Constants

Charge of electron: -1.6x10-19 C

Mass of electron: 9.109x10-31 kg
Speed of sound in air: 340ms-1
Universal gravitational constant: 6.67x10-11 Nm2kg-2
Plancks constant: 6.626x10-34Js
1eV = 1.602x10-19J
k = 2x10-7
Weins constant: 2.90x10-3

Space:

Force of attraction:

F=

Acceleration due to gravity:

g=

GmM
r2

GM
r2

Gravitational Potential Energy:

E P=

GmM
r

Change in GPE i.e. Work

GPE=Work=GmM

1 1

r1 r2

Note: r1 < r2

Keplers 3rd Law:

r 3 GM
=
T 2 4 2

Escape Velocity:

V=

Orbital Velocity:

V=

2GM
r
GM
r

Acceleration of a rocket:

a=

T mg
m

G-force:

G force=

g +a
g

G force on roller coaster

Crest:

G force=1+

v2
rg

Trough:
2

G force=1

v
rg

Slingshot effect:

Time dilation:

V F =V I +2V P

tv

to
1

Length contraction:

l v =l 0 1

v2
2
c

Mass dilation:

mv

mo
1

v2
c2

v2
c2

Energy and mass conversion

E=mc 2

Motors and Generators:

Amperes Law:

B=

kI
d

Force on a current carrying conductor in magnetic field:

F=BIlsin

Force between 2 parallel current carrying conductors:

F=

K I1 I2
d

Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field:

F=qvBsin

Torque:

T =Fd

T =nBIAcos

Magnetic Flux:

=BA

Faradays Law

EMF=

n
t

Transformers:

Power Loss:

V s ns I P
= =
V P nP I s
PLoss=VI
PLoss=I 2 R

Ideas to Implementation:

Electric Field:

F=Eq
V
E=
d

Plancks Theory:

E=hf

Kinetic energy of photoelectrons:

KE=hf

Distance between atoms in crystalline structures:

n=2 dsin

(n+ 12 ) =2 dsin
Astrophysics:

Angular Resolution

min =

1.22
d
R (min): Angular resolution (rad)
: wavelength to be detected (m)
D: diameter of the telescope (m)

Angular resolution
5

min =

2.1 10
d

(arcsec)

Trigonometric parallax

d=

1
p

Where:
d = distance (pc)
p = parallax (arcsec)

Distance modulus formula

M =m5 log

( 10d )

Brightness ratio

IA
=100
IB

mB mA
5

Colour index

Mass of binary system

CI = B V

m1+ m2 =

4 2 r3
2

Weins Law:
peak T = 2.90x10-3