whether or not separation takes place de- = > pends on the pressure gradient along the surface of the body, y. as calculated by inviscid flow theory. If the pressure de- =p creases in the direction of flow (a favorable pressure gradi- ent), no separation will occur. However, if the pressure in- creases in the direction of flow (an adverse pressure ‘nradient), separation may occur. For the circular cylinder of Fig. P6.40 placed in a uniform stream with velocity, U, de- m FIGURE P6.40 termine an expression for the pressure gradient in the di rection flow on the surface of the cylinder. For what range of values for the angle @ will an adverse pressure gradient ‘occur? From &. 6.107 b pt Ze (7- 4 sin?) Thus, oF ad * siin6 Cos O On ae Since an adverse pressure gradient occurs tor & possAire 26 fb, it follows tram Fg (1) Tut & Alls 1 The range of + 90° for an adverse pressure gradient? This range correspods 4 the rear half of The cylinder. 6-44 [eri J Uv 641 ‘Two horizontal, infinite, parallel plates are spaced ee distance b apart. A viscous liquid is contained between the plates. The bottom plate is fixed and the upper plate moves parallel to the bottom plate with a velocity U. Because of b at the no-slip boundary condition (see Video V6.3), the liquid motion is caused by the liquid being dragged along by the 4 moving boundary. There is no pressure gradient in the di- + rection of flow. Note that this is a so-called simple Couette 7 x {flow discussed in Section 6.9.2. (a) Start with the Navier- Fixea plate Stokes equations and determine the velocity distribution be- tween the plates. (b) Determine an expression for the flowrate passing between the plates (for a unit width). Ex- press your answer in terms of b and U. (a) For steady Plow with Peurzo it follows Thet The Nevier- Shokes guatins reduce to (1h direction of How) -— 2 ou o=- E+ h(E (Fg, 6122) Thus, Ar Gero pressure Gradient Deu _ Oy us 4t Ce At yxo “20 and it Sllows Mat 6,20. Similarly, at y=h u2U and Ce There tore, U so Tet b 4 v vo () GF [ud iT 349 “5 lo where q 'S the Flourate per unit width . 6-4¥s C42 6.42 Two fixed, horizontal, parallel plates are spaced 0.2, in, apart. A viscous liquid (4 = 8 X 10~*Ibs/ft?, SG = 0.9) flows between the plates with a mean velocity of 0.9 ft/s. De- termine the pressure drop per unit length inthe direction of flow. What is the maximum velocity in the channel? j= 15 7 3 (8x10* | BY dar #) (eg. 6.130) = 31 2, pete Be 3 Umax = V (€3, 6.131) 5 fe > ft = 3 (ar #) = 135 G43 6.43 A layer of viscous liquid of constant thickness (no velocity perpendicular to plate) fiows steadily down an infinite, inclined plane. Determine, by means of the Navier-Stokes equa- tions, the relationship between the thickness of the layer and the discharge per unit width. The fiow is laminar, and assume air resistance is neg- ligible so that the shearing stress at the free sur- face is zero, Gaz GZ sind and from the Continuity eZuation se =0. Thus, with The coordinate system shown in the Figure 20, us from the x- component of the Wavier -~Stkes eguatons (£9, 6/204), =-2P ino Pa . } gh +rgrm +f oe a) Also, since There is a free surface, there Cant be & pressure gradient th fhe x-divechon so trot 22 =o aud 25.0) can be written as a du 2 ~ in ol ch 3 stn Lategrahon yields du. . dee (2k sine )y + @ Since the shearing stress S ae, oe Tar (357 9x equals ero at The free Suréace (g=%) it Follows that =o at g=h so That The constant im 23.2) ss Cn a stind Integration of £4 02) yrelds 2 kee (48 sina) % +(& sind)y +G Smie uz0 at gzo,/t Follows tuk C,=0, and Therebre uz Of sine (4y- £) 4 The Flowrate per unit width can be expressed 45 3 = f udy So That 4 Bain 2 = gh sin gef Gf end (hy- 2 dy = a Ee C47 CaF 644 Due to the no-slip condition, as a solid is pulled out ofa viscous liquid some of the liquid is also pulled along as described in Example 6.8 and shown in Video V6.5. Based on the results given in Example 6.8, show on a di- mensionless plot the velocity distribution in the fluid film (v/Vy vs, a/h) when the average film velocity, V, is 10% of the belt velocity, Vo From Example 6.8, the average velocity 1 given by the ofuchon = y- rA* a VF > § to'th the velocity distri bation = xt thet “e) re Gx - 7 o LE yz0ly, , ten trom FB. 0) O.1Vp= Vo — EH* 1Vo= Vo oy 2 °r Yo zh (3) 27m Ln dimensionless Form 2g.(2) becomes zt . Yh sy zn/ ) (+) Va Heh F Be aa From EG.) 2 Dh ay % and &, 4) Can be written as a jas) - 27%) +1 (s) A plot of ne velocity distri bahen is shown below. xh vNo ee — © 1.000 f — 01 0744 1.500 : 02 Osta | 03 0.312 ° oe | { 04 0136, 0500 | | 05 0.013 > | 06 -0.134 ae) T O7 -0.229 | 0.500 08 © 0.296 ° os 1 09 0.337 1 0.350 ae | x ___] Calouated From Eq. (5) b-48 45 6.45 An incompressible, viscous fluid is placed between horizontal, infinite, parallel plates as is shown in Fig. P6.45. The two plates move in opposite directions with constant veloc- ities, U, and U;, as shown. The pressure gradient in the x direction is zero and the only body force is due to the fluid weight. Use the Navier-Stokes equations to derive an expression for the velocity distribution between the plates. Assume laminar flow. FIGURE P6.45 For the specifiéd conditions, y=0, w=0, 220, and 4, =0, So That The x-Component of the Navibr - Stokes eguations Cg, &,/20a) reduces to dtu. ape? a Tateqratiy of 9.11) yyelds “sGytrG 2) For y= 0, w =~ ana turelore tom Ey02) C,7-Yy For y= bh, 4=U, so Mat Ur Gb-& or U L Gp aes Thus, (Ut) ni aslo )y -Y 6.46 The viscous, incompressible flow between the par- allel plates shown in Fig. P6.46 is caused by both the mo- tion of the bottom plate and a pressure gradient, dp/asx. As noted in Section 6.9.2, an important dimensionless pa- rameter for this type of problem is P = ~(b*/2 wU) (ap/ax) where is the fluid viscosity. Make a plot of the dimen- sionless velocity distribution (similar to that shown in Fig, 6.29) for P = 3, For this case where does the maximum, velocity occur? At 420, a= 2 and There fore ° 4 K oS xR = ir) + a oo + gS 4 ay GE y- 2 he (56 Jato) + & (1- er im chmensionless form a ie *OG- )- gr ip 2p ) K Sinee, = “By £9.00) can be wes tten as Se P(BNEJdr o A plot of This velocity distribution for P=3 1s shown on The following Page. (cont ) 6-50 o56 5 (Cont) wy — oe 1 ° | iyo } 12 - a | 12802 | ty 1.33 03 1 T 1324 os ¢- +1 + 12508 | 112 08 $06} St 093 7 {| | 0.68 08 allel 037 = og 02 7 7 ° 1 ° | Lt | o 0s 1 15 (Calculated rom Ea. (2) eo with P =3, ee To deterrnine where tne makimum yeloeity occurs ch feerentiate E92) and set egual to Fere, Thus, poe) é ~ plete) -} -} = and wim P=3 ate) ~3[z ( (24-0)-4 So ae 1 3 elec C47 6.47 _ A viscous fluid (specific weight = 80 Ibvtt; vis cosity = 0.03 Ib - sift?) is contained between two infinite horizontal parallel plates as shown in Fig. P6.47. The fluid moves between the plates under the action of a pressure gra- dient, and the upper plate moves with a velocity U while the bottom plate is fixed. A U-tube manometer connected be- tween two points along the bottom indicates a differential reading of 0.1 in, If the upper plate moves with a velocity of 0.02 fs, at what distance from the bottom plate does the maximum velocity in the gap between the two plates occur’? Assume laminar flow. w FIGURE P6.47 4 as UZ +t (4) (G%55) (29, 6.133) Macimum velocity wil] eccar ot dishne ¥,, where se Thus, oC Im ~ 505 * a ale For manometer (see figure to right) , Ft Ah ee ah tok =p -% Jah = (ipo th. ~ 5p #.)/ Bette. (100 fs ~ 2) (2 Fe or 0.0632 £4 (45) = 6-5Z 6.48 6.48 A vertical shaft passes through a bearing and is lubri- 75 mm cated with an oil having a viscosity of 0.2 Ns/m? as shown in Fig. P6.48. Assume that the flow characteristics in the gap be- | ‘Bearing tween the shaft and bearing are the same as those for laminar io flow berween infinite parallel plates with zero pressure gradient 160 mm ou in the direction of flow. Estimate the torque required to over- f come viscous resistance when the shaft is turing at 80 rev/min. [0.25 mm m FIGURE P643 S\ dFe tdA The torgue due +. force dF actig Yo = TrNde on a differerhal avea, dh ¥;hel8, is (see figure at vight) ay = dF = Pt de A~ shaft length where T is the shearing stvess, Thus, ar Te ve th [ee = amr th “) lo In the gap, us U 4 (eq. 6185) Where Ush.@ and b is tne gap width. Also, Thus, from Eg.) T= ame (eX) t = ar pf =a (2.025 m)"(o.2 2 Yoo ey reeVanvd es) oe (0. them) its (0,25 x 10°) = 0,355 Nem 6-53 6.49 A viscous fluid is contained between two long concentric cylinders. The geometry of the system is such that the flow between the cylinders is approximately the same as the laminar flow between two infinite parallel plates. (a) Determine an expression for the torque required to rotate the outer cylinder with an angular velocity w The inner cylinder is fixed. Express your answer in terms of the geometry of the system, the viscosity of the fluid, and the angular velocity. (b) For a small, rectangular element lo- cated at the fixed wall determine an expression for the rate of angular deformation of this element, (See Video V6.1 and Fig. P6.5.) Ln cylinder length Tx shearing stress C) The torgue which musi be apphed to outer cylinder to overcome the force due te the sheanig stress 13 (see figure ) dps dF = Y (THsd8)= 4 ca do so that ur 2 T= wits fae = ame th In the gap Since, CNT Gent ) (5) From F9. bis ou ot ot A Far the Inear distributes uy 4 > And 6 The negative sign indicates that the original hight angle shown sh Fig, PLGS is Increasing. 6-55 650 * %6.50 il (SAE 30) flows between parallel plates spaced 5 mm apart. The bottom plate is fixed but the upper plate moves with a velocity of 0.2 m/s in the positive x direction. ‘The pressure gradient is 60 kPa/m, and is negative. Com- pute the velocity at various points across the channel and show the results on a plot, Assume laminar flow. The velocity dist buhon is gwen by the eguation ue UZ + XE) 54s) (£g. 6.133) and for the guin data, (o.aZ) 1 5 ae TOS £ MW YI 2 osm)?” a (ass) é sono” MIs - (0,005) 4] yo tat (1) us 404+ 1.89%10" (0.0054 - 97) with uth mls when y ts mm. Tobulated data and « plot of the data are given below. ym mis 0 0 0.0008 0.1975 0.0010 0.3556 0.0015 0.4742 0.0020 0.5534 0.0025 0.8931 0.0030 0.5934 0.0035 0.5542 0.0040 0.4756 0.0085 0.3575 0.0050 0.2000 [Calculated from Eq, (1) ° O41 02 03 04 05 06 6-56 6.51 Consider a steady, laminar flow through a straight horizontal tube having the constant el- liptical cross section given by the equation: FY +R ‘The streamlines are all straight and parallel. In- vestigate the possiblity of using an equation for the z component of velocity of the form =a(1-8-% w=A (:-3 B eee eri problem. With this velocity distribution what is the relationship be- tween the pressure gradient along the tube and the volume flowrate through the tube? =1 Frem the description of The problem, 4=0,V-=0, g,70, w# Fit), and the Continuity eguetion macates that Iu =o, lait these Condvivons the £~comporent of The Naviér-Sotes eguations (Eg 6,/20¢) reduces +0 oP. ge, 2 o7w eo oz ax? Due to the no-ship boundary sain, ur=0 on The elliphée! boundary (za) Be Ba, a? a Thus, the proposed velocity distr buten satishas This Conditen Since on The boundary urs A (1-X- Ali (2-£)sa[i- ojo This vesult indicates hat The proposed velocity distr bution Can be used as @ Solution. Subst/tuten of the velocity distribuhbn into Bg.) 9i0es the relationship between The pressure qradent, 22, and the velocity, Since, Gur. _ 2h ur _ 2a ax? at bg? oe it fellows That Lod oP = - Sod @Q) ee = -2AK (s +f) (cont) 6-57 esl coné ) The volume Flwrate , Q, through the tube 15 given by the Cguatron Q= | uaa aa “Fe +f [wroeas Thus, 6 ayia getal f - 8-H) aeey mee sy pee sof fb o, ° = -4%* g* ! . » = va [Lah fe (i )- Fay a (1-2 ay e 2 = gaa _ y ~ SAa (3bT) = Atal ge [1 BYidy = Ede (Sz) = Agee and Therefore ~ 20 A> wap From &4.02) ap 2 4u0 (a a de rab wp) 6.52 6.52 _Itis known that the velocity distribution for steady, laminar flow in circular tubes (either horizontal or vertical), is parabolic, (See Video V6.6.) Consider a 10-mm diameter horizontal tube through which ethyl alcohol is flowing with a steady mean velocity 0.15 nvs. (a) Would you expect the velocity distribution to be parabolic in this case? Explain (b) What is the pressure drop per unit length along the tube? (ar Check Reynolds number to determne sf How 1s laminar’ (ar) 4 3 Re= ee B) (at ah lois PN(0 00m). 995 ¢ ao Tae Thus, The Flow 1s lamaar and velocity chistes bubin would be Parabolic. Yes. (4) Since The How ts laminar fA yee a (£3. 6.145) that 3M ee Guy . 8 (LIF x08 Sasa) Lo” VR oidan)* z = 57/4, per am 653 653 A simple flow system to be used for steady-flow tests consists of a constant head tank connected to a length of 4-mm-diameter tubing as shown in Fig. P6.53. The liquid has a viscosity of 0.015 N-s/m? and a density of 1200 kg/m?, and discharges into the atmosphere with a mean ve- locity of 1 m/s. (a) Verify that the flow will be laminar. (b) The fiow is fully developed in the last 3 m ofthe tube. What i the pressure at the Diamete! = 4 mm a pressure gage? (c) What is the magnitude of the wall shearing stress, t,., in the fully developed FIGURE P6.53 region? Pressure eae (a) Check Reynolds number to determine if How ts laminar | hex AL QR), (20 420) & )(o.004m) = 3Zo “~ 015 WE 7 Since the Reynolds number is well below aico the How is laminar, th) Fer laminar How, - £4 (43. 6.145) VBE Bs Sime Lp= BA = #-0 bees figure) oo _ & (0.018 BENE lam) 04k B= 00k (222 0)* « Tez > (HE +28) (eq, Unf) For fully developed pipe How, Y=0, Sc That Tee 58 Also, : He Geax [tb (Ey ] Coy, 6.147) and with * 22V, whe V & The mean velocity et VK (- FH, Thus, at the "nal, reR, |) aun| = | |- |. Peni en = 30.0 4, (2:22 m) 6-GO b54 6.54 | A highly viscous Newtonian liquid (p = 1300 kg/m’; w = 6.0 N - sim) is contained in a long, vertical, 150-mm-diameter tube. Initially, the liquid is at rest but ‘when a valve at the bottom of the tube is opened flow com- ‘mences. Although the flow is slowly changing with time, at any instant the velocity distribution is parabolic, that is, the flow is quassi-steady, (See Video V6.6.) Some mecsure- ‘ments show that the average velocity, V, is changing in ac- cordance with the equation V = 0.1 t, with V in m/s when 1 isin seconds. (a) Show on a plot the velocity distribution (u, vs.) at = 2s, where », is the velocity and r is the rae dius from the center of the tube. (b) Verify that the flow is laminar at this instant (a) Fer parabolié velocity distyi bute» % . [- (Z)° (£4 6.147) Tons Since Ungy = 2V 2 w= 2v[i-(£y] om With V=Olt at 4225 V= 0.1 and Re (Somm = 1S mm Thus, EE. 1) becomes ape (29) - ct] Wz oy (1-!B 4) A. plot of This velocity distributon 1 shoun below. fp (mis) (m) and 0.000 0.075 0.185 0.055 nos _ 0.256 © 0.045 0313 0.035 oes _| 0.356 © 0.025 0.04 0.384 (0.015 0.02 | 0.400 0 Eo + | 0.984 0.015 02 | 0.356 -0.025 0.313 0.035 aca 0.256 0.045 0.06 | 0.256 © -0.045 0.08 0.185 = -0.055 on 0.100 -0.065 ‘0.000 0.100 0.200 0300 0.400 0600 0.000 -0.075 vats) be pup = (1300 #,)(0.2%) (0.1500) = bb << 2100 (Flow is lamiar) 6-6) 6.55) 6.55 A liquid (viscosity = 0.002 N-s/m?; density = 1000 om kg/m’) is forced through the circular tube shown in Fig. P6.55. feet A differential manometer is connected tothe tube as shown to , 2 ‘measure the pressure drop along the tube, When the differenti reading, Mh, is 9 mm, what is the mean velocity in the tube? bony soe am bg m FIGURE P6.55 Assume lamar flow se That = RAP y= Ben (Eg. 6.45 ) For manometer (see figure), Berga ~ dy bh zh BR 4p= 44 (hy -t) = 48GN(E,-¢) = (0.009 m)C4.8 FL) (acoA - tomo #2) Nv = 93% Thus, _ 2288 mC H3 EE) iy gg? m 8 (0.002 %5) (am) Check Reynolds number to contrim that flow is lammar p= 2LOR. (08, ) (110 x 10° ®) (0.00%) la 0002 Me 7 = 22,0 < 2100 Since Re < 2100 flow 1s laminar. 6.66 6.56 (a) Show that for Poiseuille flow in a tube of radius R the magnitude of the wall shear- ing stress, r,,, can be obtained from the relation- ship 4uQ Kade = 4S for a Newtonian-fluid of viscosity y. The volume rate of flow is Q. (b) Determine the magnitude of the wall shearing stress for a fluid having a viscosity of 0.003 N-s/m? flowing with an average velocity of 100 mm/s in a 2-mm-diameter tube (a) Tq, hai 2% , e (£3. 94) oe OF For Poiseuille How ti a tube, ¥,0, and therefore = av; lat HF Since : ry ‘beh, f-@y] (2g. 6.147) and 2 2V, where Vis the mean velocity , it tllous that " ay. — AVF ar Re Thus, at the wall (r=R), (ie uy 7 7 el) and with Qs rRV 4d | (G2)e0n | “rR? (hy | (on | - tev + (0.003 “2 )(0. 100 %) R 2 222) 6.57% *6.87 As is shown by Eq. 6.143 the pressure gradient for laminar flow through a tube of constant radius is given ‘Compare the pressure drop over the length ¢ for this nonuni- form tube with one having the constant radius R,. Hint: To solve this problem you will need to numerically integrate the equation for the pressure gradient given above. eS i @ FIGURE P6.57 by the expression: For a tube whose radius is changing very gradually, such as the one illustrated in Fig. P6.57, it is expected that this equa- tion can be used to approximate the pressure change along the ‘tube ifthe actual radius, R(2), i used at each cross section, The following measurements were obtained along a particular tube. 0 [04 Joa jos os. os 1 roolo7sto.e7lo6slo.7loaol osolo7lo7sbo.71 1.00 From ‘the

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