11/19/12

25. Faults (II)

Slip along Faults

Structure along faults

Strike-slip faul<ng
Dip-slip faul<ng
Normal Faul<ng
Reverse Faul<ng

Oblique slip faul<ng

Echelon paHerns
Tail cracks
Slickenlines

Structure across faults

Fractures
Deforma<on bands

How do natural faults

form?
Faulted Joints
Faulted Dikes
11/19/12

GG303

Strike-slip Faults

11/19/12

GG303

11/19/12

San Andreas Fault, CA

Carrizo Plain

hHp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Andreas_Fault_Aerial_View.gif
11/19/12

GG303

Oset of rows in plowed eld

1979 Imperial Valley Earthquake

hHp://www.smate.wwu.edu/teched/geology/eq-faults.html
11/19/12

GG303

11/19/12

2.6 m fence oset

1906 San Francisco earthquake

hHp://www.smate.wwu.edu/teched/geology/eq-faults.html
11/19/12

GG303

Dip-slip Faults: Normal Faults

11/19/12

abbasimehr.ir
GG303

11/19/12

Faceted Spurs
Deep Springs, CA

11/19/12

piH.edu
GG303

Halemaumau

sa\tp.soest.hawaii.edu
11/19/12

GG303

11/19/12

Kilauea Caldera

11/19/12

ged.rwth-aachen.de
GG303

Kilauea Caldera

11/19/12

rst.gsfc.nasa.gov
GG303

10

11/19/12

Horsts and Grabens

Rima Ariadaeus, Moon

hHp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fault-Horst-Graben.svg
hHp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:As10-31-4646.jpg
11/19/12

GG303

11

Dip-slip Faults: Reverse Faults

Reverse Fault, Himalaya

From Grasemann et al., 2005

11/19/12

GG303

12

11/19/12

Oblique-slip Faul<ng
Pleasant Valley, Nevada, 1915 (M= 7.7)

hHp://www.smate.wwu.edu/teched/geology/GeoHaz/eq-faults/eq-faults-16.JPG

11/19/12

GG303

13

Structure Along Faults

11/19/12

GG303

14

11/19/12

Echelon fractures along Imperial Fault

1979 Imperial Valley Earthquake

hHp://www.smate.wwu.edu/teched/geology/eq-faults.html
11/19/12

GG303

15

MoleTrack, with Echelon Ridges

1976 Guatamala Earthquake

11/19/12

yuprocks.com
GG303

16

11/19/12

Echelon Segments
2010 Christchurch Earthquake

utrackers.com
11/19/12

GG303

17

Echelon fractures in fault-parallel bands

Sierra Nevada, CA

11/19/12

GG303

18

11/19/12

Right step between two leP-lateral

fault segments, Sierra Nevada, CA

11/19/12

GG303

19

FoliaQon along fault,

Sierra Nevada, CA

11/19/12

GG303

20

10

11/19/12

Deforma<on at fault steps

AlteraQon along fault,

Sierra Nevada, CA

11/19/12

GG303

22

11

11/19/12

Fractures linking leP-lateral faults,

Sierra Nevada, CA

11/19/12

GG303

23

Tail cracks at the end of a fault trace

Sierra Nevada, CA

11/19/12

GG303

24

12

11/19/12

Tail cracks at the end of a fault trace

Grimsel Underground Laboratory

11/19/12

GG303

25

A mechanical explana<on for echelon

structure along strike-slip faults

From Martel and Boger, 1998

11/19/12

GG303

26

13

11/19/12

Slickenlines, Sierra Nevada, CA

11/19/12

GG303

27

Structure Across Faults

11/19/12

GG303

28

14

11/19/12

Fractures in budding fault zone,

Sierra Nevada, CA

11/19/12

GG303

29

Faults in Trench Exposures

11/19/12

murbachgeotech.com
GG303

30

15

11/19/12

Fault Trench Log

Hayward Fault, CA

11/19/12

geomaps.wr.usgs.gov
GG303

31

Trench Log, San Andreas Fault,

Pallet Creek, California

hHp://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/pp1515/chapter4/g4-19.jpg
11/19/12

GG303

32

16

11/19/12

DeformaQon along a fault,

Homestake Mine, South Dakota

11/19/12

GG303

33

Fault in a tunnel, Grimsel Underground Rock

Laboratory, Switzerland

11/19/12

GG303

34

17

11/19/12

Deforma<on Bands, Utah

11/19/12

GG303

35

Deforma<on Bands, Utah

11/19/12

GG303

36

18

11/19/12

How Do Real Faults Form?

hHp://www.geology.cwu.edu/facsta/charlier/courses/g360/graphics/nor_fault.jpg
hHp://courses.eas.ualberta.ca/eas421/diagramspublic/Mohrstressdiag.gif
11/19/12

GG303

37

How Do Real Faults with Nearly-

straight Segmented Traces Form?
From Joints?

11/19/12

GG303

38

19

11/19/12

How Do Real Faults with Nearly-

straight Segmented Traces Form?
From Dikes?
From dAlessio and Martel, 2005
Fault zones

Fault zone Dike

Regional Joints

Dike

Host rock

Aplite Dike

Fractu

res

Slickenlines

Martel and d'Alessio

Figure 5
Development of strike-slip faults from dikes, Sequoia National Park, California

11/19/12

GG303

39

20