1.

Khi qut chung v gii quyt khiu ni v bi thng bo him hng ha vn

chuyn bng ng bin
Hin nay, vn ti ng bin chim v tr s mt trong chuyn ch hng ha . Tuy nhin,
hng ha v tu trong qu trnh vn chuyn hng hi thng gp rt nhiu ri ro do nhiu
nguyn nhn nh iu kin thi tit, c s vt cht hng hi, yu t con ngiMt khi ri
ro xy ra, ch hng ha hay nhng ngi c lin quan c th phi chu rt nhiu thit hi
khng th lng trc c, nh hng khng nh n hot ng kinh doanh, thm ch
trong nhiu trng hp c th dn n ph sn. V vy, cn thit phi c mt bn khc ng
ra cam kt bi thng v nhng thit hi mt mt do mt ri ro tha thun gy ra, tt
nhin vi iu kin l bn c bi thng ng cho bn kia mt khon ph nht nh.
V bo him hng hi ra i. Nh vy, ngun gc su xa ca bo him hng hi cng
nh bt k lnh vc bo him no khc u l do ngi mua bo him mun nhn c mt
khon tin bi thng nht nh khi ri ro xy ra, h c th trnh c nhng thit hi
qu ln v ti sn, vt cht. Chnh v vy m vic gii quyt khiu ni v bi thng tn tht
trong bo him ng vai tr cc k quan trng.
Khiu ni l vic ngi c bo him xut trnh h s ph hp i tin ngi bo him khi
gp thit hi, tn tht do mt ri ro c bo him gy nn. B h s khiu ni ny s l
c s cng ty bo him xc nh xem c bi hng hay khng. Bn cnh , vic khiu
ni phi c thc hin trong thi hn khiu ni mt khong thi gian hp l cho 2 bn
thc hin cc cng vic lin quan n khiu ni v nh chun b giy t, chng t, gim
nh tn tht
Bi thng c ngha l bo m cho ngi c bo him c tnh hnh ti
chnh nh th l khi ri ro c bo him khng xy ra, sao cho khng xu hn
cng nh khng tt hn. V vy trong cc hp ng bo him, bi thng c th c coi l
s n b chnh xc v ti chnh, khi phc tnh trng ti chnh ban u ca ngi
c bo him nh trc khi xy ra tn tht.
Vic tnh ton bi thng tn tht l rt phc tp, phi da trn nhng nguyn tc chung
nhng ty vo tng tnh hung c th m c th c nhng cch gii quyt khc nhau. Chnh
v phc tp nh vy m trn thc t, c rt nhiu tranh chp pht sinh gia ngi c
bo him v cng ty bo him v khng thng nht c cch bi thng tn tht. Vy nn
khi quyt nh bo him cho hng ha ca mnh, cc doanh nghip nn la chn nhng
cng ty uy tn, am hiu nghip v bo him la chn k kt hp ng bo him, m bo
cho quyn li ca c 2 bn khi c ri ro xy ra.
2. Gii quyt khiu ni v i bi thng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng
bin.
Quy trnh gii quyt khiu ni v i bi thng mi trng hp tn tht tuy c khc nhau
nhng v c bn th u tun theo nhng bc sau:

Gim nh tn tht

Ngi c bo him chun b h s khiu ni

Ngi bo him kim tra h s khiu ni

Thanh ton tn tht

Gii quyt cc tranh chp pht sinh

2.1 Gim nh tn tht

Khi xy ra tn tht, ngi c bo him ngoi vic tin hnh mi bin php c th
phng trnh hay gim nh tn tht, cn phi thng bo ngay cho ngi bo him hoc i l
ca h n gim nh. Nu ngi bo him khng c i l a phng, ngi c bo
him c th yu cu mt gim nh vin c ng k ti a phng gim nh. Tr khi c
tha thun khc, ngi bo him t chi gii quyt mt khiu ni khng c chng minh
bng bin bn gim nh.
V phn cng ty bo him, sau khi nhn c thng bo tn tht, phi lp tc c gim nh
vin/ chuyn vin gim nh tn tht hoc ch nh mt cng ty gim nh c lp n hin
trng phi hp vi Ngi c bo him xc nh nguyn nhn, mc tn tht. iu
ny c bit quan trng v sau khi gim nh, ngi bo him s c th c nhng quyt nh
v vic bo qun hoc nim phong hng tn tht; m phn vi Ngi c bo him v
cc bn lin quan trong vic bn cu vt, i ngi th ba hoc t chi khiu ni bng vn
bn (nu khng thuc phm vi bo him) trong vng 15 ngy. Nh vy, c th ni gim nh
tn tht l c s cho vic bi thng.
Gim nh tn tht c tin hnh khi hng ha b h hng, v thi ht, gim phm
cht, thi cng n hoc ti cng dc ng v do ngi c bo him yu cu.
Nhng tn tht nh do tu m, hng mt, giao thiu hng hoc khng c giao th khng
cn phi gim nh v cng khng th gim nh c. Hng b tn tht phi c gim
nh ngay khi pht hin ra tn tht ti cng d hng hoc ti kho nhn hng cui cng nu
trc khi di chuyn hng ha t tu v kho cui cng c bin bn kt ton nhn hng vi
tu (ROROC), vi cng (COR), trong ghi r s lng v tnh trng hng b tn tht. Ti
thi gian v a im gim nh trn, s d dng hn trong vic xc nh nguyn nhn gy
nn tn tht cng nh mc tn tht mt cch chnh xc v Chng th gim nh tn
tht s c gi tr php l cao hn trong vic i bi thng.

Sau khi gim nh, ngi gim nh s cp Chng th gim nh, gm 2 loi: Bin bn
gim nh v Giy chng nhn gim nh. y l nhng chng t rt quan trng, v vy,
khi hng cp cng n, nu c tn tht phi yu cu gim nh ngay (khng mun hn
60 ngy k t ngy d hng khi tu). C quan gim nh l c quan c y quyn trong
hp ng bo him hoc c quan c ngi bo him y quyn.
2.2 Ngi c bo him chun b h s khiu ni
Hu ht cc cng ty u quy nh trch nhim ca ngi c bo him khi tn tht xy ra,
thng thng bao gm:
Khi c nguy c c th dn n tn tht, Ngi c bo him phi thng bo
ngay cho Cng ty bo him hoc nhng ngi i din hoc i l ca cng ty bo
him ni gn nht bng in thoi hoc fax. Nu khng c thng bo tn tht cho
ngi chuyn ch vo lc giao hng hoc trong vng 3 ngy k t ngy giao hng
th vic giao hng c suy on l giao ng nh m t ca vn n v sau ny khi
pht hin tn tht cng khng khiu ni ngi chuyn ch c na;
Khi xy ra tn tht, thng bo bng in thoi v in vo Th d khng theo mu
ri fax cho cng ty bo him (trong vng 24 gi); lp Th d khng gi cho ngi
vn chuyn hoc i l ca ngi vn chuyn hoc bn th ba khc lin quan n tn
tht;
Khn trng tin hnh cc bin php hn ch tn tht, ng thi thng bo cho
cng ty bo him bng in thoi phi hp gii quyt;
Bo lu quyn khiu ni ngi th ba (nu c);
Thu thp ton b cc chng t lin quan n hng ho tn tht nh COR,
ROROC;
Gi b h s khiu ni cho cng ty bo him.
Ngay sau khi c ri ro c bo him xy ra v gy ra tn tht, ngi c bo him phi
lp h s khiu ni i ngi bo him bi thng. B h s ny gm nhng loi giy t
khc nhau ty tng trng hp tn tht, nhng phi chng minh c: Ngi khiu ni c
li ch bo him; hng ha c bo him; tn tht thuc mt ri ro c bo him; gi
tr v s tin bo him; s tin i bi thng v m bo ngi bo him c th i
c ngi th ba bi thng.
Vi nhng ni dung trn y, mt b h s khiu ni thng gm c nhng
giy t sau:
Hp ng hay giy chng nhn bo him gc;
Vn n gc ;
Bn sao ho n gc hoc cc ho n chi ph;
Chng t xc nhn s lng, trng lng hng;
Th khiu ni km tnh ton s tin khiu ni;
Bin bn gim nh ca ngi bo him hoc ngi c ngi bo him y quyn;
Giy yu cu bi thng hng ho tn tht (theo mu).
Trn y l nhng chng t c bn, cn tu tng trng hp khiu ni c th m ngi
c bo him km thm cc chng t cho ph hp. Tt c cc cng ty bo him u quy
nh mt thi hn khiu ni vi ngi bo him m bo quyn li v ngha v ca c

hai bn. i vi bo him hng ha, h s khiu ni phi c gi trc tip cho ngi bo
him hoc i l ca h trong thi gian sm nht nhng khng c chm qu 2 nm k t
ngy c tn tht hoc pht hin tn tht hay 9 thng (nu khiu ni tn tht c lin quan
n trch nhim ca ngi th ba) k t khi hng c d khi tu bin ti cng c tn ghi
trong hp ng bo him tr khi c tho thun khc. Thi hn ny l hp l v nu vn quy
nh l 2 nm th cng ty bo him s khng cn thi gian i i bn th 3 na. Thi hn
khiu ni i vi bo him thn tu l hai nm k t ngy xy ra tai nn v 1 nm nu c
khiu ni ngi th 3.
2.3 Ngi bo him kim tra tnh hp l ca h s
B h s l do ngi c bo him lp, v vy cng ty bo him phi kim tra k tt c cc
giy t, chng t c th m bo quyn li ca mnh. Thng thng, cc cng ty bo
him s xc nhn b h s khiu ni trong vng 24 ting k t khi nhn c Thng bo tn
tht t pha ngi c bo him. vic lm ny c hiu qu, cn c mt i ng nhn
vin am hiu nghip v v cn mn hp l c th pht hin nhng sai st khng ng c.
2.4 Thanh ton bi thng tn tht
Thng thng, cc cng ty bo him s tin hnh bi thng trong vng 30 ngy k t khi
nhn c b h s khiu ni hp l ca ngi bo him. Ring i vi bo him thn tu
l 60 ngy k t ngy nhn y h s khiu ni. Trong trng hp t chi bi thng,
ngi c bo him phi c kin t chi trong vng 60 ngy k t ngy gi giy bo t
chi, nu khng coi nh chp nhn.
Cc cng ty bo him thng nghin cu, xem xt bi thng bo him trn cc cn c
sau: tn tht xy ra do mt ri ro c bo him v trong thi gian n bo him hoc Giy
chng nhn bo him cn hiu lc. Ngi mua bo him thc hin y ngha v c
mnh nh: np ph bo him, thng bo v tn tht v khiu ni trong thi hn quy
nh, thc hin cc ch dn ca ngi bo him trong vic hn ch tn tht v.v
Cc chi ph khc phc s c, thit hi v ph tn hp l, hp l v ph hp vi tnh hnh tn
tht.
Vic tnh ton v bi thng tn tht thng c da trn cc nguyn tc sau: bi thng
bng tin ch khng bng hin vt. V nguyn tc, trch nhim ca ngi bo him ch gii
hn trong phm vi s tin bo him nhng khi cng thm chi ph hp l khc lm s tin
bi thng vt qu s tin bo him th cng ty bo him vn phi bi thng. Khi thanh
ton tin bi thng, ngi bo him c th khu tr nhng khon thu nhp ca ngi c
bo him trong vic bn hng v i bi thng t ngi th ba.
Trc khi tin hnh bi thng, cc cng ty bo him s tin hnh tnh ton tn tht v s
tin m ngi c bo him c bi thng. Cch tnh ton nh sau:
Vi tn tht ton b: phng php bi thng i vi tn tht ton b rt n gin v d
hiu.Tr khi c quy nh khc i trn n bo him hoc c tho thun khc bi hai
bn, s tin bi thng s l s tin bo him.

i vi mt b phn ca i tng bo him b tn tht ton b, v d nh trong trng hp

mt kin hng b tn tht ton b do b ri xung bin trong qu trnh bc d v vn chuyn
hng ha, phng php bi thng chnh l s tin bo him ca b phn b tn tht ton b
.
i vi trng hp tn tht ton b c tnh, c 2 trng hp xy ra: Nu ngi c bo
him c thng bo t b hng v c ngi bo him chp nhn th ngi bo him phi
bi thng ton b. Nu ngi c bo him khng t b hng hoc vic t b hng
khng c ngi bo him chp nhn th ch c bi thng nh tn tht b phn.
i vi tn tht b phn, m bo vic bi thng chnh xc, ngi bo him phi bi
thng da trn cng thc: P = ((V1 V2)/V1) x A (hoc A/V nu A<V) bi v trong lnh
vc hng hi, do gi tr ca hng ha thng xuyn thay i t nc ny sang nc khc,
ng thi gi tr th trng ca cc con tu cng giao ng vi bin tng i ln.
Vic tnh ton bi thng tn tht b phn thng xy ra cc trng hp: bi thng tn
tht do v, h hng, thiu ht, gim phm cht, c bin bn gim nh chng minh,
bi thng mt nguyn kin, bi thng cc chi ph v bi thng tn tht chung.
Khi bi thng tn tt do v, h hng, thiu ht, gim phm cht, c bin bn gim
nh chng minh, nu bin bn gim nh c ghi mc gim gi tr thng mi, gi tr bi
thng l P = m. A (Trong , m l mc gim gi tr thng mi). Nu bin bn gim nh
khng ghi mc gim gi tr thng mi m ch ghi s lng, trng lng hng ho b thiu
ht th gi tr bi thng P = (T2/T1).A (Trong , T2 l trng lng hoc s lng hng
ho b thiu ht, T1 l trng lng hoc s lng hng ho theo hp ng)
i vi bi thng mt nguyn kin, nu cc kin c n gi th s tin bi thng bng s
kin b mt nhn vi n gi; nu khng th bi thng nh trng hp tn tht v slng,
trng lng
Ngoi ra, trong nhiu trng hp, ngi bo him cng c th phi bi thng thm cc chi
ph nh: chi ph t tng v phng hn ch tn tht hoc bo v quyn li ca hng ho
bo him hoc nhng chi ph lin quan n vic i ngi th ba bi thng hay chi ph
gim nh tn tht thuc trch nhim bo him
i vi tn tht chung, ngi bo him phi bi thng cho ng gp tn tht chung. Trn
c s bn phn b tn tht chung do chuyn vin tnh ton tn tht chung lp nn, ngi bo
him s bi hon phn ng gp ca ch hng vo tn tht chung, cho d hng ho c
bo him theo iu kin g.
i vi bo him thn tu, cc cng ty bo him phi bi thng chi ph sn xut hoc thay
th khi xy ra tn tht.
Ring i vi bo him trch nhim dn s ca ch tu, khi thanh ton bi thng, ngi
bo him s khu tr mt s tin quy nh i vi mi mt v tn tht c chp nhn
bi thng. Mc khu tr ca tng tu c ghi trn giy chng nhn bo him ca tu
theo nm bo him.
2.5 Gii quyt cc tranh chp pht sinh

Khi cng ty bo him t chi thanh ton bi thng hoc v mt l do no v hai bn

khng th thng nht c cch gii quyt th c th dn n nhng tranh chp chng hn
nh ngi c bo him kin ngi bo him.
V nguyn tc gii quyt tranh chp, vic gii quyt trc ht phi xem xt n gii php
thng lng to c gi tr tng thm, trnh gii quyt tranh chp ti Ta n trong cc
trng hp khng cn thit. Khi hai bn khng chp nhn nhng yu cu ca nhau v mt
trong hai bn khi kin ti Ta n th vic gii quyt tranh chp phi thc hin ng th tc
t tng do php lut quy nh.