RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City

College of Education

Abstracts for Quantitative Research Methods

In partial fulfillment of the course requirements for

Introduction to Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches to Research

Prof. Ed. 08

Submitted by:

Capistrano, Kristine Joyce Dg.

Third year/ CED-02-501P

BSE-English

First semester

2009

Submitted to:

Prof. Julius Meneses

 Abstracts
using the
Descriptive
Method
 Abstract

Scholarly appraisals of China’s post-1949 foreign policy have been largely shaped
by qualitative research, using techniques such as “Beijingology” and the selective
citations of primary and secondary sources. While helpful in conducting inquiries
into certain historical trends and policy issues, qualitative methodologies are
susceptible to researcher bias, and can lead to disagreement over the relative
importance of different factors in shaping Chinese policy. This thesis asks whether a
rigorous quantitative methodology can more effectively highlight trends and answer
questions relating to modern Chinese history and government policy. Specifically,
can a computer content analysis (CCA) based on news published by the state-run
New China News Agency (NCNA) provide an accurate gauge of the international
outlook of the Chinese leadership? This study establishes the reliability and
effectiveness of quantitative, computer-driven historical research by undertaking a
three-stage CCA of NCNA content concerning a specific topic: Beijing’s official views
of Vietnam during the Deng Xiaoping era. The data from the CCA also answers an
academic question framed by the qualitative research of Robert S. Ross and Charles
McGregor: During the 1980s was China’s central leadership primarily concerned
with Hanoi’s military and economic alliance with Moscow, and the potential for
Soviet encirclement of China? Or was Beijing more worried about Vietnam’s regional
ambitions in Southeast Asia? The CCA results clearly support the regionally themed
thesis outlined by McGregor, while casting doubt upon the Soviet-focused findings
of Ross. Not only was NCNA coverage of Vietnam overwhelmingly oriented toward
issues touching Kampuchea and the brutal war there, but also NCNA reports about
Vietnam’s interactions with other counties in Southeast Asia were far more negative
than NCNA articles about Hanoi and Moscow, even when sampled news reports
excluded references to the dire situation in Kampuchea. The CCA methodology,
which counted the frequency of country references in NCNA articles and gauged the
positive and negative tone of NCNA coverage throughout the Deng era, serves as a
template for further inquiry into China’s views of the world. It also establishes the
advantages of using quantitative research to explore certain issues relating to
modern Chinese history and foreign policy.
 ABSTRACT

Most will agree with the statement that Organization Development implies change,
and we accepted that improvement in organizational functioning means that
change has occurred, then broadly defined, Organization Development means
organization change.

Not everyone agrees with this statement, and the researcher does not.
Improvement in an organization’s way of operation may mean change from one
procedure to a better one – such as putting an organization’s payroll procedure onto
a computer rather processing checks by hand – but the fundamentals of how
problems are solved, how decisions are made, and how people are treated may not
have changed at all. This more fundamental aspect of change in the organization
and how social power and organizational politics are affecting it was the domain of
this research study.

There are four primary social-psychological concepts for diagnosing an organization

to be effective and efficient; they are norms, values, and rewards. The fourth
concept is power, and herein lies the center stage of my study. And the reason for
choosing power is both significant and straightforward. Organization Development
signifies change, and for change to occur in an organization, power must be
exercised. The research study is to understand the nature of power, from both the
personal and organizational perspective, and be able to determine, within an
organization, specifically Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa, who has power,
how power is exercised, and where the leverages for change are likely to be,
specifically on how to attain organization development in terms of human resource
management functions such as; recruitment, placement and involvement, staff
development, and motivation.

The initial concern of the study was power itself – individual need for power
and the consequences of this need on management, sources of power for an
individual in a social context, and organizational sources of power. The study
considers management, which was define as the exercise of power, and then, who
addresses the implications of what power and politics can do in affecting
management effectiveness and efficiency at Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa
in the attainment of its organizational objectives.

The general problem of this study is to determine the effects of social power and
organizational politics in organization development in terms of human resource
management functions such as: recruitment and selection, placement and
involvement, staff development, and motivation.

This study focuses its attention on the kind of social power and the indicators of
organizational politics being exercised by the administrative and academic
personnel, in the furtherance of the educational philosophy and objectives of the
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa. The study only included as respondents the
faculty who in one way are the major component of how social power and politics
affects them personally and professionally.

Through this study, the faculty will be learning with information on organization
development that will serve as a way in providing quality education. For the present
Administrators, for this study will be very useful and can be a source of information
to evaluate their existing systems and practices and come up with another that is
more responsive and effective. Lastly for future researchers, may this study be a
source of information in making a future study in organization development.

The research paradigm is to show the concept on how social powers namely:
rewards, coercive, legitimate, referent, and expert power can affect the
effectiveness of organization development in terms of human resource functions of
recruitment, placement and involvement of employees, staff development and
motivation in an organization. Organizational politics; such as the Palakasan
System, the Padrino System and Political Affiliation will also be a major variable that
will be significant in the study of organization development plus the fact that all
these indicators can be moderated by the person- related variables of the
respondents such as gender and age and the professional-related factors such as
status of employment, highest educational attainment, and length of years in
teaching at the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa.

Hypothesis

Ho There is no significant relation between social powers and organizational

politics in the attainment of effective organization development at Pamantasan ng
Lungsod ng Muntinlupa.

Ho There is no significant difference between the respondent’s

assessments of the effects social power and organizational politics in organization

development.

The study made use of the descriptive method of research.

A Descriptive study is an inquiry into the nature of an unknown phenomenon or the

occurrence of an event. It does not explain relationship but seeks knowledge for
better understanding of the nature of the subject of the study to serve as basis for
some future actions including formulation of hypothesis of relationship. The aim of
the descriptive study is to infer to the reference population the findings from a
sample.

The research design describes what the study has done to answer the research
questions.

The study used the descriptive correlation survey. This is a study that shows the
difference between two or more variables, that is, how a variable varies with
another. Since the present research is a status study, the correlation survey was the
most appropriate method to use in gathering data.

This research study was conducted within the confines of Pamantasan ng Lungsod
ng Muntinlupa that is located at National Bilibid Reservation, Poblacion, Muntinlupa
City. The respondents of the study were the faculty members of the Pamantasan ng
Lungsod ng Muntinlupa. Muntinlupa City. The data collection was purposive
sampling, a method that involved all the members of the population. Since there
are only 0ne hundred and twenty faculty members of our institution that were
served with the survey questionnaires, and only one hundred were retrieved or
83.33% of the faculty force were considered as respondent of this study.

The study used the survey questionnaire as a research instrument. A questionnaire

gathers data faster than other methods which when answered honestly and
properly by selected respondents, will supply the necessary information to complete
a research study.

The questionnaires were distributed to all faculty members of Pamantasan ng

Lungsod ng Muntinlupa, and One hundred filled questionnaires were retrieved. The
content of the questionnaires was focus on how social power and organizational
politics that could affect the organization development of Pamantasan ng Lungsod
ng Muntinlupa as a basis for policy direction.

After presenting the analysis and interpreting the data gathered through the use of
statistical tools, the following findings were arrived at:

a. Among the Social Powers which has the great capacity to affect
organizational outcomes.

1.1 Reward Power

1.2 Coercive Power

1.3 Legitimate Power

1.4 Referent Power

1.5 Expert Power

Based on the results, it can be perceived that power administrators do not

use the reward power bestowed on them. Especially with a weighted mean of 2.41,
the administrators never complemented their work in terms of their effectiveness
and efficiency.

On coercive Power there is a strong argument that the administrators uses

coercive power in the organization especially when they are forced to participate
actively in any civic affairs sponsored by the city hall and at sometimes at their own
discretion.
 On referent power, the respondents gathered a weighted mean of 3.35, thus
they all agree the referent power is being used in our organization especially the
appointments of teachers due to political referrals.

On expert power, the respondents are neutral on how the

administrators/deans exercises their rights in leading the institution to academic
standards.

b. Among the indicators of organizational politics, which one is an effective

instrument in acquiring preferred outcome:

2.1 Palakasan System

2.2 Padrino System

2.3 Political System

On the Palakasan System, the respondents agree that the majority of the
members of the faculty are admitted because they know somebody influential from
the organization.

While on the Padrino System, the respondents are neutral on the use of
“ninong” and “ninang” in the facilitation of their regularization.

On political affiliation, the general weighted mean of 3.11 agrees that

loadings of subjects per semester depend of how close you are to the
administrators/deans.

c. And lastly, between social power and organizational politics, which has the
great capacity to influence organization development, the one that can greatly
influence changes in the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa are social powers
wherein it garnered 70% of the respondents who totally agree.

In the light of the findings arrived, the following conclusions were formulated.
The target dimensions of organizational development in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng
Muntinlupa that gives an outline, which are not mutually exclusive and distinct from
each other. Complicated and high falluting department objectives can be
restructured that will help in the realization of organizational goals. It should involve
as many groups as possible through their representatives including the studentry.
The involvement of these representatives by management in the goaling process
helps insure its members identify themselves with the organization. Thus, they
would cooperate in the achievement of the objectives, which they help formulate.

The organigram or table of organizations is usually the most visible written

output of the organizing or re-organizing the structure. Span of control, height and
width of the organization, centralization of decision making are some symbols
depicting to a great extent the presence or absence of authority in the organization.
Change in individuals’ duties, responsibilities, roles functions due to change in
structure is evidenced from their behavior. Although structure includes three
components; authority, abilities and skills, and rewards, the last two are better
placed under the category of people in terms of how organizational development
can be used in changing them and the facility and difficulty by which they can be
changed. Duties, responsibilities, roles and functions are important components of
positions, which are structured under authority.

Content includes the material dimensions used by the organization to achieve

its goals. In the business setting these consist of funds, facilities, equipment,
markets, products, services. In schools, the curriculum is a good example.

Technology, another component for organizational development, answers

how jobs are better done. Developing and refining new ways, means, procedure of
producing goods, products, services, are a continuous process.

The most difficult target for organizational development is people. Due to

their very nature of complexity and intricacy, this dimension is most elusive and
challenging to deal with. It takes more time, effort and competence to know and
understand people and more so to develop them in the image for which they can be
useful to the organization. The latter has its own role, which can be accomplished
by people who share with it the same values, interests and aspirations. By the same
token, people would want the organization to share with them its joys, worries and
commitments. Because of the symbiotic role of people development, the dimension
of people comes most problematic in organizational development.

Based on the conclusion, the following recommendations are being presented by

the researcher.

1. Assume a customer or beneficiary orientation

2. Integrate the three critical elements of effective performance in the

organization: strategy, structures, and spirit of service

3. Enable the individual human worker or manager to be productive in work and

achieving in his personal life as a worker or professional by taking total
responsibility for results.

4. Translate the task of self-responsible performance into organizational

structures that promote a responsible work behavior.

5. Use co-creation (participative approach) for peak performance and work

commitment.
6. Promote the development of enabling skills as well as make the enabling
leader, the model or ideal of leadership.

7. Use developmental tools appropriate to our Filipino culture.

ABSTRACT

Studies on job satisfaction have grown in recent years because of their basic
importance to the understanding of a worker’s behavior and the continuous
effective operations of organizations. Stordeur et al. (2001) contend that the higher
an employee’s job satisfaction and work commitment, the lower is his intention to
leave the workplace.

In the Philippines, nurses have been constantly exposed to considerable internal

and external organizational issues which could have negative effects on their level
of job satisfaction. Several literature on nursing have raised the issues on heavy
workload, poor working conditions, meager compensation packages, poor
interpersonal relationships, weak leadership, non-recognition of exemplary work,
and lack of opportunities for career growth as possible major factors of work stress
and dissatisfaction. These issues may serve as possible causes for nurses to
reconsider their long-range work options and seek opportunities outside their
chosen career.
It is based on the above mentioned scenario that the researcher developed the
interest to examine the prospects of a nursing career at the DepEd by looking into
the demographic profile and the level of job satisfaction among public school
nurses, and their perceptions towards sufficiency in remuneration and other
monetary benefits, non-monetary benefits, budget allocation and career
advancement.

Using the Descriptive Method, the research was conducted at the School Health and
Nutrition Section (SHNS) of DepEd, Southern Leyte Division where the thirty (30)
respondents are working.

Three (3) questionnaires were used in the gathering of data, namely: 1.)
Respondent’s Profile Questionnaire, a 9-item instrument developed to gather
information regarding work life variables which might affect the DepEd nurses’ job
satisfaction; 2.) Level of Sufficiency on Benefits, Budget Allocation and Career
Advancement Questionnaire; and 3.) the Short-Form Minnesota Satisfaction
Questionnaire (MSQ) which represents the twenty dimensions of the job. The
statistical tools used in the analysis of data were frequencies and percentages, and
mean.

Findings of the study revealed that majority of the DepEd nurses have only been
working with the agency from 2 to 10 years. 23.3% of them has attended masteral
programs, but no one has finished Master of Arts nor has reached the doctoral level.
Already holding permanent positions, the respondents are dominantly married and
young, with age bracket ranging from 31 to 40 years of age. Most of them are
assigned to workstations 4 to 30 kilometers away from their residences.

In terms of remuneration and other monetary benefits, majority of the DepEd

nurses find their transportation and field work allowances, and medical and
hospitalization to be very insufficient; and their monthly salary, PERA and ADCOM,
and step increment to be insufficient. They however find their hazard pay, year-end
bonus and cash gift, productivity incentive, and clothing allowance to be sufficient.
On the other hand, in terms of non-monetary benefits, the DepEd nurses reported
them to be very insufficient, so are the budget allocated for their department, and
the opportunities provided by management for career advancement.

Over all, the DepEd nurses are satisfied with their job. However, they are
dissatisfied in the aspect of human relations supervision, technical supervision,
company policies and practices, compensation, and advancement.

The researcher was able to conclude and generalize that only a small percentage of
the total population of nurses would stay with DepEd beyond ten years. They either
transfer to other organization, or change other career paths. The dominance of
young nurses indicates that majority of them do not stay with DepEd until
retirement, but only until they gain enough experience or find better opportunities.
As perceived by the DepEd nurses, there is a level of insuffiency given to them by
the organization in terms of remuneration and other benefits, non-monetary
benefits, budget allocation, and career advancement. They appeared to have been
satisfied with their job, except in the aspect of supervision, company policies and
practices, compensation, and advancement.

Based on the conclusion and generalization, the researcher has recommended the
DepEd management to revisit and effect changes in their human resource policies
and programs particularly on the compensation packages. The budget allocations
for nurses must be directed towards the increase of salary and other monetary
benefit increases, purchase of office supplies, fixtures and furnitures, and
improvement of laboratory equipment and facilities. Career advancement programs
such as career relevant trainings, scholarships and job promotions must also be
regularly implemented as well as constant reorientation on the company policies
and best practices to inculcate positive culture among the employees. And, lastly,
supervisory trainings for supervisors must also be regularly conducted to improve
and develop their human relations and technical skills.
Abstracts
using the
Survey
Research
Method
 ABSTRACT

The study investigated the impact of Typhoon Reming among college students of
Aquinas University of Legazpi. It looked into the experiences, psychological
reactions, post-disaster stressors, and coping mechanisms of the respondents, and
the support services availed of. Results showed that majority of the respondents
experienced witnessing flooding and destruction to property; experienced
psychological reactions which resemble symptoms of post-traumatic-stress
disorder, depression and anxiety; reported financial difficulties at home and
problems in adjusting to the school environment; and coped by resuming of normal
routines, and by the support of family and friends. Most of the respondents availed
of the individual counseling service, and perceived it as being the most effective.
Limitations and implications of the study were discussed.
 ABSTRACT

The main objective of the study was to develop and evaluate a module in
reading for first year students to upgrade their level of reading comprehension
skills. Specifically, the study hoped to develop a module in Reading and to evaluate
its effectiveness.

The study tested the hypothesis that there is no significant difference

between the result of the pre-test and post-test of the students.

The study utilized a pre-test-post-test experimental design to attain the

objectives indicated. Data were gathered from two groups of respondents: three
English specialists for the validation of the module using a Likert-type rating scale
and 226 first year students enrolled at San Guillermo National High School using an
adapted Achievement Test.

The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics like frequency

distribution, percentage, mean and analysis of variance to test the hypotheses.

Summary of Findings
 1. As rated by the three experts, the module obtained an overall rating of 4.43
described as very satisfactory.

2. The results of the pre-test and post-test are as follows:

In the pre-test, the students obtained the highest rating of 14.88 in

making inferences and obtained the lowest rating of 2.36 in identifying
word meaning. The students overall rating is 32.55 indicating a
satisfactory performance.

In the post-test, the students obtained the highest rating of 16.89 in

making inferences and obtained the lowest rating of 2.72 in identifying
word meaning. The students also obtained a very satisfactory rating in
distinguishing facts from opinion.

The overall rating in the post-test is 35.76 indicating a satisfactory

performance.

3. The obtained –value of the scores of the students in the pre-test and post-test
in all the areas of the reading skills are significant at .05 level of significance.

Conclusions

From the findings identified, the following conclusions are formulated:

1. The module in reading was found appropriate for first year students, well
constructed and acceptable.

2. Since the p-value of the scores were all found significant at .05 level of
significance, the hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the
result of the pre-test and post-test is rejected.

Recommendations

From the findings identified and the conclusions formulated, the following
recommendations are given:

1. Since the module was found effective in upgrading the reading

comprehension skills of the students, it is recommended that all English
teachers of San Guillermo High School who are teaching in First Year must
utilize the module as an additional instructional tool in reading.

2. The school principal of San Guillermo High School must see to it that the
reproduction of the module be given financial assistance and that the use
of the module be given time allotment in the school program.
3. For further research, it is recommended that the same study will be
conducted to all first year students in the Division of Zambales to find out
the effectiveness of the module to other first year students.
 Abstracts
using the
Correlational
Research
 ABSTRACT

Organizational climate is indeed a substantial tool that determines the area of

effectiveness, productivity and efficiency of an organization. School effectiveness is
a measure of quality and transcendental changes that govern the improvement
process. Organizational climate and school effectiveness are two constructs that
should receive equal importance. This study aimed to determine the relationship
between the organizational climate and school effectiveness in public, private and
private sectarian Colleges of Nursing. Descriptive – comparative and descriptive –
correlational research designs were used in the study. A modified questionnaire of
Leadership Orientation Instrument for organizational climate and a self – reported
survey on school effectiveness served as the principal instruments in data
gathering. Expertise of professionals was sought for construct validity. A test -
retest reliability method was employed and results revealed of reliability coefficient
of 0.99. Thus, the instrument was highly reliable. Respondents include faculty
members who have no administrative title and hold a full-time position as an
instructor in a baccalaureate nursing program with one year teaching and at least
one year clinical experience were purposively selected from public, private and
private sectarian Colleges of Nursing. Statistical treatment of data was processed
through weighted mean, ranking, one – way analysis of variance and Pearson r
moment correlation of coefficient. The findings pointed out a significant difference
in organizational climate and school effectiveness among public, private and private
sectarian Colleges of Nursing. Findings revealed of positive, high correlation
between organizational climate, faculty and physical plant and a negative
correlation on instruction and student outcome. Recommendations were provided
for further study, organizational climate assessment and review on specific school
characteristics on faculty, instruction and physical plant and other indices of school
effectiveness.
 Abstracts
using the
Experimenta
l Research
 Abstract

This chapter reviews experimental economics research relevant to law and

economics. The introduction includes a brief discussion of experimental
methodology and a survey of the categories of economics experiments relevant to
law and economics, with citations to other reviews and compilations. The bulk of the
chapter reviews two series of economics experiments designed to test theoretical
claims of law and economics: those relating to the Coase theorem and those
relating to pre-trial bargaining and settlement.