Review of Civil Engineering Course Materials Please Review Before Class Surveying TutorialReview of Civil Engineering OUTLINE * General Information — Board for Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors — Information for Examinees (test plan, etc.) — Section 6731, Business and Professions Code * Field Activities and Equipment — Definitions, Methods, and Procedures for: * Control Surveys; * Construction Surveys; * Route Surveys; and * Topographic Surveys — Types of Errors/Accuracy Standards + Field Measurements — Angular Measurements (Horizontal and Vertical) — Horizontal Measurements (Distance) — Vertical Measurements (Leveling) — Global Positioning (GPS) * Other Office Calculations ~ Use of Decimal Degrees — Trigonometric Formulae — Horizontal Curves ~ Vertical Curves — Traverse Surveying and Adjustment — Area Calculation of a Closed Figure + More “Stuff” — Metrication (International Foot vs. U.S. Survey Foot) — U.S. Public Lands Survey System (USPLSS) — Horizontal Datums — Vertical Datums — Photogrammetry — Scales — Geographic Information Systems (GIS)Review of Civil Engineering OUTLINE (Continued) * Sample Problems and Solutions + Reference Materials — CalTrans Staking Information — Abbreviations (CT-typical for CalTrans Survey Manual as source) — Field Note Topo Symbols (CT) — Curves (CT) * Horizontal, Vertical, Parabolic Flares/Tapers — Plane Geometry (CT) — Area of Polygons (CT) — Constants and Useful Data (CT) ~ Surveyors Measures (CT) — Section 8801, Public Resources Code (California Coordinate System) — Survey Datums and the California Coordinate System (CT) ¢ Horizontal Datums (1976) ¢ Vertical Datums (1976) * Califomia Coordinate System (1976-Note: there is no Zone 7 in CCS83) — Metric Quick Reference Sheet (CT) — Portion ASTM E380-92, Section 5Review of Civil Engineering GENERAL INFORMATION If you would like to purchase one of the pamphlets listed below, please write or call: California Board for Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors 2535 Capitol Oaks Drive, Suite 300 Sacramento, California 95833-2926 (916) 263-2222 Fax: (916) 263-2246 Professional Engineer Plain Language Pamphlet $5.00 Professional Land Surveyor Plain Language Pamphlet $5.00 (make checks payable to the Department of Consumer Affairs) For a free download, visit their website at www.dca.ca.gov/pels An examinee informational brochure with details of the test, test plan information, and an outline of the scope of questions that will be on the exam follows, in the event you have not received one. REFERENCE MATERIALS For more information or to order books online, visit www.ppi2pass.com. An excellent resource for practice is “Surveying Principles for Civil Engineers” by Paul Cuomo, PLS, which has 122 example questions with solutions. You can also visit Mr. Cuomo’s website at www.pacificland.com (no books are available from this site).October 2002 Exam Cycle PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER EXAMINEE INSTRUCTIONS GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO ALL EXAMINEES: The following schedule indicates the time when doors will be opened for seating: All Professional Engineer Examinations ~ 7:00 A.M. Seismic Principles — 8:30 A.M. Engineering Surveying — 1:30 P.M. Due to size variations at all sites, we cannot predict the time when the actual examination will begin. We encourage all examinees to arrive promptly at the time the doors open as-no additional time will be given to anyone who arrives after.the timed portion of the exam has begun. Unauthorized persons will not be admitted into the testing area. Bring this information sheet with you to the exam. It is important that you read and understand it before the exam. On the day of the exam, you will be required to sign a statement which certifies that you have read and will abide by the following instructions. NO ONE WILL BE PERMITTED TO LEAVE THE TESTING AREA DURING THE FIRST HOUR OF THE ‘TIMED PORTION OF THE PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER EXAM AND NO ONE WILL BE PERMITTED TO. LEAVE THE TESTING AREA DURING THE FIRST THIRTY (30) MINUTES OF THE TIMED PORTION OF EITHER THE SEISMIC PRINCIPLES OR ENGINEERING SURVEY EXAMINATIONS. NO ONE WILL BE PERMITTED INTO THE TESTING AREA IF THEY ARRIVE AFTER THE FIRST HOUR OF THE TIMED PORTION OF THE PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER EXAM AND NO ONE WILL BE PERMITTED TO ENTER THE TESTING AREA IF THEY ARRIVE AFTER THE FIRST THIRTY (30) MINUTES OF THE TIMED PORTION OF EITHER THE SEISMIC PRINCIPLES OR ENGINEERING SURVEY EXAMINATIONS. PHOTO LD. - in order to gain entrance into the testing area, a photo ID is required and you will not be admitted without one. “Identification will ONLY be accepted ifit meets ALL ofthe following criteria: 1. Issued by a state or federal governmental agency (including other U.S. states and foreign countries) {Student identification cards or employee identification cards will NOT be accepted] 2. Contains your photograph 3. Contains your visible signature 4. Contains your printed (typed) name If you do not have identification which meets ALL of the above criteria, you will NOT be allowed to sit for the examination. THERE WILL BE NO EXCEPTIONS. EXAMINEES SUBJECT TO SEARCH ‘All examinees are subject fo search of their persons and personal belongings while at the examination site. The purpose of this policy isto ensure the safety of all those attending the examination site and to maintain the integrity and security of the applicable examination. (See Title 16, California Code of Regs. sec. 442) By accepting admission to the examination site, each examinee willingly consents to submit his or her belongings, briefcases, backpacks, or other parcels to examination proctors or other Board staff at any time while at the examination site for purposes of detecting and seizing any unauthorized materials or items. Any conduct that results in a violation of security or disrupts the examination may result in the confiscation of the examinee's examination, the examinee's removal from the testing site, the voiding of ‘examination results, andthe forfeiture of all application fees. NOTICE: LICY REGARDING THE USE FEN ‘The National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) has adopted a new policy effective with the April 2002 exam administration which requires all examinees to use the mechanical pencils NCES provides at the examination site. You can not use vour own personal writing instrument. Each examinee will be given one NCEES mechanical pencil for use at the examination. These pencils use -Tmm size lead. It is suggested that you bring extra lead 1002 PE ramine nstretions 1202 1in the rare event that you should run out. After the exam, you may keep this pencil with our compliments. You may bring your own erasers. This policy applies to all examinees taking any PE examination, INSTRUCTIONS TO EXAMINEES - Tost instructions splat te insructions printed ona your est booklet EXAM SECURITY - Failure to follow oral and written instructions will result in your examination being voided and forfeiture of your application fee. Conduct which results in a violation of security or disrupts the administration of the examination could result in your test being confiscated, your dismissal from the examination site, and your exam being voided and not scored. Conduct which jeopardizes the integrity of the examination is considered to be a misdemeanor and in violation of Section 123 of the Business and Professions Code and may result in the imposition of a fine up to $10,000. Examples of misconduct include, but are not limited to the following: writing on anything other than designated exam material ‘ Shee); writing or erasing after ime i called; looking at another examinee's material; talking during the exam; using an unauthorized calculating device; and using cell phones for any purpose during the examination. You may not communicate or share reference materials, calculators, or any other exam materials with other examinees during the examination. You may not attend this examination only to review of audit test materials. You may not copy ‘any portion of the examination for any reason. REMINDER: The ONLY material you are allowed to write on during the examination is your exam book, solution booklet (if you have one), and answer sheet. WRITING OR MARKING ON ANY TYPE OF CHART OR GRAPH (this includes psychrometric charts) IS PROHIBITED UNLESS IT 1S CONTAINED IN YOUR EXAM BOOKLET. If you are found writing on any other material, you will be removed from the testing area, your exam will not be scored, and you will not be allowed to continue your exam. THE USE OF SLLULAR_PH( PAGERS IS PRO! .T THE HAVE BEEN COLLECTED AND YOU HAVE BEEN DISMISSED AND ‘VACATED THE BUILDING. CALCULATORS - The use of any calculating/computing device having a QWERTY keypad arrangement similar to a typewriter or a keyboard during the exam is strictly prohibited. These devices include, but are not limited to: palmtop, laptop, handheld or desktop computers, calculators, data banks, data collectors, personal data assistants (PDA) and organizers. Calculators with other alphanumeric keypads are acceptable. Not withstanding the above, the Board or its designees have the right to probibit the use of any device which, in the opinion of the Board, may pose a threat to exam security. Electrical outlets will not be available at any time. ONE EXAMPLE OF A “QWERTY” KEYPAD >) fr lfelfelfe]fslfelf7 ]f elf |[o] [es ]{E | feacksrace Tab TUPI fed yAg ID ow [a |fs][o][rife][e fe ][k][E]E IE ] [em Shit Zz] [x}fel[v]fel[y|[m] ls | yl? shift Space REFERENCE MATERIALS -“POST-ITS” WILL BE PERMITTED AS BOOK TABS ONLY (must be attached prior to entering the testing area, as a pad of “POST-ITS” will not be permitted). PE ENTIRELY OPEN BOOK. ALL FORMS OF NOTES ARE PERMITTED; HOWEVER, THEY MUST BE PERMANENTLY BOUND (LE. STITCHED OR GLUED) OR FASTENED SECURELY IN ITS COVER BY FASTENERS WHICH PENETRATE ALL PAPERS, eg. RING BINDERS, SPIRAL BINDERS, PLASTIC SNAP BINDERS, BRADS, SCREW POSTS, or STAPLED. 104 FE Examine tnstrectons 91202 2BLANK WRITING TABLETS, UNBOUND TABLES, OR UNBOUND NOTES ARE NOT PERMITTED IN THE TESTING AREA. Examinces writing on anything other than exam materials distributed by proctors will be in violation of the Board’s exam security laws and policies (see Exam Security). You are permitted to bring as many reference materials into the testing area as one trip will permit. Fire Codes require that all aisleways be kept clear. ‘SITE INFORMATION/CONDITIONS - Due to insufficient parking facilities at some exam sites, allow ample time to park and reach the testing area. Be prepared to pay for parking. Be prepared for either warm or cold temperatures, as ‘exam sites may not have adequate heating and cooling capabilities. Earplugs for sound suppression are allowed and are ‘encouraged in the event of unavoidable noise as a result of other events scheduled at the exam site. The use of headphones inside the testing area is prohibited. Wearing hats with visors during the examination is strictly Prohibited. Eating, drinking, or tobacco use will not be permitted inside the testing area. You may bring seat ashions ito the ting area, You wil vacate the testing area after cach exam session. You shuld make atangcmentt service. Contact your particular exam site for more information. SPECIAL ACCOMMODATIONS - If you require special assistance or accommodations, you should have contacted ‘the Board at least 30 days prior to the examination date. Without prior approval, NO exceptions or special accommodations will be granted. Example: Examince brings his/her own chair: if this was not approved at least 30 days in advance, examinee will not be allowed to use the chair during the exam. Example: Examince is a diabetic who requires food during the examination: without prior approval, the consumption of food will not be allowed during the exam, ADMISSION PROBLEMS - At all exam sites a “Problem Table” is available for those examinees who did not receive an admission notice or who need assistance. The “Problem Table” will be available Thursday, October 24, from 2:00 pm. to 3:00 p.m. The “Problem Table” will also be available Friday, October 25, and Saturday, October 26, beginning 30 minutes prior to the opening of the doors. EXAM RESULTS/CHANGE OF ADDRESS - The Board will post the release dates of the examination results on our website at www.dea.ca.gov/pels and on our recorded message at (916) 263-2222. In order to receive your results, your address must be current. All address changes must be submitted in writing to the Board office. NOTE: The names and addresses of Board licensees are public records and are published in both electronic and print media. You may use a home address, a post office box, or a business address. METRICS - Each Profesional Engineer examination uses dimensional units that reflect cureat practice in that discipline; e.g., a discipline such as Civil uses a mixture of USCS and metric units. COMMENT FORMS - This form is available to examinees in order to make comments and to challenge specific test problems on the examination. At the conclusion of an exam, you may request a Comment Form from the proctor at the door. You must use one form per test question. This comment form is to be completed at home and retumed to the Board office within ten (10) days of the examination. ‘TAKE-HOME EXAMINATION - The Board must ensure that California licensed Professional Engineers are familiar ‘with the provisions of the Professional Engineers Act and the Board Rules. Business Professions Code section 6755.1 requires the Board to administer a test on the State Laws and Board Rules to all Professional Engineer applicants. To be licensed as a Professional Engineer in California, you must take and pass this PE Take-Home examination. The PE ‘Take-Home examination is located on the Boards Web Site. This should be returned within thirty (30) days after the PE exam. While the Board will accept and grade this examination after thirty (30) days, your license could be delayed significantly if you pass the other par{s) of the examination and the PE Take-Home examination has not been received. The Professional Engineers Act and Board Rules located on the Boards Web Site describe the important laws, rules, and regulations pertaining to the practice of professional engineering and is to be used as a reference for the PE Take-Home examination. If you want a bound “hard-copy” of The Professional Engineers Act and Board Rules, please mail a written request and a check or money order for $5.00 (payable to the Department of Consumer Affairs) to the Board. ‘You may use other reference material as well. All questions have equal weight. You must achieve a minimum of 70% to pass this examination. If you do not achieve a passing score, the Board will mail a notice to you, requesting you to retake this examination. You will not receive a license number until you pass the Take-Home examination. 1002_PE_Beamineenstrvcions S202 4SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR: ‘These examinations are designed, developed and graded by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES). The California Board, as well as all other State Boards throughout the United States and ‘Territories, purchases theses exams from NCEES. Each State Board is responsible for the administration of these exams. Itis recommended that you vist the NCEES website to review the latest test specifications for the PE exam that you are scheduled to take. Their website address is www.ncees.org. ALL PE EXAMINATIONS ARE ENTIRELY OPEN BOOK. These examinations are developed with problems that will require a variety of approaches and methodologies including design, application, and operations. Some problems may require knowledge of engineering economics. REPORTING OF EXAMINATION SCORES ‘The reporting of the scores for the NCEES examinations listed above has changed, effective with the October 2001 exam administration, NCEES has recommended that all State Engineering Boards represent the scores in a converted score format, which is described below. To that end, the score you will receive will be represented in the converted score format. Examinees will receive a report of "pass" or "fail" on the examination. A minimum total converted score of 70 must be achieved in order to pass the examination. Converted scores are obtained by converting the number of questions answered correctly to a scale of 0 to 100. The converted score of 70 is not a percentage of the total number of questions answered correctly; it represents the minimum level of performance judged necessary by NCEES to demonstrate ‘minimum competence. For a more detailed explanation of the converted score format, please go to the NCEES website at www.ncees.org, under the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) category. ‘The Agricultural, Chemical, Control Systems, Fire Nuclear, and Petroleum examinations will be entirely multiple-choice (M/C) and all problems are mandatory. There will be 40 problems in both the A.M. and P.M. portions of the exam. ‘The Civil examination will be administered in a breadth and depth format. The A.M. portion will focus on the breadth of Engineering Surveying Equipment and Field Activities (20%) Engineering Surveying Field Measurements (10%) Engineering Surveying Calculations (40%) Engineering Surveying Office Procedures (30%) Glossary of Engineering Surveying Terms ‘As used in the test plan, the following abilities are defined as: Determine Interpret Perform Practice Recognize To establish or define after consideration, investigation, or calculation for use in ‘an engineering surveying activity. To conceive and explain the meaning of engineering surveying terms, symbols, and procedures. To execute and complete a task in accordance with the requirements of engineering surveying practice. To offer engineering surveying services for or to carry out in action. To put together or make by combining various existing or newly created elements for use in an engineering surveying activity. To know or identify the engineering surveying elements of a project from past experience or knowledge. ‘Special Gil Engineer Examination Engineering Surveying Test Plan Page 1EAI EALI BAL2 EAL3 FAL4 EA2 BA21 BA22 EA23 EA24 EA2S FA26 EA27 EA3.1 EA3.2 ENGINEERING SURVEYING EQUIPMENT AND FIELD ACTIVITIES —_ (20%) Engineering surveying equipment and field activities include the types of ‘equipment used and their application for gathering and interpreting field data and for construction layout. Recognize the purposes of different types of surveys. Knowledge of general methods and procedures of control surveys Knowledge of general methods and procedures of construction surveys Knowledge of general methods and procedures of route surveys Knowledge of general methods and procedures of topographic surveys Determine the field survey instruments and equipment required to perform engineering surveying measurements. Knowledge of the accuracy of measurements made with survey equipment Knowledge of the components and operation of an engineer's transit Knowledge of the components and operation of a total station Knowledge of the components and operation of leveling equipment such as: level setup self-leveling/automatic level tilting level leveling rods laser leveling Knowledge of the components and operation of taping equipment such as: + plumb bob * hand level © tapes Knowledge of the components and operation of Electronic Distance Measurement (€DM) Knowledge of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) capabilities Practice within the laws regulating engineering surveying. Knowledge of the scope of practice of engineering surveying as defined by the Professional Engineers Act (in contrast to the scope of practice of land surveying as defined by the Professional Land Surveyors Act) Knowledge of the Subdivision Map Act as it pertains to the practice of engineering surveying ‘Special Civil Engineer Examination Engineering Surveying Test Plan Page 2EAS EA41 EA42 BA43 EAG4 EA4S BA46 BA47 BAGS EAS EAS.1 BAS.2 BAS.3 EAS.4 BAS.S EAS.6 FAG EA6.1 EA6.2 EA63 EA6.4 Recognize common construction surveying methods and procedures. Knowledge of construction layout requirements to enable the contractor to construct the project Knowledge of horizontal curve layout Knowledge of horizontal and vertical control layout Knowledge of line and grade layout Knowledge of potential conflicts with underground utilities Knowledge of location, orientation, and terminology for construction staking Knowledge of offset distance computations Knowledge of roadway layout Perform field surveying operations for a traverse survey. Knowledge of closed traverse Knowledge of open traverse Knowledge of interior angle traverse Knowledge of deflection angle traverse Knowledge of radial traverse Knowledge of angle-to-the-right traverse Perform field surveying operations for horizontal layout. Knowledge of procedure for laying off angles Knowledge of procedure for prolonging a straight line Knowledge of procedure for establishing points on a straight line Knowledge of procedure for locating a single point ‘Special Civil Engineer Examination Engineering Surveying Test Plan Page 3EBT EB7.1 EB7.2 EB73 EBT4 EBT.S EB EB8.1 EB8.2 EB83 EB84 EBS.S BBR6 EB9.1 B92 EB9.3 EBO4 EBO.S EB9.6 ENGINEERING SURVEYING FIELD MEASUREMENTS. (10%) Engineering surveying field measurements include the methods and procedures for determining distances, angles, and elevations. Perform the measurement of horizontal distances. Knowledge of standard taping procedures and techniques Knowledge of procedures for measuring slope distances Knowledge of the common types of taping errors and corrections such as: © random * slope © temperature * tension and sag Knowledge of procedures for determining the horizontal distance along a slope, in increments (“breaking chain”) Knowledge of Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) procedures Perform the measurement of angles. Knowledge of procedure for reading a vernier scale ‘Knowledge of procedures for measuring horizontal angles Knowledge of procedures for measuring deflection angles Knowledge of procedure for measuring vertical angles Knowledge of the relationships between azimuths, bearings, back bearings, and angles Knowledge of procedures for measuring angles by repetition Perform the measurement of elevations from leveling. Knowledge of procedures for differential leveling Knowledge of definitions of leveling terminology such as: ‘bench mark temporary bench mark turning point backsight foresight intermediate sight height of instrument Knowledge of procedure for sighting the telescope and reading the rod Knowledge of procedure for trigonometric leveling Knowledge of procedure for cross-section leveling Knowledge of procedure for profile leveling ‘Special Civil Engineer Examination Engineering Surveying Test Plan Page 4ECIO EC10.1 ECIO.2 EC103 ECI0.4 ECU ECILI ECH2 ECH3 ECIL.4 ECILS ECIL6 ECI2 ECI2.1 ECI2.2 ECI2.3 ECI24 ECI2.5 ECI26 ECI27 ECI3 ECI3.1 ECI3.2, ECI3.3 ECI3.4 ENGINEERING SURVEYING CALCULATIONS (40%) Engineering surveying calculations are the analytical methods for applying the ‘mathematical relationships between measured distances, angles, and elevations. Perform basic geometric and trigonometric calculations. Knowledge of the properties of a right triangle Knowledge of general trigonometric formulas Knowledge of the properties of an oblique triangle Knowledge of trigonometric relationships to determine the area of a polygon Determine the properties of a horizontal curve. Knowledge of the geometric properties and equations of a circular curve Knowledge of circular curve deflections Knowledge of procedures for locating a point on a curve Knowledge of procedure for calculating stations for the point of intersection, beginning of curve, and end of curve Knowledge of properties of compound and reversing curves Knowledge of procedure for calculating the intersection of a curve and a straight line Determine the properties of a vertical curve. Knowledge of geometric properties and equations of a parabola Knowledge of procedures for calculating a vertical curve Knowledge of procedure for calculating vertical curves from tangent offsets of grade lines Knowledge of procedure for calculating intermediate points Knowledge of procedure for calculating the highest or lowest point Knowledge of procedure for calculating the rate of gradient Knowledge of procedure for calculating profile grade (slope) and elevations on the tangents Perform leveling calculations from field data to determine elevations. Knowledge of procedure for running a line of levels Knowledge of procedures for checking level notes Knowledge of procedure for trigonometric leveling Knowledge of procedure for profile leveling ‘Special Givil Engineer Examination Engineering Surveying Test Plan Page 5ECI4 ECI4.1 ECI4.2 EC14.3 ECI4.4 ECI4.5 ECIS ECIS.1 ECI5.2 ECI53 ECI6 ECI6.1 ECI6.2 ECI63 ECI6.4 ECI6.S ECI6.6 ECI7 ECI7.1 ECI7.2 ECI73 BCIT4 Perform traverse survey calculations to determine point locations. Knowledge of procedures for calculating latitudes and departures Knowledge of procedures for analyzing traverse closures such as: linear error of closure © accuracy ratio ‘© closure correction Knowledge of procedures for balancing a traverse Knowledge of procedures for balancing field angles Knowledge of procedures for calculating omitted measurements Perform error adjustment methods and procedures for surveying measurements. ‘Knowledge of the types of surveying data errors Knowledge of standard methods and procedures for error adjustments such as: © leveling traverses ‘© distance measurements Knowledge of the order of precision and level of accuracy of different survey types Perform rectangular coordinate system calculations. Knowledge of procedures for calculating distances from coordinates, Knowledge of procedures for calculating bearings or azimuths from coordinates Knowledge of the following coordinate geometry relationships: ‘intersection of line and a curve ‘© distance from a point to a line ‘© intersection of two straight lines Knowledge of procedures for calculating an area from rectangular coordinates Knowledge of the California State Plane Coordinate System Knowledge of procedures for calculating plane coordinates Perform calculations to determine quantities of construction materials. ‘Knowledge of methods for calculating volumes of materials ‘Knowledge of procedures for calculating volume by average-end-area method. including using cross-sections Knowledge of procedures for calculating volume by prismoidal method ‘Knowledge of the purpose of mass diagrams ‘Special Civil Engineer Examination Engineering Surveying Test Plan Page 6D. EDIs EDI8.1 EDI8.2 EDI83 EDI84 EDI8.5 EDI8.6 EDI8.7 EDI9 EDI9.1 ED19.2, D193, ED20 ED20.1 ED202 ED203 ENGINEERING SURVE’ IG OFFI DURES (30%) Engineering surveying office procedures include the research and planning for field surveys and the conversion of field data to an engineering format. Perform reduction of field data for plotting. Knowledge of the requirements and organization of field notes such as: © leveling notes ‘+ cross-section notes ‘© taping notes ‘© open and closed traverse notes Knowledge of procedures for plotting profiles Knowledge of procedures for plotting cross-sections, Knowledge of procedures for plotting field points and data Knowledge of the applications of stationing Knowledge of the relationship between grade lines and cross-sections Knowledge of capabilities of electronic data recorders and data transfer methods Recognize information from legal boundary and easement data pertinent to engineering surveying projects. Knowledge of the U.S. Public Lands Survey System (Section, Township, and Range) Knowledge of the standard formats and terminology of legal descriptions Knowledge of the purpose of control monuments Recognize the use of datums for horizontal and vertical control. Knowledge of different types of horizontal datums such as: * NAD27 + NAD83 Knowledge of different types of vertical datums such as: * NGVD 29 + NGVD 88 ‘Knowledge of the purposes and types of bench mark systems such as: © Permanent © Temporary ‘Special Civil Engineer Examination Engineering Surveying Test Plan Page 7ED. ED21.1 ED21.2 ED21.3 ED21.4 ED22 ED22.1 ED22.2 ED22.3 ED22.4 ED22.5 Prepare topographic and planimetric maps. Knowledge of contour intervals Knowledge of methods to plot contours from field information Knowledge of methods for interpolating contours Knowledge of methods and procedures for aerial photogrammetric mapping such © photographie scale * photographic overlap © ground control requirements Interpret maps. Knowledge of map scales Knowledge of common conventions of map orientation Knowledge of standard map symbols Knowledge of the characteristics and purposes of different types of maps such as: © underground mapping topographic map municipal base mapping grading plans improvement plans subdivision map as-builts Knowledge of the purpose of Geographic Information System (GIS) ‘Special Civil Engineer Examination Engineering Surveying Test Plan PagesReview of Civil Engineering Mission Statement OCTOBER 1998 EXAM STATS The mission ofthe Board for Profesional Engincers and Land [Discipline ‘Tested _#Passed _% Passing Cutscore Surveyorsisto safeguard che life, heath, | {BLT i 879 MK 701100 operand pub elie by ling) |LSA-T 1B 4 381% 103 of 170 practice of profesional engincering ere [Cheri a 16 OK 48 of 80 We a Electrical acetals 312% 48 of 80 Qualify and icenseindividvale [Hechanieal 339133 39.2% 48.0f 60 Exablish regulations Enforce leweand regulations eae 139 of 294 ‘can make informed decisions. 164 of 294 |Geotechnical a) 265% 513 0f 986 industrial 10 3 30.0% 4 of 80 Vision Statement \ —_|Manufaceuring 3 o 0% 48 of 80 The Board assures hat: Metaturgical 5 4 80%, 48 of 80 (Qualified applicants are licensed 2s Nuclear 2 2 100% 45 of 80 eee Petroleum 7 8 47.0% 48 of 80 eee [Agricuttare 1 ° 0% of 80 Disputes are rsolred for consumers and Fie Protection arama 36.8% 51 of 80 casces prompdy and isepartialy |Conerol Systems 15 12 80%, 43 of 80 Adequate information isavailableroall | ° [Corrosion 2 7 58.3% 89 of 145 through a igh prof, comprebensive information programa, |Ouatiey 10 ‘6 60%, 99 of 147 Violaions ofthe law are discouraged Safety 18 8 MAX 104 of 149 ‘before they happen and are investigated | [Traffic 89 58 65.2% 75 of 115 sndadjudiared promptly when Seructural m7 26.1% S12 of 947 eis and it ieeeelene afy sods | | veal Number of Exams Administered: 3031 APRIL 1999 EXAMINATION STATISTICS Tested Passed XPassing __Cutscore. ExT 2540 1269, 70 of I ust 167 m4 43% 106 of 170 [Chemical s 24 333% of Electrical 199 2 146% 155 of 262 164 of 300 Surveying TutorialReview of Civil Engineering Excerpt from Business and Professions Code (1/2003) 6731, Civil engineering defined Civil engineering embraces the following studies or activities in connection with fixed works for irrigation, drainage, waterpower, water supply, flood control, inland waterways, harbors, municipal improvements, railroads, highways, tunnels, airports and airways, purification of water, sewerage, refuse disposal, foundations, grading, framed and homogencous structures, buildings, or bridges: (a) The economics of, the use and design of, materials of construction and the determination of their physical qualities. {(b) The supervision of the construction of engineering structures. (6) The investigation of the laws, phenomena and forces of nature, (@) Appraisals or valuations. (©) The preparation or submission of designs, plans and specifications and engineering, reports. (f) Coordination of the work of professional, technical, or special consultants. (g) Creation, preparation, or modification of electronic or computerized data in the performance of the activities described in subdivisions (a) through (f). Civil engineering also includes city and regional planning insofar as any of the above features are concerned therein. Civil engineers registered prior to January 1, 1982, shall be authorized to practice all land surveying as defined in Chapter 15 (commencing with Section 8700) of Division 3. INOTE: The last registration number issued to a civil engineer registered before January 1, 1982 was 33,965.) 6731.1, Civil engineering; additional authority CENGINECRING SURVEYING) Civil engineering also includes the practice or offer to practice, either in a public or private capacity, all of the following: (@)_Locates, relocates, establishes, reestablishes, or retraces the alignment or elevation for any of the fixed works embraced within the practice of civil engineering, as described in Section 6731. (b) Determines the configuration or contour of the earth’s surface or the position of fixed ‘objects thereon or related thereto, by means of measuring lines and angles, and applying the principles of trigonometry or photogrammetry. (©) Creates, prepares, or modifies electronic or computerized data in the performance of the activities described in subdivisions (a) and (b). 6731.2. Authority to offer to practice or procure land surveying Any registered civil engineer may offer to practice, procure, and offer to procure, land surveying work incidental to his or her civil engineering practice, even though he or she is not authorized to perform that work, provided all the land surveying work is performed by, or under the direction of, a licensed land surveyor or registered civil engineer authorized to practice land surveying. Further, any registered civil engineer may manage or conduct as manager, proprietor, ‘or agent, a civil engineering practice which offers to practice, procure, and offers to procure, such incidental land surveying work.Review of Civil Engineering TYPES OF FIELD SURVEYS Control Survey: Establishes horizontal and vertical reference points and lines for photogrammetric (aerial) mapping, construction staking, or any of the following types of surveys. Construction Survey: Another term for construction staking. Includes setting stake for rough grade (slope stakes or grid points for large areas), finish grade, and fixed works (buildings, above or below grade structures, etc.). Most points are set on offsets to avoid destruction during construction. Route Surveys: Control surveys along fixed corridors for construction of highways, railways, canals, ditches, levees, transmission lines, etc. Topographic Survey: Used to locate surface and underground features within a specified area. Usually used for design purposes. Also used to determine the volume of material excavated (or deposited). Contour lines are established by interpolation, i.e. — the “104” foot contour line is located at 0.6 of the distance between points having elevations of 103.7 and 104.2 (elevation difference between lower point and the even foot is divided by the overall difference in elevations). Surveying is based on a horizontal component (northing and easting) and a vertical component (elevation).Review of Civil Engineering METHODS AND PROCEDURES FOR FIELD SURVEYS + All surveys require a well defined scope of work. The scope of work from the client or project engineer establishes: physical limits of survey area; density and accuracy of data (sometimes, higher accuracy data can be acquired in less time using more expensive equipment - is (more time x less $) less than or more than (less time x more $); format of final data or “deliverable” (x, y, z point data — map showing points with descriptions and elevations — map with contours and planimetric detail, such as, building outlines, curbs/road pavement edges, headwalls, poles, etc.). « Any map may possibly include underground detail, i.e., horizontal and vertical locations of: storm/sanitary sewer inverts and rim/grates; water lines and valve covers; electric/communication lines and pull boxes, etc. + All surveys require adequate research and planning for the scope which includes: copies of pertinent maps, plans, surveys, as-built or record plans, and local agency data relating to utilities and surveys (horizontal and vertical). All data must be examined and analyzed for pertinence to the survey and consistency. After reaching preliminary conclusions, a plan for performance of the survey must be established.Review of Civil Engineering METHODS AND PROCEDURES (Continued) * During performance of the survey, checks should be “built into” the measurements. If they are not, cross checks should be made in the field to verify the work. All equipment should be checked for accuracy (and adjusted) on a regular basis and particularly prior to, and during, any large project. All control points set should have adequate durability and stability for the life of the project. A minimum of three of the control points should be located beyond the limits of any planned construction to ensure that they are not destroyed. * The “field notes” become a part of the survey, whether hand written or recorded in a data collector, and should be in a format that is intelligible to other surveyors. At a minimum, all field notes should be prefaced with: name/purpose of survey; date; names and functions of survey crew members; equipment being used; and weather data (temperature, visibility, wind, altitude/barometric pressure, etc.).Review of Civil Engineering ERRORS/ACCURACY STANDARDS * Types of Errors — Systematic/Instrumental Errors - imperfections in the equipment being used. When known, adjustments can be made to eliminate the cumulative error. For example, a steel tape (with proper tension and temperature correction applied) measures an accepted 100.00 foot baseline at 99.985 feet). — Random/Accidental Errors - “personal errors” include reading or sighting incorrectly. “Natural errors” include changes in temperature, wind, refraction, etc. — Mistakes - differences between the true and measured values (usually caused by carelessness or lack of attention when reading instruments or tapes, etc.). . Precision refers to the amount of care taken in making measurements. * Accuracy refers to the difference between the final (or adjusted) measured value of a quantity and its true (or absolute) value. Listed below is the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) Order of Accuracy Standards (@95% confidence level): AA 1:100M (100,000,000) A 1:10M B 1:1M 1 Order 1:100K (100,000) 2" Order Class |_ 1:50K 2" Order Class Il 1:20K 3% Order Class | 1:10K 3” Order Class Il 1:5KReview of Civil Engineering FIELD MEASUREMENTS Angles are portions of a circle divided into 360 degrees. Horizontal angles are designated as either bearings or azimuths. Azimuths are generally measured from North starting at 0 degrees, however, the National Geodetic Survey uses South as the 0 degree reference point to measure azimuths. It should be noted that all equipment used to measure horizontal or vertical angles (transits, theodolites, and total stations) are graduated from 0 to 360 degrees in a clockwise direction. Illustration of the different types of angles are shown below: Bearings North Azimuth South Azimuth Vertical angles are measured from the zenith starting at 0 degrees. 90 degrees = level or perpendicular to plumb. Distances can be measured horizontally or along a slope with the vertical angle used to reduce the slope distance to horizontal. To measure horizontally along a slope, a procedure known as “breaking chain” is employed using a hand level and plumb bob. When breaking chain, the series of shorter horizontal distances are added together to arrive at the total horizontal distance.Review of Civil Engineering FOR TRIGONOMETRIC LEVEL! NG - SEG EXAMPLE F 14 SEE NEXT PAGE FoR DIFFERENTIAL LEVELINGReview of Civil Engineering TYPICAL LEVELING ROD (COLLAPSED) CUSED FoR. DiFFERTIAL Levels) 25.00 MOUND CITY RODS #56266 25’ Oval Rod- 10ths/100ths MSLP 188.60 $129.00 #903046 25’ Oval Rod-10ths/Metric MsLP 188.60 $129.00 #56250 7.6 M Oval Rod- Metric stp 188.60 $129.00 4.56Review of Civil Engineering e| The Original Direct Reading L- E-VATION. ROD Cron pier Renoing Levers) O Ou nb = TTT oS iS I cn iS 3 = an So y on or + = LENKER MFG. CO., INC. PO Box 272, Sunbury, PA 17801Review of Civil Engineering Level Loop TP. #10) (ruening rons) T1PicaL ws pence ADGUSTMERNT BUM. (Gann aK)Review of Civil Engineering Sample Level Notes and Adjustment Sta B.S.(+) Ht FS(-) Elev. aM. we Wey be : ~ a bid Rimot pier. 5.18 130.84 oo DT Rerte Modu eENT a= TP. #1 58 3.71 12740 BLML= Bench fer BS. = Backsight 647 133.8% , 41 ‘TP. = Turning Point TRe2 21813138 ile Height stent 29 487 136.26 Curb 22 Return A 5.07 131.49 3.46 134.65 31 T.P.43, 30 7.38 127.27 5.98 133.25 -63 BM. 7.67 125.68 (125.63) 0.05' difference in 5 turns corr = +0.01' per turnReview of Civil Engineering 21-05-06 ‘SLOPE STAKING Caltrans Decesber 1960 Surveys NOTES: (1 Dinas a sho a ryt ena” Ele Cae Ra fen Conarine RP= B02. AS [as] fae geome (gle g S| €P=B01 4S Fin tieec i g a z als" Set GIREI91 ASH i Zoom a eo senee sree a. See mie te Soe ital”| seen] |) g Fyne P= 1924S & Reman ali ute. Ses" 3 cSt = ai\i a —— — = * soma nore: wees =o. a mee Fig, 1-05-8 Ste Staking - ExcavationReview of Civil Engineering SLOPE STAKING calerans Surveys uayy i z Halt ? i ani dt PF 3 ; iy if i pe + 5 8 ‘me eral sepa vores Eko © Sarai notmanee ‘oer pass pote (a Mines she show e218 maker Tate hatam may ale be woe, Fi. 1105. Stope Staking Excavation wih Parabolic Slope Rounding. . cs 8 alte point of +103 ae g Pita Desiree papier Reaes ere meseuee Raper 5 Saar x (lg mae Eye Te anieres Qik SELES. ue Hae, —4 a stoReview of Civil Engineering You have set the slope stake R.P. shown at left. The elevation of the point set is 102.3. What is the elevation of the toe of slope or HP referred to on the stake? (A) 98.2 (B) 100.3 (C) 96.2 (D) 96.1 NOTE CE" as wens gta Meee PINON MOGs § ARE USED INTERCHANGELABLY, You have set the slope stake R.P. shown at right. The elevation of the point set is 1948.60. What is the elevation of the HP? (A)2000.60 (B)1072.60 (C) 2002.60 (D)1998.60Review of Civil Engineering GPS - Global Positioning System Although the federal government developed the system in the late 1960s for the Department of Defense (DOD) to map strategic targets and for aerial and nautical navigation, the private sector realized the commercial potential for mapping and navigation. Although the DOD tried various methods to degrade the accuracy, enterprising companies were manufacturing receivers and software that were able to work around the degradation. The U.S. government finally turned off the S/A (selective availability) element of the signal as of May 1, 2000. Although this was done to improve the accuracy of car navigation systems, enhanced 911 systems, and location devices for recreational use, it will probably result in lower costs for higher accuracy receivers. The costs for a survey grade receiver is $5,000 - $10,000 ("centimeter level accuracy"), and hand held units can be purchased for a few hundred dollars (accurate to within 100 meters.) AGPS unit is a receiver measuring a number of different signals or transmissions from each of at least four satellites to establish (and check) an X, Y, and Z location of a point. Additional satellites improve accuracy. DGPS (Differential GPS); RTK (Real Time Kinematic); and OTF (On The Fly) are types of GPS surveys that use radio links and shorter observation times to achieve a desired accuracy. Software is used for preplanning (sometimes there is not enough, or better, coverage for the approximate longitude and latitude of the area that you are Surveying) and for the reduction of the signal information. All elevations (Z value) are referenced to a mathematical spheroid (see “Horizontal Datums” later in the course materials). Orthometric elevations (simply put — “ground") are derived by the use of modeling software. Orthometric modeling is becoming so sophisticated that centimeter accuracy is often obtainable.Global Positioning System Overview hutpy/worw.utexas.eduldepts/sre/gerafvnotes/eps/gps html Lof 12 CA. WEBPAGE CALIF. LAWS = cd. QeN leginfe. ca.gev/colaus Global Positioning System Overview Peter H. Dana These materials may be used for study, research, and education in not-for-profit applications. All commercial rights are reserved. Please credit the author, Peter H. Dana, The Geographer's Craft Project, Deparment of Geography, The University of Texas at Austin. Copyright © 1999 Peter H. na. This page is available in a framed version. For convenience a Full Table of Contents is provided. Revised: 12/15/99 (first published in September, 1994) Associated Overviews (BASED on was-84) GPS is a Satellite Navigation System + GPS is funded by and controlled by the U. S. Department of Defense (DOD). While there are many thousands of civil users of GPS world-wide, the system was designed for and is operated by 1¢ U.S. military. + GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and time. : . + Four GPS satellite signals are used to compute positions in three dimensions and the time offset in the receiver clock. Space Segment + The Space Segment of the system consists of the GPS satellites. These space vehicles (SVs) send * ‘radio signals from space. : ; + The nominal GPS Operational Constellation consists of 24 satellites that orbit the earth in 12 127100 9:52 AMReview of Civil Engineering ADDITIONAL ACRONYMITY CORS — Continuously Operating Reference Station A GPS unit, at a fixed location, that is continuously logging transmissions from all available satellites. By radio link, these stations can be used to increase the accuracy of GPS work at locations in the general vicinity of the CORS station(s). HPGN - High Precision Geodetic Network (adjusted to not less than 1:1,000,000 ("B" order accuracy)). HPGN-D - High Precision Geodetic Network Densification (adjusted to not less than 1:100,000 (first order accuracy)). HARN - (another name for HPGN) NGRS - National Geodetic Reference System (Original NGS network of triangulation stations). USC and GS - United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (Predecessor to NGS) VLBI - i (A term invented by Geodesists and Geophysicists to baffle Civil Engineers and Land Surveyors).Review of Civil Engineering Conversions To convert Degrees, Minutes & Seconds to Decimal Degrees: 1. Divide the seconds by 60 to get decimal minutes and add that product to the minutes. 2. Divide minutes and decimal minutes by 60 to get decimal degrees and add that product to the degrees. Example: Convert 59° 18' 41" to decimal degrees a) 41" + 60 = 0.6833" b) 18.6833" + 60 = 0.3114° c) 59,3114° = decimal degrees To convert Decimal Degrees to Degrees, Minutes & Seconds: 1. Multiply decimal degrees by 60 to get minutes and decimal minutes. 2. Multiply decimal minutes by 60 to get seconds. Example: Convert 39.5186° to degrees, minutes and seconds a) .5186° x 60 = 31.1160" b).1160° x 60 = 7.0" c) solution = 39° 31°07"Rereered D. BASIC TRIGONOMETRY App-D-3 may 1980 3. RIGHT TRIANGLES : C290" GWEN __TOFIND FORMULAS. ae b a sinAs o/c 8 cos Bs o/c Area fee |. A B bye deo | SVE=E | ob Vos ton A = a/b; cot A 2 b/o ton B = b/o; cot B = a/bApp -D—4 D. BASIC TRIGONOMETRY Caltrans, October 1975 Surveys 4. OBLIQUE TRIANGLES Law of Sines: Law of Cosines: a? or cos A FORMULAS abe Law of Cosines, ‘sin A= [eDXech: cosh A ve sin A= 2 Yels-aXethe<) te Toni theve formas The vaiue ‘‘s"* = Ydarb+c) I Area [a(s-aX\s-bX(s-c) ‘The value 's" = %:(a+b+e) » Law of Sines c WR aie © Law of Si a +B) ase na a?_sin B sin(A+B) ied Zaina ® e ane] ec a b4acos C) 8 10" (a+) ava | wasn Area 1Coltrons D. BASIC TRIGONOMETRY ApP-D-5 Surveys. —May 1980 5. INTERSECTION FORMULAS Cereber eo. Cose! Adiocent unknown distonces — Given: 1. Bearings of lines AB CB 2. Coords. of pts. A&C 3.AN; =Difterence in Northings = NR. — Ny, 4.5; = Ditference in Eastings = E, — Ey (NRESD ‘TO FIND: Distances AB and CB FORMULAS: 1. AB = (4€ (00s BC) — (anysin BC) sine 2. BC =(AE\cos AB) - (ANXsin, ine b Coseit Unknown distonce ond adjacent unknown bagring (euch es tw inereeclon of aijocom aise ore traverse oF of a curve and & ere lime) — A(N&E) Dist =? Bs (NEED Waely TO FIND: 1 by solving for ® 2. Distance CB FORMULA: ‘Sin ® = (AEM cos BC) — (ANYsin BC) {200 “NOTE” above.) ‘AB (Known distance) stablish the bearing of AB, and inversing the distar-D-6 D. BASIC TRIGONOMETRY Coltrons October 1975 Surveys 5. INTERSECTION FORMULAS © Wy CiNS E) GIVEN: TO FIND: 1. Coordinates of pts A and C 1. Bearing of 2. Distances AB and CB 2. Bearing of CB SOLUTION 1. Inverse between pts. A & C to find distance AC and bearing AC. 2. With all three sides known use the Law of Cosines to solve for oF use — 3. Solve the other angle of the two (A or C) by either the Law of Cosines or the Law of Sines. d. Case IV_— Two Unknowns, nonodjocent sides of o closed traverse — Since any closed figure is 9 closed traverse, the positions of the sides can be rearranged to make the two unknown sides adjacent, as shown in the above figures. Make these two sides the last two traverse courses. Soive by — 1. Case I, if both unknowns are distances 2. Case ll, I one unknown Is distance and the other is bearing 3, Case Ill, H both unknowns are bearings.Review of Civil Engineering IZ 1 IVE! R= 250’ A=77°26-18" (DELTA Of8 INTERNAL ANGLE) CALCULATE TANGENT CURVE LENGTH LONG CHORD CURVE END STA. EXTERNAL MID-ORDINATE Degree of Curve (angle sub- tended by an arc of 100") p = 360°X 100 _ 5729.6 — 2R R, T= Rtan %A= 250 tan 38-43-09= 200.425" LENGTH = R(A) 1/180= 250(77.4383) 11/180 = 337.88" LONG CHORD = 2R sin A/2= 2(250) sin 38.7192 = 312.75" STATION/ END OF CURVE =127+56.40 + 337.88= 130+94.28 E= T(tan A/4)= 200.43(.3514) = 70.42" M= R(1-cosA/2) = 250(.2198) = 54.94” % As Lx (360/m2R) JL=ax2Rx SZ. on Ax oud Surveying Tutorial Courtesy of Bob ZickwolfReview of Civil Engineering Sample Vertical Curve Calculation Pl=11475.83 %eFORMULA Y = (r+2)X? + g,X + (elev. of B.V.C.) where Y = elev. in feet X= stations (per 100’) r= (g.-g,) + L = rate of change per station L= length of curve (in stations) Station x x [mae] ox | elev BVC 10+ 75.83 ° ° ° 0 71.57 11+00 0.2417 | 0.0584 | -013 | 1.257 | 727 11450 0.7417 | 0.5501 | -1.22 | 386 | 74.21 12+00 1.2417 | 1.5418 | -343 | 646 | 746 12+ 50 1.7417 | 3.0335 | 675 | 906 | 73.88 EVC12+75.83 | 2 4 $9 | 104 | 73.07 THE STATION OF THE HIGH POINT IS CALCULATED BY THE USE OF % THE FOLLOWING FORMULA: -g, + r = -5.2 + -4.45 = 1.1685 sta. THEREFORE THE STATION = 10+75.83 + 1+16.85= AND THE ELEVATION IS FOUND BY SOLVING FOR THAT STATION BY SUBSTITUTION IN THE ABOVE TABLE,WHERE X = 1.1685. LOW POINT PROBLEMS ARE SOLVED USING THE SAME PROCEDURES. Surveying Tutorial Courtesy of Bob ZickwolfReview of Civil Engineering Angular Correction r ie +Y MEASURED ANGLE CORRECTED ANGLE 85°41'17" 85°41'09" 112°12'57” 71°41°18" 90° 2s 360°00'32” 360°00°00” 4132" =-8" corr. per angle Surveying Tutorial Courtesy of Ken FritzReview of Civil Engineering Sample Traverse Closure Compass Adjustment (Cos brng X dist) (Sin brng X dist) ADJUSTED LATITUDES DEPARTURES LATITUDES DEPARTURES Station | Length |~+ [= [+ ___]= | Cor, Lat. | Cor. Dep. [-=¥ —J= +] = 12 320.25 295.84: 122.612 +0004 0016 295.853 122596 23 B21 1818 | 352.705 £0,005. 0017 1.813 352.688 Hu 427.81 404.240) 140,082 | +0006 | -0.021 404.234 140.063 41 35285 110.190] 335.204 | +0.004 0.017 110.194 ‘335.221 Sum 1,453.62 | 406,039) | 475.317 | 475.246 | +0.019 0.071 406.047 | 406.047 | 475.284 | 475.284 406.039 475317 408.058 475.246 0.019 #0071 ~=\fTOTAL ERROR = 0.019" + 0.071" =o. 074 = Viclosure dep)? (closure lat)® =”. {0.019)% (0.071) = 1 error of closure = Total length of traverse 1453.62, 19,778 Cor Lat. = length of leg xtotal error inlat_ _ _lengthx(0.019) total length of traverse . 1453.62 Cor Dep. = length of leg x total error in dep. = —length x (0.071) . total length of traverse 1453.62 Courtesy of Ken Fritz Surveying Tutorial