Giao Trinh TK Mang

M s: GD 07 M 11
LI NI U
S bng n ca Internet trong vi thp k qua lm cho khi nim
Mng my tnh ngy cng tr nn thn thuc vi mi ngi. Internet l
mt h thng thng tin ton cu c th c truy nhp cng cng, gm
cc mng my tnh c lin kt vi nhau v truyn thng tin theo
phng thc chuyn mch gi (Packet Switching) da trn mt giao thc
lin mng c chun ha (giao thc IP). H thng ny bao gm
hng triu triu mng my tnh nh hn ca cc doanh nghip, vin
nghin cu, trng i hc, cc chnh ph trn ton cu v c ngi
dng c nhn
Vi mc ch trang b cho Sinh vin, Hc vin Cao hc chuyn
ngnh Cng ngh Thng tin, Khoa hc My tnh, Tin hc, Ngi s
dng... nhng kin thc c bn v mng my tnh thit k cc mng
my tnh trong thc tin; Nhm tc gi Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin,
Trng i hc Duy Tn; Khoa Ton C Tin hc, Trng i hc
Khoa hc T nhin, i hc Quc gia H Ni phi hp vi Nh xut
bn Thng tin v Truyn thng xut bn cun Gio trnh Thit k
Mng. Ni dung gio trnh gm 4 chng, c th nh sau:
Chng 1: Tng quan v Thit k mng
Chng 2: Thit k Mng cc b
Chng 3: Mng cc b khng dy
Chng 4: Thit k Mng din rng
Sau khi nghin cu gio trnh ny, ngi c c th nm vng v
vai tr, nguyn l trao i thng tin gia cc thnh phn tham gia vo
mng. iu s gip ch rt nhiu cho cng vic thit k cc mng

nhm trin khai d dng, qun l v khai thc hiu qu theo ng mc
ch, nhu cu t ra.
Do thi gian c hn, mc d c nhiu c gng trong cng tc
bin son song gio trnh c xut bn ln u s kh trnh khi cc
sai st. Cc tc gi rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca bn
c gio trnh c hon thin hn trong ln ti bn sau.
Mi gp xin c gi email v a ch vinhlt@vnu.edu.vn hoc
nguyengianhu@duytan.edu.vn.
hon thnh cun sch ny, chng ti nhn c nhng gp
qu bu ca cc Anh ch ng nghip. Xin gi li cm n n
ThS. Nguyn Minh Nht, bn V Nhn Vn c nhiu kin ng gp
xc ng v ni dung v cch trnh by ca cun gio trnh ny.
Nng, thng 4, nm 2011
NHM TC GI
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V THIT K MNG
Chng ny nhm gii thiu tng quan v tin trnh thit k mng
my tnh. Tin trnh xy dng mt mng my tnh cng tri qua cc giai
on nh vic xy dng v pht trin mt phn mm. l cc qu trnh
Thu thp yu cu ca khch hng (Cng ty, x nghip c yu cu xy
dng mng), Phn tch yu cu, Thit k gii php mng (thit k m
hnh logic, thit k m hnh vt l), Ci t mng, Kim th v cui cng
l Bo tr mng.
Chng 1 s gii thiu s lc v nhim v ca tng giai on ta
c th hnh dung c tt c cc vn c lin quan trong tin trnh xy
dng mng.
1.1. TIN TRNH XY DNG MNG
Ngy nay, mng my tnh tr thnh mt h tng c s quan
trng ca tt c cc c quan, x nghip. N tr thnh mt knh trao
i thng tin khng th thiu c trong thi i cng ngh thng tin.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
Vi xu th gi thnh ngy cng h ca cc thit b in t, kinh ph u

t cho vic xy dng mt h thng mng khng vt ra ngoi kh nng
ca cc cng ty, x nghip. Tuy nhin, vic khai thc mt h thng mng
mt cch hiu qu h tr cho cng tc nghip v ca cc c quan x
nghip th cn nhiu vn cn bn lun. Hu ht ngi ta ch ch trng
n vic mua phn cng mng m khng quan tm n yu cu khai thc
s dng mng v sau. iu ny c th dn n hai trng hp: Lng ph
trong u t hoc mng khng p ng cho nhu cu s dng.
1.1.1. Thu thp yu cu ca khch hng
Mc ch ca giai on ny l nhm xc nh mong mun ca
khch hng v mng m chng ta sp xy dng. Nhng cu hi cn c
tr li trong giai on ny l:
Bn thit lp mng lm g? S dng n cho mc ch g?
Cc my tnh no s c ni mng?
Nhng ngi no s c s dng mng, mc khai thc s
dng mng ca tng ngi/nhm ngi ra sao?
Trong vng 35 nm ti bn c ni thm my tnh vo mng
khng, nu c u, s lng bao nhiu?
Phng php thc hin ca giai on ny l bn phi phng vn
khch hng, nhn vin cc phng ban c my tnh s ni mng. Thng
thng cc i tng m bn phng vn khng c chuyn mn su hoc
khng c chuyn mn v mng. Cho nn bn nn trnh s dng nhng
thut ng chuyn mn trao i vi h. Chng hn nn hi khch hng
Bn c mun ngi trong c quan bn gi mail c cho nhau khng?,
hn l hi Bn c mun ci t Mail server cho mng khng?. Nhng
cu tr li ca khch hng thng khng c cu trc, ln xn v n xut
pht t gc nhn ca ngi s dng, khng phi l gc nhn ca k s
mng. Ngi thc hin phng vn phi c k nng v kinh nghim trong
lnh vc ny. Phi bit cch t cu hi v tng hp thng tin.
Mt cng vic cng ht sc quan trng trong giai on ny l
Quan st thc a xc nh nhng ni mng s i qua, khong cch
xa nht gia hai my tnh trong mng, d kin ng i ca dy mng,

quan st hin trng cng trnh kin trc ni mng s i qua. Thc a
ng vai tr quan trng trong vic chn cng ngh v nh hng ln n
chi ph mng. Ch n rng buc v mt thm m cho cc cng trnh
kin trc khi chng ta trin khai ng dy mng bn trong n. Gii
php ni kt mng cho 2 ta nh tch ri nhau bng mt khong
khng phi c bit lu . Sau khi kho st thc a, cn v li thc a
hoc yu cu khch hng cung cp cho chng ta s thit k ca cng
trnh kin trc m mng i qua.
Trong qu trnh phng vn v kho st thc a, ng thi ta cng
cn tm hiu yu cu trao i thng tin gia cc phng ban, b phn
trong c quan khch hng, mc thng xuyn v lng thng tin
trao i. iu ny gip ch ta trong vic chn bng thng cn thit cho
cc nhnh mng sau ny.
1.1.2. Phn tch yu cu
Qu trnh phn tch yu cu mng my tnh i hi phi hiu c
ngi dng cn g, hiu bit cc ng dng s c trin khai cng nh
cc thit b cn thit khc cho mng s trin khai.
Phn tch mng l qu trnh nh ngha, xc nh v m t mi quan
h gia ngi s dng, ng dng, thit b trong mng. Trong qu trnh
, phn tch mng cung cp nn tng cho tt c cc quyt nh kin trc
v thit k lm theo.
Mc ch ca phn tch mng l hiu ngi dng cn g v hiu c
h thng s nh th no. Trong qu trnh phn tch mt mng phi kim tra
trng thi ca mng hin c, bao gm bt c vn c th gp phi.
Khi c c yu cu ca khch hng, bc k tip l ta i phn
tch yu cu xy dng bng c t yu cu h thng mng, trong
xc nh r nhng vn sau:
Nhng dch v mng no cn phi c trn mng? (dch v chia
s tp tin, chia s my in, dch v web, dch v th in t, truy
cp Internet hay khng? ...)
M hnh mng l g? (Workgoup hay Client / Server? ...)
Gio trnh Thit k mng
Mc yu cu an ton mng.
Rng buc v bng thng ti thiu trn mng.
1.1.3. Thit k gii php
Thit k gii php mng cung cp chi tit gii php v vt l cho
kin trc mng. Thit k mng l khu quan trng tip ni cc bc phn
tch v kin trc mng. Qu trnh thit k bao gm cc ti liu v bn v
k thut ca h thng mng, la chn nh cung cp thit b v dch v,
la chn thit b (bao gm loi thit b v cu hnh tng ng ).
Trong qu trnh thit k mng, nn s dng qui trnh nh gi i
vi nh cung cp thit b, nh cung cp dch v cng nh la chn thit
b da trn u vo ca qui trnh phn tch v kin trc mng.
Chng ta s tm hiu lm th no thit lp mc tiu thit k,
chng hn nh gim thiu chi ph mng nhng li ti u ha hiu nng
mng, cng nh lm th no t c cc mc tiu ny, thng qua
hiu sut mng v chc nng vi mc tiu thit k mng.
Thit k gii php tha mn nhng yu cu t ra trong bng
c t yu cu h thng mng. Vic chn la gii php cho mt h
thng mng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, c th lit k nh sau:
Kinh ph dnh cho h thng mng.
Cng ngh ph bin trn th trng.
Thi quen v cng ngh ca khch hng.
Yu cu v tnh n nh v bng thng ca h thng mng.
Rng buc v php l.
Ty thuc vo mi khch hng c th m th t u tin, s chi phi
ca cc yu t s khc nhau dn n gii php thit k s khc nhau.
Tuy nhin cc cng vic m giai on thit k phi lm th ging nhau.
Chng c m t nh sau:
1.1.3.1. Thit k s mng mc logic
Thit k s mng mc logic lin quan n vic chn la m
hnh mng, giao thc mng v thit t cc cu hnh cho cc thnh phn
nhn dng mng.
M hnh mng c chn phi h tr c tt c cc dch v

c m t trong bng c t yu cu h thng mng. M hnh
mng c th chn l Workgroup hay Domain (Client/Server) i km
vi giao thc TCP/IP, NETBEUI hay IPX/SPX.
V d:
Mt h thng mng ch cn c dch v chia s my in v th
mc gia nhng ngi dng trong mng cc b v khng t
nng vn an ton mng th ta c th chn m hnh
Workgroup.
Mt h thng mng ch cn c dch v chia s my in v th
mc gia nhng ngi dng trong mng cc b nhng c yu
cu qun l ngi dng trn mng th phi chn m hnh
Domain.
Nu hai mng trn cn c dch v email hoc kch thc mng
c m rng, s lng my tnh trong mng ln th cn lu
thm v giao thc s dng cho mng phi l TCP/IP.
Mi m hnh mng c yu cu thit t cu hnh ring. Nhng vn
chung nht khi thit t cu hnh cho m hnh mng l:
nh v cc thnh phn nhn dng mng, bao gm vic t tn
cho Domain, Workgroup, my tnh, nh a ch IP cho cc my,
nh cng cho tng dch v.
Phn chia mng con, thc hin vch ng i cho thng tin
trn mng.
1.1.3.2. Xy dng chin lc khai thc v qun l ti nguyn mng
Chin lc ny nhm xc nh ai c quyn lm g trn h thng
mng. Thng thng, ngi dng trong mng c nhm li thnh tng
nhm v vic phn quyn c thc hin trn cc nhm ngi dng.
1.1.3.3. Thit k s mng mc vt l
Cn c vo s thit k mng mc logic, kt hp vi kt qu
kho st thc a bc k tip ta tin hnh thit k mng mc vt l.
S mng mc vt l m t chi tit v v tr i dy mng thc a,
Gio trnh Thit k mng
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v tr ca cc thit b ni kt mng nh Hub, Switch, Router, v tr cc

my ch v cc my trm. T a ra c mt bng d tr cc thit b
mng cn mua. Trong mi thit b cn nu r: Tn thit b, thng
s k thut, n v tnh, n gi,
1.1.3.4. Chn h iu hnh mng v cc phn mm ng dng
Mt m hnh mng c th c ci t di nhiu h iu hnh
khc nhau. Chng hn vi m hnh Domain, ta c nhiu la chn
nh: Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows 2003, Windows 2008,
Netware, Unix, Linux,... Tng t, cc giao thc thng dng nh
TCP/IP, NETBEUI, IPX/SPX cng c h tr trong hu ht cc h
iu hnh. Chnh v th ta c mt phm vi chn la rt ln. Quyt nh
chn la h iu hnh mng thng thng da vo cc yu t nh:
Gi thnh phn mm ca gii php.
S quen thuc ca khch hng i vi phn mm.
S quen thuc ca ngi xy dng mng i vi phn mm.
H iu hnh l nn tng cho cc phn mm sau vn hnh trn
n. Gi thnh phn mm ca gii php khng phi ch c gi thnh ca
h iu hnh c chn m n cn bao gm c gi thnh ca cc phn
mm ng dng chy trn n. Hin nay c 2 xu hng chn la h iu
hnh mng: Cc h iu hnh mng ca Microsoft Windows hoc cc
phin bn ca Linux.
Sau khi chn h iu hnh mng, bc k tip l tin hnh chn
cc phn mm ng dng cho tng dch v. Cc phn mm ny phi
tng thch vi h iu hnh chn.
1.1.4. Ci t mng
Khi bn thit k c thm nh, bc k tip l tin hnh lp
t phn cng v ci t phn mm mng theo thit k.
1.1.4.1. Lp t phn cng
Ci t phn cng lin quan n vic i dy mng v lp t cc
thit b ni kt mng (Hub, Switch, Router) vo ng v tr nh trong
thit k mng mc vt l m t.
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1.1.4.2. Ci t v cu hnh phn mm

Tin trnh ci t phn mm bao gm:
Ci t h iu hnh mng cho cc server, cc my trm.
Ci t v cu hnh cc dch v mng.
To ngi dng, phn quyn s dng mng cho ngi dng.
Tin trnh ci t v cu hnh phn mm phi tun th theo s
thit k mng mc logic m t. Vic phn quyn cho ngi
dng pheo theo ng chin lc khai thc v qun l ti nguyn mng.
Nu trong mng c s dng router hay phn nhnh mng con th
cn thit phi thc hin bc xy dng bng chn ng trn cc router
v trn cc my tnh.
1.1.5. Kim th mng
Sau khi ci t xong phn cng v cc my tnh c ni vo
mng. Bc k tip l kim tra s vn hnh ca mng.
Trc tin, kim tra s ni kt gia cc my tnh vi nhau. Sau
, kim tra hot ng ca cc dch v, kh nng truy cp ca ngi
dng vo cc dch v v mc an ton ca h thng.
Ni dung kim th da vo bng c t yu cu mng c xc
nh lc u.
1.1.6. Bo tr h thng
Mng sau khi ci t xong cn c bo tr mt khong thi
gian nht nh khc phc nhng vn pht sinh xy trong tin trnh
thit k v ci t mng.
1.2. CU HI N TP
Cu 1: Trnh by cc cng on thit k mt mng my tnh? Theo bn
th cng on no l quan trng nht?
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Gio trnh Thit k mng
Cu 2: Bn hy cho mt v d v thu thp cc yu cu ca khch hng?

Cu 3: Ti sao vic tm hiu v ng li kinh doanh ca khch hng l
quan trng?
Cu 4: Hin nay, mt s mc tiu kinh doanh in hnh trong cc t chc
l g?
Chng 2
THIT K MNG CC B
Chng ny gii thiu cc vn c bn v mng cc b (LAN),

cc cng ngh mng LAN thng dng. ng thi, i su gii thiu v
thit k h tng cp mng, thit k mng LAN trn lp 2 v lp 3. Phn
cui chng c cc bi tp ng dng ngi c hiu r thm v thit
k LAN cng nh thc hnh thit k LAN.
2.1. PHN LOI MNG
C nhiu cch phn loi cc mng khc nhau, phn ny ch nu
nhng cch thc phn loi mng thng dng trong thc t
2.1.1. Phn loi mng theo vng a l
Mng cc b LAN (Local Area Network): l mt h thng mng
dng kt ni cc my tnh trong mt phm vi nh (nh , phng lm
vic, trng hc). Cc my tnh trong mng LAN c th chia s ti
nguyn vi nhau (chia s tp tin, my in, my qut v mt s thit
b khc).
Gio trnh Thit k mng
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Phm vi a l nh
Tc cao v ng tin cy
Ethernet, Wifi, FDDI, ATM
Mng th MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): l mng d liu
bng rng c thit k cho phm vi trong thnh ph, th x. Khong
cch thng nh hn 50 km. Xt v quy m a l, MAN ln hn
mng LAN nhng nh hn mng WAN, MAN ng vai tr kt ni 2
mng LAN v WAN vi nhau hoc kt ni gia cc mng LAN. Kt ni
gia cc phn t ca mng MAN thng s dng loi khng dy
(Wireless) hoc s dng cp quang (Optical Fiber).
Mng din rng WAN (Wide Area Network): l mng d liu c
thit k kt ni gia cc mng th (mng MAN), gia cc khu vc
a l cch xa nhau.
Phm vi a l rng ln
Tc m bo t l li chp nhn c
Cng ngh chuyn mch
Mng LAN s dng k thut mng qung b (Broadcast network),
trong cc thit b cng chia s mt knh truyn chung. Khi mt my
tnh truyn tin, cc my tnh khc u nhn c thng tin. Ngc li,
mng WAN s dng k thut Mng chuyn mch (Switching Network),
c nhiu ng ni kt cc thit b mng li vi nhau. Thng tin trao i
gia hai im trn mng c th i theo nhiu ng khc nhau. Chnh v
th cn phi c cc thit b c bit nh ng i cho cc gi tin, cc
thit b ny c gi l b chuyn mch hay b chn ng (router).
Ngoi ra gim bt s lng ng ni kt vt l, trong mng WAN cn
s dng cc k thut a hp v phn hp.
2.1.2. Phn loi mng my tnh theo topology mng
Mng dng hnh sao (Star topology): dng hnh sao, tt c cc
trm c ni vo mt thit b trung tm c nhim v nhn tn hiu t
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cc trm v chuyn tn hiu n trm ch vi phng thc kt ni l

"im - im".
Hnh 2.1. Star Topology

Mng hnh tuyn (Bus Topology): Trong dng hnh tuyn, cc my
tnh u c ni vo mt ng truyn chnh (bus). ng truyn
chnh ny c gii hn hai u bi mt loi u ni c bit gi l
Terminator (dng nhn bit l u cui kt thc ng truyn ti
y). Mi trm c ni vo bus qua mt u ni ch T (T_connector)
hoc mt b thu pht (transceiver).
Hnh 2.2. Bus Topology

Mng dng vng (Ring Topology): Cc my tnh c lin kt vi
nhau thnh mt vng trn theo phng thc "im - im", qua mi
mt trm c th nhn v truyn d liu theo vng mt chiu v d liu
c truyn theo tng gi mt.
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Gio trnh Thit k mng
Hnh 2.3. Ring Topology

Mng dng kt hp: Trong thc t ty theo yu cu v mc ch c
th ta c th thit k mng kt hp cc dng sao, vng, tuyn tn dng
cc im mnh ca mi dng.
2.1.3. Phn loi mng my tnh theo chc nng
Mng khch ch (Client-Server): Mt hay mt s my tnh c
thit lp cung cp cc dch v nh file server, mail server, Web server,
Printer server, Cc my tnh c thit lp cung cp cc dch v
ny c gi l Server, cn cc my tnh truy cp v s dng dch v th
c gi l Client.
Mng ngang hng (Peer-to-Peer): Cc my tnh trong mng c th
hot ng va nh mt Client va nh mt Server.
Mng kt hp: Cc mng my tnh thng c thit lp theo c hai
chc nng Client-Server v Peer-to-Peer.
2.2. MNG CC B V GIAO THC IU KHIN TRUY CP
NG TRUYN
Khi c ci t vo trong mng, cc my trm phi tun theo nhng
quy tc nh trc c th s dng ng truyn, l phng thc truy
nhp. Phng thc truy nhp c nh ngha l cc th tc iu hng
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trm lm vic lm th no v lc no c th thm nhp vo ng dy cp

gi hay nhn cc gi thng tin. C 3 phng thc c bn.
2.2.1. Giao thc CSMA/CD
Giao thc CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection) thng dng cho mng c cu trc hnh tuyn, cc my trm
cng chia s mt knh truyn chung, cc trm u c c hi thm nhp
ng truyn nh nhau (Multiple Access).
Tuy nhin ti mt thi im th ch c mt trm c truyn d liu
m thi.
Trc khi truyn d liu, mi trm phi lng nghe ng truyn
chc chn rng ng truyn ri (Carrier Sense).
Trong trng hp hai trm thc hin vic truyn d liu ng thi,
xung t d liu s xy ra, cc trm tham gia phi pht hin c s
xung t (Collision Detection) v thng bo ti cc trm khc gy ra
xung t, ng thi cc trm phi ngng thm nhp, ch i ln sau
trong khong thi gian ngu nhin no ri mi tip tc truyn.
Khi lu lng cc gi d liu cn di chuyn trn mng qu cao, th
vic xung t c th xy ra vi s lng ln dn n lm chm tc
truyn tin ca h thng.
2.2.2. Giao thc truyn th bi (Token passing)
Giao thc ny c dng trong cc LAN c cu trc vng s dng
k thut chuyn th bi (token) cp pht quyn truy nhp ng
truyn tc l quyn c truyn d liu i.
Th bi y l mt n v d liu c bit, c kch thc v ni
dung (gm cc thng tin iu khin) c quy nh ring cho mi giao
thc. Trong ng cp lin tc c mt th bi chy quanh trong mng.
Phn d liu ca th bi c mt bit biu din trng thi s dng ca
n (bn hoc ri). Trong th bi c cha mt a ch ch v c lun
chuyn ti cc trm theo mt trt t nh trc. i vi cu hnh
mng dng vng th trt t ca s truyn th bi tng ng vi trt t
vt l ca cc trm xung quanh vng.
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Gio trnh Thit k mng
Mt trm mun truyn d liu th phi i n khi nhn c mt

th bi ri. Khi trm s i bit trng thi ca th bi thnh bn, nn
gi d liu c km theo a ch ni nhn vo th bi v truyn i theo
chiu ca vng, th bi lc ny tr thnh khung mang d liu. Trm ch
sau khi nhn khung d liu ny, s copy d liu vo b m ri tip tc
truyn khung theo vng nhng thm mt thng tin xc nhn. Trm ngun
nhn li khung ca mnh (theo vng) c nhn ng, i bit bn
thnh bit ri v truyn th bi i.
V th bi chy vng quang trong mng kn v ch c mt th nn
vic ng d liu khng th xy ra, do vy hiu sut truyn d liu
ca mng khng thay i.
Trong cc giao thc ny cn gii quyt hai vn c th dn n
ph v h thng. Mt l vic mt th bi lm cho trn vng khng cn
th bi lu chuyn na. Hai l mt th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng
trn vng.
u im ca giao thc l vn hot ng tt khi lu lng truyn
thng ln. Giao thc truyn th bi tun th ng s phn chia ca mi
trng mng, hot ng da vo s xoay vng ti cc trm.
Vic truyn th bi s khng thc hin c nu vic xoay vng b
t on. Giao thc phi cha cc th tc kim tra th bi cho php
khi phc li th bi b mt hoc thay th trng thi ca th bi v cung
cp cc phng tin sa i logic (thm vo, bt i hoc nh li trt
t ca cc trm).
2.2.3. Giao thc FDDI
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) l k thut dng trong cc
mng cu trc vng, chuyn th bi tc cao bng phng tin cp si
quang.
FDDI s dng h thng chuyn th bi trong c ch vng kp. Lu
thng trn mng FDDI bao gm 2 lung ging nhau theo hai hng
ngc nhau.
FDDI thng c s dng vi mng trc trn nhng mng
LAN cng sut thp c th ni vo. Cc mng LAN i hi tc truyn
d liu cao v di thng ln cng c th s dng FDDI.
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2.3. CC LOI THIT B S DNG TRONG MNG LAN

xy dng mng LAN, ngi ta thng dng cc thit b sau:
Card giao tip mng (NIC - Network Interface Card)

Dy cp mng (Cable)
B khuych i (Repeater)
B tp trung ni kt (HUB)
Cu ni (Brigde)
B chuyn mch (Switch)
B chn ng (Router)
2.3.1. Network Adapter
Hnh 2.4. Card mng

Thnh phn u tin nn cp ti trong s cc thit b phn cng
mng l b iu hp mng (network adapter). Thit b ny cn c bit
n vi nhiu tn khc nhau nh card mng (network card), card giao
din mng (NIC - Network Interface Card), , LAN Adapter. Tt c u l
thut ng chung ca cng mt thit b phn cng. Cng vic ca card
mng l gn mt cch vt l my tnh n c th tham gia hot ng
truyn thng trong mng .
iu u tin chng ta cn bit n khi ni v card mng l n phi
c ghp ni ph hp vi phng tin truyn dn mng (network
medium). Network medium chnh l kiu cp dng trn mng. Cc mng
20
Gio trnh Thit k mng
khng dy l mt mng khc v khng c cp chi tit trong

mc ny.
card mng ghp ni ph hp vi phng tin truyn dn mng l
mt vn thc s v chng i hi phi p ng c lng ln tiu
chun cnh tranh bt buc. Chng hn, trc khi xy dng mt mng v
bt u mua card mng, dy cp, chng ta phi quyt nh xem liu nn
dng Ethernet, Ethernet ng trc, Token Ring, Arcnet hay mt tiu
chun mng no khc. Mi tiu chun mng c u v nhc im ring.
p dng loi no ph hp nht vi t chc mnh l iu ht sc quan
trng.
Ngy nay, hu ht cng ngh mng c cp n trn u
nhanh chng tr nn mai mt. Bu gi ch c mt kiu mng s dng dy
ni cn c dng trong cc doanh nghip va v nh l Ethernet (Fast
Ethernet hoc Gigabit Ethernet).
Card mng hot ng lp 1 (Physical Layer: Lp vt l) v lp 2
(Data Link Layer: Lp lin kt d liu) trong m hnh OSI. Trn NIC
a ch MAC Address (layer 2) 48 bt c dng FF-FF-FF- FF-FF-FF.
V d: 00-1B-77-09-BF-1E l mt Mac Address.
Cc mng Ethernet hin i u s dng cp xon i xon 8 dy.
Cc dy ny c sp xp theo th t c bit v u ni RJ-45 c
gn vo phn cui cp. Cp RJ-45 trng ging nh b kt ni phn
cui dy in thoi, nhng ln hn. Cc dy in thoi dng chun kt
ni RJ-11, tng phn vi chun kt ni RJ-45 dng trong cp Ethernet.
Hnh 2.5. Cp Ethernet vi mt u kt ni RJ-45
21
u ni RJ-45 v cc chun bm cp
Hnh 2.6. u ni RJ-45 v 2 chun bm cp T-568A, T-568B
Straight Cable
Crossover Cable
Rollover Cable
Hnh 2.7. Cc kiu cp mng
Gio trnh Thit k mng
22
2.3.2. Repeater
Repeater l loi thit b phn cng n gin nht trong cc thit b lin
kt mng, n c hot ng trong tng vt l ca m hnh h thng m
OSI. Repeater dng ni 2 mng ging nhau hoc cc phn mt mng
cng c mt nghi thc v mt cu hnh. Khi Repeater nhn c mt tn
hiu t mt pha ca mng th n s pht tip vo pha kia ca mng.
Repeater khng c x l tn hiu m n ch loi b cc tn hiu mo,
nhiu, khuch i tn hiu b suy hao (v c pht vi khong
cch xa) v khi phc li tn hiu ban u. Vic s dng Repeater lm
tng thm chiu di ca mng.
Hnh 2.8. Hot ng ca Repeater trong m hnh OSI

Hin nay c hai loi Repeater ang c s dng l Repeater in
v Repeater in quang.
Repeater in ni vi ng dy in c hai pha ca n, n
nhn tn hiu in t mt pha v pht li v pha kia. Khi mt
mng s dng Repeater in ni cc phn ca mng li th c
th lm tng khong cch ca mng, nhng khong cch lun
b hn ch bi mt khong cch ti a do tr ca tn hiu. V
23
d vi mng s dng cp ng trc 50 th khong cch ti a l

2,8km, khong cch khng th ko thm cho d s dng
thm Repeater.
Repeater in quang lin kt vi mt u cp quang v mt u
l cp in, n chuyn mt tn hiu in t cp in ra tn hiu
quang pht trn cp quang v ngc li. Vic s dng
Repeater in quang cng lm tng thm chiu di ca mng.
Vic s dng Repeater khng thay i ni dung cc tn hin i qua
nn n ch c dng ni hai mng c cng giao thc truyn
thng (nh hai mng Ethernet hay hai mng Token ring) nhng
khng th ni hai mng c giao thc truyn thng khc nhau (nh
mt mng Ethernet v mt mng Token ring). Thm na Repeater
khng lm thay i khi lng chuyn vn trn mng nn vic s
dng khng tnh ton n trn mng ln s hn ch hiu nng ca
mng. Khi la chn s dng Repeater cn ch la chn loi c
tc chuyn vn ph hp vi tc ca mng.
2.3.3. Hub
Hnh 2.9. Hub

Hub hot ng nh mt multiport repeater, lp li v chuyn tn
hiu in sang tt c cc cng c kt ni n n.
Mt Hub c t 4 n 24 cng v c th cn nhiu hn.
Khi cu hnh mng l hnh sao (Star topology), Hub ng vai tr l
trung tm ca mng.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
24
Hnh 2.10. Hot ng ca Hub trong m hnh OSI

Hub c hai nhim v khc nhau:
Cung cp mt im kt ni trung tm cho tt c my tnh trong
mng. Mi my tnh u c cm vo hub. Cc hub a cng c
th c t xch li nhau nu cn thit cung cp thm cho
nhiu my tnh.
Sp xp cc cng theo cch nu mt my tnh thc hin truyn
ti d liu, d liu phi c gi n ch.
C 3 loi: Passive Hub, Active Hub v Intelligent Hub.
Hub hot ng Layer 1 trong m hnh OSI (Tr Intelligent Hub hot ng Layer 2).
Cc port ca Hub nm trong mt min ng v mt min qung
b (1 Collision Domain & 1 Broadcast Domain).
3.3.4. Bridge
Bridge l mt thit b c dng ni hai mng ging nhau hoc
khc nhau, n c th c dng vi cc mng c cc giao thc khc
nhau. Cu ni hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu (Layer 2) nn khng
nh Repeater phi pht li tt c nhng g n nhn c th cu ni c
c cc frame ca tng lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI v x l
chng trc khi quyt nh c chuyn i hay khng.
25
Khi nhn c cc frame Bridge chn lc v ch chuyn nhng

frame m n thy cn thit. iu ny lm cho Bridge tr nn c ch khi
ni mt vi mng vi nhau v cho php n hot ng mt cch mm do.
thc hin c iu ny trong Bridge mi u kt ni c mt
bng cc a ch cc trm c kt ni vo pha , khi hot ng cu ni
xem xt mi frame n nhn c bng cch c a ch ca ni gi/nhn,
da trn bng a ch pha nhn c gi tin n quyt nh gi gi tin
hay khng v b sung vo bng a ch.
Hnh 2.11. Hot ng ca Bridge trong m hnh OSI

nh gi mt Bridge ngi ta a ra hai khi nim: Lc v
chuyn vn. Qu trnh x l mi frame c gi l qu trnh lc trong
tc lc th hin trc tip kh nng hot ng ca Bridge. Tc
chuyn vn c th hin s frame/giy trong th hin kh nng ca
Bridge chuyn cc frame t mng ny sang mng khc.
Hin nay c hai loi Bridge ang c s dng l Bridge vn chuyn
v Bridge bin dch.
Bridge vn chuyn dng ni hai mng cc b cng s dng mt
giao thc truyn thng ca tng lin kt d liu, tuy nhin mi
mng c th s dng loi dy ni khc nhau. Bridge vn chuyn
26
Gio trnh Thit k mng
khng c kh nng thay i cu trc cc frame m n nhn c

m ch quan tm ti vic xem xt v chuyn vn frame i.
Bridge bin dch dng ni hai mng cc b c giao thc khc
nhau n c kh nng chuyn mt frame thuc mng ny sang
frame thuc mng kia trc khi chuyn qua.
V d: Bridge bin dch ni mt mng Ethernet v mt mng Token
ring. Khi cu ni thc hin nh mt nt Token ring trn mng Token
ring v mt nt Enthernet trn mng Ethernet. Cu ni c th chuyn mt
frame theo chun ang s dng trn mng Enthernet sang chun ang s
dng trn mng Token ring.
Tuy nhin ch y cu ni khng th chia mt frame ra lm
nhiu frame cho nn phi hn ch kch thc ti a cc frame ph hp
vi c hai mng. V d nh kch thc ti a ca frame trn mng
Ethernet l 1500 byte v trn mng Token ring l 6000 byte do vy nu
mt trm trn mng tokenring gi mt gi tin cho trm trn mng
Ethernet vi kch thc ln hn 1500 byte th khi qua cu ni s lng
byte d s b cht b.
Hnh 2.12. Bridge ca NETGEAR

Ngi ta s dng Bridge trong cc trng hp sau:
M rng mng hin ti khi t ti khong cch ti a do Bridge
sau khi x l frame pht li frame trn phn mng cn li nn
tn hiu tt hn b tip sc.
Gim bt tc nghn mng khi c qu nhiu trm bng cch s dng
Bridge, khi chng ta chia mng ra thnh nhiu phn bng cc
Bridge, cc frame trong ni b tng phn mng s khng c
php qua phn mng khc.
27
ni cc mng c giao thc khc nhau.

Mt vi Bridge cn c kh nng la chn i tng vn chuyn.
N c th ch chuyn vn nhng frame ca nhng a ch xc nh.
Mt s Bridge c ch to thnh mt b ring bit, ch cn ni dy
v bt. Cc Bridge khc ch to nh card chuyn dng cm vo my tnh,
khi trn my tnh s s dng phn mm Bridge. Vic kt hp phn
mm vi phn cng cho php uyn chuyn hn trong hot ng ca
Bridge.
2.3.5. Switch
Switch hot ng Layer 2&3 trong m hnh OSI.
Cisco Catalyst Layer 3:

3550, 3560, 3750 Series.
Cisco Catalyst Layer 2:

2900XL/3500XL, 2940
Hnh 2.13. Hot ng ca Switch trong m hnh OSI

Cc port ca Switch khc Collision Domain nhng cng Broadcast
Domain.
Nhim v ca Switch
Quyt nh khi no chuyn tip mt frame hay khi no phi lc
(khng chuyn tip) frame , da trn a ch MAC.
Hc cc a ch MAC bng cch kim tra a ch MAC ngun ca
mi frame nhn c.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
28
To mi trng khng c vng lp (lp 2) s dng gii thut Cy

Bao trm - Spanning Tree Protocol (STP).
Hnh 2.14. Cisco Catalyst Switch 2950 series

2.3.5.1. Lc hay chuyn tip frame
quyt nh lc hay chuyn tip mt frame, switch s dng mt
bng c xy dng t ng c lit k cc a ch MAC v cc giao tip
u ra.
Switch so snh a ch MAC ch ca mt frame vi bng ny
quyt nh lc hay chuyn tip n.
Nu a ch MAC ch c tm thy trong bng a ch ca switch,
n s chuyn tip.
Nu a ch MAC khng thy hoc chnh l a ch giao tip gi, n
s lc gi tin.
2.3.5.2. Hc cc a ch MAC v tm giao tip ra ph hp
Switches to bng a ch bng cch lng nghe trn cc frame n v
kim tra a ch MAC ngun trong frame . Nu frame vo switch v
MAC ngun khng c trong bng MAC. Switch to mt gi tr cho bng
ny. a ch MAC c t trong bng ny, cng vi giao tip m t
frame n.
Nu switch khng tm thy giao tip ra ph hp vi a ch MAC
ch, switch tin hnh y cc frame ra tt c cc giao tip (tr giao tip
29
n). Switch chuyn tip tt c cc frame unicast cha bit ny ra tt c

cc giao tip, ch phn hi xy dng bng a ch ng theo yu cu.
Bng 2.1. Mac Address Table
Mac Address Table
------------------------------------------Vlan Mac Address
---- -----------
Type
Ports
-------- -----
1 0001.97d9.d701 DYNAMIC Fa0/6

1 0060.47a3.9eca DYNAMIC Fa0/5
1 0090.0c89.e41a DYNAMIC Gig1/2
1 00d0.ff7d.0904 DYNAMIC
Fa0/1
2.3.6. Router
Router l mt thit b hot ng trn tng mng, n c th tm c
ng i tt nht cho cc gi tin qua nhiu kt ni i t trm gi
thuc mng u n trm nhn thuc mng cui. Router c th c s
dng trong vic ni nhiu mng vi nhau v cho php cc gi tin c th
i theo nhiu ng khc nhau ti ch.
Hnh 2.15. Cisco Router 2800 Series

Khc vi Bridge hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn Bridge phi
x l mi gi tin trn ng truyn th Router c a ch ring bit v n
ch tip nhn v x l cc gi tin gi n n m thi. Khi mt trm mun
30
Gio trnh Thit k mng
gi gi tin qua Router th n phi gi gi tin vi a ch trc tip ca

Router (Trong gi tin phi cha cc thng tin khc v ch n) v khi
gi tin n Router th Router mi x l v gi tip.
Khi x l mt gi tin Router phi tm c ng i ca gi tin qua
mng. lm c iu Router phi tm c ng i tt nht trong
mng da trn cc thng tin n c v mng, thng thng trn mi
Router c mt bng nh tuyn (Router table). Da trn d liu v Router
gn v cc mng trong lin mng, Router tnh c bng nh tuyn
(Router table) ti u da trn mt thut ton xc nh trc.
Ngi ta phn chia Router thnh hai loi l Router c ph thuc
giao thc (The protocol dependent routers) v Router khng ph thuc
vo giao thc (The protocol independent router) da vo phng thc x
l cc gi tin khi qua Router.
Router c ph thuc giao thc: Ch thc hin vic tm ng v
truyn gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc ch khng chuyn i
phng cch ng gi ca gi tin cho nn c hai mng phi dng
chung mt giao thc truyn thng.
Router khng ph thuc vo giao thc: C th lin kt cc mng
dng giao thc truyn thng khc nhau v c th chuyn i gi tin
ca giao thc ny sang gi tin ca giao thc kia, Router cng chp
nhn kch thc cc gi tin khc nhau (Router c th chia nh mt
gi tin ln thnh nhiu gi tin nh trc khi truyn trn mng).
31
Hnh 2.16. Hot ng ca Router trong m hnh OSI

ngn chn vic mt mt d liu, Router cn nhn bit c ng
no c th chuyn vn v ngng chuyn vn khi ng i b tc nghn.
Mc ch s dng Router:
Router thng c s dng ni cc mng thng qua cc ng
dy thu bao t tin.
Router c th dng trong mt lin mng c nhiu vng, mi vng
c giao thc ring bit.
Router c th xc nh c ng i an ton v tt nht trong
mng nn an ton ca thng tin c m bo hn.
Trong mt mng phc hp khi cc gi tin lun chuyn gia cc
ng v d xy ra tnh trng tc nghn ca mng th cc Router c
th c ci t cc phng thc nhm trnh c tc nghn.
Cc phng thc hot ng ca Router: l phng thc m mt
Router c th ni vi cc Router khc qua chia s thng tin v
mng hin c. Cc chng trnh chy trn Router lun xy dng bng ch
ng qua vic trao i cc thng tin vi cc Router khc.
Phng thc vc-t khong cch (Distance Vector): Mi Router
lun lun truyn i thng tin v bng nh tuyn ca mnh trn
mng, thng qua cc Router khc s cp nht ln bng nh
tuyn ca mnh.
Phng thc trng thi ng lin kt (Link state): Router ch
truyn cc thng bo khi c pht hin c s thay i trong mng v
ch khi cc Router khc mi cp nht li bng nh tuyn.
Mt s giao thc hot ng chnh ca Router: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP,
OSPF
2.4. CC T CHC CHUN HA V MNG
cc thit b phn cng mng ca nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau
c th u ni, trao i thng tin c vi nhau trong mt mng cc b
Gio trnh Thit k mng
32
th chng phi c sn xut theo cng mt chun. Di y l mt s t

chc chun ha quan trng lin quan n cc thit b mng:
EIA (Electronic Industry Association - Hip hi Cng nghip
in t)
c thnh lp nm 1924, EIA l mt t chc ca M sn xut
cc thit b in t. EIA cng b mt s tiu chun lin quan
n vin thng v truyn thng in ton v hot ng kt hp
cht ch vi cc hip hi khc nh ANSI (American National
Standards Institute: Hc vin tiu chun quc gia Hoa K) v
ITU (International Telecommunication Union: Hip hi vin
thng quc t).
Website ca EIA: http://www.eia.org
TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)
TIA l Hip hi Cng nghip vin thng - mt hip hi thng
mi ton cu t tr s chnh ti Hoa K v i din cho khong
600 cng ty vin thng.
Vi s h tr t 600 thnh vin, TIA tng cng mi trng
kinh doanh cho cc cng ty tham gia vo vin thng, in thoi
di ng bng thng rng khng dy, cng ngh thng tin, mng
li, dy cp, v tinh, truyn thng hp nht, lin lc khn cp
v cng ngh xanh. TIA c cng nhn bi ANSI.
Website ca TIA: http://www.tiaonline.org
ISO (International Standard Organization)
ISO l T chc chun ha quc t, l mt t chc quc t thc
hin vic thng nht v a ra cc chun kt ni dng chung cho
cc thit b vin thng, my tnh,...
Mt trong nhng chun ni ting ca ISO l m hnh kt ni
OSI.
ANSI (American National Standard Institute)
ANSI l Vin Tiu chun quc gia Hoa K, l c quan u mi
iu phi vic xy dng v s dng cc tiu chun ng
33
thun t nguyn v ng thi l i din cho nhu cu v quan

im ca cc bn lin quan ca Hoa K trn din n tiu chun
ho phm vi ton th gii.
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
IEEE l Vin cc k s in v in t, l mt t chc khoa hc
ngh nghip c xy dng nhm mc ch h tr cc hot ng
nghin cu khoa hc, thc y s pht trin khoa hc cng ngh
trong cc lnh vc in t, vin thng, cng ngh thng tin, khoa
hc my tnh,... IEEE hin c trn 350.000 thnh vin l cc k
s, cc nh khoa hc gia v sinh vin.
Trong hai t chc TIA v EIA kt hp vi nhau a ra nhiu c
t cho cc thit b truyn dn cng nh a ra nhiu s ni dy.
IEEE c nhiu tiu ban (Committee). Trong Tiu ban 802
ph trch v cc chun cho mng cc b. Mt s chun mng cc b
quan trng do tiu ban ny a ra nh:
IEEE 802.1: Cc giao thc LAN tng cao
IEEE 802.2: iu khin lin kt lgic
IEEE 802.3: Ethernet
IEEE 802.4: Token bus ( gii tn)
IEEE 802.5: Token Ring
IEEE 802.6: Metropolitan Area Network ( gii tn)
IEEE 802.7: Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cable ( gii tn)
IEEE 802.8: Fiber Optic TAG ( gii tn)
IEEE 802.9: Integrated Services LAN ( gii tn)
IEEE 802.10: Interoperable LAN Security ( gii tn)
IEEE 802.11: Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi certification)
IEEE 802.12: Cng ngh 100 Mbit/s plus
IEEE 802.13: (khng s dng)
IEEE 802.14: Modem cp ( gii tn)
IEEE 802.15: Wireless PAN
Gio trnh Thit k mng
34
o I EEE 802.15.1: Bluetooth certification

o IEEE 802.15.4: ZigBee certification
IEEE 802.16: Broadband Wireless Access (WiMAX certification)
o IEEE 802.16e: (Mobile) Broadband Wireless Access
IEEE 802.17: Resilient packet ring

IEEE 802.18: Radio Regulatory TAG
IEEE 802.19: Coexistence TAG
IEEE 802.20: Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
IEEE 802.21: Media Independent Handoff
IEEE 802.22: Wireless Regional Area Network
IEEE 802.23: Broadband ISDN system (ang th nghim)
Cc chun do IEEE 802 nh ngha thc hin chc nng ca tng 2

trong m hnh tham chiu OSI. Tuy nhin, chng chia tng 2 thnh hai
tng con (sublayer) l Tng con iu khin ni kt logic (LLC - Logical
Link Control) v Tng con iu khin truy cp ng truyn (MAC
Medium Access Control).
Tng con iu khin truy cp ng truyn m bo cung cp dch
truyn nhn thng tin theo kiu khng ni kt. Trong khi tng con iu
khin ni kt logic cung cp dch v truyn ti thng tin theo kiu nh
hng ni kt.
Network Layer
Network Layer
LLC
Logical Link Control

802.3
CSMA/CD
MAC
Physical Layer
802.5
Token
Ring
Data Link Layer

Other
LANS
Physical Layer
Hnh 2.17. Kin trc mng cc b theo IEEE 802

2.5. MNG ETHERNET
2.5.1. Lch s hnh thnh
35
Ethernet l mt giao thc mng chun ha vic truyn thng tin

trong mng cc b. Giao thc Ethernet c xp vo lp th hai trong
m hnh OSI tc l tng Data Link.
Ngy nay, Ethernet tr thnh cng ngh mng cc b c s
dng rng ri. Sau hn 30 nm ra i, cng ngh Ethernet vn ang c
tip tc pht trin nhng kh nng mi p ng nhng nhu cu mi v
tr thnh cng ngh mng ph bin, tin dng.
Ngy 22 thng 5 nm 1973, Robert Metcalfe thuc Trung tm
Nghin cu Palto Alto ca hng Xerox PARC, bang California, a
ra tng h thng kt ni mng my tnh cho php cc my tnh c th
truyn d liu vi nhau v vi my in lazer. Lc ny, cc h thng tnh
ton ln u c thit k da trn cc my tnh trung tm t tin
(mainframe). im khc bit ln m Ethernet mang li l cc my tnh
c th trao i thng tin trc tip vi nhau m khng cn qua my tnh
trung tm. M hnh mi ny lm thay i th gii cng ngh
truyn thng.
Chun Ethernet 10 Mbit/s u tin c xut bn nm 1980 bi s
phi hp pht trin ca 3 hng: DEC, Intel v Xerox. Chun ny c tn
DIX Ethernet (ly tn theo 3 ch ci u ca tn cc hng).
y ban 802.3 ca IEEE ly DIX Ethernet lm nn tng pht
trin. Nm 1985, chun 802.3 u tin ra i vi tn IEEE 802.3
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collition Detection (CSMA/CD)
Access Method vesus Physical Layer Specification. Mc d khng s
dng tn Ethernet nhng hu ht mi ngi u hiu l chun ca
cng ngh Ethernet. Ngy nay chun IEEE 802.3 l chun chnh thc ca
Ethernet.
IEEE pht trin chun Ethernet trn nhiu cng ngh truyn dn
khc nhau v th c nhiu loi mng Ethernet.
Vi s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh, tc kt ni trong
Ethernet khng ngng c nng ln. Vo nm 1995, Fast Ethernet ra
Gio trnh Thit k mng
36
i. IEEE dng 802.3u quy chun cho cc tiu ch c lin quan n

Fast Ethernet. Tip n l 802.3z, 802.3ab, 802.3ae ...
C th lit k cc chun mng s dng giao thc CSMA/CD nh sau:
Chun mng 802.3:
C tn l mng Ethernet
Tc truyn ti d liu l 10 Mbit/s
H tr 4 chun vt l l 10Base-5 (cp ng trc dy), 10Base-2
(Cp ng trc mng), 10Base-T (Cp xon i) v 10Base-F (Cp
quang).
Chun mng 802.3u:
C tn l mng Fast Ethernet
Tc truyn ti d liu l 100 Mbit/s
H tr 3 chun vt l l 100Base-TX (Cp xon i), 100Base-T4
(Cp xon i) v 100Base-FX (Cp quang).
Chun mng 802.3z:
C tn l mng Giga Ethernet
Tc truyn ti d liu l 1 Gbit/s
H tr 3 chun vt l l 1000Base-LX (cp quang), 1000Base-SX
(cp quang), 1000Base-CX (cp ng bc kim)
Chun mng 802.3ab
C tn l mng Giga Ethernet over UTP
Tc truyn ti d liu l 1 Gbit/s
H tr chun vt l 1000Base-TX s dng dy cp xon i khng
bc kim.
Chun mng 802.3ae (10 Gigabit Ethernet)
2.5.2. Mt s chun mng Ethernet ph bin
2.5.2.1. 10- Mbit/s Ethernet
10BASE-2:
37
Cn gi l ThinNet hoc Cheapernet.

S mng dng Bus.
S dng dy cp ng trc mng (thin coaxial cable), chiu di ti
a ca mi on mng (network segment) l 185m.
Tc truyn d liu l 10 Mbit/s.
Ti a cho php 30 nt (my tnh) trn mt on mng.
Chiu di ti thiu gia 2 node mng l 0,5 mt. Mi u dy c
mt u ni BNC bm vo.
Card mng s dng cn c u ni BNC gn u ni hnh ch T
vo (T-connector).
S dng hai thit b u cui (Terminator) tr khng 50 gn
vo u ni hnh ch T ca hai my hai u dy mng. Mt trong
hai u cui ny phi ni tip t vo v ca my tnh.
Mng thit k theo chun 10Base-2 c gi thnh r nht khi so vi
cc chun khc. Tuy nhin tnh n nh ca n khng cao, cc
im ni dy rt d b hng tip xc. Ch cn mt im ni dy
trong mng khng tip xc tt s lm cho cc my khc khng th
vo mng c.
10BASE-T:
S mng dng Star.
S dng cp xon i (STP- Shielded Twisted Pair hoc UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair), Cat3 tr ln. Chiu di ti a ca mt
segment l 100 m.
C tc truyn d liu l 10 Mbit/s.
S dng Hub hoc Switch lm thit b trung tm ni cc my
tnh li vi nhau.
So vi chun 10 BASE-2 th chun 10 BASE-T t hn, nhng n
c tnh n nh cao hn: S c trn mt node mng khng nh
hng n ton mng.
FOIRL (Fiber-optic inter-repeater link): Cc tiu chun gc cho
Ethernet qua cp quang.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
38
10BASE-F: Thut ng chung cho h Ethernet 10 Mbit/s qua cp

quang: 10BASE-FL, 10BASE-FB, 10BASE-FP. Trong s ny th 10BASEFL c s dng rng ri.
2.5.2.2. Fast Ethernet
100BASE-T: Mt thut ng chung cho h ba chun Ethernet
100 Mbit/s qua cp xon i. Bao gm: 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-T4 v
100BASE-T2. Nm 2009, [cp nht],100BASE-TX hon ton chi phi th
trng v thng c coi l ng ngha vi 100BASE-T.
100BASE-TX: Tc 100Mbit/s qua cp xon i Cat5 (Ch dng
2 trong 4 cp).
100BASE-T4: Tc 100Mbit/s qua cp xon i Cat3 (Dng c
4 cp), hot ng ch bn song cng.
100BASE-T2: Tc 100Mbit/s qua cp xon i Cat3 (ch dng
2 trong 4 cp), c h tr ch song cng.
100Base-FX: Tc 100Mbit/s, s dng cp si quang a mode.
2.5.2.3. Gigabit Ethernet
1000BASE-T: Tc truyn d liu l 01 Gbps qua cp UTP (Cat5
tr ln, nn dng Cat5e).
1000BASE-SX: Tc truyn d liu l 01 Gbps qua cp quang vi
sng ngn.
1000BASE-LX: Tc truyn d liu l 01 Gbps qua cp quang
vi sng di. Ti u cho khong cch ln hn qua cp quang n mode.
1000BASE-CX: 01 Gbps Ethernet qua cp ng c bit. Ra i
trc 1000BASE-T, v by gi li thi.
2.5.2.4. 10-Gigabit Ethernet
10 Gigabit Ethernet (hoc 10GE, 10GbE hay tiu chun GigE 10)
ln u tin c cng b vo nm 2002 nh IEEE 802.3ae-2002 v l
chun Ethernet nhanh nht lc by gi. Tc truyn d liu trn l
thuyt l 10 Gbps, gp mi ln so vi Gigabit Ethernet.
2.5.2.5. 100-Gigabit Ethernet
39
100 Gigabit Ethernet, hoc 100GbE hin ang c pht trin bi

IEEE (tnh n 9/2009).
2.6. THIT K H TNG CP MNG
Cc s c v mng thng do nhiu nguyn nhn. Cc nghin cu
ch ra rng trong nhiu trng hp, mng xy ra s c ch yu do s yu
km ca h thng cp. V nhng thit lp tiu chun khuyn co cu
trc h thng cp chun c th loi b ng k thi gian cht ny. Mt
yu t quan trng l h thng cable c cu trc cn phi c a vo
danh mc quan trng, mc d n tn ti nh cc thnh phn mng khc
v ch i din cho 5% tng s vn u t mng.
Cp c cu trc l nhng ch dn cn phi thit lp tiu chun
p ng vi nhu cu thoi v truyn d liu ngy nay v trong tng lai.
y l mt h thng cung cp cch tip cn "c cu trc ton b h
thng cp - mt hp n hn cc phng tin truyn thng mng m
trong n x l tt c lu lng truy cp thng tin nh thoi, d liu,
video, v thm ch xy dng h thng qun l phc tp. Ni tm li, n
c m t nh mt h thng bao gm b cc sn phm truyn dn, p
dng vi quy tc thit k k thut cho php ngi dng s dng cc ng
dng thoi, d liu, v tn hiu theo cch c lng ti a ha d liu.
Cp c cu trc chia c s h tng ton b thnh cc khi qun l
v sau tch hp cc khi cu thnh mng c hiu nng cao. Cu
trc cp cng cung cp kh nng qun tr v qun l. Tt c cc loi cp
m ng cc cng vic ni b khc nhau, chm dt s tp trung th
ng- kt ni trong phng mng. Tp hp nhn n gin v c cu mu
nhm xc nh d dng v nhanh chng trng thi ca cng vic. Do ,
n cung cp mt im duy nht cho tt c cc yu cu v qun tr v
qun l. Mt yu t khc l qun l thay i, kin trc h thng lin tc
thay i khi h thng tng trng. V kin trc cp phi p ng yu cu
ny vi mc phc tp ti thiu. Vic cung cp mt bng iu khin trung
tm, cung cp tnh linh hot b sung, di chuyn, v thay i. Nhng
Gio trnh Thit k mng
40
thay i c th to iu kin cho s n gin ha chuyn i trn cp

ni. Ngoi ra, cu trc cp cng l cng ngh c lp.
Nhng li th ca cp cu trc l:
Tnh thng nht : Mt h thng cp c cu trc phi ging nhau
cho h thng cp d liu, thoi v video.
H tr cho nhiu nh cung cp thit b - Mt tiu chun da trn h
thng cp s h tr ng dng v phn cng, ngay c vi nhiu nh
cung cp.
n gin ha di chuyn / b sung / thay i - h thng cp cu trc
c th h tr bt k thay i trong h thng.
n gin ha x l s c - Vi h thng cp cu trc, cc vn
khin mng gp s c t kh nng xy ra, d dng hn c lp v
sa cha.
H tr cho cc ng dng tng lai - h thng cp cu trc h tr
cc ng dng trong tng lai nh a phng tin, hi ngh truyn
hnh, v..v vi chi ph nng cp t hoc khng c.
Mt u im chnh ca h thng cp c cu trc l c lp li. Bng
cch chia ton b c s h tng thnh nhng khi qun l n gin, rt
d dng kim tra v c lp nhng v tr li c th v sa cha chng
vi nh hng ti thiu n h thng mng, iu ny lm gim chi ph
bo tr.
Cu trc h thng cp ang nhanh chng tr thnh chun cho cc
mng nh, va v ln.
2.6.1. Cc tiu chun v cp mng
2.6.1.1. Cc tiu chun quc t
TIA khng phi l c quan tiu chun duy nht xem xt hiu sut
cp m rng. T chc tiu chun quc t (ISO) tin hnh nh ngha
tiu chun ca CAT 6 v CAT 7. Th loi CAT 6 ch nh cc thng s
truyn dn ti a 200 MHz trong khi cp CAT 7 m rng n
600 MHz. Nhng ch dn ca CAT 6 v 7 v thng s k thut s c
bao gm trong n bn th hai ca tiu chun ISO/IEC 11801 . Tuy nhin,
nh ngha ca CAT 6 v 7 ang giai on u, cha c xt duyt
41
Hoa K vo lc ny. S ph duyt cui cng d kin n nm 2000.

Tham kho ti liu hng dn tiu chun EIA /TIA trong Ph lc I.
2.6.1.2. Tiu chun cng nghip
Li th ca tiu chun cng nghip l nhng hiu bit lm cho cp
tng thch c vi cc ng dng tiu chun. im bt li chnh nm
thi gian ph duyt cc tiu chun. Tiu chun cui cng cng c th
khc vi ngh ban u, nhng thng th s khc bit ny mc ti
thiu. V d, tiu chun xut cho CAT 6 l 250 MHz, v tiu chun
ngh cho CAT 7 l 600 MHz.
iu quan trng cn nh l: tiu chun xut c ci tin hn
cp CAT 5 v CAT 5e, phc v tc tt hn cho cc ng dng trong
tng lai.
2.6.1.3. Cc tiu chun cho cu trc cp
Cc nh qun l mng i mt vi mt th thch kh khn khi lp
t mt c s mi ca cng ty. H phi m bo rng tt c cc v tr
nhn vin c th truy cp vo mng LAN doanh nghip, v chc chn cc
v tr ny c th tng tc thnh cng vi tim nng phm vi rng ln
ca cng ngh mng LAN tc cao mi, t nhng cng ngh ny
nhanh chng t c tm quan trng vi chi ph hiu qu.
Gii php cho nhng thch thc ny nm trong vic thc hin mt
h thng cp cu trc ti mt c s mi. Mt h thng nh phi m rng
n tt c cc khu vc lm vic ca nhn vin v c kh nng h tr tt
c cc cng ngh mng LAN hin c v tt c cc cng ngh mi, cng
ngh mng LAN tc cao ang pht trin, v chng ta khng th d
on nng lc cao nht s t c ti bt c lc no trong tng lai.
Mt nhm, trong tp hp tiu chun i vi dy d liu c cu trc
Hoa K, l Hip hi Cng nghip vin thng, hay TIA. Tiu chun TIA
568A nh ngha nhiu loi CAT hoc nh gi v hiu sut ca cu trc h
thng dy, vi CAT 5 l cao nht hin ang c chun ha. Chun TIA
568A CAT 5 l c s cho nhiu cng ngh LAN mi tc cao.
2.6.1.4. im ni bt ca cc tiu chun EIA/TIA-568A
Mc ch:
Gio trnh Thit k mng
42
xc nh mt nguyn tc chung v h thng cp vin thng

dnh cho thoi v d liu nhm h tr mi trng a sn phm, a
nh cung cp.
nh hng cho vic thit k cc thit b vin thng v sn xut
cp nhm phc v cho cc doanh nghip thng mi
cho php lp k hoch, lp t mt h thng cu trc cp cho
ta nh thng mi c kh nng h tr a dng cc nh mng.
thit lp hiu sut v tiu chun k thut cho cc loi hnh kt
ni cp v phn cng, cho vic thit k v lp t h thng cp
Phm vi:
Cc yu cu cho mt h thng cp c cu trc c th s dng hn
10 nm
c im a ch:
(a) Phng tin cng nhn - cp v phn cng kt ni
(b) Hiu sut
(c) Hnh trng
(d) Khong cch cable
(e) Thc hnh ci t
(f) Giao din ngi dng
(g) Hiu sut knh
Cc yu t ca cable :
Cp ngang:
a) u kt ni ngang (HC)
b) Cable ngang
c) im chuyn tip (ty chn)
d) im cng c (ty chn)
e) Vin thng-Outlet (u kt ni (TO)
Khong cch ti a cho cp ngang
43
Hnh 2.17. Cp ngang

90m l khong cch t trm vin thng ti hp Outlet, 10m t hp
outlet ti my trm.
Cable ng xng sng:
a) Cng kt ni chnh (MC)
b) ng trc cp ni vi
c) u kt ni trung gian (IC)
d) ng trc cp ngoi vi
Vng lm vic (WA)
Hp vin thng (TS)
Thit b trong phng (ER)
iu kin i vo (EF)
Qun tr **
** Mc d qun tr ch mc hn ch, c tr trn qun tr vin
thng l ANSI/EIA/TIA-606.
2.6.2. Cu trc cp
Thit k nh gi h thng cp: Su h thng con ca mt h thng
cp c cu trc nh sau:
2.6.2.1. iu kin xy dng
Gio trnh Thit k mng
44
iu kin xy dng cung cp cc c s cho li vo m ti cable

bn ngoi giao din vi cable xng sng ni vi. Nhng yu cu vt l
ca giao tip mng c nh ngha trong tiu chun EIA/TIA-569.
2.6.2.2. Trang thit b phng
Cc kha cnh thit k ca phng thit b c quy nh trong tiu
chun EIA/TIA-569. Thit b phng thng l thit b nh phc tp cao
hn hp vin thng. Mt thit b phng c th cung cp bt k hoc tt
c cc chc nng ca hp vin thng.
2.6.2.3. Cable ng trc
Cp xng sng cung cp kt ni gia cc hp vin thng vi thit
b phng v cc li vo c s. N bao gm cc loi cp ng trc, trung
gian v u kt ni chnh, thit b u cui v dy ni hoc jumpe, c
s dng cho kt ni ng trc ti ng trc. iu ny bao gm:
Kt ni dc gia cc tng (risers)
Cp gia mt phng thit b v cng vo c s cp ta nh
Cp gia cc ta nh
Cc loi cp c cng nhn
Khong cch ng trc ti a
100 ohm UTP (24 hoc 22 AWG)
800 m (2625 ft) Voice *
150 ohm STP
90 mt (295 ft) liu *
Cp quan a ch 62.5/125 m
2.000 m (6560 ft)
Cp quan n ch 8.3/125 m
3.000 m (9840 ft)
Lu : khong cch ng trc ph thuc ng dng. Khong cch ti

a nu trn da trn truyn dn bng ging ni cho UTP v truyn d liu
cho STP v quang. Khong cch 90m STP p dng cho cc ng dng bng
thng vi quang ph t 20 MHz n 300 MHz. Khong cch 90m cng p
dng cho UTP bng thng quang ph nh 5 MHz - 16 MHz cho 3 CAT,
10 MHz 20 MHz cho Cat 4 v 20 MHz 100 MHz cho CAT 5.
Yu cu thit k khc:
M hnh Star
Bridge v tap khng c cho php
45
Kt ni jumper chnh v qua trung gian hoc chiu di dy ni

khng c vt qu 20 mt (66 feet)
Mt t phi p ng cc yu cu quy nh ti EIA/TIA 607
Thit b kt ni vo mng trc cp di 30m (98ft) hoc t hn
Cp xng sng phi c cu hnh trong m hnh Star. Mi kt
ni cho ngang- c kt ni trc tip n mt cho chnh hoc
kt ni vo mt kt ni qua trung gian, sau ti kt ni chnh.
Cc xng sng c gii hn khng qu hai bc cp ca kt
ni cho (chnh v trung gian). Khng c nhiu hn mt kt ni
cho c th tn ti gia kt ni chnh v kt ni ngang, khng
qu ba kt ni c th tn ti gia hai kt ni cho ngang.
Tng s khong cch ng trc ti a l 90m (295ft) c ch
nh cho bng thng cao trn trc ng. Khong cch ny l
dnh cho xng sng chy khng gin on. (Kt ni khng qua
trung gian).
Khong cch gia cc u cui vo phng chnh v qua kt ni
cn c c tiu chun ha v to sn cho cc nh cung cp
dch v.
Phng tin truyn thng c cng nhn c th c s dng
ring l hoc kt hp, do yu cu ca tin trnh ci t. S lng
sa cha v vt liu cn thit trong xng sng ph thuc vo
khu vc phc v.
Trnh ci t ni c ngun cao c th khi tn ti EMI /RFI
46
Gio trnh Thit k mng
Hnh 2.18. Kt ni cho chnh

Xc nh cable ng trc theo mng hnh sao
Khong cch cp ng trc TIA (MC ti HC)
Singlemode Fiber ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 3000m (9840ft)
62,5/125um Multimode Fiber ... ... ... ... ... 2000m (6560ft)
Cable ng UTP ng dng <5MHz ... ... ... .. 800m (2625ft)
2.6.2.4. Hp vin thng
Mt hp vin thng l khu vc cha trong mt ngi nh m ti
tp hp h thng thit b cp vin thng. iu ny bao gm cu trc u
cui v / hoc kt ni cho cho h thng cp ngang v ng trc.
47
Hnh 2.19. Hp vin thng

2.6.2.5. Cable ngang
H thng cp ngang ko di t hp outlet vin thng trong khu vc
lm vic kt ni ngang qua hp vin thng. N bao gm cc hp outlet
vin thng, mt im hp nht hoc ty chn kt ni im chuyn tip,
cp ngang, thit b u cui, dy ni (hoc jumper) bao gm cc kt ni
cho ngang.
Bao gm thit b khch hng
Dy thit b HC
Dy ni / jumper kt ni cho s dng trong HC, bao gm thit
b cp / dy, khng nn vt qu 6m (20ft)
Cp ngang ti a 90m (295ft)
TP hoc CP (ty chn)
Outlet vin thng / u ni (TO)
Thit b dy WA
Lu : Thc hin ph cp cho cc thit b dy WA l 3m (9.8ft). Ph
cp 10m (33ft) c cung cp cho chiu di kt hp ca cc dy
ni/jumper kt ni cho v thit b cp/dy trong HC, bao gm trang thit
b dy WA.
Mt s c im c th cho h thng cp ngang ph bao gm:
Ch r cc thnh phn ng dng khng c ci t nh mt
phn ca h thng cp ngang.Khi cn thit, chng c t bn
ngoi cc outlet vin thng hoc kt ni ngang - (v d splitters,
baluns)
Gio trnh Thit k mng
48
Nhng ni gn nhau ca cp ngang ti ngun EMI s c a

vo danh mc
iu kin cng nhn l Cables ngang:
a) Mt im chuyn i (TP) c cho php gia cc hnh thc
khc nhau ca cng mt loi cp (tc l ni cp kt ni vo
vng dy cp)
b) Cp ng trc 50 c cng nhn bi 568-A nhng khng
nn dng cho cp mi ci t.
c) Cc outlet c th cung cp. Nhng outlet ny c b sung vo
m khng th thay th cc yu cu ti thiu ca tiu chun.
d) Bridge v Splices khng c php s dng trn cp ngang
ng trc
2.6.2.6. Vng lm vic
Cc outlet vin thng phc v nh giao tip khu vc lm vic ti h
thng cp. Mt vi chi tit k thut lin quan n khu vc cp bao gm:
Thit b dy c gi nh c hiu nng ging dy ni cng loi
v category
Khi s dng, cc adapter c coi l tng thch vi kh nng
truyn dn ca thit b m n kt ni.
di cp ngang c quy nh vi gi nh rng chiu di cp
ti a l 3m (10ft)
Nhng thnh phn vng lm vic:
Trm thit b my vi tnh, d liu u cui, in thoi,
Mun li cp ni, b tng thch cp PC, jumper,
B iu ch, phi c m rng ti Outlet vin thng,..
Ghi ch: Cho vic thit lp khong cch lin kt ngang cc i,
chiu di ti a kt hp 10m (33ft) kt hp vi cp ni (hoc jumper) v
(hoc cp thit b trong vng lm vic v trm vin thng).
49
2.6.3. Cp mng
Cp l phng tin qua thng tin c di chuyn t mt thit b
mng ny ti mng khc. Mt s loi cp, thng c dng vi mng
LAN. Trong mt s trng hp, mt mng s s dng ch mt loi cp;
cc mng khc s s dng nhiu loi cp khc nhau. Cc loi cp chn
cho mt mng li lin quan n topology ca mng, giao thc, v kch
c. S hiu bit c im ca loi cp v lm th no lin kt n cc
vng khc ca mt mng l cn thit cho s pht trin thnh cng ca
mt mng.
2.6.3.1. Cable xon i khng v bc
Cable UTP c th khc nhau t in thoi, lp dy t ti tc
cao. Loi cable ny c 4 cp bn trong v bc. Mi cp xon c nh
s khc nhau/inch gip loi b s nhiu t cp bn cnh v cc thit b
in khc.
UTP c th h tr in thoi, 4 & 16 Mbit/s Token Ring, Ethernet,
100 Mbit/s Ethernet, FDDI li ng (CDDI), 155 Mbit/s ATM. Cp UTP
c EIA/TIA chun ha. Trong s nhng gi tr tt nht v gi c l
CAT 3 v CAT 5. Tuy nhin, CAT 3 c xp vo loi 10 MHz, ph
hp vi Ethernet (10 Mbit/s), v CAT 5 100 MHz, thch hp cho Fast
Ethernet (100 Mbit/s) v ATM (155 Mbit/s).
Ngoi ra cn c CAT5e (Enhanced Category 5). y l tiu chun
c ph duyt gn y, thit k cho vic trao i an ton hn khi truyn
Fast Ethernet song cng. S khc bit chnh gia CAT 5 v CAT 5e c
th thy trn cc thng s k thut v hiu sut c nng ln mt cht.
Cp UTP ni chung l c dy trong topology star v nhng li th x l
s c lin kt trong topology star.
2.6.3.2. Cp xon i bc li
Mt bt li ca UTP l n d b nhiu sng tn s v tuyn in.
Cp xon i bc li ph hp cho cc mi trng c s nh hng ca
in. N c mt mng che chn c th chn cc nhiu in, nhng iu
ny khin cho cp cng knh v thng rt kh giao tip vi mt kt
ni d liu. Tuy nhin, mt phin bn mi ca STP cp c gii thiu
50
Gio trnh Thit k mng
ca cng ty nh ITT Datacomm s dng RJ-45 connector. Khng nhng

khng phc tp m cn rt d dng lm vic v mang li kh nng
truyn ti nhiu d liu hn UTP.
2.6.3.3. Cable quang
Cp si quang bao gm mt li thy tinh bao quanh bi nhiu lp
vt liu bo v. Cp quang c kh nng cung cp bng thng rt cao v
khng ph thuc vo ting n. N s dng nh sng truyn tn hiu
thay th cho tn hiu in t, loi b cc vn ca nhiu in. iu ny
lm cho n l tng cho cc mi trng vi s nh hng ca in t
ln v y cng l mt tiu chun cho mng kt ni gia cc ta nh, do
n khng b nh hng bi nhng tc ng ca m v st.
Cp quang c kh nng truyn tn hiu vi mt khong cch xa hn
so vi cp ng trc hoc cable xon, ng thi c kh nng mang theo
thng tin tc ln. Nng lc ny ph hp vi kh nng giao tip cho
cc dch v nh hi ngh video v cc dch v tng tc. Tuy nhin, vic
s dng cp si quang i hi chi ph ng k v u t ban u, kt ni,
u ni, jumper cp, cc cng c v card giao din mng. y l vn
chnh ci t v thay th.
C hai loi si cp quang-a ch (MMF) v n ch (SMF).
nh sng c truyn thng qua cc li ca si quang. a si, vi
ng knh li ph bin l 62,5 micron hoc 50 micron, c thit k
cho khp ni nh sng t n LED c chi ph thp da trn lin kt. Si
n mode c ng knh li l 10 micron, ch thch hp cho laser truyn
dn. Nhiu c s ci t si quang h tr mng LAN nh l phn xng
sng a phng thc, v hu ht cc tc hin ti l thit b LAN -10
hoc 100 Mb/s da trn n LED.
Gigabit Ethernet hot ng mc 1,25 Gbps l qu nhanh cho LED
v yu cu s dng tia laser. Theo truyn thng, laser da trn truyn d
liu c s dng vi cht si n Mode. Cc tiu chun 1000Base-X
gii thiu laser da trn truyn dn quang trn si a mode v vi lp vt
l khc bit so vi trc.
51
2.6.3.4. S pht trin ca cc loi cable UTP

Nm 1991 vi vic cng b tiu chun TIA/EIA-568, thut ng
"CAT" c s dng nh bit ng ch vic ci t cp v qun l mng
LAN m t cc c tnh hiu sut ca h thng cp UTP. Ban u, cp
CAT 3 s dng rng ri nht trong cc h thng cp c cu trc c kh
nng mang lu lng thoi v truyn dn 10Base-T LAN. CAT 4 c
gii thiu ngay sau khi n cung cp kh nng cao hn tc
16 Mb/s mng Token Ring. Vi dng Base-TX, CAT 4 nhanh chng
c thay th bi CAT 5, c s dng rng ri cho ti ngy nay. Gn
y, n dn c thay th bi Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-T). C th,
1000Base-T s yu cu c t k hn v hiu sut so vi cp Cat 5 UTP
trong qu kh. Ngoi ra, do s nh hng bi ting n, mt loi cp mi
(5E) c xc nh h tr tt hn 1000Base T mi.
Danh mc Cable
Thit k h tr cho ng
dng mng c th
Nm ban hnh chun cable
CAT 3
Thoi, 10Base-T
1991
CAT 4
Token Ring 16Mb/s
1993
CAT 5
100 Base-TX (Fast Ethernet)
1994
CAT 5E
1000 Base-T (Giga Ethernet)
1998
CAT 6,7
Cha xut
Cha xc nh
Gigabit Ethernet: tc nhn cho nhng xut yu cu chun cable mi.

Cc khch hng tim nng ca Gigabit Ethernet c nhng tng
v tho lun trong ngnh cng nghip mng. D tho IEEE 802.3 xc nh
tiu chun Gigabit Ethernet c pht trin trong hai nm. Cc c im k
thut cho 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet qua cp quang v cp Twinax (1000BaseSX, LX v CX) c ph chun vo thng 6 nm 1998.
H tiu chun IEEE 802.3z (1000Base-SX & 1000Base-LX) xc
nh cc yu cu cho hot ng Gigabit Ethernet qua si cp quang a v
n mode. Tiu chun ny c ph chun vo thng 6 nm 1998. Ban
u, ngi dng cui s trin khai Gigabit Ethernet trong mng xng
sng ca h, ni phng tin c la chn. Tiu chun IEEE 802.3ab
Gio trnh Thit k mng
52
(1000Base-T) s c ph chun vo nm 1999, m ng cho vic trin

khai Gigabit Ethernet cho my tnh bn trong qu trnh ci t CAT 5
hoc cp Cat 5E xon i.
i vi truyn hnh hi ngh v Tele-medicine, Gigabit Ethernet l
cng ngh thch hp cho cc ng dng u tin v quan trng. Cc phn
cng cn thit c ci t cho Gigabit Ethernet l Gigabit hub/switch,
UTP Cat E5 tr ln. Workgroup IEEE 802.3 hnh thnh trong thng 7 nm
1996, mc tiu ban u l ph duyt v cng b tiu chun IEEE 802.3z
ti thng 01 nm 1998. Trn thc t l thng 6 nm 1998. L do cho s
chm tr nm s phc tp ca d liu khi chy tc Gigabit trn si a
mode. Mc tiu ban u l h tr quang a mode vi khong cch ti a
l 500 mt, nhm h tr xng sng kin trc trong mt khun vin
trng. Mc d khong cch t c cho mt s loi si a mode, nhng
trn thc t khong cch ti a c gii hn xung.
Chun Gigabit Ethernet
Loi phng tin h tr
Thi gian cng b
1000Base-SX (802.3z)
Si a mode
Thng 6 - 1998
1000Base-LX (802.3z)
Si n v a mode
Thng 6 - 1998
1000Base-CX (802.3z)
Thit b ni vi
Thng 6 - 1998
1000Base-T (802.3ab)
CAT 5,5E UTP
Nm 1999
2.6.3.5. Cable CAT5E

Mt loi cp mi 5E (Nng cao) ang c quy nh r rng x
l cc thch thc v lu lng truy cp gigabit. Cc chi tit k thut cho
loi cp 5E v th tc kim nghim xut theo ti liu SP4194 TIA v
SP4195. Yu cu cho vic tr v Return Loss v ELFEXT s c thm
vo SP4195 d kin s c cng b nh ph lc 4 cho TIA/EIA-568-A.
SP4194 d kin s c cng b nh l mt h thng k thut (TSB-95)
c gn cht gii hn cho ci t cp CAT 5 vi cc tham s nh
NEXT, FEXT, v Return Loss cung cp cho ci thin ting n trong
thit b 1000Base-T. Hin nay TIA hon thnh SP4194 v SP4195, trong
mt n lc xc nh cc thng s cp mi (ELFEXT, Return Loss, v
skew) trc khi chun 1000Base-T c cng b.
53
2.6.3.6. Cable CAT 6 & 7

Gn y, tng c nhiu suy on v tng lai c th c tiu
chun cp CAT 6 & 7. Vy thc s l cn tiu chun CAT 6 & 7 vo thi
im ny? Khng c ng dng mng LAN c hiu sut cp vt CAT
5E. Tho lun ban u v khi nim ca CAT 6 & 7 c ra ti TIA,
nhng cha xc nh c mt c t c th no. Vo thi gian ny, mc
gii hn tn s v cc thng s k thut cp vn cn ang c tho
lun. Ph duyt cui cng ca bt c tiu chun tim nng CAT 6 & 7 c
l l t nht 1-2 nm ti. V khng c nh ngha cho CAT 6 & 7 c
xut bn, cha th kim tra cho h thng cp CAT 6 & 7.
2.6.3.7. So snh cc loi cp
Loi Cable
Chi ph
Ci t
Cng sut
di
EMI
Thinnet
ng
t hn STP
R, d dng
10Mbit/s
185m
D hng
hc hn
UTP
Thicknet
ng
Cao hn
STP, t hn
cable si
D dng
10Mbit/s
500m
D hng
hc hn
UTP
Xon i
bc v
(STP)
Cao hn
UTP, it hn
thicknet
D dng
16-500Mbit/s
100m
D hng
hc hn
UTP
Xon i
khng bc
v (UTP)
Thp nht
R/d dng
10-100Mbit/s
100m
Kh h
hng
Si quang
Tn km
nht
t/Kh
khn
100-200.000
Mbit/s
10s/km
Khng
hng hc
Khi so snh cc loi cp, nh rng cc c tnh m ta quan st ph

thuc nhiu vo vic trin khai, chng hn nh card mng, hub, v cc
thit b s dng. C th chng ta tng ngh rng cp UTP s khng
bao gi h tr tc d liu trn 4Mbit/s ng tin cy, nhng tc d
liu 100Mbit/s ang ph bin. Mt s so snh gia cc loi cp l ng
tham kho. V d, mc d si cp quang tn km v c s cho mt ln
trin khai, nhng ta c c chi ph hiu qu nht khi bn cn thay th
cp cho nhiu km. xy dng mt dy cp ng chiu di nhiu km,
Gio trnh Thit k mng
54
bn cn phi ci t lp ti mt s im dc theo dy cp khuych i

tn hiu. iu ny c th vt qua chi ph ban u cho vic chy mt si
cp quang.
2.6.3.8. Chi tit danh mc cc loi CAT
Ch dn danh mc EIA/TIA cung cp tc truyn dn cho cc loi
CAT sau y:
CAT 1 : Khng c tiu ch hiu sut
CAT 2 : t ti 1MHz (s dng cho dy thoi)
CAT 3 : t ti 16MHz (s dng cho Ethernet 10Base-T)
CAT 4 : t ti 20MHz (s dng cho Token Ring, 10Base-T)
CAT 5 : t ti 100MHz (s dng cho 100Base-T, 10Base-T)
Hnh 2.20. M rng mng Star trong a c s

2.7. KT NI LAN
2.7.1 V tr nt mng
C nhiu la chn cho vic kt ni my tnh, my in v thit b u
cui ban u hoc trong tng lai, tt c cc mng nh vy th v tr "nt"
phi c xc nh nh mt phn quan trng trong k hoch ca vic xy
dng mng, ty thuc vo quy m.
55
2.7.2 V tr t Hub
Vic t hub/switch trong phng hoc closets nhm bo m an ton
t truy cp tri php. cng l mong mun c switch/hub t nht l 1 m
i t bt k bng chuyn mch trung tm. Nhn vo bn nt min, la
chn v tr tim nng ban u cho hub/switch, chng hn nh vn phng,
phng lu tr, tt hn l gn trung tm my tnh. nhng cng trnh a
tng, cc v tr trung tm ni chung s c t gn li.
V mt vng trn bn knh 50 m t mi v tr hub v m bo tt c
cc nt nm trong vng trn. Mt s outlet c th nm bn ngoi bn
knh ny, nhng khng qu 15m.
Xem xt cc v tr trung tm nhm loi tr cc v tr chng ln nhau.
Nhiu my c th phc v nhiu hn mt tng, cung cp mt ng cp
dn dc gia chng.
Chn mt hub l hub trung tm. Nn t ti v tr d s dng cho
ngi c kh nng chu trch nhim qun tr mng, nhng cng phi d
dng tip cn cho vic b sung cp xng sng trong tng lai, v tt
nht l hng vo v tr trung tm. Trn cc min ln, ngi ta thng
t trong phng my tnh.
Hub c th phc v nhiu hn mt c s, v vy cn cung cp ng
cp kh thi gia cc ta nh, cng trnh chia s v phn phi chung t
ngun. Kh nng ny bao gm:
Ci t di t vi ng dn tn ti hay lp t mi.
ng dn mi thng c yu cu ph bin (d dng nht
c ci t nu tuyn ng l c hay qua vn). c bit cp
CAT 5 ngm phi c s dng bo v chng li thit hi do
m gy ra.
Chy cable trong ng dn hay ghim cht trn ba ng dn hnh
ch nht theo ng i an ton c nh sn trc.
Cc mc xch nn t ln trn bn gia ta nh (c th l
phng php ch thc hin vi nhng cng trnh c th di ng).
2.7.3 Chn tuyn ng xng sng
Vic chn v tr cc hub nh sn, ng ngha vi vic kt ni cc
workgroup hub vi hub trung tm. Trc y, iu ny c thc hin
56
Gio trnh Thit k mng
bng cc chy 1 ng cable ng Thin hoc Thick Ethernet ti v tr

mc ni thun loi nht gia ton b cc hub. Tuy nhin iu ny bc
l nhng gii hn bng thng ca ton b mng khi ton b lu lng
ch i qua mt dy duy nht, v ti bt c v tr no cng u n cha kh
nng lm gin on mng.
Cable ng trc cng c th gy ra hin tng to ra lin kt nng
lng mt cch v trong ta nh, y l nguyn nhn gy ra in p
tng trn mng LAN, nu mt li in xy ra th s lm t ton b cu
ch trong ta nh. Phng php c s dng trong h thng cp c cu
trc l s dng ring cp cp si quang (mt cho truyn v mt cho
nhn) tn ra t hub trung tm n mi workgroup. nhng v tr lu
thng tn hiu thoi (in thoi, ISDN,) tng t nh mt li c
iu phi, nhiu cp cp cng c cung cp cho mc ch ny t mt
khung PABX / bng ni hoc MDF ti bng iu khin hoc khung qun
l cp ti mi v tr t hub. Thng thng mt hoc nhiu cp si b
sung s c d phng v tr trung tm trong cc phn khc mng
nhm d tr cho tng lai, hoc lm cho kt ni trc tip vi my ch
tp tin t xa.
Nu cc hub nm trong cng ta nh, c th lin kt chng bng
cch s dng cp Cat 5 nhm cung cp ti thit b u cui, hay thit b
ph hp tng ng v y khng tn ti thit b chng st, tng in
p, hoc ni t khin c th gy ra hng hc (thng p dng thm i
vi cao c nhiu tng). Cch t cp si quang ty thuc vo m hnh
trung tm, v dn nng mng. Bao gm cc kh nng sau y:
Khun cch cm trung tm, cp ring tn ra t hub trung tm
nh tm trn mt bnh xe.
Khun cch vng trung tm - Cp c tn quanh vng, c th
t tt c trong cng mt ng hoc ng dn cho n khi n ti
mt trm kt ni. Mt cp a si c th c chy trong cng
tuyn ng ny ti mt bng dy ni vi workgroup, sau
em ni ti cable ring tip tc cho hub khc.
Loi ng thng trung tm - tng t nh vi vng, ngoi tr
cp c t trong mt ng thng dc theo tng.
57
Hnh 2.21. M rng mng Star trong thit k a c s trung tm

2.7.4 Kt ni cc workgroup ti Hub trung tm
Mc cho n tng vn v rng si quang s x l d liu tc rt
cao, trong thc t, tc ca d liu trn mt si c qun l bi d
liu sn c giao tip vi n. Cc giao din tiu chun l 10 Mbit/s ging
nh dy xon i hoc ng. Tc cao ch c th t c bng cch
tr cho thit b mng Fast Ethernet (100BaseFx, 100Mbit/s), FDDI (100
Mbit/giy) hoc my ATM (155 Mbit/giy), iu ny ch kinh t nu
mng c hng trm my trm.
Vic ci t ti thiu cho bt k mt min vi hn hai hub l mt
repeater a cng. Hai hub c th c lin kt bi 1 hub tng trung nhm
gim mt cng repearter trn hub khc.
2.7.5 Kim tra phng php d kin
Sau khi to bn d tho k hoch hnh ng, cn phi xc minh
rng kin trc mng c xut l thc t, nhm xc nhn cc vn
quan trng khng b b qua.
Ty chn cho ngh kim tra bao gm:
Tuyn k s t vn c lp nhm to ra mt bn nh gi
S dng phn mm t vn xem xt phng php nh gi li
phn mm.
Tho lun vi cc nh cung cp thit b tim nng v cc nh
thu cp
Gio trnh Thit k mng
58
Tho lun vi cc nh cung cp phn mm

Tho lun vi chi nhnh cng ngh thng tin ca t chc
Tho lun vi cc doanh nghip tng ng mt giai on
thc hin nng cao hn
2.7.6 Lin kt cc c s
Nu yu cu lin kt gia c s c t ra nh l mt phn ca d
n, mt s quyt nh la chn cn phi c thng qua v ch nh ti
loi cp thch hp. Chng bao gm:
Lin kt s c t ln hng u? Nu c, c lng cable km
theo trong ng ng, hoc n s c ra ngoi tri?
Lin kt no s c chy ngm di lng t? Nu c, cn phi
m bo m ca cable, thng xy dng trong ng lng.
C tn ti tuyn ng ngm sn c? Nu khng, lp k hoch
cho php cc dch v tng thch khc s dng cng tuyn
ng, chng hn nh bo mt, ging ni, iu khin.
Tuyn ng s b nhng mi nguy hi no tn cng? Nu c,
yu cu nn bc cp hoc s dng ng ng bao bc cp.
Yu cu truyn thng bng thng rng trong tng lai? Nu c,
cn d tr mt vi cp si n ch .
Mt s nh thu s cung cp bo hnh 5-20 nm trn bt c cng
vic hon thnh, iu ny nhm m bo s tin tng, mc d bt k
vic thc hin theo cc tiu chun v ng thit k, gim st v th
nghim u p ng yu cu ny.
Theo di trong qu trnh ci t bo m rng cc c s ang c
cung cp ng nh d nh, v rng tt c ng outlet c kim tra
m bo cc thng s k thut CAT 5 trc khi tuyn b hon thnh.
2.7.7 Chn thit b
Trong qu trnh cp c ci t, c th mua thit b hub. Thit b
ny s cung cp giao tip ti tt c cp, v chuyn lu lng d liu gia
my trm, my ch tp tin, v cc lin kt Internet.
59
V mt gin mng xut cho workgroup, my ch tp tin, my

in, hub v cc ng xng sng, theo cch c th minh ha cc mi
quan h chc nng v vt l ca cc workgroup.
To mt danh sch nhng ng dng mng yu cu, nhng la chn
a thch s c, v cc mc tiu kt ni ca mng l g?
C th s dng thit b ca nhiu nh cung cp tn dng c s h
tng cp cung cp, v p ng cc mc tiu t ra. Bao gm vic lp t,
nhim v nu cn thit. Thit b trung tm c yu cu nh sau:
Hub mt sau hoc khung gm: Yu cu v tr t hub khun
cch phch cm c s dng. Cung cp ngun in bnh thng
v kt ni trung gian.
Cc workgroup tp trung: Thay th cho khung hub. Thng
c dng vi h thng hub chng, bao gm repeater, giao tip
ng trc si quang, ngun cung nng lng, v giao din
qun l mng t trong mt hp.
Cc repeater UTP (10BaseT): Thng s dng loi 8, 12, 16, 24
hoc 32 cng. Mt cng dnh cho mt my trm kt ni, my
ch tp tin hoc my in. Phi c kt ni xp chng lm vic
vi hub xp chng.
Cc repeater ni b thu nh (8 hoc 16 cng): c s dng
kt ni mt cm cc PC trong mt phng n hub n t ti
bung ring, hoc ni c 15 my tnh hay t hn c kh nng kt
ni n v tr hub. S dng bng ngoi si quang 10BaseT hoc
chuyn i AUI nhm kt ni ti si xng sng, nu cn thit.
Cc phng tin giao tip si quang: Yu cu kt ni hub vi si
quang. V c bn l mt repeater n cng hoc phch cm vng
quanh tch hp cho hub.
Repeater hoc switch si quang a cng: c s dng hub
trung tam kt ni si quang.
Switch: S dng c lp cc workgroup xng sng v my
ch nhm cho php cc phin ng thi bn trong v gia cc
phn on
Gio trnh Thit k mng
60
S lng cc loi thit b khc nhau c s dng cng cn c

gim thiu, cc thit b d dng trao i xung quanh trung tm, v
trang thit b thay th trong mt khu vc c th c dng ni khc.
Nu ph tng c thit lp trn min, hp l ha thit b s gim thiu
hng tn kho.
2.8. H S THIT K MNG LAN
2.8.1 Ti liu lu tr
Ti liu cn c lu gi v nhiu l do khc nhau. Mt ti liu
t yu cu s:
Cho php ngi khng chuyn nhanh chng nm bt cc m
hnh mng. iu ny quan trng nht trong mt mi trng m
nhn s thay i thng xuyn.
Gip pht trin mng theo k hoch c nh sn v cch thc
c cu trc, cho php s dng ngn sch hin mt cch tt nht.
H tr ngi khc tham gia vo mng ca bn nh ci t cp,
gii quyt s c mng v t vn. Bng cch cho php h xem xt
chnh xc nhng g c t ra, tit kim thi gian v hiu chnh
xc nhng g c yu cu, mang li kt qu l tit kim chi ph.
Cung cp mt cng c c gi tr cho v tr b li khi thc hin sai.
H tr bo him phc hi trong trng hp ha hon hoc trm cp.
2.8.2 Chi tit cc bn ghi
Cc ti liu khng cn phi tn thi gian hoc qu mc trang trng,
nhng mt mc ti thiu nn gi li cc chi tit sau y.
Bn v trnh by v tr chy cp, (tt nht vi di cp nh
du ring cho bt k vic chy cable Thin Ethernet).
Kch thc v khong chim dng ca bt k ng cp hin ti
hoc ng dn, c sn cho vic s dng khi m rng mng.
Cc chi tit v nng lc ca cc loi cp v u kt ni s dng.
Cc chi tit v loi kt ni hoc cm hai u dy cp (trng
thi bao ph y ).
61
Bn ghi tn v v tr outlet.
Bt c chng nhn thc hin (v d nh kt qu kim tra cp Cat5).
S hin th mi quan h ca cc my trm lm vic, cc my
ch file, my in v cc thit b khc trong mng vi nhau.
S hin th lm cch no m mi hub, bridge, switch, router bt
k kt ni mng (c th c hin th trn h thng qun l mng).
Bn ghi giy php phn mm v cc phin bn ca phn mm
c ci t.
Cu hnh ca card mng my trm.
Tr tin cho bn sao ca tiu chun c ngh cho qun tr
h thng.
2.8.3 Cc bn ghi dy ni v u cm
Bn ghi dy ni nn c gi li mi bng v li hoc kt ni
ngang. Nhim v ca chng l xc nh cc mi quan h gia hub v cc
cng ca switch, cng ni dy, v cc thit b u cui. C th dng bng
tnh t ng ha qu trnh ny. C s d liu v h thng qun l cp
c s dng cung cp s tinh t nht, nhng c th mang li s rm
r nhp v duy tr d liu.
2.8.4 Qun tr h thng
Nhu cu ca mng my tnh khng ch n gin l kt ni mt
nhm cc my tnh vi nhau ti mt thit b kt ni trung tm. Mng i
hi phn mm c bit gi l h iu hnh mng (NOS), cho php lin lc
gia cc thit b khc nhau. Cc phn mm NOS khng n gin l t n
c th chy. N i hi mt ngi gi l qun tr h thng thc hin
chc nng qun tr bng cch s dng phn mm NOS thc hin cc tc
v nh sao lu tp tin, gi cho lu lng mng n nh, v m bo nhiu
ngi s dng c quyn truy cp, giao tip vi my in, Internet, v vi cc
my tnh khc. Khi h thng my tnh b treo, qun tr h thng s khi
phc n tr li trng lm vic nh trc. Khong thi gian v k nng cn
thit ca qun tr h thng ph thuc vo kch c ca mng. i vi mt
mng li gm 10 my tnh trung bnh ch yu cu mt gi/tun. i vi
Gio trnh Thit k mng
62
mt mng 100 my vi tnh, n s l 10 gi/tun. Mng cng phc tp lin

quan n bridge, router hoc cc my ch Internet th i hi nhiu thi
gian v k nng hn so vi cc mng n gin.
2.8.5. Bo tr v sa cha
Khng th trnh khi mt s thit b s h hng hoc cn nng cp.
Mt mng rng ln vi hn 100 my tnh cn yu cu mt k thut vin
dnh 20 gi mi tun. i vi mt mng nh, 10 my vi tnh c th tr
thm chi ph cho mt nhn vin c thm quyn thc hin nhng nng cp
cn thit, hoc a trang thit b ti mt i l sa cha. Cho nn vn
ny cn c xem xt khi thc hin hp ng vi mt nh cung cp hoc
i l.
2.9. MT S NGUYN TC HNG DN
2.9.1. Hng dn ngn cch cp UTP khi ngun c nhiu t cao
iu kin
<2kVA
2-5kVA
>5kVA
ng dy in khng c bc v
hoc thit b in gn nhau m
hoc ng dn phi kim loi
5 inche hoc
12.7cm
12 inche hoc
30.5 cm
24 inche hoc
61 cm
ng dy in khng bc v hoc
thit b in gn ng ng kim loi
2.5 inche
hoc 6.4 cm
6 inche hoc
15.2 cm
12 inche hoc
30.5 cm
ng dy in km theo mt ng
ng kim loi (che chn tng ng)
gn v tr t ng ng kim loi
6 inche hoc
15.2 cm
12 inche hoc
30.5 cm
n hunh quang
12 inche hoc 30.5 cm
My bin p v ng c in
40 inche hoc1.02 m
2.9.2 Bn knh un cong ti thiu cho dy cp

Theo EIA/TIA SP-2840A bn knh un cong ti thiu cho UTP l 4x
ng knh cp, ng knh khong 1 inch. i vi cp a cp bn knh
ti thiu un cong l 10x ng knh bn ngoi.
i vi cp quang khng c cng, bn knh un cong ti thiu l
10 x ng knh; cp ti trong vi cng khng c nh hn 20x
63
ng knh. Pht biu SP-2840A ni rng khng c cp si quang c bn

knh nh hn 3,0 cm (1,18 inch).
Ti thiu cho vic ko trong khi ci t l 8x ng knh cp, bn
knh ti thiu l 6x ng knh cp nguyn gc, 4x ng knh cp cho
cp ngang.
2.9.3. Khuyn co cp trn thc tin
NN
KHNG NN
S dng kt ni phn cng thch hp vi

cable c ci t
Khng s dng kt ni phn cng vi

chng loi thp hn cp ang s dng
Chm dt mi cp ngang ti mt outlet

vin thng chuyn dng
ng ngt mt dng mi t gia cp

khc (gi l bridge tap), v n gy ting
n nhiu hn na. Khng dng cable cho
thit b khng phi u cui
Xc nh v tr kt ni cho chnh gn
trung tm ca ta nh gii hn
khong cch cp
Khng t v tr kt ni cho vt qu
khong cch ti a cho php.
Duy tr vng xon ca cp cp ngang v

xng sng cho ti im kt thc
ng bt c cp dy no tho xon
(Gi xon cho n gn nhng im
cui).
Ct v bc gn gng cp ngang vi bn
knh un cong ti thiu l 4 ln ng
knh cp
Khng tht cht cable. Khng bao gi s

dng ghim hoc lm cho cable b gp
khc
t cp khong cch va ti thit b
Khng t cable gn thit b c s nhiu

t cao (dy ngun, n hunh quang,..)
Khi chy cp, cch tt nht l lm theo mt vi quy tc sau:

Lun lun d tr cable s dng, ng dy ni nn chng.
Kim tra tt c cc phn ca mt mng khi ci t n. Thm ch
nu n l thng hiu mi, y c th tn ti nhiu vn kh
khn c lp sau ny
Gi t nht 3 feet t hp n hunh quang v cc ngun in khc
Nu l cn thit chy cp trn sn nh, bo v cable bng vic
bao bc n cn thn.
nh nhn c hai u cp.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
64
S dng dy buc cp (khng phi bng keo) gi dy cp

cng mt v tr vi nhau.
Cc ng ng hoc v khng nn dnh hon ton vi cp. Nn
c ch cho vic m rng trong tng lai.
2.9.4. Thc hnh ci t cable UTP
trnh ko di, ko cng khng c vt qu 110N hoc
(25 lb f) cho 4 - cp cp.
Ci t un cong bn knh khng qu: - 4 ln ng knh cp
cho cp ngang UTP - 10 ln ng knh cp cho nhiu cp cp
xng sng UTP.
Trnh cng cp, gy ra bi: - cp xon trong khi ko hoc ci t
- cng trong khi chy cp treo gh hoc ghim cht cp dn
n bn knh b un cong.
Cp ngang nn c s dng vi kt ni phn cng v bng ni
dy (hoc u ni) cng chung hiu sut hoc cao hn.
Lu : Vic ci t cp UTP s c phn loi bi cc thnh
phn t thc hin nht trong lin kt.
2.9.5. Lp t kt ni phn cng si quang
Cc chi tit k thut trn si cp quang bao gm nhn dng loi cp
cho h thng con nm ngang v hai loi cp cho h thng ph
xng sng:
a) Ngang 62.5/125 m a mode (hai si trn mt outlet)
b) ng trc 62,5/125 m a hoc n mode
Sau y l mt s nguyn tc phi tun theo trong khi ci t phn
cng kt ni si quang:
u kt ni phi c bo v khi thit hi vt l v m
Cn cung cp sc cha cho 12 si hoc hn/ khng gian rack
[44,5mm (1.75 inche)]
65
Kt ni phn cng si quang s c ci t:

+ cung cp cch t chc lp t tt vi vic qun l cp
+ Theo ng nguyn tc nh sn xut hng dn
2.9.6. Lp t si cp quang
Ti thiu 1m (3.28ft) cho hai si cp (hoc hai si m) c s
dng vi mc ch chm dt
Khuyn khch th nghim m bo tnh chnh xc v hiu
sut lin kt chp nhn c. Thng tin trong ph lc H ca
568-A cung cp cho tiu ch ngh th nghim hiu sut lin
kt si quang hc.
2.10. GII THIU TIN TRNH THIT K MNG LAN
Mt trong nhng bc quan trng nht m bo mt h thng
mng nhanh v n nh chnh l khu thit k mng. Nu mt mng
khng c thit k k lng, nhiu vn khng lng trc s pht
sinh v khi m rng mng c th b mt n nh. Thit k mng bao
gm cc tin trnh sau:
Thu thp thng tin v yu cu v mong mun ca ngi s
dng mng.
Xc nh cc lung d liu hin ti v trong tng lai c hng
n kh nng pht trin trong tng lai v v tr t cc server.
Xc nh tt c cc thit b thuc cc lp 1, 2 v 3 cn thit cho
s mng LAN v WAN.
Lm ti liu ci t mng mc vt l v mc logic.
S c nhiu gii php thit k cho cng mt mng. Vic thit k
mng cn hng n cc mc tiu sau:
Kh nng vn hnh: Tiu ch u tin l mng phi hot ng.
Mng phi p ng c cc yu cu v cng vic ca ngi s
dng, phi cung cp kh nng kt ni gia nhng ngi dng
Gio trnh Thit k mng
66
vi nhau, gia ngi dng vi ng dng vi mt tc v tin

cy chp nhn c.
Kh nng m rng: Mng phi c m rng. Thit k ban u
phi c m rng m khng gy ra mt s thay i ln no
trong thit k tng th.
Kh nng tng thch: Mng phi c thit k vi mt cp mt
lun hng v cc cng ngh mi v phi m bo rng khng
ngn cn vic a vo cc cng ngh mi trong tng lai.
c qun l: Mng phi c thit k sao cho d dng trong
vic theo di v qun tr m bo s vn hnh sun s ca cc
tnh nng.
2.10.1. Lp s thit k mng
Sau khi cc yu cu cho mt mng tng th c thu thp,
bc k tip l xy dng s mng (topology) hay m hnh mng
cn c thit lp. Vic thit k s mng c chia ra thnh 3 bc:
Thit k s mng tng vt l
Thit k s mng tng lin kt d liu
Thit k s mng tng mng.
2.10.2. Pht trin s mng tng vt l
S i dy l mt trong nhng vn cn phi c xem xt
khi thit k mt mng. Cc vn thit k mc ny lin quan n
vic chn la loi cp c s dng, s i dy cp phi tha mn
cc rng buc v bng thng v khong cch a l ca mng.
S mng hnh sao s dng cp xon i CAT5 (Cat5e) thng
c dng hin nay. i vi cc mng nh, ch cn mt im tp trung
ni kt cho tt c cc my tnh vi iu kin rng khong cch t my
tnh n im tp trung ni kt l khng qu 100 mt.
Thng thng, trong mt ta nh ngi ta chn ra mt phng c
bit lp t cc thit b mng nh Hub, Switch, Router hay cc bng
cm dy (patch panels). Ngi ta gi phng ny l Ni phn phi
chnh - MDF (Main Distribution Facility).
67
Hnh 2.22. S dng MDF cho cc mng c ng knh nh hn 200 mt

i vi cc mng nh vi ch mt im tp trung ni kt, MDF
s bao gm mt hay nhiu cc bng cm dy ni kt cho nm ngang
(HCC Horizontal Cross Connect patch panel).
Hnh 2.23. S dng HCC patch panel trong MDF
68
Gio trnh Thit k mng
S lng cp chiu ngang (Hirizontal Cable) v kch thc ca HCC

patch panel (s lng cng) ph thuc vo s my tnh ni kt vo mng.
Khi chiu di t my tnh n im tp trung ni kt ln hn 100
mt, ta phi cn thm nhiu im tp trung ni kt khc. im tp trung
ni kt mc th hai c gi l Ni phn phi trung gian (IDF
Intermediate Distribution Facility). Dy cp ni IDF v MDF c gi
l cp ng (Vertical cabling).
Hnh 2.24. S dng thm cc IDF cho cc mng

c ng knh ln hn 200 mt
c th ni cc IDF v mt MDF cn s dng thm cc patch
panel ni kt cho chiu ng (VCC Vertical Cross Connect Patch
Panel). Dy cp ni gia hai VCC patch panel c gi l cp chiu
ng (Vertical Cabling). Chng c th l cp xon i nu khong
cch gia MDF v IDF khng ln hn 100 mt. Ngc li phi dng
cp quang khi khong cch ny ln hn 100 mt. Tc ca cp chiu
ng thng l 100Mbit/s hoc 1000Mbit/s.
69
Hnh 2.25. S dng VCC patch panel ni IDF vi MDF

Sn phm ca giai on ny l mt b ti liu c t cc thng
tin sau:
V tr chnh xc ca cc im tp trung ni kt MDF v IDFs.
Kiu v s lng cp c s dng ni cc IDF v MDF
Hnh 2.26. V tr ca MDF v cc IDF
Gio trnh Thit k mng
70
Cc u dy cp phi c nh s v ghi nhn s ni kt gia

cc cng trn HCC v VCC patch panel. V d di y ghi
nhn v thng tin cc si cp c s dng ti IDF s 1.
Hnh 2.27. Thng tin dy ni ti mt IDF

2.10.3. Ni kt tng 2 bng switch
S ng v kch thc vng ng l hai yu t nh hng n
hiu nng ca mng. Bng cch s dng cc switch chng ta c th phn
nh cc nhnh mng nh c th gim bt c tn sut ng gia
cc my tnh v gim c kch thc ca vng ng trong mng.
Hnh 2.28. S dng Switch m rng bng thng mng
71
Mt u th na i vi cc switch bt i xng l n c h tr
mt s cng c thng lng ln dnh cho cc server hoc cc cp chiu
dng ni ln cc switch / router mc cao hn.
Hnh 2.29. S dng cng tc cao trong switch

xc nh kch thc ca vng ng bn cn phi xc nh
bao nhiu my tnh c ni kt vt l trn tng cng ca switch.
Trng hp l tng mi cng ca switch ch c mt my tnh ni vo,
khi kch thc ca vng ng l 2 v ch c my gi v my nhn
tham gia vo mi cuc giao tip.
Hnh 2.30. Ni trc tip cc my tnh vo switch

Trong thc t ta thng dng switch ni cc Hub li vi nhau.
Khi mi Hub s to ra mt vng ng v cc my tnh trn mi
Hub s chia s nhau bng thng trn Hub.
72
Gio trnh Thit k mng
Hnh 2.31. Ni HUB vo switch

Thng thng ngi ta s dng Hub tng s lng cc im
ni kt vo mng cho my tnh. Tuy nhin cn phi m bo s lng
my tnh trong tng vng ng phi nh v m bo bng thng
cho tng my tnh mt. a s cc Hub hin nay u c h tr mt cng
tc cao hn cc cng cn li (gi l up-link port) dng ni kt
vi switch tng bng thng chung cho ton mng.
Hnh 2.32. S dng cng tc cao ca HUB ni vi Switch
73
Bng thng cn thit cho cc ng dng c m t nh hnh di y:
Hnh 2.33. Nhu cu bng thng ca cc ng dng

Sau khi thit k xong s mng tng hai, cn thit phi ghi
nhn li thng tin v tc ca cc cng ni kt cp nh hnh di y:
Connection
Cable
ID
Cross Connection
(Paired# / Port #)
Type of
Cable
Status
Port
Speed
IDF1 to Room 203
203-1
HCC1 / Port 13
CAT5 UTP
Used
10
Mbit/s
IDF1 to Room 203
203-2
HCC1 / Port 14
CAT5 UTP
Not Used
10
Mbit/s
IDF1 to Room 203
203-3
HCC2 / Port 3
CAT5 UTP
Not Used
10
Mbit/s
IDF1 to MDF
IDF1-1
VCC1 / Port 1
Multimode
Fiber
Used
100
Mbit/s
IDF1 to MDF
IDF1-2
VCC1 / Port 2
Multimode
Fiber
Used
100
Mbit/s
Hnh 2.34. Ti liu v tc trn tng cng
Gio trnh Thit k mng
74
Hnh 2.35. Bng thng s dng trong cc kt ni

2.10.4. Thit k mng tng 3
S dng cc thit b ni kt mng tng 3 nh router, cho php
phn nhnh mng thnh cc moun tch ri nhau v mt vt l cng nh
logic. Router cng cho php ni kt mng vi mng din rng nh mng
Internet chng hn.
Hnh 2.36. S dng router phn chia vng ng trong mng
75
Router cho php hn ch c cc cuc truyn qung b xut

pht t mt vng ng ny lan truyn sang cc vng ng
khc. Nh tng bng thng trn ton mng. i vi switch, gi tin
gi cho mt my tnh m n cha bit s c truyn i ra tt c cc
cng n tt c cc nhnh mng khc.
Ngoi ra, router cn c s dng gii quyt cc vn nh:
mt s giao thc khng thch hp khi mng c kch thc ln, vn an
ninh mng v vn v nh a ch mng. Tuy nhin s dng router th
t tin v kh khn hn trong vic cu hnh nu so vi switch.
Trong v d sau, mng c nhiu nhnh mng vt l, tt c cc
thng tin i trao i gia mng Network 1 v mng Network 2 u
phi i qua router. Router chia mng thnh hai vng ng ring
ri. Mi vng ng c a ch mng v mt n mng con ring.
2.10.5. Xc nh v tr t Server
Cc server c chia thnh 2 loi: Server cho ton cng ty
(Enterprise Server) v server cho nhm lm vic (Workgroup server).
Enterprise server phc v cho tt c ngi s dng trong cng ty, v
d nh Mail server, DNS server. Chng thng c t ti MDF.
Workgroup server th ch phc v cho mt s ngi dng v thng
c t ti IDF ni gn nhm ngi s dng server ny nht.
Hnh 2.37. Ti liu v v tr t cc server
Gio trnh Thit k mng
76
2.10.5. Lp ti liu cho tng 3

Sau khi xy dng s cp pht a ch, bn cn ghi nhn li
chin lc cp pht a ch. Mt s cc ti liu cn lp ra bao gm:
Bn phn b a ch IP
Hnh 2.38. Bn phn b a ch IP

Bng tm tt v cc mng c phn b, a ch cc giao din
ca tng router v bng chn ng ca cc router.
Hnh 2.39. Bng tm tt v a ch phn b
77
2.11. BI TP NG DNG THIT K LAN

Bi 1.
I. Gii thiu:
VTMobile l cng ty chuyn cung cp cc dch v vin thng. Gn
y cng ty m rng hat ng sang mt thnh ph mi v c mua mt
ta nh y.
Ta nh ny c 2 tng, h thng cable cha c. Tnh trng hin ti
ca 2 tng:
Tng 1: c cp cho b phn k ton, ti chnh, nh kho, bo
v, gm 9 phng ring bit.
Tng 2: Gm 4 phng (Phng hp, P.Gim c, P.Trc ban,
Phng IT)
Nhu cu hin ti:
V tm quan trng ca d liu ca cng ty nn vn bo mt c
t ln hng u. Phi c chnh sch kim sot truy nhp hp l.
Phng ti chnh phi c tch bit vi cc phng ban khc.
Phi lun m bo kt ni gia chi nhnh v TCT l 24/7.
Phi m bo rng Ban D CNTT (Nm TCT) c th qun tr
c cc thit b mng v my ch phng ti chnh.
Khng cho nhn vin gi email ra ngoi, ch dng mail ca cng ty.
Khng c php s dng cc phn mm chat, nh Y!M.
Trong vng 5 10 nm na th chi nhnh ny s c xy dng li.
II. Thu thp v phn tch yu cu
Hin nay mng LAN ti cc chi nhnh kinh doanh v chi nhnh k
thut, i din vng kt ni kh phc tp, hu ht m hnh mng l t
n v pht trin, theo hng cn n u kt ni n , khng theo m
hnh chun. Vic kt ni gia cc phng ban c thc hin ty tin,
vic ny dn n tnh trng kh khn trong vic qun l, m rng mng.
H thng mng ch bao gm cc thit b Modem, Switch v Hub n
gin, khng c thit b chuyn dng tng cng an ninh bo mt v
kim sot truy nhp. Nhm mc ch m bo h thng mng hot ng
n nh, tng cng an ninh bo mt, kim sot vic trao i thng tin
gia cc vng trong mng v vi mng bn ngoi, m bo h thng d
dng trong vic m rng v khc phc s c.
78
Gio trnh Thit k mng

Nhn vin IT ti n v thc hin cc cng vic:
L u mi tip nhn, trin khai h thng mng LAN.
Qun l h thng cp mng kt ni cc phng ban.
Qun l v duy tr hot ng n nh ca cc thit b mng.
Xy dng, qun l h s mng: File cu hnh, S vt l, s
logic.
S mt chiu bng ton nh:
Hnh 2.40. S mt chiu bng tng 1
79
Up
Phng Gim c
P.Trc ban
Phng IT
Phng hp
Hnh 2.41. S mt chiu bng tng 2

III. Thit k gii php
H thng cable c thit k vi yu cu: Phi c thm 1 line d
phng t cc phng ban kt ni v phng IT.
H thng mng LAN c chia thnh 6 vng (zone), c phn chia
bi thit b trung tm ca mng l Firewall.
Vng kt ni my trm ca cc phng ban (Trust).
Vng kt ni my trm ca phng ti chnh (TaiChinh).
Vng kt ni my ch ti chnh (DMZ).
Vng kt ni WAN ERP (ERP).
Vng kt ni mng Internet (UnTrust).
Vng kt ni WIFI(WIFI)
Lu : Vng kt ni Wifi c s dng kt ni vi cc thit b
Access Point, kt hp vi cc chnh sch ph hp c thit lp. Vic s
dng cc thit b Wifi phi tun th cc quy nh hin hnh ca TCT.
80
Gio trnh Thit k mng

Thit b Switch Layer 2
Thit b Switch layer 2 c chc nng chnh l phn tch cc
vng va chm trong mng ni b ca chi nhnh; gom lu lng
ca ton b cc my tnh ni b v a ra thit b firewall.
Thit b Switch Layer 2 cung cp 24 cng kt ni 10/100 FE cho
cc thit b.
Trn Switch Layer 2 chia thnh 3 VLAN: VLAN 101 dng cho
cc my trm, ca cc phng ban, khng k phng ti chnh, kt
ni vi vng pha trong ca Firewall (Zone Trust); VLAN 103
dng cho cc my trm phng ti chnh, kt ni vi vng
TaiChinh ca Firewall (Zone TaiChinh); VLAN 102 dng cho
cc kt ni vi Modem ADSL, kt ni vng ERP ca Firewall.
Thit b FW UTM
Thit b FW UTM c 7 cng kt ni 10/100 FE, c chia thnh
6 vng (zone), mt port d phng, mi zone c s dng cho
mt vng mng bao gm mng ni b ca cc phng ban
(Trust), mng ni b ca phng ti chnh (TaiChinh), mng my
ch ti chnh (DMZ), kt ni mng ngoi Modem ADSL Internet
(Untrust), vng kt ni mng ERP (ERP), vng WiFi (WiFi).
FW UTM s thc hin cch ly lu lng gia cc vng, thc thi
cc chnh sch nh tuyn lc gi tin v hn ch truy nhp gia
cc vng khc nhau.
Modem ADSL
Modem ADSL Internet: Kt ni mng LAN ca cc Chi nhnh
Kinh doanh, Chi nhnh k thut, i din vng vi mng
Internet thng qua domain VTOffice.
Modem ADSL ERP: Kt ni mng LAN ca cc Chi nhnh
Kinh doanh, Chi nhnh k thut, i din vng vi h tng
mng ERP ca TCT, phc v vic trao i thng tin ni b, s
dng cc cc ng dng v thc thi chnh sch bo mt tp trung.
Modem ADSL Ti Chnh: Kt ni phc v cho vic trao i thng
tin lin quan n my ch Ti chnh gia cc chi nhnh v TCT.
Modem ADSL Bn Hng: Kt ni mng Bn hng ti cc Chi
nhnh vi mng bn hng v ng dng ni b ca TCT.
81
3.1. Thit k s mng mc logic
Hnh 2.42. S mng mc logic

3.2. Thit k s mng mc vt l
3.2.1. Quy hoch giao din kt ni
Quy hoch cc giao din kt ni m bo tnh thng nht trong cu
hnh thit b, thun tin trong vn hnh, khai thc, qun l v x l s c
mng.
Giao din kt ni ca Switch Layer 2
Hnh 2.43. Quy hoch cng Switch layer 2
Gio trnh Thit k mng
82
Thit b
Cng
1 -> 11
Switch Layer 2
VLAN
101
Mc ch
Kt ni my tnh cc phng ban
12
101
Kt ni cng 0/0 ca Firewall
13->17
103
Kt ni cc my tnh phng Ti chnh
18
103
Kt ni cng 0/2 ca Firewall
19 -> 20
102
D phng
21
102
Modem ADSL ERP
22
102
Modem ADSL Ti Chnh
23
102
Modem ADSL Bn Hng
24
102
Kt ni cng FW UTM Port 0/1
Giao din kt ni ca FW UTM
Hnh 2.44. Quy hoch cng thit b Firewall

Thit b
FW UTM
Port
Zone
0/0
Trust
0/1
ERP
0/2
TaiChinh
0/3
DMZ
0/4
0/5
0/6
Port
Switch
12
VLAN
Mc ch
101
Kt ni cc phng ban
102
Kt ni cc modem ERP, Ti
chnh, Bn hng
103
Kt ni phng ti chnh
104
Kt ni my ch Tai chinh
UnTrust
105
Kt ni Modem ADSL Internet
WiFi
106
Kt ni WiFi (Hin nay cha s

dng)
N/A
D phng
24
18
3.2.2. Quy hoch a ch IP

a ch IP WAN s dng cho domain VToffice v domain VTErp l
a ch IP private, c s dng thng nht v theo quy hoch mng
Intranet ADSL ca Tng cng ty.
a ch IP WAN s dng cho domain VTmobile cng l a ch IP
private, c s dng thng nht v theo quy hoch mng ca
VTTelecom.
83
a ch trong mng LAN

Bng 3.3. Quy hoch a ch IP v VLAN
STT
1
VLAN
101
a ch
192.168.1.0/24
Mc ch
Cc phng ban
102
192.168.2.0/24
Kt ni ERP
103
192.168.3.0/24
Phng Ti chnh
104
192.168.4.0/24
My ch ti chnh
105
192.168.5.0/24
Kt ni Modem Internet
106
192.168.6.0/24
WiFi
a ch VLAN 101
Bng 3.4. Quy hoch a ch VLAN 101
STT
T a ch - n a ch
Subnetmask
Mc ch
192.168.1.10192.168.1.60
255.255.255.0
192.168.1.1
255.255.255.0
Gateway, trn FW UTM
192.168.1.2
255.255.255.0
a ch qun l ca Switch
My trm
Cc thng tin v a ch, subnetmask, gateway, DNS server ca cc

my trm s do FW UTM cp ng thng qua giao thc DHCP.
Ghi ch: Nhn vin IT ti chi nhnh s thc hin vic qun l, theo
di hot ng ca thit b Firewall v Switch t mt my trm trong
VLAN 101.
a ch VLAN 102
Cc a ch IP trong VLAN 102 c s dng cho giao din LAN
ca Modem, UTM, khng s dng cho my trm.
STT
a ch IP
Subnetmask
Mc ch
192.168.2.1
255.255.255.0
Gateway, trn UTM/Qun l
192.168.2.2
255.255.255.0
D phng (cho qun l Switch)
192.168.2.3
255.255.255.0
Modem ADSL ERP
192.168.2.4
255.255.255.0
Modem ADSL Ti Chnh
192.168.2.5
255.255.255.0
Modem ADSL Bn Hng
192.168.2.10
255.255.255.0
a ch Server o
Gio trnh Thit k mng
84
a ch VLAN 103
STT
T a ch - n a ch
Subnetmask
Mc ch
192.168.3.10192.168.3.60
255.255.255.0
My trm
192.168.3.1
255.255.255.0
Gateway trn UTM
Cc thng tin v a ch, subnetmask, gateway, DNS server ca cc

my trm s do FW UTM cp ng thng qua giao thc DHCP.
Lu : i vi cc my tnh kt ni my in dng chung, s c gn
IP tnh trn card mng. a ch ny l cc a ch u tin sau a ch FW
UTM trong di a ch ca mi Vlan. Nhn gi tr t 192.168.x.2 n
192.168.x.9
a ch zone DMZ: a ch IP s dng cho kt ni my ch Ti
Chnh thuc chi nhnh.
Bng 3.7. Quy hoch a ch Zone DMZ
STT
a ch IP
Subnetmask
Mc ch
192.168.4.1
255.255.255.0
Gateway trn UTM
192.168.4.2
255.255.255.0
My ch Ti Chnh
a ch zone Untrust: a ch IP s dng cho kt ni LAN ca

modem ADSL VToffice chi nhnh.
Bng 3.8. Quy hoch a ch Zone Untrust
STT
a ch IP
Subnetmask
Mc ch
192.168.5.1
255.255.255.0
Gateway trn UTM
192.168.5.2
255.255.255.0
Modem ADSL VToffice
a ch zone WiFi: a ch IP s dng cho kt ni thit b WiFi

ti chi nhnh.
Bng 3.9. Quy hoch a ch Zone WiFi
STT
a ch IP
Subnetmask
Mc ch
192.168.6.1
255.255.255.0
Gateway trn UTM
192.168.6.10192.168.6.60
255.255.255.0
Thit b WiFi, my trm
Ghi ch: Thit b WiFi phi c p dng cc c ch m bo an

ninh bo mt.
85
3.2.3. Chnh sch nh tuyn v kim sot truy cp

nh tuyn v kim sot truy nhp trn Modem ADSL
Trn Modem s dng c ch NAT cc a ch trong mng LAN
ra a ch WAN trao i thng tin vi trung tm.
Trn Modem ADSL khi to kt ni PPPoE, mc nh c
default route tr v BRAS, nn khng cn cu hnh nh tuyn.
Enable Firewall trn tt c cc Modem ADSL, khng cho php
m kt ni telnet, http t giao din WAN.
Trn Modem ADSL ERP thc hin dch port (port forwarding)
cho php thc hin qun l FW UTM: Telnet, SSH, HTTPS.
Trn Modem ADSL Ti chnh thc hin m cc cng (forward
port) cho php thc hin qun l my ch ti chnh (Remote
Desktop) v truy vn SQL.
nh tuyn v kim sot truy cp trn FW UTM
nh tuyn
nh tuyn trn FW UTM c kt hp vi cc policy nhm thc
thi cc chnh sch trao i thng tin, cc c ch lc gi tin v hn ch
truy cp gia cc vng.
nh tuyn kt ni vi trung tm qua Modem ADSL
Bng 3.10. Cc lp mng nh tuyn trn Firewall
STT
Lp mng/subnet
Next-hop/Thit b
Mc ch
0.0.0.0/0
192.168.5.2
Truy cp Internet
10.2.0.0/27
192.168.2.3
Truy cp ERP
10.2.0.1/32
192.168.2.4
Truy cp my ch TC
192.168.176.0/24
192.168.2.5
Truy cp mng Bn hng
192.168.131.0/24
Chnh sch kim sot truy nhp, trao i thng tin gia cc
vng (zone)
o
Chnh sch chung: Cc my trm, thit b trong ni b

zone c php trao i thng tin vi nhau. Cc my
trm thit b trong zone c php thc hin ping (gi
Gio trnh Thit k mng
86
gi tin ICMP) ti gateway ca zone v ra ngoi

Internet. Trn UTM mc nh l chn ton b cc lu
lng gia cc zone, ch thc hin m cc cng, ng
dng ph hp.
o
Chnh sch vi tng zone:

Bng 3.11. Cc policy thit lp trn Firewall
To
From
a ch ngun
a ch ch
Giao thc
Ghi ch
To UnTrust
192.168.1.0/24
- Permit Any
Truy nhp Internet,

chn Email ngoi, chat
client
10.2.0.0/27
Any
Truy nhp ng dng ERP
192.168.2.0/24
Any
Qun l Modem
0.0.0.0/0
- Chn Email
ngoi, chat
Truy nhp Internet,

chn email ngoi, chat
client
0.0.0.0/0
Trust
- Chn Email
ngoi, chat
To ERP
192.168.1.0/24
To UnTrust
192.168.3.0/24
- Permit Any
To ERP
TaiChinh
192.168.3.0/24
10.2.0.0/27
Any
Truy nhp ng dng

ERP
SQL(1433)
Trao i vi my ch
Ti chnh chi nhnh
To DMZ
192.168.3.0/24
192.168.4.2/32
Terminal
Service (3389)
To TaiChinh
192.168.4.2/32
DMZ
192.168.3.0/24
SQL(1433)
Trao i vi zone Ti
chnh
SQL(1433)
Trao i vi my ch
Ti chnh TCT
To ERP
192.168.4.2/32
10.2.0.1/32
Terminal
Service (3389)
To DMZ
ERP
10.2.0.1/32
192.168.4.2/24
SQL, Terminal
Service
Trao i vi my ch
Ti chnh TCT
Ch : Vic qun l Firewall t xa c thc hin t Zone ERP
87
C ch NAT a ch IP
Nh chng ta bit, trong qu trnh trao i d liu, khi gi tin
i t trong mng LAN ra bn ngoi thng qua Modem, a ch
IP ngun ca gi tin b NAT sang a ch WAN ca modem.
modem thc hin vic NAT a ch th mt yu cu t ra
na l: Gi tin c NAT a ch phi c a ch ngun thuc
cng mng vi a ch LAN ca Modem.
Trong khi , trong mng LAN ca chng ta s dng rt nhiu lp
mng khc nhau, c phn tch bi thit b Firewall. Nh vy
mt vn t ra l, Firewall phi thc hin vic NAT cc a ch
IP ca gi tin nu gi tin mun gi ti v i qua modem.
i vi cc my tnh trong mng LAN:
o Cc gi tin khi i t my tnh trong VLAN 101 v VLAN 103
ra hng VLAN 102 (hng ti cc modem ERP) s c
NAT a ch IP ngun thnh a ch IP ca giao din Firewall
kt ni vi VLAN 102.
o Cc gi tin khi i t my tnh trong VLAN 101 v VLAN 103
ra hng VLAN 105 (hng ti modem Internet) s c
NAT a ch IP ngun thnh a ch IP ca giao din Firewall
kt ni vi VLAN 105.
i vi Server Ti chnh:
o Server Ti chnh t trong vng DMZ, trn UTM SSG phi
trin khai c ch NAT 1-1 t a ch Server TaiChinh
(192.168.4.2) trong vng DMZ ra a ch o (VirtualIP) ngoi
giao din ERP, khi cc my ti trung tm (TCT) mi kt
ni c vi Server trong DMZ nh c ch Virtual server
trn Modem tr vo a ch VirtualIP.
88
Gio trnh Thit k mng
Hnh 2.45. T chc cc Zone ca Firewall v my ch ti chnh

o Khai bo c ch MIP trn giao din ERP, a ch o l
VirtualIP cng subnet vi ERP (192.168.2.10)
o Trong policy hng t DMZ ra ERP tin hnh NAT a ch
ngun bnh thng.
o Trong policy hng t zone ERP vo zone DMZ chn a ch
ch l VirtualIP (192.168.2.10) trong MIP khai bo trn.

3.2.4. S mng mc vt l
Hnh 2.46. S mng mc vt l - tng 1
89
Gio trnh Thit k mng
90
Hnh 2.47. S mng mc vt l - tng 2

IV. Ci t mng
Bng 4.1. Cc bc trin khai
STT
1
Ni dung cng vic

T chc o to, cc n v nhn ti liu, t chc hc
tp, nghin cu, tho lun v kim tra
n v thc hin
Ban DCNTT, cc
chi nhnh
Cc n v trin khai h thng mng cp
Cc chi nhnh
2.1
R sot cc kt ni, thit b mng Hub, Switch hin ti.
2.2
B sung h thng mng cp, thit b kt ni Hub,

switch kt ni cc my tnh trong cc phng ban.
2.3
Tp trung cc kt ni t phng ban v im tp trung
Cu hnh thit b Switch layer 2, Firewall tp trung,

chuyn cho cc n v.
Ban DCNTT
Tip nhn, lp t thit b Switch layer 2, Firewall
Cc chi nhnh
4.1
Cu hnh modem ADSL: Vietteloffice, ERP, Ti chnh,

bn hng theo cc thng s cu hnh trong ti liu
quy hoch.
Ghi ch

4.2
Kt ni cp t cc phng ban vo ng cc cng

c quy nh.
4.3
Bt ngun thit b Switch, Firewall.
4.4
Kim tra kt ni gia Firewall vi h thng qun tr tp

trung NSM ti TCT.
4.5
Kim tra kt ni Internet, ERP, mng ti chnh, mng

bn hng, kt ni gia phng ti chnh vi my ch ti
chnh, kim tra kt ni my ch ti chnh ti n v vi
my ch ti chnh TCT.
4.6
nh nhn h thng cp mng.
4.7
Lp h s mng: Backup cu hnh thit b, v s

vt l, s logic.
4.8
Bo co kt qu thc hin
X l cc s c mng.
91
Ban DCNTT,
Cc chi nhnh
V. Kim th mng
Sau khi ci t xong phn cng v cc my tnh c ni vo
mng. Bc k tip l kim tra s vn hnh ca mng.
Trc tin, kim tra s ni kt gia cc my tnh vi nhau. Sau
, kim tra hot ng ca cc dch v, kh nng truy cp ca ngi
dng vo cc dch v v mc an ton ca h thng.
Ni dung kim th da vo bng c t yu cu mng c xc
nh lc u.
Kim tra cc kt ni t chi nhnh v TCT.
Kim tra cc Rule trn Firewall c ng nh thit k ban u khng.
VI. Bo tr mng
Mng sau khi ci t xong cn c bo tr mt khong thi gian
nht nh khc phc nhng vn pht sinh xy trong tin trnh thit
k v ci t mng.
Cn theo di h thng v bo co kt qu v TCT.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
92
Cn xy dng mt quy trnh bo tr mng c tnh nh k v

thng xuyn.
Kim tra ton b h thng phn cng.
Kim tra cc dch v mng c ci t v n nh.
Kim tra v cha tr cc li tim n, cc dch v mng cng thm.
Kim tra v a ra gii php nng cp h thng bo mt thng tin
khi cn thit.
Phn quyn h thng theo yu cu v nhu cu t Tng cng ty.
Cu hnh li Server v h thng mng nu cn.
Kim tra s hot ng n nh ca cc trnh ng dng.
Cu hnh my con v chia s ti nguyn trn h thng mng.
xut gii php nng cp phn cng v phn mm.
Dn dp "rc" v ti u ho chng trnh.
Kim tra v tiu dit virus. Cp nht phn mm phng chng virus.
Backup d liu.
Dit virus, cp nht cc chng trnh phng chng v dit virus mi
nht.
Dn rc a, sp xp d liu.
Ci t cc phn mm vn phng ng dng.
V sinh cng nghip my tnh
Bi 2. Thit k mt Mng LAN n gin
Mc tiu:
n li mt s k nng thc hng c bn v mng my tnh nh lp
t v cu hnh card mng, cc loi chun cp mng, cch bm cp
cp xon
Cu hnh v kt ni mt mng LAN n gin theo m hnh cho sn.
93
Thit b yu cu:
Km mng RJ-45
Thit b test cp mng
20m dy cp CAT5e, chia lm 4 on, mi on 5m
32 u ni RJ-45, mi nhm 8 u ni
8 my tnh c card mng, mi nhm 2 my tnh thc hnh ni
trc tip 2 my
2 hub/switch
Kho st cc loi Card mng v cc cng giao tip m n h tr.
Lp Card mng v ci t driver.
Kim tra card mng xem hot ng c cha, ghi nhn nh sn
xut card mng v tc kt ni ti a m n h tr.
Kho st cp mng CAT5, phn bit mu sc ca cc dy trong n.
Kho st u cp RJ-45 ca cp CAT5.
Dng km mng thc hin mt on cp Crossover Cable (cp
cho) u ni trc tip 2 PC.
Dng on cp trn ni trc tip 2 PC thng qua card mng ca
chng. Sau cu hnh a ch IP tnh ca 2 PC theo lp C sao cho
Gio trnh Thit k mng
94
chng c th trao i thng tin c cho nhau. (Dng lnh ipconfig,

ping, net view kim tra, sau th chia s cc tp tin hay th mc
dng chung trong Win).
Kho st hub/switch, nhn bit cc port v tc ti a m chng
h tr.
Dng km mng thc hin mt on cp Straight Cable (cp thng)
u ni mt PC n hub/switch.
Ni 3-4 PC vo mt hub/switch. Cu hnh a ch IP tnh cho tng
PC chng c th lin lc c vi nhau.
Bi 3.
Mc tiu:
Rn luyn k nng thit k m phng h thng mng trn phn mm
Packet tracer.
Thit k cc h thng LAN, VLAN c bn trn Packet tracer
Yu cu: Thit k mng LAN theo m hnh bn di bng Packet tracer
Bc 1: Xa thng tin VLAN v VTP trn cc Switch
95
Switch#delete vlan.dat
Delete filename [vlan.dat]?
Delete flash:vlan.dat? [confirm]
Switch#erase startup-config
Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all configuration files! Continue? [confirm]
[OK]
Erase of nvram: complete
Switch#reload
Proceed with reload? [confirm]
System configuration has been modified. Save? [yes/no]: n
Bc 2: Cu hnh mt khu cho cng Console,line vty ,mode privilege

SW1>enable
SW1#config terminal
SW1(config)#enable secret thietkemang2
SW1(config)#line console 0
SW1(config-line)#password thietkemang3
SW1(config)#line vty 0 15
SW1(config-line)#password thietkemang4
SW1(config-line)#login
Lp li bc 2 cho cc switch cn li v router

Bc 3: Cu hnh VTP trn 3 Switch
Cc Switch Cisco c cu hnh VTP mc nh l:
VTP domain name: None
VTP mode: Server mode
VTP pruning: Enabled or disabled (model specific)
VTP password: Null
VTP version: Version 1
SW1:
Switch>enable
Switch#config terminal
Switch(config)#hostname SW1
SW1(config)#exit
Xem thng tin VTP trn SW1 trc khi cu hnh bng lnh show vtp status
SW1#show vtp status
VTP Version
:2
Configuration Revision
:0
Gio trnh Thit k mng
96
Maximum VLANs supported locally : 250
Number of existing VLANs
:5
VTP Operating Mode
: Server
VTP Domain Name
VTP Pruning Mode
: Disabled
VTP V2 Mode
: Disabled
VTP Traps Generation
: Disabled
MD5 digest
: 0x57 0xCD 0x40 0x65 0x63 0x59 0x47
Configuration last modified by 0.0.0.0 at 0-0-00 00:00:00

Local updater ID is 0.0.0.0 (no valid interface found)
============================================================
SW1(config)#vtp version 2
SW1(config)#vtp domain dtu
Changing VTP domain name from NULL to dtu
SW1(config)#vtp password thietkemang
Setting device VLAN database password to thietkemang
SW1(config)#vtp mode server
Device mode already VTP SERVER.
============================================================
Thng tin VTP trn SW1 sau khi cu hnh
SW1#show vtp status
VTP Version
:1

:5
VTP Operating Mode
: Server
VTP Domain Name
: dtu
VTP Pruning Mode
: Disabled
VTP V2 Mode
: Enabled

MD5 digest
: Disabled
: 0x14 0x8E 0xDA 0xC9 0x0A 0x42 0xAF 0xE7

Local updater ID is 0.0.0.0 (no valid interface found)
SW1#show vtp password
VTP Password: thietkemang
SW2:
Switch>enable
97
SW2(config)#vtp mode client
Setting device to VTP CLIENT mode.
Kim tra li thng tin VTP trn SW2
SW2#show vtp status
VTP Version
:2
:1
:5
VTP Operating Mode
: Client
VTP Domain Name
: dtu
VTP Pruning Mode
: Disabled
VTP V2 Mode
: Enabled
: Disabled
MD5 digest
: 0x14 0x8E 0xDA 0xC9 0x0A 0x42 0xAF 0xE7
SW2#show vtp password
VTP Password: thietkemang
SW3:
Switch>enable
SW3(config)#vtp mode transparent
Device mode already VTP TRANSPARENT.
SW3#show vtp status
Bc 4: Cu hnh Trunking cho 3 switch SW1,SW2,SW3 v Router

Ch : i vi Switch layer 3 do h tr c 2 chun 802.1Q v ISL nn
trc khi cu hnh Trunking cn thm lnh switchport trunk encapsulation
dot1q mode interface, Switch layer 2 th ch h tr 802.1Q nn khng cn
nhp lnh trn.
98
Gio trnh Thit k mng

SW1:
SW1(config)#interface fa0/1
SW1(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q #ch dng cho layer3 Switch#
SW1(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
SW1(config-if)#switchport nonegotiate #v hiu ha chc nng DTP #
SW1(config-if)#no shutdown
SW1(config-if)#exit
SW1(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q # ch dng cho layer3 Switch#
SW1(config-if)#switchport nonegotiate
SW1(config-if)#exit
SW1(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q # ch dng cho layer3 Switch#
SW2:
SW2(config-if)# switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q #chi dung cho layer3 Switch#
SW3:
SW3(config-if)# switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q #chi dung cho SW layer3 Switch#
Router:
Router#config terminal
Router(config)#interface fa0/1
Router(config-if)#description Gateway cho VLAN1
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface fa0/1.2
Router(config-subif)#description Gateway cho VLAN2
Router(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 2
99
Router(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0

Router#show ip interface brief
Interface
IP-Address
OK? Method Status
Protocol
FastEthernet0/1
192.168.1.1 YES
manual up
up
FastEthernet0/1.2
192.168.2.1 YES
manual up
up
FastEthernet0/1.3
192.168.3.1 YES
manual up
up
FastEthernet0/1.4
192.168.4.1 YES
manual up
up
FastEthernet0/1
unassigned
YES administratively down down
Serial0/1/0
unassigned
Serial0/1/1
unassigned
Bc 5: To VLAN trn VTP server SW1

Kim tra thng tin VLAN hin ti trn SW1
SW1#show vlan
Tin hnh to VLAN

SW1(config)#vlan 2
SW1(config-vlan)#name CNTT
SW1(config-vlan)#exit
SW1(config)#vlan 3
SW1(config-vlan)#name KeToan
SW1(config)#vlan 4
SW1(config-vlan)#name TaiChinh
Kim tra li thng tin trn SW1,SW2,SW3 sau khi cu hnh m

bo thng tin VLAN v VTP c ng b
SW1#show vlan
SW1#show vtp status
SW2#show vlan
Gio trnh Thit k mng
100
SW2#show vtp status
SW3#show vlan
SW3#show vtp status
Bc 6: Gn cc port trn tng Switch vo VLAN tng ng

SW1:
SW1(config)#interface range fa0/2 - 5
SW1(config-if-range)#switchport access vlan 2
SW1(config-if-range)#exit
Lp li bc 6 trn cc Switch cn li
Kim tra li bng lnh show vlan trn c 3 Switch
SW1#show vlan
Bc 7: Cu hnh a ch IP cho cc Switch c th qun l t xa

SW1(config)# interface VLAN 1
SW1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.11 255.255.255.0
SW1(config-if)#exit
SW1(config)#ip default-gateway 192.168.1.1
SW1#show ip interface brief
Interface
IP-Address
OK? Method Status
Vlan1
192.168.1.11 YES manual up
SW2(config)# interface VLAN1
SW2(config-if)#exit
Interface
IP-Address
OK? Method Status
Vlan1
SW3(config)# interface VLAN1
SW3(config-if)#exit
Protocol
up
Protocol
up
101

Interface
IP-Address
OK? Method Status
Protocol
Vlan1
up
T cc Switch th ping n router
SW1#ping 192.168.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/202/1000 ms
SW1#ping 192.168.2.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/202/1000 ms
SW1#
Sau t router th telnet n cc Switch
Router#telnet 192.168.1.11
Trying 192.168.1.11 ... Open
User Access Verification
Password:
SW1>enable
Password:
SW1#
Bc 8: Kim tra li s nh tuyn gia cc VLAN

Kim tra thng mng gia cc PC khc VLAN
Bi 4. V s mng
Mc tiu:
Lm quen vi mt s phn mm v s mng.
Rn luyn k nng v thit k cc s mng mc logic v vt l.
Lm quen vi mt s s mng.
Yu cu: S dng mt trong cc phn mm sau v cc s
mng cho sau y:
Microsoft Office Visio 2003/2007
EDraw Network Diagrammer 3
Edraw Max 4
102
Gio trnh Thit k mng
P HONE 1 P HONE 2
10BaseT
ACT 5V
103
104
Gio trnh Thit k mng
2.12. CU HI N TP
Cu 1: Ti sao li phi ti u h thng mng ca chng ta?
Cu 2: Ti sao vic kim tra h thng l quan trng?
Cu 3: Ti sao ni vic lp ti liu trong thit k mng l quan trng?
Cu 4: Cc ni dung chnh trong ti liu thit k mng l g?
Cu 5: Vn thit k a ch IP trong mng c quan trng khng? Ti sao?
Chng 3
MNG CC B KHNG DY
Chng ny gii thiu cc kin thc c bn v cng ngh mng cc

b khng dy, bao gm cc chun mng WLAN, cc thit b mng WLAN
v m hnh mng WLAN thng dng. ng thi, gii thiu phng php
thit k v lp t mng WLAN. Cui chng l bi tp ng dng thit
k mng WLAN trn thc t v trn phn mm m phng.
3.1. TNG QUAN V WLAN
3.1.1 Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin
Mng LAN khng dy vit tt l WLAN (Wireless Local Area
Network), l mt mng dng kt ni hai hay nhiu my tnh vi nhau
m khng s dng dy dn. WLAN dng cng ngh tri ph, s dng
sng v tuyn cho php truyn thng gia cc thit b trong mt vng no
cn c gi l Basic Service Set. N gip cho ngi s dng c th di
chuyn trong mt vng bao ph rng m vn kt ni c vi mng.
106
Gio trnh Thit k mng
Cng ngh WLAN ln u tin xut hin vo cui nm 1990, khi

nhng nh sn xut gii thiu nhng sn phm hot ng trong bng tn
900MHz. Nhng gii php ny (khng c thng nht gia cc nh sn
xut) cung cp tc truyn d liu 1Mbit/s, thp hn nhiu so vi tc
10Mbit/s ca hu ht cc mng s dng cp hin thi.
Nm 1992, nhng nh sn xut bt u bn nhng sn phm WLAN
s dng bng tn 2.4GHz. Mc du nhng sn phm ny c tc
truyn d liu cao hn nhng chng vn l nhng gii php ring ca mi
nh sn xut khng c cng b rng ri. S cn thit cho vic hot ng
thng nht gia cc thit b nhng dy tn s khc nhau dn n mt s
t chc bt u pht trin ra nhng chun mng khng dy chung.
Nm 1997, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
ph chun s ra i ca chun 802.11, v cng c bit vi tn gi
WI-FI (Wireless Fidelity) cho cc mng WLAN. Chun 802.11 h tr ba
phng php truyn tn hiu, trong c bao gm phng php truyn
tn hiu v tuyn tn s 2.4GHz.
Nm 1999, IEEE thng qua hai s b sung cho chun 802.11 l cc
chun 802.11a v 802.11b (nh ngha ra nhng phng php truyn tn
hiu). V nhng thit b WLAN da trn chun 802.11b nhanh chng
tr thnh cng ngh khng dy vt tri. Cc thit b WLAN 802.11b
truyn pht tn s 2.4GHz, cung cp tc truyn d liu c th ln ti
11Mbit/s. IEEE 802.11b c to ra nhm cung cp nhng c im v
tnh hiu dng, thng lng (throughput) v bo mt so snh vi
mng c dy.
Nm 2003, IEEE cng b thm mt s ci tin l chun 802.11g m c
th truyn nhn thng tin c hai dy tn 2.4GHz v 5GHz v c th nng
tc truyn d liu ln n 54Mbit/s. Thm vo , nhng sn phm p
dng 802.11g cng c th tng thch ngc vi cc thit b chun 802.11b.
Hin nay chun 802.11g t n tc 108Mbit/s-300Mbit/s.
3.1.2. Di tn s khng dy
FCC (Federal Communication Commission) l mt t chc phi
chnh ph ca M, trc tip chu trch nhim trc Quc hi. FCC c
thnh lp bi o lut truyn thng (Communication Act) nm 1934 v
107
c st nhp vo ban iu chnh lin bang v truyn thng quc t v v

tuyn, truyn hnh, dy, v tinh v cable. Phm vi quyn hn ca FCC
khng ch 50 bang v qun Columbia m ton b cc thuc a ca M
nh Puerto Rico, Guam v Virgin Islands.
FCC to ra cc vn bn php lut m cc thit b WLAN phi tun
th theo. FCC quy nh ph tn s v tuyn m mng WLAN c th hot
ng, mc cng sut cho php v cc phn cng WLAN khc nhau c
s dng u, nh th no.
3.1.2.1. Bng tn ISM v UNII
FCC a ra nhng quy tc gii hn v tn s s dng v cng sut pht
ca cc dy tn s . FCC cng ch nh rng WLAN c th s dng bng
tn cng nghip, khoa hc v y hc (ISM = Industrial, Scientific, and
Medical) chnh l bng tn min ph. Bng tn ISM bao gm 900 MHz, 2.4
GHz, 5.8 GHz v c rng khc nhau t 26 MHz n 150 MHz.
Ngoi bng tn ISM, FCC cng ch nh 3 bng tn UNII
(Unlicenced National Information Infrastructure), mi bng tn nm
trong vng 5 GHz v rng 100 MHz.
Hnh 3.1. Bng tn ISM v UNII
108
Gio trnh Thit k mng
Di y l nhng thun li v kh khn ca bng tn khng cp

php (min ph):
Khi trin khai bt k mt h thng khng dy no trn bng tn
min ph th khng cn phi xin php FCC v bng thng v
cng sut cn dng. C gii hn v cng sut truyn, nhng
khng c mt th tc no trong vic nhn c s cho php
truyn mc cng sut . Hn na, vic khng cn giy php
s dng nn khng tn thm chi ph xin giy php. c im t
nhin ca bng tn min ph nh ISM v UNII l rt quan trng
bi v n cho php cc doanh nghip nh v h gia nh trin
khai h thng khng dy v lm cho th trng WLAN ngy
cng pht trin.
S t do nh vy lm cho n c mt bt li chnh i vi ngi
s dng bng tn min ph. Bng tn min ph m bn s dng
cng s l bng tn min ph cho cc ngi khc. Gi s nh bn
ci t mt mng khng dy trong gia nh ca bn. Nu nh
lng ging ca bn cng ci t mt mng khng dy th h
thng ca bn v ca h c th gy nhiu ln nhau. Hn na,
nu h s dng mt h thng c cng sut cao th s lm cho
mng khng dy ca bn khng th s dng c.
3.1.2.2. Bng tn Industry, Scientific and Medical (ISM)
C 3 bng tn ISM min ph m FCC ch nh mng WLAN c th
s dng gm 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz v 5.8 GHz.
Bng tn 900 MHz ISM: c nh ngha trong vng tn s t 902
MHz n 928 MHz hay 915 MHz +- 13 MHz. Mc d bng tn ny c
php s dng trong mng WLAN nhng mng WLAN thng s dng
cc bng tn s cao hn v n c bng thng (bandwidth) rng hn v
throughput cao hn. Mt s cc thit b khng dy vn cn s dng bng
tn 900 MHz nh in thoi gia nh khng dy hay h thng camera
khng dy. Cc t chc s dng mng WLAN 900 MHz s rt kh tm ra
thit b thay th v chng rt t c sn xut v gi c rt cao.
Bng tn 2.4 GHz ISM: Bng tn ny c s dng bi tt c cc
thit b tng thch chun 802.11, 802.11b, 802.11g v tr nn rt
109
ph bin. Bng tn ny nm trong khong t 2.4000 GHz n 2.5000

GHz (2.4500 GHz +- 50 MHz). Trong s 100 MHz t 2.4000 GHz n
2.5000 GHz th ch c dy tn s t 2.4000 GHz n 2.4835 GHz l tht
s c s dng bi cc thit b WLAN. Nguyn nhn ch yu cho s
gii hn ny l FCC v cng sut pht ch cho vng tn s ny m thi.
Bng tn 5.8 GHz ISM: Bng tn ny thng c gi l 5 GHz
ISM. N nm trong khong 5.725 GHz n 5.875 GHz (rng 150 MHz).
Bng tn ny khng c ch nh s dng trong mng WLAN nn n
gy ra mt s nhm ln. Bng tn 5.8 GHz ISM trng lp vi mt phn
ca mt bng tn min ph khc l bng tn UNII upper lm cho bng tn
5.8 Hhz ISM thng b nhm ln vi bng tn 5 GHz UNII upper (bng
tn ny c s dng trong WLAN).
3.1.2.3. Bng tn c s h tng thng tin quc gia khng c cp
php (UNII)
Bng tn 5 GHz UNII (Unlicenced National Information
Infrastructure) bao gm 3 bng tn rng 100 MHz ring bit c s dng
trong cc thit b tng thch chun 802.11a. Ba bng tn ny l lower
(thp), middle (trung) v upper (cao). Trong mi bng tn ny c 4 knh
DSSS khng trng lp, mi knh cch nhau 5 MHz. FCC quy nh rng
bng tn lower c s dng indoor (trong nh), bng tn middle c s
dng indoor v outdoor (ngoi tri) v bng tn upper c s dng cho
outdoor. Thng th AP c trong nh nn bng tn 5 GHz UNII s
cho php 8 AP indoor c s dng ng thi (mi AP hot ng mt
knh) bng cch s dng c bng tn lower v middle.
Bng tn Lower: Bng tn lower nm trong khong 5.15GHz n
5.25GHz v FCC ch nh cng sut pht ln nht cho bng tn ny l
50 mW. Khi trin khai cc thit b tng thch chun 802.11a th IEEE
ch nh rng ch 40 mW (80%) ca cng sut pht ti a l c s
dng cho cc thit b tng thch chun 802.11a.
Tt nhin bn vn c th truyn vi cng sut 50 mW, iu ny vn
tun theo lut ca FCC nhng li khng tng thch vi chun 802.11a.
Bng tn Middle: Bng tn middle nm trong khong 5.25GHz n
5.35GHz v FCC quy nh cng sut pht ti a l 250 mW. Cng sut
pht c quy nh bi IEEE l 200 mW. Gii hn cng sut ny cho
110
Gio trnh Thit k mng
php thit b c th hot ng indoor hay outdoor v thng c s

dng cho outdoor vi khong cch ngn gia 2 ta nh gn nhau. Do c
cng sut pht va phi v s linh hot trong vic s dng
indoor/outdoor nn cc sn phm trong bng tn middle ny s c
chp nhn rng ri trong tng lai.
Bng tn Upper: Bng tn upper c dnh cho cc kt ni outdoor v
FCC gii hn cng sut pht l 1 W (1000 mW). Bng tn ny chim vng
tn s gia 5.725 GHz n 5.825 GHz v thng b nhm ln vi bng tn
5.8 GHz ISM. IEEE quy nh cng sut pht ti a cho bng tn ny l 800
mW, y l mc cng sut kh ln cho hu ht cc kt ni outdoor.
3.1.3. u im ca WLAN
S tin li: Mng khng dy cng nh h thng mng thng thng.
N cho php ngi dng truy xut ti nguyn mng bt k ni u
trong khu vc c trin khai (nh hay vn phng). Vi s gia tng s
ngi s dng my tnh xch tay (laptop), l mt iu rt thun li.
Kh nng di ng: Vi s pht trin ca cc mng khng dy cng
cng, ngi dng c th truy nhp Internet bt c u. Chng hn cc
qun Cafe, ngi dng c th truy nhp Internet khng dy min ph.
Hiu qu: Ngi dng c th duy tr kt ni mng khi h i t ni
ny n ni khc.
Trin khai: Vic thit lp h thng mng khng dy ban u ch cn t
nht 1 im truy nhp (AP: Access Point). Vi mng dng cp, phi tn
thm chi ph v c th gp kh khn trong vic trin khai h thng cp
nhiu ni trong ta nh.
Kh nng m rng: Mng khng dy c th p ng tc th khi gia
tng s lng ngi dng. Vi h thng mng dng cp cn phi gn
thm cp.
3.1.4. Nhc im ca WLAN
Cng ngh mng LAN khng dy, ngoi rt nhiu s tin li v
nhng u im c cp trn th cng c cc nhc im. Trong
mt s trng hp mng LAN khng dy c th khng nh mong mun
v mt s l do. Hu ht chng phi lm vic vi nhng gii hn vn c
ca cng ngh.
111
Bo mt: Mi trng kt ni khng dy l khng kh nn kh nng

b tn cng ca ngi dng l rt cao.
Phm vi: Mt mng chun 802.11g vi cc thit b chun ch c th
hot ng tt trong phm vi vi chc mt. N ph hp trong 1 cn nh,
nhngvi mt ta nh ln th khng p ng c nhu cu. p ng
cn phi mua thm Repeater hay access point, dn n chi ph gia tng.
tin cy: V s dng sng v tuyn truyn thng nn vic b
nhiu, tn hiu b gim do tc ng ca cc thit b khc (l vi sng,) l
khng trnh khi. Lm gim ng k hiu qu hot ng ca mng.
Tc : Tc ca mng khng dy (1- 125 Mbit/s) rt chm so vi
mng s dng cp (100 Mbit/s n hng Gbps).
3.2. CC CHUN THNG DNG CA WLAN
Hin nay tiu chun chnh cho mng LAN khng dy (WLAN:
Wireless LAN) l mt h giao thc truyn tin qua mng khng dy IEEE
802.11. Do vic nghin cu v a ra ng dng rt gn nhau nn c mt
s giao thc thnh chun ca th gii, mt s khc vn cn ang tranh
ci v mt s cn ang d tho. Mt s chun thng dng nh: 802.11b
(ci tin t 802.11), 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n.
Phm vi
ca IEEE
802.11
Hnh 3.2. Phm vi ca WLAN trong m hnh OSI
Gio trnh Thit k mng
112
3.2.1. Chun IEEE 802.11b

Chun ny c a ra vo nm 1999, n ci tin t chun 802.11.
Cng hot ng di tn 2,4 GHz nhng ch s dng tri ph trc tip DSSS.
Tc ti Access Point c th ln ti 11Mbit/s (802.11b), 22Mbit/s
(802.11b+).
Cc sn phm theo chun 802.11b c kim tra v th nghim bi
hip hi cc cng ty Ethernet khng dy (WECA) v c bit n nh
l hip hi Wi-Fi, nhng sn phm Wireless c WiFi kim tra nu t
th s mang nhn hiu ny.
Hin nay IEEE 802.11b l mt chun c s dng rng ri nht
cho Wireless LAN. V di tn s 2,4GHz l di tn s ISM (Industrial,
Scientific and Medical: di tn v tuyn dnh cho cng nghip, khoa hc
v y hc, khng cn xin php) cng c s dng cho cc chun mng
khng dy khc nh l: Bluetooth v HomeRF, hai chun ny khng
c ph bin nh l 801.11. Bluetooth c thit k s dng cho thit
b khng dy m khng phi l Wireless LAN, n c dng cho mng
c nhn PAN(Personal Area Network). Nh vy Wireless LAN s dng
chun 802.11b v cc thit b Bluetooth hot ng trong cng mt di
bng tn.
Bng 3.1. Mt s thng s k thut ca chun IEEE 802.11b
Release Date Op. Frequency
October 1999
2.4 GHz
Data Rate (Typ) Data Rate (Max) Range (Indoor)

4.5 Mbit/s
11 Mbit/s
~35 m
3.2.2. Chun IEEE 802.11a

y l mt chun c cp php di bng tn mi. N hot ng
di tn s 5 GHz s dng phng thc iu ch ghp knh theo vng
tn s trc giao (OFDM). Phng thc iu ch ny lm tng tc trn
mi knh (t 11Mbit/s/1knh ln 54 Mbit/s/1 knh).
C th s dng n 8 Access Point (AP) (truyn trn 8 knh Nonoverlapping; knh khng chng ln ph), c im ny di tn 2,4GHz
ch c th s dng 3 AP (truyn trn 3 knh nonoverlapping).
113
H tr ng thi nhiu ngi s dng vi tc cao m t b xung t.

Cc sn phm ca theo chun IEEE 802.11a khng tng thch vi
cc sn phm theo chun IEEE 802.11 v 802.11b v chng hot ng
cc di tn s khc nhau. Tuy nhin cc nh sn xut chipset ang c
gng a loi chipset hot ng c 2 ch theo hai chun 802.11a v
802.11b. S phi hp ny c bit n vi tn WiFi5 (WiFi cho tc
5Gbps).
Bng 3.2. Mt s thng s k thut ca chun IEEE 802.11a
Release Date Op. Frequency Data Rate (Typ) Data Rate (Max) Range (Indoor)
October 1999
5 GHz
23 Mbit/s
54 Mbit/s
~35 m
2.2.3. IEEE 802.11g

Bn d tho ca tiu chun ny c a ra vo thng 10 2002.
S dng di tn 2,4GHz, tc truyn ln n 54Mbit/s.
Phng thc iu ch: C th dng mt trong 2 phng thc
Dng OFDM (ging vi 802.11a) tc truyn ln ti 54Mbit/s.
Dng tri ph trc tip DSSS tc b gii hn 11Mbit/s.
Tng thch ngc vi chun 802.11b.
B hn ch v s knh truyn.
Bng 3.3. Mt s thng s k thut ca chun IEEE 802.11g
Release Date Op. Frequency Data Rate (Typ) Data Rate (Max) Range (Indoor)
June 2003
2.4 GHz
23 Mbit/s
54 Mbit/s
3.2.4. Chun IEEE 802.11n
Hnh 3.3. Logo Wi-fi
~35 m
Gio trnh Thit k mng
114
Chun 802.11n ang c xc tin t tc 100 Mbit/s nhanh

gp 5 ln chun 802.11g v cho php thit b kt ni hot ng vi
khong cch xa hn cc mng Wi-Fi hin hnh.
Winston Sun, gim c cng ngh ca cng ty khng dy Atheros
Communications, nhn xt, mt thit b tng thch 802.11n c th truy
nhp cc im hotspot vi tc 150Mbit/s vi khong cch l tng
di 6m, kh nng lin kt cng gim khi ngi dng cch xa im
truy nhp .
802.11n cha th sm tr thnh chun Wi-Fi th h mi v mt s
mng Wi-Fi khng thuc thng s 802.11n cng c gii thiu. Theo Sun,
cc chun Wi-Fi mi c ra mt c th t ng d tn sng thch hp
kt ni Internet. Chnh v th, thit b h tr 802.11n khng th c chim
ph Wi-Fi v phi nhng sng cho cc mng kt ni khc.
ng Sun cho bit, tc truy nhp Wi-Fi gim t l nghch vi
khong cch t thit b ti hotspot vn cho php cc my cm tay, nh
iTV ca Apple stream c cc on video clip nhng khng th stream
video nn c nt cao.
Bng 3.4. Mt s thng s k thut ca chun IEEE 802.11n
Release Date
Op. Frequency
Data Rate
(Typ)
Data Rate (Max)
Range
(Indoor)
June 2009 (est.)
5 GHz and/or 2.4 GHz
74 Mbit/s
300 Mbit/s
(2 streams)
~70 m
Hnh 3.4. Tc truyn ti so vi cc chun khc
115
3.2.5. So snh cc chun IEEE 802.11x

Wi-Fi cn c tn gi khc l IEEE 802.11 (hay ngn gn l 802.11)
cng chnh l nhm cc tiu chun k thut ca cng ngh kt ni ny do
lin minh Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi Alliance: www.wi-fi.org) quy nh. Hin tn ti
cc xc thc sau c a ra bi Wi-Fi Alliance:
Bng 3.5. So snh cc chun IEEE 802.11x
Tnh nng chnh
nh ngha
Chun
Phn loi
Ch thch
IEEE 802.11
Kt ni
Tn s: 2,4 GHz
Tc ti a: 2 Mbit/s
Tm hot ng: khng xc
nh
Chun l thuyt
IEEE 802.11a
Kt ni
Tn s: 5 GHz
Tc ti a: 54 Mbit/s
Tm hot ng: 25-75 m
Xem thm 802.11d v

802.11h
IEEE 801.11b
Kt ni
Tn s: 2,4 GHz
Tc ti a: 11 Mbit/s
Tm hot ng: 35-100 m
Tng thch vi
802.11g
IEEE 802.11g
Kt ni
Tn s: 2,4 GHz
Tc ti a: 54 Mbit/s
Tm hot ng: 25-75 m
Tng thch ngc vi

802.11b, xem thm
802.11d v 802.11h
IEEE
8021.11n
Kt ni
Tn s: 2,4 GHz
Tc ti a: 540 Mbit/s
Tm hot ng: 50-125 m
Tng thch ngc vi

802.11b/g
D kin s c thng
qua vo thng 11/2008
IEEE 802.11d
Tnh nng
b sung
Bt tnh nng thay i tng

MAC ph hp vi cc yu
cu nhng quc gia khc
nhau
H tr bi mt s thit
b 802.11a v
802.11a/g
IEEE 802.11h
Tnh nng
b sung
Chn tn s ng (dynamic
frequency selection: DFS) v
iu khin truyn nng lng
(transmit power control: TPC)
hn ch vic xung t vi
cc thit b dng tn s 5 GHz
khc
H tr bi mt s thit
b 802.11a v
802.11a/g
Gio trnh Thit k mng
116
WPA
Enterprise
Bo mt
S dng xc thc 802.1x vi

ch m ha TKIP v mt
my ch xc thc
Xem thm WPA2

Enterprise
WPA
Personal
Bo mt
S dng kha chia s vi m

ha TKIP
Xem thm WPA2

Personal
WPA2
Enterprise
Bo mt
Nng cp ca WPA Enterprise

vi vic dng m ha AES
Da trn 802.11i
WPA2
Personal
Bo mt
Nng cp ca WPA Personal

vi vic dng m ha AES
Da trn 802.11i
EAP-TLS
Bo mt
Extensible Authentication
Protocol Transport Layer
Security
S dng cho WPA

Enterprise
EAPTTLS/MSCHA
Pv2
Bo mt
EAP-Tunneled TLS/Microsoft
Challenge Authentication
Handshake Protocol
S dng cho
WPA/WPA2 Enterprise
EAP-SIM
Bo mt
Mt phin bn ca EAP cho

cc dch v in thoi di ng
nn GSM
S dng cho
WPA/WPA2 Enterprise
WMM
Multimedia
Xc thc cho VoIP quy

nh cch thc u tin bng
thng cho ging ni hoc
video
Mt thnh phn ca
bn tho 802.11e
WLAN Quality of
Service
IEEE 802.11 cha tng c ng dng thc t v ch c xem l

bc m hnh thnh nn k nguyn Wi-Fi. Trn thc t, c 24 k t
theo sau 802.11 u c ln k hoch s dng bi Wi-Fi Alliance. Nh
bng trn, cc IEEE 802.11 c phn loi thnh nhiu nhm, trong
hu nh ngi dng ch bit v quan tm n tiu chun phn loi theo
tnh cht kt ni (IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n...).
Mt s IEEE 802.11 t ph bin khc:
IEEE 802.11c: cc th tc quy nh cch thc bt cu gia cc
mng Wi-Fi. Tiu chun ny thng i cp vi 802.11d.
IEEE 802.11e: a QoS (Quality of Service) vo Wi-Fi, qua
sp t th t u tin cho cc gi tin, c bit quan trng trong
trng hp bng thng b gii hn hoc qu ti.
117
IEEE 802.11F: giao thc truy nhp ni Access Point, l mt

m rng cho IEEE 802.11. Tiu chun ny cho php cc Access
Point c th ni chuyn vi nhau, t a vo cc tnh nng
hu ch nh cn bng ti, m rng vng ph sng Wi-Fi...
IEEE 802.11h: nhng b sung cho 802.11a qun l di tn 5
GHz nhm tng thch vi cc yu cu k thut chu u.
IEEE 802.11i: nhng b sung v bo mt. Ch nhng thit b
IEEE 802.11g mi nht mi b sung kh nng bo mt ny.
Chun ny trn thc t c tch ra t IEEE 802.11e. WPA l
mt trong nhng thnh phn c m t trong 802.11i dng
bn tho, v khi 802.11i c thng qua th chuyn thnh WPA2
(vi cc tnh cht c m t bng trn).
IEEE 802.11j: nhng b sung tng thch iu kin k thut
Nht Bn.
IEEE 802.11k: nhng tiu chun trong vic qun l ti nguyn
sng radio. Chun ny d kin s hon tt v c trnh thnh
chun chnh thc trong nm nay.
IEEE 802.11p: hnh thc kt ni m rng s dng trn cc
phng tin giao thng (V d: s dng Wi-Fi trn xe but, xe
cu thng...). D kin s c ph bin vo nm 2009.
IEEE 802.11r: m rng ca IEEE 802.11d, cho php nng cp
kh nng chuyn vng.
IEEE 802.11T: y chnh l tiu chun WMM nh m t bng trn.
IEE 802.11u: quy nh cch thc tng tc vi cc thit b
khng tng thch 802 (chng hn cc mng in thoi di ng).
IEEE 802.11w: l nng cp ca cc tiu chun bo mt c m
t IEEE 802.11i, hin ch trong gii on khi u.
Cc chun IEEE 802.11F v 802.11T c vit hoa ch ci cui
cng phn bit y l hai chun da trn cc ti liu c lp, thay v l
118
Gio trnh Thit k mng
s m rng / nng cp ca 802.11, v do chng c th c ng dng

vo cc mi trng khc 802.11 (chng hn WiMAX 802.16).
Trong khi 802.11x s khng c dng nh mt tiu chun c lp
m s b trng tr n cc chun kt ni IEEE 802.11 bt k. Ni cch
khc, 802.11 c ngha l mng cc b khng dy, v 802.11x mang
ngha mng cc b khng dy theo hnh thc kt ni no y (a/b/g/n).
Hnh thc bo mt c bn nht mng Wi-Fi l WEP l mt phn
ca bn IEEE 802.11 gc.
Chng ta c th d dng to mt mng Wi-Fi vi ln ln cc thit b
theo chun IEEE 802.11b vi IEEE 802.11g. Tt nhin l tc v khong
cch hiu dng s l ca IEEE 802.11b. Mt tr ngi vi cc mng IEEE
802.11b/g v c l l c n l vic s dng tn s 2,4 GHz, vn qu cht
chi khi cng l tn s hot ng ca my b m, tai nghe v loa
khng dy... T hn na, cc l viba cng s dng tn s ny, v cng sut
qu ln ca chng c th gy ra cc vn v nhiu lon v giao thoa.
Tuy chun IEEE 802.11n cha c thng qua nhng kh nhiu nh
sn xut thit b da trn bn tho ca chun ny to ra nhng ci gi
l chun G+ hoc SuperG vi tc thng thng l gp i gii hn ca
IEEE 802.11g. Cc thit b ny tng thch ngc vi IEEE 802.11b/g rt
tt nhng tt nhin l mc tc gii hn. Bn cnh , bn phi dng
cc thit b (card mng, router, access point...) t cng nh sn xut.
Khi chun IEEE 802.11n c thng qua, cc nt kt ni theo chun
b/g vn c hng li kh nhiu t khong cch kt ni nu Access
Point l chun n.
Cn lu , bt k tc kt ni Wi-Fi l bao nhiu th tc ra
net ca bn cng ch gii hn mc khong 2 Mbit/s (tc kt ni
Internet). Vi mi trng Internet cng cng (qun cafe Wi-Fi, th
vin...), t hn li th tc truyn file trong mng cc b xem nh
khng tn ti.
119
3.3. CU TRC V CC M HNH WLAN

3.3.1. Cu trc c bn ca WLAN
Hnh 3.5. Cu trc WLAN

C 4 thnh phn chnh trong cc loi mng s dng chun 802.11:
H thng phn phi (DS: Distribution System)
im truy nhp (Access Point)
Tn lin lc v tuyn (Wireless Medium)
Trm (Station)
H thng phn phi (DS):
Thit b logic ca 802.11 c dng ni cc khung ti ch
ca chng: Bao gm kt ni gia ng c v mi trng DS (v
d nh mng xng sng).
802.11 khng xc nh bt k cng ngh nht nh no i vi DS.
Hu ht trong cc ng dng qung co, Ethernet c dng nh
l mi trng DS - Trong ngn ng ca 802.11, xng sng
Ethernet l mi trng h thng phn phi. Tuy nhin, khng c
ngha n hon ton l DS.
im truy nhp (Aps: Access Points)
Chc nng chnh ca AP l m rng mng. N c kh nng
chuyn i cc frame d liu trong 802.11 thnh cc frame
thng dng c th s dng trong cc mng khc.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
120
APs c chc nng cu ni gia khng dy thnh c dy.

Tn lin lc v tuyn (Wireless Medium): Chun 802.11 s dng tng
lin lc v tuyn chuyn cc frame d liu gia cc my trm vi nhau.
Trm (Stations): Cc my trm l cc thit b vi tnh c h tr kt
ni v tuyn nh: My tnh xch tay, PDA, Palm, Desktop
3.3.2. Cc thit b h tng mng khng dy
im truy cp: AP (Access Point): Cung cp cho cc my
khch(client) mt im truy nhp vo mng "Ni m cc my tnh dng
wireless c th vo mng ni b ca cng ty". AP l mt thit b song
cng (Full duplex) c mc thng minh tng ng vi mt chuyn
mch Ethernet phc tp (Switch).
Hnh 3.6. Access Points

Cc ch hot ng ca AP: AP c th giao tip vi cc my
khng dy, vi mng c dy truyn thng v vi cc AP khc. C 3
Mode hot ng chnh ca AP:
Ch gc (Root mode): Root mode c s dng khi AP c kt
ni vi mng backbone c dy thng qua giao din c dy (thng l
Ethernet) ca n. Hu ht cc AP s h tr cc mode khc ngoi root
mode, tuy nhin root mode l cu hnh mc nh. Khi mt AP c kt
ni vi phn on c dy thng qua cng Ethernet ca n, n s c
cu hnh hot ng trong root mode. Khi trong root mode, cc AP
c kt ni vi cng mt h thng phn phi c dy c th ni chuyn
121
c vi nhau thng qua phn on c dy. Cc client khng dy c th

giao tip vi cc client khng dy khc nm trong nhng cell ( t bo,
hay vng ph sng ca AP) khc nhau thng qua AP tng ng m
chng kt ni vo, sau cc AP ny s giao tip vi nhau thng qua
phn on c dy, nh v d trong hnh 3.7
Hnh 3.7. ROOT MODE

Ch cu ni (bridge Mode): Trong Bridge mode, AP hot ng
hon ton ging vi mt cu ni khng dy. AP s tr thnh mt cu ni
khng dy khi c cu hnh theo cch ny. Ch mt s t cc AP trn th
trng c h tr chc nng Bridge, iu ny s lm cho thit b c gi
cao hn ng k. Chng ta s gii thch mt cch ngn gn cu ni
khng dy hot ng nh th no, t hnh 3.7 Client khng kt ni vi
cu ni, nhng thay vo , cu ni c s dng kt ni 2 hoc
nhiu on mng c dy li vi nhau bng kt ni khng dy.
Hnh 3.8. BRIDGE MODE
122
Gio trnh Thit k mng
Ch lp(repeater mode): AP c kh nng cung cp mt ng

kt ni khng dy upstream vo mng c dy thay v mt kt ni c dy
bnh thng. Mt AP hot ng nh l mt root AP v AP cn li hot
ng nh l mt Repeater khng dy. AP trong repeater mode kt ni vi
cc client nh l mt AP v kt ni vi upstream AP nh l mt client.
Hnh 3.9. REPEATER MODE

Cc thit b my khch trong WLAN: L nhng thit b WLAN
c cc my khch s dng kt ni vo WLAN.
3.3.2.1. Card PCI Wireless
L thnh phn ph bin nht trong WLAN. Dng kt ni cc my
khch vo h thng mng khng dy. c cm vo khe PCI trn my
tnh. Loi ny c s dng ph bin cho cc my tnh bn (desktop)
kt ni vo mng khng dy.
Hnh 3.10. Card PCI Wireless

3.3.2.2. Card PCMCIA Wireless
Trc y c s dng trong cc my tnh xch tay (laptop) v cc
thit b h tr c nhn s PDA (Personal Digital Associasion). Hin nay
123
nh s pht trin ca cng ngh nn PCMCIA wireless t c s dng

v my tnh xch tay v PDA, u c tch hp sn Card Wireless
bn trong thit b.
Hnh 3.11. Card PCMCIA Wireless

3.3.2.3. Card USB Wireless
Loi rt c u chung hin nay dnh cho cc thit b kt ni vo
mng khng dy v tnh nng di ng v nh gn. C chc nng tng t
nh Card PCI Wireless, nhng h tr chun cm l USB (Universal
Serial Bus). C th tho lp nhanh chng (khng cn phi cm c nh
nh Card PCI Wireless) v h tr cm khi my tnh ang hot ng.
Hnh 3.12. Card USB Wireless

3.3.3. Cc m hnh WLAN
Mng 802.11 linh hot v thit k, gm 3 m hnh mng sau:
M hnh mng c lp (IBSSs) hay cn gi l mng Ad hoc.
M hnh mng c s (BSSs).
M hnh mng m rng (ESSs).
124
Gio trnh Thit k mng
3.3.3.1. M hnh mng AD HOC (Independent Basic

Service Sets (IBSSs) )
Cc nt di ng (my tnh c h tr card mng khng dy) tp
trung li trong mt khng gian nh hnh thnh nn kt ni ngang cp
(peer-to-peer) gia chng. Cc nt di ng c card mng wireless l
chng c th trao i thng tin trc tip vi nhau, khng cn phi qun
tr mng. V cc mng ad-hoc ny c th thc hin nhanh v d dng nn
chng thng c thit lp m khng cn mt cng c hay k nng c
bit no v vy n rt thch hp s dng trong cc hi ngh thng mi
hoc trong cc nhm lm vic tm thi. Tuy nhin chng c th c
nhng nhc im v vng ph sng b gii hn, mi ngi s dng u
phi nghe c ln nhau.
Hnh 3.13. M hnh mng AD-HOC

3.3.3.2. M hnh mng c s (Basic service sets (BSSs) )
Bao gm cc im truy nhp AP (Access Point) gn vi mng
ng trc hu tuyn v giao tip vi cc thit b di ng trong vng ph
sng ca mt cell. AP ng vai tr iu khin cell v iu khin lu
lng ti mng. Cc thit b di ng khng giao tip trc tip vi nhau
m giao tip vi cc AP. Cc cell c th chng ln ln nhau khong
10-15% cho php cc trm di ng c th di chuyn m khng b mt kt
ni v tuyn v cung cp vng ph sng vi chi ph thp nht. Cc trm
di ng s chn AP tt nht kt ni. Mt im truy nhp nm trung
tm c th iu khin v phn phi truy nhp cho cc nt tranh chp,
cung cp truy nhp ph hp vi mng ng trc, n nh cc a ch v
cc mc u tin, gim st lu lng mng, qun l chuyn i cc gi v
duy tr theo di cu hnh mng. Tuy nhin giao thc a truy nhp tp
trung khng cho php cc nt di ng truyn trc tip ti nt khc nm
125
trong cng vng vi im truy nhp nh trong cu hnh mng WLAN

c lp. Trong trng hp ny, mi gi s phi c pht i hai ln (t
nt pht gc v sau l im truy nhp) trc khi n ti nt ch, qu
trnh ny s lm gim hiu qu truyn dn v tng tr truyn dn.
Hnh 3.14. M hnh mng c s

3.3.3.3. M hnh mng m rng (Extended Service Set (ESSs))
Mng 802.11 m rng phm vi di ng ti mt phm vi bt k thng
qua ESS. Mt ESSs l mt tp hp cc BSSs ni m cc Access Point
giao tip vi nhau chuyn lu lng t mt BSS ny n mt BSS
khc lm cho vic di chuyn d dng ca cc trm gia cc BSS,
Access Point thc hin vic giao tip thng qua h thng phn phi. H
thng phn phi l mt lp mng trong mi Access Point m n xc nh
ch n cho mt lu lng c nhn t mt BSS. H thng phn phi
c tip sng tr li mt ch trong cng mt BSS, chuyn tip trn h
thng phn phi ti mt Access Point khc, hoc gi ti mt mng c
dy ti ch khng nm trong ESS. Cc thng tin nhn bi Access Point
t h thng phn phi c truyn ti BSS s c nhn bi trm ch.
Hnh III.15. M hnh mng m rng
Gio trnh Thit k mng
126
3.4. PHNG PHP THIT K V LP T WLAN

Trong qu trin khai mng khng dy, vic xc nh v tr v lp t
Wireless Access Point l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng quyt nh
n tc v s n nh ca mng. N khng ging nh chng ta trin
khai mt mng LAN thng thng v cng ngh khng dy truyn tn
hiu da trn s truyn pht tn hiu radio. Mt khc tn hiu radio l loi
tn hiu c th b cn tr, phn hi, b chn hoc b nhiu bi cc vt cn
nh tng, trn nh, l vi sng , vic ny lm cho qu trnh kt ni b
gin on khi ngi s dng di chuyn trong phm v ph sng ca
mng. Qua phn ny, chng ta c th nm bt s qua cc yu t nh
hng n qu trnh truyn thng trong mng khng dy v t tm ra
phng thc trin khai lp t WLAN mt cch tt nht.
3.4.1. Xem xt trc khi thit k
3.4.1.1. Cc yu cu v Access Point
Xc nh cc yu cu cn thit cho cc Access Point trc khi chng
ta quyt nh mua v lp t n vo h thng.
IEEE 802.1X v RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In
User Service)
an ton cho truyn thng khng dy cho cc t chc v cc
nh cung cp dch v khng dy cng cng th Access Point cn
phi h tr chun IEEE 802.1X cho chng thc kt ni khng s
dng cc RADIUS server.
i vi cc Access Point s dng trong vn phng nh hoc gia
nh th c th khng cn h tr 8020.1X v RADIUS.
WPA (Wi-Fi Protect Access)
cung cp mc bo mt cao trong vic m ha v ton vn d
liu v thay th cho m ha WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
tr ln yu km, cc Access Point cn phi h tr chun WPA mi.
i vi cc vn phng nh v gia nh, WPA cng cung cp mt
phng php chng thc an ton hn m khng yu cu mt
RADIUS server.
127
802.11a, b, g, n: Ty thuc vo ngn sch cung cp cho vic lp t

mng m chng ta c th s dng cc Access Point c tc khc, c th
cn Access Point h tr 802.11b (ti a 11 Mbit/s) c gi thp hay cc
Access Point h tr chun 802.11a (ti a 54) c gi cao hn, 802.11g
(ti a 54 Mbit/s), 802.11n (ti a 300 Mbit/s) hoc s dng kt hp cc
chun trn.
Cu hnh trc v cu hnh t xa cc cho cc Access Point
Vic cu Access Point trc khi lp t chng gip tng tc ca
qu trnh trin khai v tit kim sc lao ng. Chng ta c th cu
hnh trc cc Access Point bng cch s dng cng giao tip,
Telnet hoc Web server c tch hp trong Access Point.
Nu chng ta khng thc hin cu hnh trc cc Access Point th
ch t chng ta cng phi chc chn rng chng c th cu hnh t
xa bng cng c ca nh cung cp, v nu khi lp t xong m
chng ta khng truy nhp t xa cu hnh chng th iu
thc s l mt thm ha.
Cc kiu ng-ten
Chng ta cn phi tm hiu xem Access Point c h tr nhiu
loi antena khc nhau hay khng? V d, trong mt ta nh nhiu
tng, mt Access Point vi ng-ten ng hng truyn pht tn hiu
nh nhau theo tt c cc phng hng tr phng thng ng c
th lm vic tt nht.
bit c Access Point c h tr nhng loi antena no th cn
xem hng dn i km Access Point.
3.4.1.2. Tch knh
Nu chng ta cu hnh hot ng Access Point mt knh c th th
card mng khng dy s t ng cu hnh chnh n theo knh ca Access
Point vi tn hiu mnh nht. Do vy, gim bt giao thoa gia cc
Access Point chun, chng ta phi cu hnh cho mi Access Point c
vng ph sng chng ln nhau mt knh ring bit. Trong Access Point
cung cp sn cho chng ta khong 15 knh.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
128
ngn tn hiu t cc Access Point lin k xen vo vi nhau, phi

t s knh ca chng cch nhau t nht l 5 knh. Chng ta c th s
dng mt trong ba knh l 1, 6 hoc 11. Nu khng dng n 3 knh trn
th chng ta phi m bo sao cho khong cch gia cc knh l 5 knh.
V d: 1, 6, 1, 6, 11, 6 l cc s hiu knh
3.4.1.3. Xc nh cc vt cn xung quanh
Vic la chn v tr t Access Point ph thuc vo cu trc ca ta
nh, cc vt cnVic thay i truyn pht tn hiu lm bin dng vng
th tch phm vi l tng qua vic ngn chn, phn hi v suy gim tn s
radio (gim cng tn hiu) c th nh hng n cch chng ta trin
khai Access Point. Cc vt kim loi trong 1 ta nh hoc c dng trong
xy dng ca mt ta nh c th nh hng n tn hiu khng dy.
X nh.
Cp thang my.
Thp trong b tng.
Cc ng thng gi, iu ha nhit v iu ha khng kh.
Dy li thch cao hoc va trn tng.
Tng cha kim loi, cc khi x than, b tng.
Bn kim loi, b c, hoc cc loi thit b kim loi ln khc.
3.4.1.4. Xc nh cc ngun giao thoa
Bt c thit b no hot ng trn cc tn s ging nh cc thit b
mng khng dy ca chng ta (trong bng S di tn ISM hot ng trong
di tn s t 2.4GHz n 2.5GHz, hoc bng C hot ng trong di tn
s t 5.725GHz n 5.875GHz) u c th b nhiu tn hiu. Cc ngun
giao thoa cng lm bin dng mt vng th tch phm vi l tng ca
Access Point. V vy ta cn la chn v tr t Access Point cch xa cc
ngun giao thoa ny.
Cc thit b hot ng trong bng C di tn ISM bao gm:
Cc thit b cho php dng bluetooth
L vi sng
129
Phone 2.4GHz
Camera khng dy
Cc thit b y hc
ng c thang my
3.4.1.5. Xc nh s lng Access Point

xc nh s Access Point trin khai, hy theo cc nguyn tc
ch dn sau:
Phi c Access Point m bo nhng ngi dng khng dy
c cng tn hiu t bt c u trong vng th tch phm vi. Cc
Access Point in hnh s dng ng-ten ng hng pht ra 1 vng tn
hiu hnh trn phng thng ng lan truyn gia cc tng ca ta nh.
in hnh, Access Point c phm vi trong nh trong vng bn knh 200
foot (i ra n v mt). Phi c Access Point m bo rng tn
hiu chng ln nhau gia cc Access Point.
Xc nh s lng ln nht nhng ngi dng khng dy cng lc
trn mt vng phm vi.
nh gi lu lng d liu m trung bnh ngi dng khng dy
thng yu cu. Nu cn th tng thm s Access Point, iu s:
Ci thin kh nng bng thng mng my khch khng dy.
Tng s lng ngi dng khng dy c h tr trong vng
phm vi.
Da trn ton b lu lng d liu ca tt c ngi dng, xc nh
s ngi dng m chng ta c th kt ni h ti mt Access Point. Hy
hiu bit r v lu lng trc khi trin khai hoc thay i mng. Vi
nh cung cp khng dy cung cp mt cng c m phng chun 802.11
m chng ta c th s dng lm mu s lu chuyn trong mng v
xem mc lu lng di nhiu iu kin.
Hy m bo s d tha trong trng hp mt Access Point b li.
3.4.2. Trin khai Access Point
iu quan trng trong vic trin khai lp t Access Point l lp t
cc Access Point sao cho phi gn nhau cung cp phm vi rng
Gio trnh Thit k mng
130
nhng phi xa cc Access Point khng gy nhiu ln nhau. Khong

cch thc t gia hai Access Point bt k ph thuc vo s kt hp ca
kiu Access Point (kiu ng-ten ca Access Point v cu trc xy dng
ca ta nh) cng nh cc ngun lm gim, chn v phn hi tn hiu.
Chng ta nn c gng gi t l trung bnh tt nht gia cc my trm
ti Access Point, tc l khng mt Access Point phc v qu nhiu my
trm cn mt Access Point li phc v mt vi my trm v lng trung
bnh ngi dng kt ni ti mt Access Point cng ln th hiu qu truyn
d liu cng thp. Qu nhiu my khch s dng cng mt Access Point
s lm gim lu lng mng, hiu qu v bng thng cho mi my khch.
Bng cch tng thm s Access Point gip tng thm lu lng v
gim ti cho mng. tng thm s Access Point t l vi s my khch
th cn phi tng s Access Point trong mt vng th tch phm vi cho.
trin khai Access Point ca chng ta, hy lm theo cc bc sau:
Phn tch v tr cc Access Point da trn s ta nh.

Lp t tm thi cc Access Point.
Phn tch cng tn hiu trn tt c cc vng.
Ti nh v cc Access Point.
Xc nh vng th tch phm vi.
Cp nht cc bn v kin trc ca mng i chiu s lng v v
tr cui cng ca cc Access Point.
3.4.2.1. Phn tch cc v tr t Access Point

V phc tho kin trc cho mi tng ca ta nh. Trn bn v cho
mi tng, xc nh cc vn phng, cc phng hi ngh, hnh lang hoc
cc ni khc m chng ta mun cung cp truy nhp khng dy.
Trn bn k hoch hy ghi r cc thit b gy nhiu v nh du cc
vt liu xy dng ta nh hoc cc vt c th lm gim, phn hi hoc
chn cc tn hiu khng dy. Sau ch r v tr cc Access Point m mi
Access Point cch Access Point lin k khng qu 60m.
Sau khi xc nh cc v tr ca cc Access Point, chng ta phi xc
nh cc knh ca chng sau gn s hiu knh cho mi Access Point.
131
Xc nh xem c mng khng dy no gn khng xc nh

s hiu knh v ni t Access Point ca h. iu gip ta
trin khai cc Access Point ca mnh m khng s b nhiu do
trng knh.
Cc Access Point t gn nhau trn cc tng khc nhau phi c
gn cc sao cho cc knh ca chng khng b chng ln nhau.
Sau khi xc nh vng th tch khng gian chng ln nhau trong
v ngoi mng, hy gn cc s hiu knh cho cc Access Point.
3.4.2.2. Lp t tm thi cc Access Point
Lp t da vo cc v tr, cc cu hnh knh c ghi trong bn
k hoch v cc phn tch c bn v v tr ca cc Access Point.
3.4.2.3. Kho st v tr
Ta c th thc hin kho st v tr bng cch i quanh ta nh v cc
tng ca n vi mt chic laptop h tr 802.11 v phn mm kho st v
tr. Xc nh cng tn hiu v tc truyn ca vng th tch phm
vi cho mi Access Point c ci t.
3.4.2.4. Ti nh v cc Access Point
Ti nhng v tr c cng tn hiu yu, chng ta c th thc hin
nhng iu chnh sau y ci thin tn hiu.
t c nh cc Access Point c ci t tm lm tng
cng tn hiu cho vng th tch phm vi .
t li hoc loi b cc thit b gy nhiu (bluetooth, l vi sng,
).
t li hoc loi b cc vt kim loi gy nhiu (t h s, cc thit
b hoc dng c,).
Thm nhiu Access Point hn b cho cng tn hiu yu.
(Nu thm Access Point, c th chng ta phi thay i s hiu knh
ca cc Access Point lin k nhau).
Mua cc ng-ten ph hp vi cc yu cu c s h tng ca ta
nh. V d loi b giao thoa gia cc Access Point t trn cc
tng gn nhau trong ta nh, chng ta c th mua cc ng-ten nh
hng tng phm vi nm ngang v gim phm vi thng ng.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
132
3.4.2.5. Xc minh vng th tch phm vi

Kho st cc v tr khc gip loi tr cc v tr c cng tn
hiu yu.
3.4.2.6. Cp nht k hoch
Cp nht cc bn v kin trc i chiu s lng v v tr cui
cng ca cc Access Point. Ch r ranh gii vng th tch phm vi cho
mi Access Point ni tc truyn d liu thay i.
Nhng nguy c bo mt trong WLAN bao gm:
Cc thit b c th kt ni ti nhng Access Point ang
broadcast SSID.
Hacker s c gng tm kim cc phng thc m ho ang c
s dng trong qu trnh truyn thng tin trn mng, sau c
phng thc gii m ring v ly cc thng tin nhy cm.
Ngi dng s dng Access Point ti gia nh s khng m bo
tnh bo mt nh khi s dng ti doanh nghip.
bo mt mng WLAN, ta cn thc hin qua cc bc:
Authentication Encryption IDS & IPS.
Ch c nhng ngi dng c xc thc mi c kh nng truy
nhp vo mng thng qua cc Access Point.
Cc phng thc m ho c p dng trong qu trnh truyn
cc thng tin quan trng.
Bo mt cc thng tin v cnh bo nguy c bo mt bng h
thng IDS (Intrusion Detection System) v IPS (Intrusion
Prevention System). Xc thc v bo mt d liu bng cch m
ho thng tin truyn trn mng. IDS nh mt thit b gim st
mng Wireless v mng Wired tm kim v cnh bo khi c
cc du hiu tn cng.
3.4.3. Cc phn mm h tr
Ekahau 2.1: Kho st mng WLAN.
Sniffer Wireless: Phn mm bt gi tin ging Wireshark (Ethereal).
133
Network Stumbler: L mt cng c rt ph bin v hu dng cho

chng ta khi mun d tm sng Wireless v cc thng tin c bn ca mt
mng Wireless (y cng l cng c m nhng k tn cng dng bt
ly nhng thng tin c bn ca mng trc khi tn cng). NetStumbler s
d tm cc thng s nh MAC, SSID, Channel, Type, Encryption.
SMAC 2.0: L chng trnh h tr cho chng ta thay i a ch
MAC (a ch vt l do nh sn xut thit lp sn trn card mng). Thng
thng v nguyn tc l a ch ny l c nh v l duy nht, nhng
chng trnh s cho php bn thay i gi tr a ch ny (thng thng
cc k tn cng lm nh vy c th mo danh truy nhp vo AP, mo
danh l User ca mng, ).
ManageEngine Wifi Manager: L phn mm cung cp cc gii php
qun l v bo mt. Pht hin Access Point gi mo, cho bit cc thng
tin cu hnh Access Point trong vic gim st mng.
Airsnort, Kismet ...
Kt lun: Trc khi trin khai Access Point, chng ta hy xem xt
cc yu cu v Access Point, vic tch knh, cc thay i truyn pht tn
hiu, cc ngun giao thoa (ngun gy nhiu), s lng Access Point cn
thit tng ng vi phm vi khng dy, bng thng, v cc yu cu d tr.
trin khai Access Point, hy c lng cc v tr Access Point da
trn s ta nh v cc kin thc v s thay i truyn pht tn hiu v
cc ngun giao thoa (ngun nhiu). Ci t cc Access Point ti cc v tr
tm v thc hin kho st v tr (lu cc vng b thiu phm vi). Thay i
v tr cc Access Point, cc thay i truyn pht tn hiu hoc cc ngun
giao thoa v xc minh phm vi bng cch thc hin kho st v tr b sung.
Sau khi xc nh cc v tr cui cng ca cc Access Point.
3.5. BO MT WLAN
3.5.1. Ti sao phi bo mt WLAN?
kt ni ti mt mng LAN hu tuyn ta cn phi truy nhp theo
ng truyn bng dy cp, phi kt ni mt PC vo mt cng mng.
Vi mng khng dy ta ch cn c my ca ta trong vng sng bao ph
134
Gio trnh Thit k mng
ca mng khng dy. iu khin cho mng c dy l n gin: ng

truyn bng cp thng thng c i trong cc ta nh cao tng v cc
port khng s dng c th lm cho n disable bng cc ng dng qun
l. Cc mng khng dy (hay v tuyn) s dng sng v tuyn xuyn
qua vt liu ca cc ta nh v nh vy s bao ph l khng gii hn
bn trong mt ta nh. Sng v tuyn c th xut hin trn ng ph, t
cc trm pht t cc mng LAN ny, v nh vy ai c th truy nhp
nh thit b thch hp. Do mng khng dy ca mt cng ty cng c
th b truy nhp t bn ngoi ta nh cng ty ca h.
Vi gi thnh xy dng mt h thng mng WLAN gim, ngy cng
c nhiu cng ty s dng. iu ny s khng th trnh khi vic Hacker
chuyn sang tn cng v khai thc cc im yu trn nn tng mng s
dng chun 802.11. Nhng cng c Sniffers cho php tm c cc gi
tin giao tip trn mng, h c th phn tch v ly i nhng thng tin
quan trng ca chng ta.
Hnh 3.16. Truy nhp tri php mng khng dy

Nhng nguy c bo mt trong WLAN bao gm:
Cc thit b c th kt ni ti nhng Access Point ang
broadcast SSID.
135
Hacker s c gng tm kim cc phng thc m ho ang c

s dng trong qu trnh truyn thng tin trn mng, sau c
phng thc gii m ring v ly cc thng tin nhy cm.
Ngi dng s dng Access Point ti gia nh s khng m bo
tnh bo mt nh khi s dng ti doanh nghip.
bo mt mng WLAN, ta cn thc hin qua cc bc:
Authentication Encryption IDS & IPS.
Ch c nhng ngi dng c xc thc mi c kh nng truy
nhp vo mng thng qua cc Access Point.
Cc phng thc m ho c p dng trong qu trnh truyn
cc thng tin quan trng.
Bo mt cc thng tin v cnh bo nguy c bo mt bng h
thng IDS (Intrusion Detection System) v IPS (Intrusion
Prevention System). Xc thc v bo mt d liu bng cch m
ho thng tin truyn trn mng. IDS nh mt thit b gim st
mng Wireless v mng Wired tm kim v cnh bo khi c
cc du hiu tn cng.
3.5.2. WEP
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) c ngha l bo mt khng dy
tng ng vi c dy. Thc ra, WEP a c xc thc ngi dng
v m bo an ton d liu vo cng mt phng thc khng an ton.
WEP s dng mt kho m ho khng thay i c di 64 bit hoc
128 bit, (nhng tr i 24 bit s dng cho vector khi to kho m ho,
nn di kho ch cn 40 bit hoc 104 bit) c s dng xc thc
cc thit b c php truy nhp vo trong mng v cng c s dng
m ho truyn d liu.
Rt n gin, cc kho m ho ny d dng b "b gy" bi thut
ton brute-force v kiu tn cng th li (trial-and-error). Cc phn mm
min ph nh Airsnort hoc WEPCrack s cho php hacker c th ph v
kho m ho nu h thu thp t 5 n 10 triu gi tin trn mt mng
khng dy. Vi nhng kho m ho 128 bit cng khng kh hn: 24 bit
cho khi to m ho nn ch c 104 bit c s dng m ho, v cch
136
Gio trnh Thit k mng
thc cng ging nh m ho c di 64 bit nn m ho 128 bit cng d

dng b b kho. Ngoi ra, nhng im yu trong nhng vector khi to
kho m ho gip cho hacker c th tm ra mt khu nhanh hn vi t gi
thng tin hn rt nhiu.
Khng d on c nhng li trong kho m ho, WEP c th
c to ra cch bo mt mnh m hn nu s dng mt giao thc xc
thc m cung cp mi kho m ho mi cho mi phin lm vic. Kho
m ho s thay i trn mi phin lm vic. iu ny s gy kh khn
hn cho hacker thu thp cc gi d liu cn thit c th b gy
kho bo mt.
3.5.3. WLAN VPN
Mng ring o VPN bo v mng WLAN bng cch to ra mt knh
che chn d liu khi cc truy nhp tri php. VPN to ra mt tin cy cao
thng qua vic s dng mt c ch bo mt nh IPSec (Internet Protocol
Security). IPSec dng cc thut ton mnh nh Data Encryption Standard
(DES) v Triple DES (3DES) m ha d liu v dng cc thut ton
khc xc thc gi d liu. IPSec cng s dng th xc nhn s xc
nhn kha m (public key). Khi c s dng trn mng WLAN, cng
kt ni ca VPN m nhn vic xc thc, ng gi v m ha.
Hnh 3.17. M hnh WLAN VPN
137
3.5.4. TKIP
TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) l gii php ca IEEE c
pht trin nm 2004. L mt nng cp cho WEP nhm v nhng vn
bo mt trong ci t m dng RC4 trong WEP. TKIP dng hm bm
(hashing) IV chng li vic gi mo gi tin, n cng cung cp phng
thc kim tra tnh ton vn ca thng ip MIC (Message Integrity
Check) m bo tnh chnh xc ca gi tin. TKIP s dng kha ng
bng cch t cho mi frame mt chui s ring chng li dng tn
cng gi mo.
3.5.5. AES
Trong mt m hc, AES (Advanced Encryption Standard - Tiu
chun m ha tin tin) l mt thut ton m ha khi c chnh ph
Hoa k p dng lm tiu chun m ha. Ging nh tiu chun tin nhim
DES, AES c k vng p dng trn phm vi th gii v c
nghin cu rt k lng. AES c chp thun lm tiu chun lin bang
bi Vin tiu chun v cng ngh quc gia Hoa K (NIST) sau mt qu
trnh tiu chun ha ko di 5 nm.
Thut ton c thit k bi hai nh mt m hc ngi B: Joan
Daemen v Vincent Rijmen (ly tn chung l "Rijndael" khi tham gia
cuc thi thit k AES). Rijndael c pht m l "Rhine dahl" theo phin
m quc t (IPA: [aindal]).
3.5.6. 802.1X v EAP
802.1x l chun c t cho vic truy nhp da trn cng (port-based)
c nh ngha bi IEEE. Hot ng trn c mi trng c dy truyn
thng v khng dy. Vic iu khin truy nhp c thc hin bng
cch: Khi mt ngi dng c gng kt ni vo h thng mng, kt ni
ca ngi dng s c t trng thi b chn (blocking) v ch cho
vic kim tra nh danh ngi dng hon tt.
138
Gio trnh Thit k mng
Hnh 3.18. M hnh hot ng xc thc 802.1x

EAP l phng thc xc thc bao gm yu cu nh danh ngi
dng (password, cetificate,), giao thc c s dng (MD5,
TLS_Transport Layer Security, OTP_ One Time Password,) h tr t
ng sinh kha v xc thc ln nhau.
Qu trnh chng thc 802.1x-EAP nh sau: Wireless client mun
lin kt vi mt AP trong mng.
1. AP s chn li tt c cc thng tin ca client cho ti khi client log
on vo mng, khi Client yu cu lin kt ti AP
2. AP p li yu cu lin kt vi mt yu cu nhn dng EAP
3. Client gi p li yu cu nhn dng EAP cho AP
4. Thng tin p li yu cu nhn dng EAP ca client c chuyn
ti Server chng thc
5. Server chng thc gi mt yu cu cho php ti AP
6. AP chuyn yu cu cho php ti client
7. Client gi tr li s cp php EAP ti AP
8. AP chuyn s tr li ti Server chng thc
9. Server chng thc gi mt thng bo thnh cng EAP ti AP
10. AP chuyn thng bo thnh cng ti client v t cng ca client
trong ch forward.
139
3.5.7. WPA
WEP c xy dng bo v mt mng khng dy trnh b nghe
trm. Nhng nhanh chng sau ngi ta pht hin ra nhiu l hng
cng ngh ny. Do , cng ngh mi c tn gi WPA (Wi-Fi Protected
Access) ra i, khc phc c nhiu nhc im ca WEP.
Trong nhng ci tin quan trng nht ca WPA l s dng hm thay
i kho TKIP. WPA cng s dng thut ton RC4 nh WEP, nhng m
ho y 128 bit. V mt c im khc l WPA thay i kho cho
mi gi tin. Cc cng c thu thp cc gi tin ph kho m ho u
khng th thc hin c vi WPA. Bi WPA thay i kho lin tc nn
hacker khng bao gi thu thp d liu mu tm ra mt khu.
Khng nhng th, WPA cn bao gm kim tra tnh ton vn ca
thng tin (Message Integrity Check). V vy, d liu khng th b thay
i trong khi ang trn ng truyn. WPA c sn 2 la chn: WPA
Personal v WPA Enterprise. C 2 la chn u s dng giao thc TKIP,
v s khc bit ch l kho khi to m ha lc u. WPA Personal thch
hp cho gia nh v mng vn phng nh, kho khi to s c s dng
ti cc im truy nhp v thit b my trm. Trong khi , WPA cho
doanh nghip cn mt my ch xc thc v 802.1x cung cp cc kho
khi to cho mi phin lm vic.
Lu : C mt l hng trong WPA v li ny ch xy ra vi WPA
Personal. Khi m s dng hm thay i kho TKIP c s dng to
ra cc kho m ho b pht hin, nu hacker c th on c kho khi
to hoc mt phn ca mt khu, h c th xc nh c ton b mt
khu, do c th gii m c d liu. Tuy nhin, l hng ny cng s
b loi b bng cch s dng nhng kho khi to khng d on (ng
s dng nhng t nh "P@SSWORD" lm mt khu).
iu ny cng c ngha rng k thut TKIP ca WPA ch l gii
php tm thi, cha cung cp mt phng thc bo mt cao nht. WPA
ch thch hp vi nhng cng ty m khng truyn d liu "mt" v nhng
thng mi, hay cc thng tin nhy cm... WPA cng thch hp vi
nhng hot ng hng ngy v mang tnh th nghim cng ngh.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
140
3.5.8. WPA2
Mt gii php v lu di l s dng 802.11i tng ng vi
WPA2, c chng nhn bi Wi-Fi Alliance. Chun ny s dng thut
ton m ho mnh m v c gi l Chun m ho nng cao AES. AES
s dng thut ton m ho i xng theo khi Rijndael, s dng khi m
ho 128 bit, v 192 bit hoc 256 bit. nh gi chun m ho ny, Vin
nghin cu quc gia v Chun v Cng ngh ca M, NIST (National
Institute of Standards and Technology), thng qua thut ton m i
xng ny.
Lu : Chun m ho ny c s dng cho cc c quan chnh ph
M bo v cc thng tin nhy cm.
Trong khi AES c xem nh l bo mt tt hn rt nhiu so vi WEP
128 bit hoc 168 bit DES (Digital Encryption Standard). m bo v mt
hiu nng, qu trnh m ho cn c thc hin trong cc thit b phn cng
nh tch hp vo chip. Tuy nhin, rt t ngi s dng mng khng dy
quan tm ti vn ny. Hn na, hu ht cc thit b cm tay Wi-Fi v
my qut m vch u khng tng thch vi chun 802.11i.
3.5.9. Lc (Filtering)
Lc l c ch bo mt c bn c th s dng cng vi WEP. Lc
hot ng ging nh Access list trn router, cm nhng ci khng mong
mun v cho php nhng ci mong mun. C 3 kiu lc c bn c th
c s dng trong wireless lan:
Lc SSID
Lc a ch MAC
Lc giao thc
3.5.9.1. Lc SSID
Lc SSID l mt phng thc c bn ca lc v ch nn c s
dng cho vic iu khin truy nhp c bn.
SSID ca client phi khp vi SSID ca AP c th xc thc v
kt ni vi tp dch v. SSID c qung b m khng c m ha
141
trong cc Beacon nn rt d b pht hin bng cch s dng cc phn

mm. Mt s sai lm m ngi s dng WLAN mc phi trong vic
qun l SSID gm:
S dng gi tr SSID mc nh to iu kin cho hacker d tm
a ch MAC ca AP.
S dng SSID c lin quan n cng ty.
S dng SSID nh l phng thc bo mt ca cng ty.
Qung b SSID mt cch khng cn thit.
3.5.9.2. Lc a ch MAC
Hu ht cc AP u c chc nng lc a ch MAC. Ngi qun tr
c th xy dng danh sch cc a ch MAC c cho php.
Nu client c a ch MAC khng nm trong danh sch lc a ch MAC
ca AP th AP s ngn chn khng cho php client kt ni vo mng.
Nu cng ty c nhiu client th c th xy dng my ch RADIUS
c chc nng lc a ch MAC thay v AP. Cu hnh lc a ch MAC l
gii php bo mt c tnh m rng cao.
3.5.9.3. Lc giao thc
Mng Lan khng dy c th lc cc gi i qua mng da trn cc
giao thc t lp 2 n lp 7. Trong nhiu trng hp ngi qun tr nn
ci t lc giao thc trong mi trng dng chung, v d trong trng
hp sau:
Hnh 3.19. Tin trnh xc thc MAC
Gio trnh Thit k mng
142
C mt nhm cu ni khng dy c t trn mt Remote

building trong mt mng WLAN ca mt trng i hc m kt
ni li ti AP ca ta nh k thut trung tm.
V tt c nhng ngi s dng trong remote building chia s bng
thng 5Mbit/s gia nhng ta nh ny, nn mt s lng ng k
cc iu khin trn cc s dng ny phi c thc hin.
Nu cc kt ni ny c ci t vi mc ch c bit ca s
truy nhp Internet ca ngi s dng, th b lc giao thc s loi
tr tt c cc giao thc, ngoi tr HTTP, SMTP, HTTPS, FTP
Hnh 3.20. Lc giao thc

3.5.10. Kt lun
Cho cc im truy nhp t ng (hotspots), vic m ho khng cn
thit, ch cn ngi dng xc thc m thi.
Vi ngi dng s dng mng WLAN cho gia nh, mt phng thc
bo mt vi WPA passphare hay kha chia s (preshared key) c khuyn
co s dng.
Vi gii php doanh nghip, ti u qu trnh bo mt vi 802.1x
EAP lm phng thc xc thc v TKIP hay AES lm phng thc m
ho. c da theo chun WPA hay WPA2 v 802.11i Security.
143
Bng 3.6. Escalating Security

Open Access
Basic Security
- No encryption
- WPA Passphase
- Basic anthentication
- WEP Encryption
- Public hotspots
- Home use
Enhanced Security
Remote Access
- 802.1x EAP
- Virtual Private
- Mutual Anthentication Network (VPN)
- Business Traveler
- TKIP Encrytion
- WPA/WPA2
- Telecommuter
- 802.11i Security
- Enterprise
Bo mt mng WLAN cng tng t nh bo mt cho cc h

thng mng khc. Bo mt h thng phi c p dng cho
nhiu tng, cc thit b nhn dng pht hin tn cng phi c
trin khai. Gii hn cc quyn truy nhp ti thiu cho nhng
ngi dng cn thit. D liu c chia s v yu cu xc thc
mi cho php truy cp. D liu truyn phi c m ho.
K tn cng c th tn cng mng WLAN khng bo mt bt c
lc no. Bn cn c mt phng n trin khai hp l.
Phi c lng c cc nguy c bo mt v cc mc bo
mt cn thit p dng.
nh gi c ton b cc giao tip qua WLAN v cc phng
thc bo mt cn c p dng.
nh gi c cc cng c v cc la chn khi thit k v trin
khai mng WLAN.
Trong khi s dng VPN Fix qua cc kt ni WLAN c th l mt
tng hay v cng s l mt hng i ng. Nhng s khng thun tin
cng nh gi c v tng lu lng mng cng l ro cn cn vt qua.
S chuyn i sang 802.11i v m ho AES em li kh nng bo mt
cao nht. Nhng cc t chc, c quan vn ang s dng hng nghn
nhng card mng WLAN khng h tr chun ny. Hn na AES khng
h cc thit b cm tay v my qut m vch hoc cc thit b khc...
l nhng gii hn khi la chn 802.11i. S chuyn hng sang WPA vn
Gio trnh Thit k mng
144
cn l nhng th thch. Mc d, vn cn nhng l hng v bo mt v c

th nhng l hng mi s c pht hin. Nhng ti thi im ny, WPA
l la chn tt.
3.6. BI TON THC T
y l bi ton thit k v xy dng mt kt ni, ni hai mng cc
b li vi nhau v ti mt im u c ph sng khng dy phc v
cc nhu cu truy nhp Internet ca cc Wireless Client ti khu vc u
cu ny. S dng cc cng ngh v thit b sn c trn th trng. Bi
ton ny p dng thit lp kt ni h thng mng ti c s X vi tr s Y
ca mt trng i hc. Yu cu bn thit k phi m bo c cc vn
di y khi xy dng mng v a vo s dng:
m bo c vic kt ni thng sut gia hai v tr v gia cc
Wireless Client vi mng Internet.
m bo c tc truyn trong mng trong gi bnh thng
v gi cao im, thc hin nhiu cng vic cng lc.
C th nng cp mng da trn c s h tng hin ti. p ng
c nhu cu pht trin ca nhng nm sp n.
m bo cc thit b hot ng vi hiu nng cao.
C cc bin php m ha, bo v thng tin truyn thng trong
mng.
Gi thnh va phi.
D dng nng cp, sa cha bo tr, thay th thit b.
Ch trng tnh tng thch vi cc h thng khc.
3.6.1 Phn tch hin trng
Hin ti hai u cu X v Y c sn h thng mng c dy phc
v, x l tt cc cng vic cc b hai im v c kh nng m rng tt.
m rng kt ni mng theo yu cu trn, chng ta cn phn tch v
lm r mt s thng s. Kt qu ghi nhn nh sau:
Tra (Traffic): S lng cc giao dch phi x l trong mt ngy
khong 200 giao dch. Phc v cc cng vic sau:
145
Cp nht c s d liu np hc ph sinh vin t phng K Hoch

Ti Chnh (KHTC).
Chuyn vn bn v quyt nh gia khoa Xy dng (KXD),
phng KHTC, cc trung tm v phng ban khc vi vn phng
nh trng.
Thc hin copy/paste d liu chia s gia cc my tnh hai ni.
CBH (Concertration Ratio to Busy Hours): tp trung truyn
thng cao im l 1/8 trn tng s gi truyn.
Ti gi cao im c khong 6 truy nhp gia cc my tnh hai
v tr vi nhau. V rt nhiu truy nhp ti ni b mi v tr. Lu
lng ng truyn lc ny trung bnh l 10 Mb.
Gi thp im c di 3 truy nhp vo gia cc my ny. Lu
lng ng truyn trung bnh l 4 Mb.
Khng c s truy nhp no ngoi gi hnh chnh ngoi vic truy
nhp ca ngi qun tr nu c. Do vy, ng truyn khng
dy hon ton rnh khi ht gi hnh chnh. Vic kt ni lc ny
ch cn phc v cho vic qun l. Tuy nhin ta vn m bo kt
ni 24/24h.
i vi vic ph sng Wi-Fi phc v kt ni cho cc Wireless
Client ti khu vc Y. Qua kho st nhn thy:
V kin trc: Khu Y ny c phn lm hai khu con, gm mt ta
nh cao 11 tng vi din tch 13 tng (bao gm hai tng lng) bng nhau
v bng 17x30 m2 v mt khu 7 tng (bao gm hai tng lng) din tch
mt bng theo hnh ch U vi chiu di hnh lang pha mt trong ch U
l 40+15m. cao mi tng tr hai tng lng ra l nh nhau v bng
3.6m (cha tnh sn b tng dy 0.15m), tng chiu cao ca hai tng lng
l 5.2m. Nhn k ta s thy h thng hnh lang hai khu nh thng nhau
v vic b tr cc phng hc, phng lm vic to thnh mt hnh ch U.
Phn b truy cp: Nhn thy nhu cu truy nhp tp trung cao nht l
cc ging ng khu vc tin snh khu Y v hai ni ny mt l b
mt ca trng, thng s dng n tip khch tham quan, lin h
cng tc vi trng v mt l ni thng tp trung ng c hi hp,
146
Gio trnh Thit k mng
hi ngh thng xuyn nn cng vi hai khu ny cn bao gm tng lng

c kin trc thp, tp trung ng ngi, nhu cu kt ni ti hai khu ny
do vy s tng cao so vi cc khu vc khc. Cn ch na l khu vc
tng trt v tng lng tp trung nhiu hot ng c truy nhp Internet
thng xuyn v y l dy cc phng lm vic ca cn b, thng
xuyn tip khch n lm vic v khu vc ny cn c sn rng l ni tp
trung nhiu ngi truy nhp. Khi chn s lng, v tr t thit b ta cn
ch ti c im ny.
C th b tr khng gian hai ton nh ti khu vc ny nh sau:
Hnh 3.21. B tr khng gian ti khu vc

3.6.2. Xc nh cng ngh, kin trc mng
3.6.2.1. Cho kt ni hai mng cc b li vi nhau
Vi nhng yu cu s dng mng nh trn. V khong cch gia
hai ni kh xa cho mt kt ni c dy. Nu dng cp quang th qu tn
km v bt tin, gy lng ph. Cn nu dng cc loi cp khc th khong
cch ng truyn k xa, khng m bo v mt kt ni n nh m li
rt kh cu hnh, nng cp h thng. Da vo nhng phn tch trong phn
147
trc v WLAN (Xem Phn 2), d thy WLAN c rt nhiu u im c

th p dng c y: Kh nng di ng tt, tin cy cao, kh nng
ty bin, lp t d dng, nhanh chng, tc l thuyt t 54 Mbit/s
rt thch hp cho nhu cu ni mng ca ta, ph hp vi yu cu bi ton.
Chng ta i n quyt nh chn kt ni khng dy kt ni h thng
mng hai ni ny li. Vn l ta phi chn cng ngh no trong s
cc cng ngh c trnh by trn. Ta khng th chn mng theo tiu
chun IEEE 802.11b v tc ca mng kh chm, s khng m bo
c yu cu s dng ca mng hin ti. Mng theo chun IEEE 802.11a
th m bo c vn tc nhng cng ngh ny c, t c h
tr, v tn s cao (5GHz) nn kh nng truyn xa ca n khng tt bng
mng theo chun 802.11g. Hin nay gi c cc thit b r hn trc rt
nhiu, v s xut hin thm nhiu chun mi. Ta nn cn nhc khi chn
thit b ca chun (802.11a/802.11b theo http://www.vnmedia.vn). V
vy ta chn thit b kt ni theo chun cho tc truyn d liu ti a.
Mt khc hin nay cng cn rt nhiu thit b s dng kt ni theo chun
802.11 a hoc b, nn khi chn thit b ta chn nhng thit b c kh nng
tng thch ngc, h tr c hai chun ny gia tng tnh tin dng ca
mng phng c s m rng kt ni sau ny vi mt ta nh khc c
thit b theo chun thp hn.
Khong cch gia hai im l 1,5 km, khng vng bt k ta nh
hay chng ngi vt no. Ta s dng hai cu dn khng dy dng ngoi
tri v hai Antenna Yagi truyn thng hng phc v kt ni. Hai cu
dn khng dy ny kt ni trc tip vi nhau theo kin trc Point-toPoint vi mt cu dn c cu hnh hot ng Root-mode v mt cu
dn c cu hnh Non-root mode. Hai cu dn ny c ni vo Uplink
ca mng trc hin c ca mi bn.
3.6.2.2. Cho kt ni khng dy khu vc X
T nhng phn tch trn ta khng th chn kin trc mng khc kin
trc h tng (Infrastructure) phc v vic kt ni ca cc Wireles
Client c. V kt ni no cng yu cu phi m bo: d dng kt ni,
kt ni n nh, t nhiu v tng thch cao. Trn th trng hin nay xu
hng cc thit b kt ni khng dy dng chun 802.11a ngy cng
Gio trnh Thit k mng
148
him, v chun 802.11b cng khng nm ngoi qui lut trn. Cn nhng
m rng ca chun G nh Wireless-G vi SpeedBooster, Wireless-G vi
SRX ca Linksys chng hn th khng phi tt c cc Wireless Client u
tn dng c kh nng ny. V li ta cng nhn mc ch chnh ca cc
Wireless Client truy nhp mng y ch yu l truy nhp Internet chia
s vi tc ti a Vit Nam 2 Mbit/s. Do vy, u t mng khng dy
cho khu vc ny vi nhng chun cho kh nng cao hn 802.11g hin ti
s gy lng ph u t. Ta chn chun 802.11g cho kt ni khng dy vi
tc 54 Mbit/s ti khu vc ny. Cng nh mc trc ta cng nn chn
thit b c kh nng tng thch ngc vi chun 802.11a/802.11b.
3.6.3. Xc nh phn cng
3.6.3.1. Cho kt ni hai mng cc b li vi nhau
p ng cc iu trn ta chn thit b nh sau:
Cisco Aironet 1300 Series Outdoor Wireless Bridge c c im k thut:
Tng thch
Vi cc loi cu dn khng dy 1300 v 350 Series ca

Cisco
Chun khng dy
802.11b hoc 802.11g
Bng tn
T 2.412 n 2.612 GHz
iu bin khng dy
Vi 802.11b:
- Tri ph phn tn trc tip (DSSS - direct sequence spread
spectrum)
+ Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying (DBPSK) at 1
Mbit/s
+ Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK) at
2 Mbit/s
+ Complementary Code Keying (CCK) at 5.5 and 11 Mbit/s
Vi 802.11g
- OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiplexing:
+ BPSK h tr 6 v 9 Mbit/s
+ QPSK h tr 12 v 18 Mbit/s
+ 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) h tr 24 v
36 Mbit/s
+ 64-QAM h tr 48 v 54 Mbit/s
Phng thc truy

nhp ng truyn
CSMA/CA
M ha/Bo mt
WPA/WPA2/Message Integrity Check (MIC)/AES (802.11i)
149
S d ta chn thit b Wireless Bridge (WB) nh trn khng h

tr c chun 802.11a l do vn kinh ph. Chun 802.11a s dng
bng tn 5GHz li thi nhiu so vi chun 802.11b v chun 802.11g
s dng cng bng tn 2.4GHz. Do khc nhau v bng tn truyn dn
nn gi thit b WB h tr c bng tn 5GHz v 2.4 GHz cao rt nhiu so
vi WB h tr 1 bng tn cho hai chun 802.11b/g vy nn trong ti
chn thit b khng tng thch vi chun 802.11a.
Antenna Yagi truyn thng ca Cisco System, Series 1300 AIR
ANT1949 13.5dBi + thit b gi cho Antenna ny. c im nh sau:
Tn gi
ng ten Yagi ngoi tri ca Cisco

AIR ANT1949
Bng tn
2,4 2,83 GHz
khuch i
u ni
Phn cc
13,5 dBi
RP-TNC
Dc
Lp t
Thng ng/ Gn tng
di cp t WB n Antenna
0,6m
Ph thuc gia khong cch v tc truyn ca ng ten Yagi ca

Cisco AIR ANT-1949:
Khong cch
29,49 km
18,01 km
2,27 km
Tc
2 Mbit/s
11 Mbit/s
54 Mbit/s
Ta cn cn chn thm 02 b khuch i khuch i tn hiu trc

khi truyn mi u cu nhm gim suy hao tn hiu trong lc truyn
m bo tc nh trong thit k
3.6.3.2. Cho kt ni khng dy khu vc X
Ti khu vc ny nh phn tch ta s chn thit b lp t ph
sng ton b khu nh vi nhng v tr c bit nu. Theo phn tch
trn th dng ch nht ti khu vc ch U ny l khu gm c phn sn
v hai tng lng, tin snh, ging ng A l khu vc tp trung ng
nht ton trng. Tng din tch cn ph sng khu vc ny l 50x50m2
Gio trnh Thit k mng
150
ti khu vc tin snh v sn cng vi din tch sn tng lng v ging

ng A. V vy ta chn Access Point Aironet 1130 ca Cisco. Da vo
c im ca loi Access Point ny nh sau:
Chun h tr
802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g
Kh nng khng giao thoa
H tr ti a 15 knh khng giao thoa
S lng Cilent kt ni n
253 Client kt ni cng lc (l thuyt)
Antenna tch hp
Uplink
Tng thch 802.3 10/100 BaseT Ethernet
Bng tn h tr
2.4GHz for 802.11a, 5GHz for 802.11b/g
Tun th bo mt
802.11i, WPA/WPA2, WEP with AES, TKIP
Ph thuc gia khong cch v tc truyn l thuyt ca Access

Point Cisco 1130. iu kin mi trng trong nh:
Tc (Mbit/s)
Khong cch (m)

Chun 802.11a
Chun 802.11g
54
24
30
48
45
53
36
60
76
24
69
84
18
76
100
12
84
107
91
114
100
122
5.5
128
134
137
Tc trn l thuyt l vy nhng ta cn lu l trn thc t do s

sp t thit b v cc vt dng khc trong ta nh vn c s lm hn ch
phn no tc v s n nh kt ni ca thit b ni mng. Chng ta s
lp t cc thit b sao cho ti nhng im c khuyn co c nhiu
truy nhp lun m bo tc l thuyt t 54Mbit/s. V nhng vng
cn li s chp nhn tc chm hn vi mc va phi. C th y
151
ta s lp 02 Access Point (AP) phc v tng trt, sn, tin snh v ging
ng A. AP s c t cch mt t 5.2m AP ny s phc v c n
tng 02 ca c hai ta nh vi bo m kt ni. Ta cn cu hnh hai AP
ny hot ng hai knh khc nhau trnh giao thoa v ti mt im
bt k ca khu ny c 02 sng pht ra t 02 AP khc nhau. Nh vy ta
lp theo m hnh ny s tn dng c kh nng ca mi AP v gia tng
lu lng kt ni ln gp i, gnh vc kt ni cho nhau khi mt trong
hai AP b qu ti. Ti tng 06 ca ta nh pha X ta lp thm mt AP
na. AP ny s phc v c cc kt ni ca phn cn li trong ta nh
ny v cc tng trn ca ta nh pha X. Lu : Khi lp hon thnh cc
AP ny ta cn dng cc cng c kim tra tn s kt ni m bo cht
lng tn hiu v khng phi thc hin cc bin php bo mt, quyn
truy nhp hin c trn AP m bo tt c cc Wireless Client nhng
khu vc u truy nhp c vo mng v s dung Internet chia s.
Ngoi ra cn c mt s thit b ph tr khc i km cc thit b c
bn trn phi c cc thit b ny c th vn hnh c: B cp ngun
qua Ethernet, Adapter ri km theo AP, c gi Antenna, cp Antenna,
u ni
3.6.4. Thit k chi tit kt ni WLAN
3.6.4.1. S phn b thit b ti im X
Hnh 3.22. S phn b thit b
Gio trnh Thit k mng
152
3.6.4.2. S phn b thit b ti im X
Hnh 3.23. S phn b thit b

3.6.4.3. S phn b Access Point ti X
Hnh 2.24. S phn b Access Point

3.6.4.4. S m phng kt ni khng dy tng th ton h thng
Hnh 3.25. S phn b Access Point
153
Gio trnh Thit k mng
154
3.6.5. S v tr lp t Access Point chia s Internet

Tng trt:
Tng 6:
Hnh 3.26. S kt ni khng dy tng th ton h thng
155
Lu : V tr t cc Access Point ny c th c dch chuyn qua

li ty theo v tr m ti cht lng ph sng ca Access point l
cao nht.
3.6.6. Thc thi mng WLAN
3.6.6.1. nh cu hnh hot ng cho cc thit b
Da vo cc kh nng v cu hnh chn la v mc ch s dng
ca mng ta thc hin cu hnh mng hot ng theo yu cu sau:
Vi kt ni gia hai im s dng Wireess Bridge (WB) ta cu hnh
theo kin trc Infrastructure. WB ti im Y ta cu hnh theo ch
Non-Root. Ngoi ra cn ch cc thng s: SSID, knh truyn, tn im
kt ni, gn i ch IP tnh cho thit b, chn cng sut pht, Subnet
Mask, Gateway IP, DNS Server IP Ti im X cng cu hnh tng
t, khc nhau v SSID, tn im ngoi ra WB ti y ta phi cu hnh
theo ch Root-mode Bridge giao tip c vi im Y.
Vi cu hnh chia s mng Internet ti im X ta cng cu hnh tng
t nh cu hnh WB. Tuy nhin, ch y l Acces Point Mode v v
ti y chia s kt ni cho tt c cc i tng s dng ti khu vc nn ta
cu hnh cho php AP cp pht IP ng cho Wireless Client.
3.6.6.2. Ci t cc la chn bo mt trn mng
Ti hai im ny rt ch trng bo mng v vy ta cm tt c cc kt
ni khc n h thng dng a ch MAC, ch cho php kt ni t/n a
ch MAC ca im X. Cung cp kha WEP m ha d liu, ng s
dng chun xc thc 802.1x, v WPA.
Ti kt ni chia s Internet vi l do cho php tt c cc kt ni n
nn ta khng thit t bt k hn ch kt ni no, mi Wireless Client
u c th kt ni vo mng v dng Internet c.
Lu : V cc thit b trn hot ng trn bng tn 24.12 GHz n
2.612 GHz l di tn bt buc phi ng k hot ng (theo Ngh nh s
24/2004/N-CP ngy 14/01/2004 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit thi
hnh mt s iu ca Php lnh Bu chnh, Vin thng v tn s v
Gio trnh Thit k mng
156
tuyn in) nn khi lp t a vo s dng ta phi ng k s dng tn

s vi Cc qun l tn s m khng b chim dng, gy nhiu ng
truyn.
3.7. BI TP NG DNG
Mc tiu: Rn luyn k nng thc hnh m phng thit k WLAN
trn Packet tracer.
Yu cu:Sinh vin cn chun b l thuyt v cc chun IEEE
802.11i, IEEE 802.1x. S dng phn mm Packet Tracer v5.3, hy thit
k mt mng WLAN nh sau:
Hnh 3.27. Cu hnh bo mt WEP, WPA-Enterprise, WPA-PSK,

WPA-Enterprise, WPA2-PSK.
3.8. CU HI N TP
Cu 1: Cc chun mng WLAN no c s dng ph bin nht Vit
Nam? Cho v d v trnh by c im?
Cu 2: Trnh by qu trnh chng thc 802.1x EAP.
Cu 3: Theo bn th hin nay gii php bo mt no dnh cho WLAN l
tt nht? To sao?
Cu 4: Theo bn th gii php bo mt no l tt nht trin khai cho
mng khng dy trong gia nh v cc doanh nghip nh?
Chng 4
THIT K MNG DIN RNG
Gii thiu cc c trng k thut c bn v mng din rng WAN,

cc cng ngh kt ni WAN v phng php thit k WAN. Cui chng
l bi tp ng dng v bi tp tng hp v thit k mng WAN.
4.1. GII THIU WAN
Mng din rng (Wide Area Network - WAN) l mng kt ni nhiu
my tnh, nhiu mng LAN, mng MAN trong phm vi mt quc gia hay
nhiu quc gia trong mt chu lc. Mng WAN ln nht v in hnh
nht chnh l mng Internet.
WAN l mt mng truyn d liu tri di trn mt khu vc a l
rng ln v thng s dng cc phng tin v dch v ca cc nh cung
cp nh cc cng ty in thai.
Cng ngh WAN thng nm 3 lp di ca m hnh OSI: Lp
vt l, lp lin kt d liu v lp mng (Network Layer).
Gio trnh Thit k mng
158
WAN Specification
X.21
SMDS
Physical Layer
SDLC
MAC
Sublayer
PPP
LAPB
Data Link Layer
HDLC
Network Layer
Frame Relay
X.25
OSI Layers
EIA/TIA-232,
EIA/TIA-449,
V.24, V.35,
HSSI,
G.703,
EIA-530
Hnh 4.1. Mi lin h gia WAN v OSI

4.2. CC LI CH V CHI PH KHI KT NI WAN
X hi cng pht trin, nhu cu trao i thng tin cng i hi vic
x l thng tin phi c tin hnh mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc.
S ra i v pht trin khng ngng ca ngnh cng ngh thng tin
gp phn quan trng vo s pht trin chung . Vi s ra i my tnh,
vic x l thng tin hn bao gi ht tr nn c bit nhanh chng vi
hiu sut cao. c bit hn na, ngi ta nhn thy vic thit lp mt
h thng mng din rng - WAN v truy nhp t xa s lm gia tng gp
bi hiu qu cng vic nh vic chia s v trao i thng tin c thc
hin mt cch d dng, tc th (thi gian thc). Khi khong cch v
mt a l gia cc vng c thu ngn li. Cc giao dch c din ra
gn nh tc th, thm ch ta c th tin hnh cc hi ngh t xa, cc ng
dng a phng tin...
Nh c h thng WAN v cc ng dng trin khai trn , thng tin
c chia s v x l bi nhiu my tnh di s gim st ca nhiu
ngi m bo tnh chnh xc v hiu qu cao.
Phn ln cc c quan, cc t chc v c cc c nhn u nhn
thc c tnh u vit ca x l thng tin trong cng vic thng qua
mng my tnh so vi cng vic vn phng da trn giy t truyn thng.
159
Do vy, sm hay mun, cc t chc, c quan u c gng trong kh nng

c th, u c gng thit lp mt mng my tnh, c bit l WAN
thc hin cc cng vic khc nhau.
Vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh
vin thng v k thut my tnh, mng WAN v truy nhp t xa dn tr
thnh mt mi trng lm vic gn nh l bt buc khi thc hin yu cu
v hi nhp quc t. Trn WAN ngi dng c th trao i, x l d liu
truyn thng thun ty song song vi thc hin cc k thut mi, cho
php trao i d liu a phng tin nh hnh nh, m thanh, in thoi,
hp hi ngh,... qua tng hiu sut cng vic, v lm gim chi ph
qun l cng nh chi ph sn xut khc.
c bit i vi cc giao dch Khch Ch (Client Server), h
thng kt ni mng din rng t cc LAN ca vn phng trung tm
(NOC) ti LAN ca cc chi nhnh (POP) s l h thng trao i thng
tin chnh ca c quan hay t chc. N gip tng cng v thay i v
cht cng tc qun l v trao i thng tin, tin bc vng chc ti mt
nn kinh t in t (e-commerce), chnh ph in t (e-goverment) trong
tng lai khng xa.
4.3. NHNG IM CN CH KHI THIT K WAN
Khi thit k WAN chng ta cn ch n ba yu t: Mi trng,
yu cu k thut v bo mt.
4.3.1. Mi trng
Cc yu t lin quan n mc tiu thit k nh mi trng ca
WAN, cc yu cu v nng lc truyn thng ca WAN (hiu nng
mng), kh nng cung cp ng v cc rng buc v bng thng, tho
mn cc c trng ca d liu cn trao i trn WAN, c bit cc loi
d liu cn m bo cht lng dch v nh d liu a phng tin, d
liu i hi p ng thi gian thc nh giao dch v ti chnh.
Mi trng ca WAN y c th hin qua cc tham s nh s
lng cc trm lm vic, cc my ch chy cc dch v, v v tr t
chng, cc dch v v vic m bo cht lng cc dch v ang chy
trn WAN. Vic chn s lng v v tr t cc my ch, cc my trm
160
Gio trnh Thit k mng
trong WAN lin quan nhiu n vn ti u cc lung d liu truyn

trn mng. Chng hn khu vc no c nhiu trm lm vic, chng cn
thc hin nhiu giao dch vi mt hay nhiu my ch no , th cc my
ch cng cn phi t trong khu vc , nhm gim thiu d liu
truyn trn WAN.
Yu cu v hiu nng cn c quan tm c bit khi thit k cc
WAN yu cu cc dch v i hi thi gian thc nh VoIP, hay hi ngh
truyn hnh, giao dch ti chnh,...
Khi cc gii hn v tc ng truyn, tr,... cn c xem
xt k, nht l khi dng v tinh, v tuyn,...
Cc c trng ca d liu cng cn c quan tm nhm gim
thiu chi ph v bng thng khi kt ni WAN. Cc c trng d liu
cp y l d liu client/server, thng ip, qun tr mng,... bng
thng no m bo cht lng dch v?
4.3.2. Cc yu cu k thut
Nm yu cu cn xem xt khi thit k WAN l: kh nng m
rng, d trin khai, d pht hin li, d qun l, h tr a giao thc.
Kh nng m rng th hin vn c th m rng, b sung thm
dch v, tng s lng ngi dng, tng bng thng m khng b nh hng
g n cu trc hin c ca WAN v cc dch v trin khai trn .
Tnh d trin khai th hin bng vic thit k phn cp, m-un ho,
khi ho mc cao. Cc khi, cc m-un ca WAN c lp mt cch
tng i, qu trnh trin khai c th thc hin theo tng khi, tng m-un.
Tnh d pht hin li l mt yu cu rt quan trng, v lung thng
tin vn chuyn trn WAN rt nhy cm cho cc t chc dng WAN. Vy
vic pht hin v c lp li cn phi thc hin d v nhanh i vi qun
tr h thng.
Tnh d qun l m bo cho ngi qun tr mng lm ch c
ton b h thng mng trong phm vi a l rng hoc rt rng.
H tr a giao thc c th thc hin c kh nng tch hp tt cc
cc dch v thng tin v truyn thng cho mt t chc trn cng h tng
161
cng ngh thng tin, nhm gim chi ph thit b v ph truyn thng,
gim thiu ti nguyn con ngi cho vic vn hnh h thng.
4.3.3. Bo mt
Vic m bo an ninh, xy dng chnh sch an ninh v thc hin an
ninh th no phi c tnh n ngay t bc thit k.
4.4. MT S CNG NGH KT NI WAN
4.4.1. Mng chuyn mch knh
Mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switching Network) thc hin
vic lin kt gia hai im nt qua mt ng ni tm thi hay ginh
ring gia im nt ny v im nt kia. ng ni ny c thit lp
trong mng th hin di dng cuc gi thng qua cc thit b chuyn
mch.
Mt v d ca mng chuyn mch knh l hot ng ca mng in
thoi, cc thu bao khi bit s ca nhau c th gi cho nhau v c mt
ng ni vt l tm thi c thit lp gia hai thu bao.
Vi m hnh ny mi nt mng c th kt ni vi bt k mt nt
khc. Thng qua nhng ng ni v cc thit b chuyn dng ngi ta
c th to ra mt lin kt tm thi t ni gi ti ni nhn, kt ni ny
duy tr trong sut phin lm vic v c gii phng ngay sau khi phin
lm vic kt thc. thc hin mt phin lm vic cn c cc th tc
y cho vic thit lp lin kt trong c vic thng bo cho mng
bit a ch ca nt gi v nt nhn. Hin nay c 2 loi mng chuyn
mch l chuyn mch tng t (analog) v chuyn mch s (digital).
4.4.1.1. Chuyn mch tng t (Analog)
Hnh 4.2. Analog Circuit Switching
Gio trnh Thit k mng
162
Vic chuyn d liu qua mng chuyn mch tng t c thc

hin qua mng in thoi. Cc trm trn mng s dng mt thit b c tn
l modem ("MODulator" and "DEModulator"), thit b ny s chuyn
cc tn hiu s t my tnh sang tn hiu tng t c th truyn d liu i
trn cc knh in thoi v ngc li bin tn hiu dng tng t thnh
tn hiu s.
Mt minh ha kt ni dng mng chuyn mch l kt ni qua mng
in thoi PSTN, hay cn gi l kt ni quay s (dial-up).
4.4.1.2. Chuyn mch s (Digital)
Hnh 4.3. Digital Circuit Switching

4.4.1.2.1. Knh thu ring (Leased Lines)
Leased line l mt kt ni vin thng i xng theo hai chiu
truyn d liu ln v xung, c s dng kt ni hai im truyn
d liu vi nhau. Khng ging nh dch v PSTN truyn thng, cc
kt ni ny khng c s in thoi cho mi kt ni, mi tuyn kt ni
s dng mt dng kt ni theo dng permanent.
Cc dch v vin thng c th c trin khai trn kt ni ny
nh: in thoi, d liu, kt ni Internet, truyn hnh
Leased line c nhiu la chn bng thng khc nhau ph thuc
vo mc cn thit ca khch hng vi bng thng nx64 kbit/s vi
n=1,..,31.
Hin nay, Leased Line c phn lm hai lp chnh l Tx (theo
chun ca M v Ca-na-a) v Ex (theo chun ca chu u, Nam M v
M-hi-c), x l m s ch bng thng (bandwidth) ca kt ni. Thng s
k thut ca cc ng truyn Tx v Ex c lit k trong bng di.
163
Bng 4.1. Thng s k thut ca cc ng Tx

Loi knh
Thng lng
Ghp knh
T0
56 kbit/s
1 ng thoi
T1
1.544 Mbit/s
24 ng T0
T2
6.312 Mbit/s
4 ng T1
T3
44.736 Mbit/s
28 ng T1
T4
274.176 Mbit/s
168 ng T1
T0/E0 l tng ng vi mt knh truyn thoi n l, T0 hot

ng tc 56 kbit/s v E0 hot ng tc 64 kbit/s.
Dch v Leased line truyn thng c phn chia thnh hai dng chnh
ng truyn dnh ring (Dedicate line): l mt kt ni
dng trc tip v c s dng vi mc ch dnh ring cho
mt dch v xc nh nh in thoi hoc Internet.
ng truyn ring (Private line): l mt kt ni c s dng
vi mc ch cung cp tuyn kt ni ring cho hai im truyn
thng vi nhau. Kt ni ny l mt trng hp ring ca
Dedicate line, thng thng c th l cc tunnel chy chung
trong mt tuyn truyn dn dung lng ln.
Cc li ch ca dch v Leased-line
S dng dch v Leased-line, khc hng c th trin khai cc h
thng mng vin thng v Internet ring cho n v mnh. Cc
dch v ph bin bao gm: DNS, mail, web, portal, .
Knh truyn ca dch v ny l knh truyn ring, do vy khng
b nh hng ca cc yu t khc trong h thng mng gy nn.
Cc ch tiu v tham s k thut lun c m bo cht
lng tt nht.
Khng gii hn v mt thi gian, 24h/24h v 7 ngy/tun.
Khng b gii hn v s user truy nhp Internet, ch ph thuc
vo tc ca ng leased line .
Gio trnh Thit k mng
164
Kt ni tr nn ph bin vi mi user trong mng LAN ca bn,

g b cc modem v ng in thoi phc tp khng cn thit
cho mi ngi s dng Internet.
Gim st v qun l kt ni c th c thc hin bi nh cung
cp dch v.
Chuyn nghip ha i ng Cng ngh thng tin v Vin thng
ca doanh nghip.
4.4.1.2.2. Cng ngh xDSL
Gii thiu:
Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s xDSL (Digital Subscribers Line)
cho php tn dng miu tn s cao truyn s liu tc cao trn i
dy cp in thoi thng thng. Modem xDSL bin i tn hiu ca
ngi s dng thnh cc tn hiu ph hp vi ng truyn DSL, c cu
trc d liu ring, m ng dy ring v mt s tn hiu thng tin iu
khin. Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s c tch hp u tin trong
mng tch hp s ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) vi tc
c bn BRI 144 bit/s. Nhiu phin bn xDSL sau ny c ly t thc t
ca ISDN DSL. Cc th h DSL sau ny c ci tin v cng sut, cch
thc hot ng v kh nng cung cp dch v. Tc truyn ti pht
trin t 1,5 Mbit/s n 2 Mbit/s trong cng ngh HDSL, 8 Mbit/s trong
cng ngh ADSL v 52 Mbit/s trong cng ngh VDSL.
Cng ngh DSL p ng c cc yu cu ng dng a phng tin
ca ngi s dng, hiu sut v tin cy cao, rt kinh t gi cc r.
Tng quan v h cng ngh xDSL
IDSL (ISDN DSL): Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s truy nhp
mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN s dng cc knh i xng BRI (128
kbit/s hoc 144 kbit/s) kt hp thnh mt knh truyn d liu gia b nh
tuyn v my tnh ca khch hng. DSL lm vic vi tc 160 kbit/s
tng ng vi ti tin l 144 kbit/s (2B+D). Trong IDSL kt ni vi tng
i trung tm bng mt kt cui ng dy LT (Line Termination) v kt
165
ni thu bao bng thit b u cui mng NT (Network Termination).

Cng ngh ADSL truyn theo ch song cng v s dng k thut trit
ting vng. Phn ln cc dng IDSL lm vic vi ISDN NT tiu chun
u cui khch hng ca ng dy. Do , IDSL chuyn mch ni ht
ISDN c thay th bi b nh tuyn gi. Cu hnh ny c s dng
cho Internet.
HDSL (High Data Rate DSL): C kh nng truyn song cng
1,544Mbit/s hoc 2,048 Mbit/s trn ng dy in thoi. HDSL truyn
tin cy vi t l li bit t 10-9 n 10-10. H thng HDSL DS-1 (1,544
Mbit/s) s dng 2 i dy mi i dy truyn 768 Kbit/s trn mi hng.
HDSL E1 (2,048 Mbit/s) c th la chn s dng 2 hoc 3 i dy, mi
i dy s dng hon ton song cng. HDSL 2,048 Mbit/s 3 i dy s
dng b thu pht ging b thu pht h thng 1,544 Mbit/s. Mch vng
HDSL 2,048 Mbit/s c th c mch r nhng khng cn bng. Tiu
chun HDSL2 c tc bit v di mch vng nh HDSL th h th
nht, ch khc l s dng mt i dy thay v 2 i dy. HDSL2 c k
thut m ha cao v iu ch phc tp hn. La chn tn s pht v thu
cho HDSL2 chng xuyn m.
SDSL (Single Pair DSL): Truyn i xng vi tc 784 kbit/s trn
mt i dy, ghp thoi v s liu trn cng mt ng dy, s dng m
2B1Q. Cng ngh ny cha c tiu chun thng nht nn cha c ph
bin cho cc dch v c tc cao. SDSL mi ch ng dng truy nhp
trang WEB, ti d liu v thoi vi t 128 kbit/s, khong cch nh
hn 6,7 Km v t ti a l 1024 kbit/s trong khong 3,5 Km.
VDSL (Very High Data Rate DSL): S dng mch vng t tng i
trung tm (CO) n khch hng v cc b ghp knh phn phi. Tiu
chun k thut VDSL c pht trin t nhm T1E1.4 m t cc tc
v khong cch t n v mng quang ONU ti thu bao. Cp t mng
cho ti cc ONU c th c ni trc tip ti ONU theo hnh trn hoc
b tch quang th ng. Cc ng dng ca VDSL h tr ng thi tt c
nhng ng dng thoi, d liu v video. c bit VDSL h tr truyn
Gio trnh Thit k mng
166
hnh tc cao (HDTV), cc ng dng my tnh tin tin. Tnh i xng

ca VDSL cung cp t d liu 2 chiu ln ti 26 Mbit/s cho cc khu
vc khng c cp quang ni ti.
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line): ADSL l cng ngh
ng dy thu bao s khng i xng c pht trin cho nhu cu truy
nhp Internet tc cao, cc dch v trc tuyn, video, ... ADSL cung
cp tc truyn ti 8 Mbit/s ng xung (download) v 16 n
640 kbit/s ng ln (upload). u im ni bt ca ADSL l cho php
ngi s dng s dng ng thi 1 ng dy thoi cho c 2 dch v
thoi v s liu. V ADSL truyn min tn s cao (4400Hz
1,1MHz) khng nh hng n tn hiu thoi. Cc b lc c t 2
u mch vng tch tn hiu thoi v s liu theo mi hng. Mt loi
ADSL mi gi l ADSL Lite hay ADSL khng s dng b lc ch
yu cho cc ng dng truy nhp internet tc cao. K thut ny khng
i hi b lc pha thu bao nn gi thnh thit b v chi ph lp t gim
i tuy nhin tc ng xung ch cn 1,5 Mbit/s.
ADSL2 v ADSL2+: ADSL2 c chun ha trong ITU G.992.3,
G.992.4 ADSL2+ c chun ha trong ITU-T G.925.5 l th h th 3
ca ADSL, pht trin da trn nn tng ADSL v ADSL2 nn c y
c trng ca ADSL v ADSL2. ADSL2 v ADSL2+ b sung nhiu tnh
nng mi cho cc ng dng, dch v v tin trnh trin khai mi so vi
ADSL chun. Cng ngh ADSL2+ p ng cc yu cu tc cao, tc
ng ln l 1,2 Mbit/s v tc ng xung l 24 Mbit/s, bng
thng rng ln n 2,208 MHz.
Bng 4.2. c im ca h cng ngh xDSL
Cng ngh
IDSL
HDSL
HDSL2
Tc
144 Mbit/s i xng
1,544 Mbit/s i xng
2,048 Mbit/s i xng
1,544 Mbit/s i xng
Khong cch
5 km
3,6 km 4,5 km
3,6 km 4,5 km
S i
dy ng
1 i
2 i
3 i
2 i
167
2,048 Mbit/s i xng

768 Kbit/s i xng
SDSL
ADSL
1,544 Mbit/s hoc 2,048 Mbit/s mt

chiu
1,5 8 Mbit/s ng xung
1,544 Mbit/s ng ln
26 Mbit/s i xng
VDSL
13 52 Mbit/s ng xung
1,5 2,3 Mbit/s ng ln
3 i
3 km
7 km
5 km
300 m 1,5 km
(ty tc )
1 i
1 i
1 i
4.4.2. Mng chuyn mch gi
Hnh 4.4. M hnh kt ni WAN dng chuyn mch gi

Mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switching Network) hot ng theo
nguyn tc sau: Khi mt trm trn mng cn gi d liu n cn phi ng
d liu thnh tng gi tin, cc gi tin c i trn mng t nt ny ti
nt khc ti khi n c ch. Do vic s dng k thut trn nn khi mt
trm khng gi tin th mi ti nguyn ca mng s dnh cho cc trm
khc, do vy mng tit kim c cc ti nguyn v c th s dng chng
mt cch tt nht.
Ngi ta chia cc phng thc chuyn mch gi ra lm 2 phng thc:
Phng thc chuyn mch gi theo s ri rc.
Phng thc chuyn mch gi theo ng i xc nh.
Vi phng thc chuyn mch gi theo s ri rc cc gi tin
c chuyn i trn mng mt cch c lp, mi gi tin u c mang a
ch ni gi v ni nhn. Mi nt trong mng khi tip nhn gi tin s
quyt nh xem ng i ca gi tin ph thuc vo thut ton tm ng
ti nt v nhng thng tin v mng m nt c. Vic truyn theo
168
Gio trnh Thit k mng
phng thc ny cho ta s mm do nht nh do ng i vi mi gi

tin tr nn mm do tuy nhin iu ny yu cu mt s lng tnh ton
rt ln ti mi nt nn hin nay phn ln cc mng chuyn sang dng
phng chuyn mch gi theo ng i xc nh.
Hnh 4.5. Phng thc s ri rc

4.4.2.1. Chuyn mch gi theo ng i xc nh
Trc khi truyn d liu th mt ng i (ng i o) c thit
lp gia trm gi v trm nhn thng qua cc nt ca mng. ng
i n mang s hiu phn bit vi cc ng i khc, sau cc gi tin
c gi n ch theo ng thit lp, cc gi tin mang s hiu ca
ng o c th c nhn bit khi qua cc nt. iu ny khin cho
vic tnh ton ng i cho phin lin lc ch cn thc hin mt ln.
Hnh 4.6. Phng thc ng i xc nh
169
4.4.2.2. Kt ni dng ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

Gii thiu v cng ngh ATM
Mng ATM (Cell relay), hin nay k thut Cell Relay da trn
phng thc truyn thng khng ng b (ATM) c th cho php
thng lng hng trm Mbit/s. n v d liu dng trong ATM
c gi l t bo (cell). cc t bo trong ATM c di c nh
l 53 bytes, trong 5 bytes dnh cho phn cha thng tin iu
khin (cell header) v 48 bytes cha d liu ca tng trn.
Trong k thut ATM, cc t bo cha cc kiu d liu khc nhau
c ghp knh ti mt ng dn chung c gi l ng dn
o (virtual path). Trong ng dn o c th gm nhiu knh
o (virtual channel) khc nhau, mi knh o c s dng bi
mt ng dng no ti mt thi im.
ATM kt hp nhng c tnh tt nht ca dng chuyn mch
lin tc v dng chuyn mch gi, n c th kt hp di thng
linh hot v kh nng chuyn tip cao tc v c kh nng qun l
ng thi d liu s, ting ni, hnh nh v multimedia tng tc.
Mc tiu ca k thut ATM l nhm cung cp mt mng dn
knh, v chuyn mch tc cao, tr nh dp ng cho cc
dng truyn thng a phng tin (multimedia).
Chuyn mch cell cn thit cho vic cung cp cc kt ni i hi
bng thng cao, tnh trng tc nghn thp, h tr cho lp dch v
tch hp lu thng d liu m thanh hnh nh. c tnh tc
cao l c tnh ni bt nht ca ATM.
ATM s dng c cu chuyn mch c bit: Ma trn nh phn cc
thnh phn chuyn mch (a matrix of binary switching elements)
vn hnh lu thng. Kh nng v hng (scalability) l mt
c tnh ca c cu chuyn mch ATM. c tnh ny tng phn
trc tip vi nhng g din ra khi cc trm cui c thm vo
mt thit b lin mng nh router. Cc router c nng sut tng c
nh c chia cho cc trm cui c kt ni vi chng. Khi s
lng trm cui gia tng, nng sut ca router tng thch cho
trm cui thu nh li. Khi c cu ATM m rng, mi thit b thu
170
Gio trnh Thit k mng

trm cui, bng con ng ca chnh n i qua b chuyn mch
bng cch cho mi trm cui bng thng ch nh. Bng thng
rng c ch nh ca ATM vi c tnh c th xc nhn khin
n tr thnh mt k thut tuyt ho dng cho bt k ni no trong
mng cc b ca doanh nghip.
Nh tn gi ca n ch r, k thut ATM s dng phng php
truyn khng ng b (Asynchronouns) cc t bo t ngun ti
ch ca chng. Trong khi , tng vt l ngi ta c th s
dng cc k thut truyn thng ng b nh SDH (hoc SONET
Synchronous Optical Network).
Nhn thc c v tr cha th thay th c (t nht cho n
nhng nm u ca th k XXI) ca k thut ATM, hu ht cc
hng khng l v my tnh v truyn thng nh IBM, ATT,
Digital, Hewlett - Packard, Cisco Systems, Cabletron, Bay
Network,... u ang quan tm c bit n dng sn phm hng
n ATM ca mnh tung ra th trng. C th k ra y mt s
sn phm nh DEC 900 Multiwitch, IBM 8250 hub, Cisco
7000 Router, Cablectron, ATM module for MMAC hub.
Nhn chung th trng ATM si ng do nhu cu thc s ca
cc ng dng a phng tin. S nhp cuc ngy mt ng ca
cc hng sn xut lm gim ng k gi bn ca cc sn
phm loi ny, t cng m rng thm th trng. Ngay Vit
Nam, cc d n ln v mng tin hc u c thit k vi h
tng chp nhn c vi cng ngh ATM trong tng lai.
Cc c trng chnh ca cng ngh ATM: Mng chuyn mch

ATM l mng cho php x l tc cao, dung lng ln, cht lng
truy nhp cao, v vic iu khin qu trnh chuyn mch d dng v n
gin. c tnh ca chuyn mch ATM l ch n th nghim s bin
i ca tr t bo thng qua vic s dng k thut t nh tuyn ca
lp phn cng, v c th d dng h tr cho truyn thng a phng
tin s dng d liu, ting ni v hnh nh. Hn th na, n c th m
171
bo vic iu khin phn tn v song song mc cao. Nhc im

ca h thng chuyn mch ATM l s phc tp ca phn cng v s
tng thm ca tr truyn dn t bo, v l s iu khin phc tp do
vic chc nng sao chp v x l phi c thc hin ng thi.
nh gi khi dng k ni ATM
Khi mi trng ca x hi thng tin c hon thin, th mng
giao tip thng tin bng rng cn thit phi t ra thch nghi vi
cc tnh nng nh tc cao, bng rng, a phng tin. V v
vy phi tnh n vic thit lp mng thng tin tc siu cao
tm quc gia.
Mng thng tin tc siu cao da vo s dng cng ngh
ATM (phng thc truyn ti khng ng b) to ra mng li
quc gia rng khp vi tnh kinh t v hiu qu cho php cc nh
cung cp dch v c th cung cp nhiu loi hnh dch v thng tin
khc nhau.
Cng ngh ATM l cng ngh ang trn qu trnh hon thin v
chun ho, nn vic trin khai n cn c nghin cu chun b
rt y v chi tit, c kh nng duy tr v m rng.
4.4.2.3. Kt ni dng Frame Relay
Gii thiu v mng Frame Relay
Gio trnh Thit k mng
172
Hnh 4.7. M hnh kt ni dng mng Frame Relay

Bc sang thp k 80 v u thp k 90, cng ngh truyn thng c
nhng bc tin nhy vt c bit l ch to v s dng cp quang vo
mng truyn dn to nn cht lng thng tin rt cao. Vic s dng th
tc hi p X25 thc hin truyn s liu trn mng cp quang lun t
c cht lng rt cao, v v th khung truyn t 128 byte cho X25
c m rng vi khung ln hn, th l cng ngh Frame Relay ra i.
Frame relay c th chuyn nhn cc khung ln ti 4096 byte, v khng
cn thi gian cho vic hi p, pht hin li v sa li lp 3 (No
protocol at Network layer) nn Frame Relay c kh nng chuyn ti
nhanh hn hng chc ln so vi X25 cng tc . Frame Relay rt
thch hp cho truyn s liu tc cao v cho kt ni LAN to LAN v c
cho m thanh, nhng iu kin tin quyt s dng cng ngh Frame
relay l cht lng mng truyn dn phi cao.
Cc thit b dng cho kt ni Frame Relay
Cc thit b truy nhp mng FRAD (Frame Relay Access Device)
173
Cc thit b mng chuyn tip khung FRND (Frame Relay

Network Device)
ng ni gia cc thit b v mng trc Frame Relay, m t trong
hnh 4.8.
Hnh 4.8. Mng Frame Relay - Mng chuyn mch khung

Thit b FRAD c th l cc LAN bridge, LAN Router v.v...
Thit b FRND c th l cc Tng i chuyn mch khung
(Frame) hay tng i chuyn mch t bo (Cell Relay - chuyn ti
tng hp cc t bo ca cc dch v khc nhau nh m thanh,
truyn s liu, video v.v..., mi t bo di 53 byte, y l
phng thc ca cng ngh ATM). ng kt ni gia cc thit
b l giao din chung cho FRAD v FRND, giao thc ngi dng
v mng hay gi F.R UNI (Frame Relay User Network Interface).
Mng trc Frame Relay cng tng t nh cc mng vin thng
khc c nhiu tng i kt ni vi nhau trn mng truyn dn,
theo th tc ring ca mnh. Trong OSI 7 lp, lp 3 - lp mng,
Frame Relay khng dng th tc no (Transparent).
Cc c tnh ca Frame Relay
Ngi s dng gi mt Frame (khung) i vi giao thc LAP-D
hay LAP-F (Link Access Protocol D hay F), cha thng tin v ni
n v thng tin ngi s dng, h thng s dng thng tin ny
nh tuyn trn mng.
Cng ngh Frame Relay c mt u im c trng rt ln l cho
php ngi s dng dng tc cao hn mc h ng k trong
mt khong thi gian nht nh, c ngha l Frame Relay khng
174
Gio trnh Thit k mng

c nh rng bng thng (Bandwith) cho tng cuc gi mt m
phn phi bandwith mt cch linh hot, iu m dch v X25 v
thu knh ring khng c. V d ngi s dng k hp ng s
dng vi tc 64 kbit/s, khi h chuyn i mt lng thng tin
qu ln, Frame Relay cho php truyn chng tc cao hn
64 kbit/s. Hin tng ny c gi l "bng n" - Bursting.
Thc t trn mng li rng ln c rt nhiu ngi s dng vi
v s frame chuyn qua chuyn li, hn na Frame Relay khng
s dng th tc sa li v iu khin thng lng (Flow control)
lp 3 (Network layer), nn cc Frame c li u b loi b th
vn cc frame c chuyn i ng a ch, nguyn vn, nhanh
chng v khng b tha b thiu l khng n gin. m bo
c iu ny Frame relay s dng mt s giao thc sau:
o DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier- Nhn dng ng
ni d liu). Cng nh X.25, trn mt ng ni vt l
frame relay c th c rt nhiu cc ng ni o, mi mt
i tc lin lc c phn mt ng ni o ring trnh
b ln, c gi tt l DLCI.
o CIR (Committed Information Rate - Tc cam kt). y
l tc khch hng t mua v mng li phi cam kt
thng xuyn t c tc ny. CBIR (Committed
Burst Information Rate - Tc cam kt khi bng n
thng tin). Khi c lng tin truyn qu ln, mng li vn
cho php khch hng truyn qu tc cam kt CIR ti
tc CBIR trong mt khong thi gian (Tc) rt ngn vi
ba giy mt t, iu ny tu thuc vo "nghn" ca
mng cng nh CIR.
o DE bit (Discard Eligibility bit) - Bit nh du Frame c
kh nng b loi b. V l m ni nu chuyn cc Frame
vt qu tc cam kt, th nhng Frame s b loi b
v bit DE c s dng. Tuy nhin c th chuyn cc
frame i vi tc ln hn CIR hay thm ch hn c
175
CBIR tu thuc vo trng thi ca mng Frame relay lc

c nghn t hay nhiu (Thc cht ca kh nng ny
l mn rng bng thng "Bandwith" ca nhng ngi
s dng khc khi h cha dng n). Nu nghn ca
mng cng nhiu (khi nhiu ngi cng lm vic) th kh
nng ri ro b loi b ca cc Frame cng ln. Khi Frame
b loi b, thit b u cui phi pht li. Do mng Frame
relay khng c th tc iu khin thng lng (Flow
control) nn nghn mng s khng kim sot c, v
vy cng ngh Frame relay s dng hai phng php sau
gim nghn v s frame b loi b.
S dng FECN (Forward Explicit Congestion
Notification): Thng bo nghn cho pha thu v BECN
(Backward Explicit Congestion Notification). Thng bo
nghn v pha pht . Thc cht ca phng php ny
gim tc pht khi mng li c qu nhiu ngi s
dng cng lc.
S dng giao din qun l cc b LMI (Local Manegment
Interface): thng bo trng thi nghn mng cho cc
thit b u cui bit. LMI l chng trnh iu khin gim
st on kt ni gia FRAD v FRND.
nh gi khi dng k ni Frame Relay

Hin nay nhu cu kt ni WAN c t ra v bin i theo tng
ngy, c rt nhiu cng ngh c a ra tho lun v th nghim
xy dng nn tng mng li cung cp cc dch v truyn s
liu cho quc gia. Theo xu th chung, tt c cc dch v thoi v
phi thoi dn dn s tin ti c s dng trn nn ca mng
thng tin bng rng tch hp IBCN (Integrated Broadband
Communacation Network). Trn c s mng IBCN, ngoi cc
dch v truyn thng v thoi v truyn s liu cn c th cung
cp rt nhiu dch v lin quan ti hnh nh ng v dch v t xa
176
Gio trnh Thit k mng

nh: truyn hnh cht lng cao, hi tho truyn hnh, th vin
in t, o to t xa, video theo yu cu (video on demand),...
Qu trnh tin ti mng IBCN hin ti c th xem nh c hai con
ng: Hng th nht l t cc mng in thoi tin ti xy
dng mng s a dch v tch hp ISDN ri tin ti BISDN hay
IBCN. Hng th hai l t cc mng phi thoi tc l cc mng
truyn s liu tin ti xy dng cc mng chuyn tip khung
(Frame-Relay) ri mng truyn dn khng ng b ATM lm
nn tng cho IBCN.
Cng ngh Frame-Relay vi nhng u im ca n nh l mt
cng ngh s c ng dng trn mng truyn s liu ca Vit
nam trong thi gian ti. Theo s liu ca din n Frame-Relay
th nguyn nhn ngi dng chn Frame-Relay l:
o Kt ni LAN to LAN: 31%
o To mng truyn nh: 31%
o Tc cao: 29%
o Gi thnh hp l: 24%
o D dng, tin cy cao: 16%
o X l giao dch phn tn: 16%
o Truyn hnh hi ngh: 5%
R rng l cc ng dng trn Frame-Relay u s dng kh nng
truyn s liu tc cao v cn n dch v bng tn rng c tnh
n kh nng bng n lu lng (trafic bursty) m cc cng
ngh c hn nh chuyn mch knh hay chuyn mch gi khng
th to ra.
4.4.2.4. Kt ni dng dch v chuyn mch d liu nhiu Megabit

4.4.2.4.1.Gii thiu chung
SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service) l mt dch v WAN
c thit k cho cc kt ni LAN-to-LAN. SMDS c Bellcore v cc
cng ty Regional Bell Operating (RBOCs) pht trin nhm tha mn nhu
cu ngi s dng v kt ni LAN Multimegabit trong vng mng chnh.
177
SMDS c thit k cho dch v chuyn mch gi vi gi c hp l,

cung cp cc kt ni v m rng cht lng cao.
Tuy nhin, khc vi s thnh cng ca SMDS chu u, M
SMDS khng c pht trin. SMDS Interest Group, mt t chc ln
nht ti tr cho SMDS ngng hot ng t nm 1997. Hn na, trong
ngy k nim ln th 25 ca Truyn thng s liu Data
Communications (ngy 21/10/1997), SMDS c bnh chn l mt trong
25 tht bi tiu biu nht.
4.4.2.4.2. SMDS l g ?
SMDS l mt dch v mng din rng c thit k dnh cho kt
ni mng LAN vi mng LAN. Mng SMDS l mt mng MAN c cc
c trng : n v d liu s dng c gi l t bo (Cell-Based),
khng lin kt (Connectionless), tc cao, chuyn mch gi bng thng
rng. SMDS cng l mt dch v d liu, ngha l ch truyn d liu
(mc d c th truyn c m thanh v hnh nh). SMDS l mt dch v
thc s, khng gn vi mt cng ngh truyn s liu no.
4.4.2.4.3. Tng quan v SMDS
T bo ca SMDS l n v c bn c di c nh. Tng t nh
t bo ca ATM gm 53 byte 44 byte d liu, 7 byte l Header v 2
byte du vt. iu ny to cho n s tng thch vi cc mng din rng
cng cng B-ISDN s dng cng ngh chuyn mch gi nhanh v cng
ngh ATM. Mi t bo ca SMDS cha a ch ch cho php cc thu
bao SMDS c th truyn d vi nhau. L mt dch v d liu khng lin
kt, SMDS thit lp mt knh o (Virtual Circuit) gia 2 thc th thu v
pht, cc t bo d liu c truyn i mt cch c lp vi nhau v
khng tun theo mt th t c bit no.
Mng SMDS cung cp bng thng theo yu cu cho cc bng n
giao thng, l mt thuc tnh ca cc ng dng mng cc b LAN.
V khng cn phi nh ngha trc ng truyn gia cc thit b,
d liu c th i qua nhng ng t tt nghn nht trong mng SMDS.
Tuy nhin dch v cng c kh nng cung cp mt ng truyn nhanh
178
Gio trnh Thit k mng
hn, tnh nng bo mt v mm do hn. Kha cnh bng rng ca

SMDS l t s tng thch ca n vi B-ISDN v tim nng truyn ting
ni v hnh nh. SMDS tng thch vi chun IEEE.802.6 MAN.
Hnh 4.9. Mng SMDS

SMDS da trn lp MAC (Media Access Control) v lp vt l ca
chun IEEE 802.6, v vy n hot ng nh Token Ring tc cao.
c im vt l IEEE 802.6 c th c thit k nh mt Bus
h hoc mt Bus vng. Bus h, cc Bus khi u v kt thc ti
cc nt khc nhau. Vi Bus dng vng, cc Bus khi u v kt
thc ti cng mt nt.
c im tng lin kt d liu DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual
Bus): Mng SMDS c qun l bi giao thc DQDB Bus
qung b a truy nhp . IEEE 802.6, chia mi Bus thnh nhiu
khe truyn d liu. Trong mi Bus c mt bit bn v mt bit
yu cu. DQDB lm vic nh sau:
o Trc khi truyn, t trc mt khe trn mt Bus s
dng Bus th hai bng cch t bit yu cu (Req). V d
nt 2 mun gi d liu ti nt 3 th phi gi thng qua
Bus A. Nt 2 s t bit Req trn Bus B thng bo cho
cc Bus pha trn ca Bus A bit rng ti nt ang c
d liu cn gi.
179
Hnh 4.10. Cu hnh vt l ca mng SMDS

o
Sau khi yu cu mt khe, nt quan st c 2 Bus v duy

tr mt s m cc yu cu. S m tng 1 khi nt 2 thy
bit yu cu c thit lp trn Bus B v gim i 1 cho
mi khe trng trn Bus A. Nh vy s m ti mi nt
cho bit chiu di hng cc t bo ang i truyn bi
cc nt pha trn.
Khi s m bng 0 ngha l khng cn nt di no c
d liu cn gi th nt bt u gi d liu. Tin trnh
ny c biu din mt dng ca CSMA/CA, phng
s xung t khi cc nt gi d liu ti cng mt thi
im. DQDB h tr c dch v khng lin kt v hng
lin kt v c kh nng truyn d liu, ting ni v hnh
nh, mc d SMDS ch truyn d liu.
Giao thc giao din mng SMDS (SMDS Interface
Protocol SIP): c nh ngha bi Bellcore v cu
thnh bi ba mc giao thc SIP mc 3, SIP mc 2 v SIP
mc 1. Mc d ba giao thc ny c da trn 3 tng u
180
Gio trnh Thit k mng

tin ca m hnh OSI, nhng khng tng ng vi cc
tng ny. Thay vo , ba mc giao thc ny biu din
cho tng MAC di ca OSI v do vy vn hnh ti tng
lin kt d liu.
Hnh 4.11. Cc tng ca SIP tng ng vi m hnh OSI

4.4.2.4.3. SMDS so snh vi cc cng ngh ATM v Frame Relay
SMDS l mt dch v, khng phi l mt cng ngh. Frame Relay
v ATM l cc cng ngh.
SMDS dch v chuyn mch gi khng kt ni (Connectionless)
Frame Relay v ATM l mng hng lin kt (Connection-Oriented).
SMDS cung cp nhiu cch qun l mng c trng nh cch tnh
tin hay thng k lng s dng ca ngi s dng.
Cch nh a ch ca SMDS cung cp mt loi bin php bo mt
c sn bng cch gii hn d liu c truyn n cc nt c gn vi
mt a ch nhm c th.
SMDS b cnh tranh bi ATM v Frame Relay nc M.
SMDS khng thit k truyn cc ng dng m thanh, hnh nh
theo thi gian thc, mc d phng php tip cn DQDB cung cp cc
cng ngh cn thit cho s h tr ny.
SMDS c sn tnh bo mt cho php s dng cc mng cng cng,
chia s nh l xng sng ca mt mng ring. Khi nim ny b che
lp bi Internet v mng ring o VPN (Virtual Private Network).
181
SMDS l mt dch v, khng phi l mt cng ngh nn n c th

vn hnh trn c Frame Relay v ATM. Khng ph thuc v giao thc, v
vy c th h tr cho nhiu giao thc mng LAN hay cho mng my tnh.
Bng thng t 56/64 kbit/s vi tc SONET nn ph hp vi di thng
cho mi ng dng. L dch v khng kt ni nn trnh c s cn thit
trong vic nh ngha cc PVC nh i vi Frame Relay. Chuyn mch
gi nn cc gi tin c truyn i ngay m khng cu phi i. L mt
mng cng cng chia s chung nn cc thu bao c th trao i d liu vi
nhau, s dng t bo 53 byte tng thch vi cng ngh ATM, v vy c
th chuyn i mt cch thun tin t mng SMDS sang mng ATM.
Tuy nhin mt s im khng thun li lm cho SMDS b ATM
v Frame Relay che khut nh l c nhn nhn l mt dch v t tin,
mc d c kh nng truyn c hnh nh nhng SMDS khng h tr
tnh nng ny...
4.4.2.5. Kt ni dng X.25
Hnh 4.12. Mng X.25 n gin

Mng X.25 c CCITT cng b ln u tin vo 1970, lc lnh
vc vin thng ln u tin tham gia vo th gii truyn d liu vi cc
c tnh:
X.25 cung cp quy trnh kim sot lung gia cc u cui em
li cht lng ng truyn cao cho d cht lng mng li
ng dy truyn thng khng cao.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
182
X.25 c thit k cho c truyn thng chuyn mch ln truyn

thng kiu im ni im. c quan tm v trin khai nhanh
chng trn ton cu.
Trong X.25 c chc nng dn knh (multiplexing) i vi lin
kt logic (virtual circuits) ch lm nhim v kim sot li cho
cc frame i qua. iu ny lm tng phc tp trong vic phi
hp cc th tc gia hai tng k nhau, dn n thng lng b
hn ch do tng ph x l mi gi tin tng ln.
X.25 kim tra li ti mi nt trc khi truyn tip, iu ny lm
hn ch tc trn ng truyn c cht lng rt cao nh
mng cp quang . Tuy nhin do vy khi lng tch ton ti mi
nt kh ln, i vi nhng ng truyn ca nhng nm 1970
th iu l cn thit nhng hin nay khi k thut truyn dn
t c nhng tin b rt cao th vic tr nn lng ph.
Do vy cng ngh X.25 nhanh chng tr thnh lc hu.
Hin nay X.25 khng cn ph hp vi cng ngh truyn s liu.
4.5. GIAO THC KT NI WAN
Mt s giao thc c s dng trong vic kt ni WAN nh: PPP,
HDLC, SDLC, X.25, Frame Relay, ISDN, ...
4.5.1. Giao thc HDLC
Giao thc HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) l giao thc lin
kt d liu mc cao, thuc tng 2 tng lin kt d liu-trong m hnh
tham chiu OSI.
Giao thc HDLC l mt giao thc chun ha quc t v c
nh ngha bi ISO dng cho c lin kt im- ni- im v a im.
N h tr hot ng ch trong sut, song cng hon ton v ngy
nay c dng mt cch rng ri trong cc mng a im v trong cc
mng my tnh. Tin thn ca HDLC l giao thc SDLC (Synchronuous
183
Data Link Control : iu khin lin kt d liu ng b). y l mt giao

thc lin kt d liu rt quan trng, rt nhiu nghi thc lin kt d liu
khc tng t hoc da trn nghi thc ny. HDLC l mt giao thc
hng n bit.
c im chung ca giao thc HDLC
Hot ng ch full-duplex.
Lin kt im-ni-im hoc a im.
Truyn dn ng b.
iu khin li Continuous RQ.
Cc ch hot ng ca giao thc HDLC: HDLC c 3 ch
hot ng
Ch p ng thng thng NRM (Normal Response Mode):
Ch ny c dng trong cu hnh khng cn bng. Trong
ch ny, trm s cp khi ng vic trao i d liu, trm th
cp ch c th truyn khi nhn c ch th c bit ca trm s
cp. Lin kt ny c th l im-ni-im hay a im. Trong
trng hp a im ch cho php mt trm s cp.
Ch p ng bt ng b ARM (Asynchronous Response
Mode): Ch ny cng c dng trong cu hnh khng cn
bng. N cho php mt trm th cp xc tin mt hot ng
truyn m khng cn s cho php t trm s cp. Ch ny
thng c dng trong cc cu hnh im-ni-im v cc lin
kt song cng v cho php th cp truyn cc frame mt cch
bt ng b vi s cp.
Ch cn bng bt ng b ABM (Asynchronous Balanced
Mode): Ch ny c dng ch yn trn cc lin kt song
cng im-ni-im cho ng dng truyn s liu my tnh-nmy tnh v cho cc kt ni gia my tnh v mng s liu cng
cng (PSDN). Trong ch ny, mi trm c mt trng thi nh
Gio trnh Thit k mng
184
nhau v thc hin c hai chc nng s cp v th cp. N l ch

c dng trong giao thc ni ting X.25.
4.5.2. Giao thc PPP
PPP c xy dng da trn nn tng giao thc iu khin truyn
d liu lp cao (HDLC - High-Level Data link Control) n nh ra cc
chun cho vic truyn d liu cc giao din DTE v DCE ca mng
WAN nh V.35, T1, E1, HSSI, EIA-232-D, EIA-449. PPP c ra i
nh mt s thay th giao thc Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP), mt
dng n gin ca TCP/IP.
PPP cung cp c ch chuyn ti d liu ca nhiu giao thc trn mt
ng truyn, c ch sa li nn header, nn d liu v multilink. PPP c
hai thnh phn:
Link Control Protocol (LCP): Thit lp, iu chnh cu hnh v
hy b mt lin kt. Hn th na LCP cn c c ch Link
Quality Monitoring (LQM) c th c cu hnh kt hp vi
mt trong hai c ch chng thc Password Authentication
Protocol (PAP) hay Challenge Handshake Authentication
Protocol (CHAP).
Network Control Protocol (NCP): NCP lm nhim v thit lp,
iu chnh cu hnh v hy b vic truyn d liu ca cc giao
thc ca lp network nh IP, IPX, AppleTalk and DECnet.
C LCP v NCP u hat ng lp 2. Hin c m rng ca
PPP phc v cho vic truyn d liu s dng nhiu links mt lc,
l Multilink PPP (MPPP) trong s dng Multilink Protocol
(MLP) lin kt cc lp LCP v NCP.
nh dng khung d liu
185
Hnh 4.13. nh dng khung d liu ca PPP
4.6. CC THIT B KT NI WAN

WAN s dng nhiu loi thit b kt ni nh: Wan Switch,
Access Server, Modem, CSU/DSU, ISDN Terminal Adapter, ... Ngoi ra
chng ta c th tm thy cc thit b khc c s dng trong mi trng
WAN nh: Router, ATM Switch v Multiplexer.
4.6.1. Router
Bn c xem trong chng 2, mc 2.3.6.
4.6.2. Access Server
Access Server ng vai tr nh mt im tp trung cho cc kt ni
dial-in v dial-out. Kt ni WAN, truy nhp t xa dng access server l
gii php n gin, tit kim chi ph nht.
Access server lm nhim v ch kt ni t xa n, v t n c th
quay s kt ni vi access server khc. Khi ngi dng t xa, hay
mng xa kt ni vo access server, nu c php th ngi dng c th
s dng cc ti nguyn mng ang kt ni vi access server ny, hoc
access server ny l mt trm chuyn tip kt ni i tip.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
186
Hnh 4.14. Access Server tp trung Dial-out kt ni vo WAN

4.6.3. Modem
Hnh 4.15. Modem

Modem: L mt thit b iu ch sng tn hiu tng t m ha d
liu s, v gii iu ch tn hiu mang gii m tn hiu s.
Mt th d quen thuc nht ca modem bng tn ting ni l chuyn
tn hiu s '1' v '0' ca my tnh thnh m thanh m n c th truyn
qua dy in thoi ca Plain Old Telephone Systems (POTS), v khi
nhn c u kia, n s chuyn m thanh tr v tn hiu '1' v '0'.
187
Modem thng c phn loi bng lng d liu truyn nhn

trong mt khong thi gian, thng c tnh bng n v bit trn giy,
hoc "bps".
4.6.4. CSU/DSU
Hnh 4.16. CSU/DSU

CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit) l thit b phn
cng ti cc im u cui ca cc knh thu ring. N lm nhim v
chuyn d liu trn ng truyn thng WAN sang d liu trn LAN v
ngc li. Thit b ny dng kt ni WAN khi dng cc knh thu ring.
CSU/DSU dng cc giao din chun RS-232C, RS-449, hay V.xx
4.6.5. Chuyn mch WAN
Phng php chuyn mch WAN l qua nh cung cp dch v vin
thng thit lp v duy tr mch dng ring cho mi phin truyn thng.
Mt minh ho cho chuyn mch WAN l mng chuyn mch s a dch
v ISDN.
WAN Switch l mt thit b kt ni nhiu cng lin mng, c s
dng trong mng vin thng. Wan Switch c dng trong mng Frame
Relay, X.25, SMDS (Switched MultiMegabit Data Service - Dch v d
liu chuyn mch MultiMegabit) v hot ng lp lin kt d liu
trong m hnh tham chiu OSI.
V d: WAN Switch a dch v B-STDX ca Lucent s dng cng
ngh Fram Relay, IP v cc dch v ATM, hay b chuyn mch DSLAM
dng trong cng ngh ADSL, G.SHDSL.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
188
Hnh 4.17. Hai router u cui trong Wan c th c

kt ni bng Wan Switch
L do dng chuyn mch WAN: Chuyn mch WAN c dng
cng mt lc duy tr nhiu cu ni gia cc thit b mng, do vy tc thi
to c loi ng truyn xng sng (backbone) ni ti tc cao
theo yu cu. Chuyn mch WAN c nhiu cng, mi cng c th h tr
mt tuyn thu bao ring vi tc theo yu cu.
4.6.6. ISDN Terminal Adapter
L thit b u cui kt ni PC hay LAN vo WAN qua mng
ISDN. Mc d n c gi l Terminal Adapter nhng n khng chuyn
c t tn hin tng t sang tn hiu s.
4.7. THIT K WAN
4.7.1. Cc m hnh thit k WAN
4.7.1.1. M hnh phn cp
M hnh phn cp h tr thit k WAN thng l m hnh phn cp
ba tng (Do Cisco a ra): Tng 1 l tng li (Core), tng 2 phn tn
189
(Distribution), tng 3 l tng truy nhp (Access), gi tt l m hnh phn

cp phc v cho vic kho st v thit k WAN.
Hnh 4.18. M hnh phn cp 3 lp

Tng li l phn kt ni mng trc(WAN backbone) kt ni cc
trung tm mng (NOC) ca tng vng, thng thng khong cch gia
cc NOC l xa hay rt xa, do vy chi ph kt ni v tin cy cn phi
c xem xt k. Hn na vn m bo cht lng dch v QoS cng
c t ra, dn n phn loi, phn cp u tin dch v.
Tng phn tn l phn kt ni cc im i din POP, hay cc nhnh
mng vo NOC.
Tng truy nhp t xa l phn kt ni ca ngi dng di ng, hay
cc chi nhnh nh vo POP hay vo NOC.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
190
Cc u im ca m hnh phn cp: Nh m hnh phn cp ngi

thit k WAN d t chc kho st, d la chn cc phng n, v cng
ngh kt ni, d t chc trin khai, cng nh nh gi kt qu.
4.7.1.2. M hnh an ninh an ton
4.7.1.2.1. An ninh an ton mng l g?
Mt s khi nim
Computer Security (an ton my tnh) L mt tin trnh ngn
chn v pht hin s dng khng hp php vo my tnh ca bn
bng cch la chn cc cng c thit k bo v d liu v tn
cng ca tin tc.
Network Security (an ton mng) Cc phng php bo v
d liu trong sut qu trnh chuyn ng ca chng.
Internet Security (an ton Internet) Cc phng php bo v
d liu trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn ca chng ra ngoi n
kt ni Internet
Ti nguyn m chng ta mun bo v l g?
L cc dch v m mng ang trin khai
L cc thng tin quan trng m mng ang lu gi, hay cn
lu chuyn
L cc ti nguyn phn cng v phn mm m h thng mng
cung ng cho nhng ngi dng m n cho php, ...
Nhn t mt pha khc th vn an ninh an ton mng khi thc
hin kt ni WAN cn c th hin qua tnh bo mt (confidentiality),
tnh ton vn (integrity) v tnh sn dng (availability) ca cc ti nguyn
v phn cng, phn mm, d liu v cc dch v ca h thng mng.
Vn an ninh an ton mng cn th hin qua mi quan h gia
ngi dng vi h thng mng v ti nguyn trn mng. Cc quan h ny
c xc nh, c m bo qua phng thc xc thc (authentication),
xc nh c php (authorization) dng, v b t chi (repudiation).
191
Tnh bo mt: Bo m ti nguyn mng khng b tip xc, b s

dng bi nhng ngi khng c thm quyn. Chng hn d liu
truyn trn mng c m bo khng b ly trm cn c m
ho trc khi truyn. Cc ti nguyn u c ch v c bo
v bng cc cng c v cc c ch an ninh mng.
Tnh ton vn: m bo khng c vic s dng v sa i nu
khng c php, v d nh ly hay sa i d liu, cng nh
thay i cu hnh h thng bi nhng ngi khng c php
hoc khng c quyn. Thng tin lu hay truyn trn mng v cc
tp cu hnh h thng lun c m bo gi ton vn. Chng
ch c s dng v c sa i bi nhng ngi ch ca n
hay c cho php.
Hnh 4.19. M hnh an ninh an ton

Tnh sn dng: Ti nguyn trn mng lun c bo m khng
th b chim gi bi ngi khng c quyn. Cc ti nguyn
lun sn sng phc v nhng ngi c php s dng. Nhng
ngi c quyn c th dng bt c khi no, bt c lc no.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
192
Thuc tnh ny rt quan trng, nht l trong cc dch v mng

phc v cng cng (ngn hng, t vn, chnh ph in t, ...).
Vic xc thc: Thc hin xc nh ngi dng c quyn dng
mt ti nguyn no nh thng tin hay ti nguyn phn mm
v phn cng trn mng. Vic xc thc thng kt hp vi s
cho php, hay t chi phc v. Xc thc thng dng l mt
khu (password), hay cn cc ca ngi dng nh vn tay hay
cc du hiu c dng. S cho php xc nh ngi dng c
quyn thc hin mt hnh ng no nh c/ghi mt tp (ly
thng tin), hay chy chng trnh (dng ti nguyn phn mm),
truy nhp vo mt on mng (dng ti nguyn phn cng), gi
hay nhn th in t, tra cu c s d liu - dch v mng,...
Ngi dng thng phi qua giai on xc thc bng mt khu
(password, RADIUS,...) trc khi c php khai thc thng tin
hay mt ti nguyn no trn mng.
Cc vn v an ninh an ton mng khi kt ni WAN cn c
xem xt v thc hin sau khi chn gii php kt ni, nht l khi kt
ni WAN cho cc mng cng tc, m s dng cc mng d liu cng
cng, hay mng Internet.
Xy dng m hnh an ninh an ton khi kt ni WAN: Cc bc
xy dng
Xc nh cn bo v ci g?
Xc nh bo v khi cc loi tn cng no?
Xc nh cc mi e da an ninh mng c th?
Xc nh cc cng c bo m an ninh mng?
Xy dng m hnh an ninh an ton
Thng xuyn kim tra cc bc trn, nng cp, cp nht v v li
h thng khi c mt l hng an ninh mng c cnh bo.
Mc ch ca vic xy dng m hnh an ninh an ton khi kt ni
WAN l xy dng cc phng n trin khai vn an ninh an ton
mng khi kt ni v a WAN vo hot ng.
193
u tin, mc ch v yu cu v an ninh mng h thng ng

dng phi c vch ra r rng. Chng hn mc tiu v yu cu
an ninh mng khi kt ni WAN cho cc c quan hnh chnh nh
nc s khc vi vic kt ni WAN cho cc trng i hc.
Th hai, m hnh an ninh an ton mng phi ph hp vi cc
chnh sch, nguyn tc v lut l hin hnh.
Th ba, phi gii quyt cc vn lin quan n an ninh an
ton mng mt cch ton cc. C ngha l phi m bo c v
phng tin k thut v con ngi trin khai.
Hnh 4.20. M hnh Firewall Front End Back End

4.7.1.2.2. Mt s cng c trin khai m hnh an ninh an ton mng
H thng tng la (Firewall): L mt im chn trong qu trnh
iu khin v gim st. Tng la c tc dng ngn chn, cho php hay
a ra cc lut cho cc a ch v cc vng a ch khc nhau. Firewall c
cc chc nng sau:
Ngn nga kh nng tn cng t cc mng ngoi.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
194
Kim sot lung thng tin gia mng c y thc (Trusted

Network) v internet thng qua cc chnh sch truy nhp
c thit lp.
Cho php hoc cm cc dch v truy nhp hai chiu, t trong ra
ngoi v t ngoi vo trong.
Kim sot a ch truy nhp v dch v s dng.
Firewalls
Phisical protection
data encryption
login/password
INFORMATION
Access rights
Kim sot kh nng truy nhp ngi s dng gia hai mng.
Hnh 4.21. Chc nng Firewall

Firewall c nhng hn ch ca n, l:
Khng th bo v t cc cuc tn cng vng qua n (bypassing)
Khng th bo v chng li e da t bn trong
Khng th bo v chng li s di chuyn ca tt c cc loi
chng trnh hoc file b nhim virus
H thng pht hin v ngn nga xm nhp (IDS/IPS)
IDS (Intrusion Detection System h thng pht hin xm nhp) l
mt h thng gim st lu thng mng, cc hot ng kh nghi v cnh
bo cho h thng, nh qun tr. IDS cng c th phn bit gia nhng tn
cng bn trong t bn trong (t nhng ngi trong cng ty) hay tn cng
t bn ngoi (t cc hacker). IDS pht hin da trn cc du hiu c bit
v cc nguy c bit (ging nh cch cc phn mm dit virus da vo
cc du hiu c bit pht hin v dit virus) hay da trn so snh lu
thng mng hin ti vi baseline (thng s o c chun ca h thng)
tm ra cc du hiu khc thng. Cc chc nng ca IDS:
195
Bo v tnh ton vn (integrity) ca d liu, bo m s nht

qun ca d liu trong h thng. Cc bin php a ra ngn chn
c vic thay i bt hp php hoc ph hoi d liu.
Bo v tnh b mt, gi cho thng tin khng b l ra ngoi. Bo
v tnh kh dng, tc l h thng lun sn sng thc hin yu
cu truy nhp thng tin ca ngi dng hp php.
Bo v tnh ring t, tc l m bo cho ngi s dng khai thc
ti nguyn ca h thng theo ng chc nng, nhim v c
phn cp, ngn chn c s truy nhp thng tin bt hp php.
Cung cp thng tin v s xm nhp, a ra nhng chnh sch i
ph, khi phc, sa cha
IPS (Intrusion Prevention System h thng chng xm nhp) c
nh ngha l mt phn mm hoc mt thit b chuyn dng c kh nng
pht hin xm nhp v c th ngn chn cc nguy c gy mt an ninh
mng.
H thng pht hin l hng an ninh mng
H thng pht hin l hng an ninh mng l h thng gm cc cng
c qut v th thm d tn cng mng. N c ngi qun tr mng
dng pht hin ra cc l hng v an ninh mng an ton trc khi a
mng vo hot ng v thng xuyn theo di nng cp, v cc l
hng an ninh mng.
4.7.1.3. Topo mng
Topo ca WAN m t cu trc v cch b tr phn t ca WAN
cng nh phng thc kt ni gia chng vi nhau. Phn t ca WAN
y l NOC trung tm mng, POP - im i din ca mt vng, hay
cc LAN, PC, Laptop,... Cc NOC, hay POP c th l cc campus LAN,
hay l mt WAN.
M hnh topo gip cc nh thit k WAN thc hin vic:
T chc kho st
Phn tch v qun l trong qu trnh thit k
Thi cng hiu qu.
Cu trc, a phng ho mng cn trin khai.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
196
Cc m hnh chc nng ca h thng

Phn tch cc chc nng ca h thng d bo v xc nh cc
yu cu trao i thng tin.
4.7.1.3. M hnh ng dng
M hnh ng dng l m hnh xy dng trn cc ng dng. Phn
tch kt ni da trn cc yu cu ng dng.
Tch, gp cc ng dng, nh gi yu cu di thng, nh gi cc yu
cu v cht lng dch v, nh gi yu cu tin cy ca cc kt ni...
4.7.2. Phn tch mt s WAN mu
Hnh 4.22. M hnh kt ni mng gia Vn phng trung tm v

cc chi nhnh
4.7.2.1. Mc tiu h thng
Tr s chnh (Main Office) t ti Trung tm thng tin mng
Ti cc Tr s chnh, h thng mng c thit k m, cho php d
dng kt ni ti chi nhnh (Branch Office) v tr s khc qua nhiu cch
197
thc kt ni mng din rng khc nhau hin c ti Vit Nam nh Leased
line, v tuyn tri ph, ISDN, Frame Relay, VPN, Dialup ...
Cc h thng u c n nh, chnh xc cao
Phi bo ton c u t ban u cho h thng ca chng ta.
4.7.2.2. Cc yu cu ca h thng
Kt ni c vi Internet
C th truy nhp vo trung tm mng qua mng in thoi cng
cng PSTN
H thng c c thit k nh mt ISP c nh.
H thng kt ni v truy nhp phi c tc cao, hot ng n nh,
m bo cc yu cu v bo mt thng tin, an ton tuyt i cho d liu
v cc thng tin quan trng
H thng mng c thit k v xy dng m bo c th p
ng mt cch y nhu cu khai thc thng tin, cng nh tc truy
xut thng tin t trung tm mng ti cc chi nhnh v ti Internet
H tr cc cch thc kt ni mng din rng vi cc chi nhnh hin
c ti Vit Nam v tng lai nh Leased line, ISDN, Frame Relay,
xDSL, dialup qua mng in thoi cng cng ...
C kh nng m rng v p ng c yu cu ca cc ng dng
i hi tc cao hin nay v trong tng lai s trin khai th vin in
t, cc ng dng a phng tin, truyn hnh hi ngh, ... m khng b
ph v cu trc thit k ban u
Phn mng truy nhp cc phn mng nh phi c bo v qua h
thng tng la thng qua chnh sch an ninh cht ch i vi tng phn
mng.
ng kt ni vi Internet phi m bo tc cao, n nh v
sn sng cao thng qua hai knh thu ring ti hai nh cung cp IXP/ISP
khc nhau. c th thc hin cc mc tiu nh Qung b Website: Cho
php ngi dng t ngoi Internet (bao gm trong v ngoi Vit Nam) c
th truy nhp n cc trang Web t ti my ch trong h thng. y
198
Gio trnh Thit k mng
chnh l mi trng qung b thng tin, chnh sch, v.v... nhanh nht,
tin li nht. Truy nhp Internet: Cho php ngi s dng trong ni b
mng c kh nng truy nhp cc thng tin trn Internet. Cho php ngi
dng trong mng s dng cc dch v Internet nh Web, FTP, trao i
thng tin, din n tho lun, ... v cui cng l bng thng ng truyn
kt ni Internet phi c m bo, cho php cc h thng dch v nh
H thng tm kim (Search Engine) dng thu thp thng tin trn
Internet, cp nht Website, v.v...
Cc thit b kt ni v truy nhp c chn la t cc hng cung cp
thit b mng ni ting c uy tn trn th gii nh Cisco, Nortel, .. m
bo n nh, bn v d dng nng cp khi cn thit.
Hin nay c 2 phng n trin khai c s h tng Cng ngh thng
tin cho cc chi nhnh l: Gii php phn tn - u t phn cng, phn
mm ti chi nhnh v Gii php tp trung - tp trung phn cng, phn
mm ng dng ti DataCenter v cung cp dch v cho chi nhnh.
Hnh 4.23. Gii php kt ni mng gia cc chi nhnh v

vn phng trung tm
199
Gii php phn tn: Cc dch v c cung cp ngay ti chi

nhnh do vy c tnh sn sng cao, tuy nhin chi ph cao. Bn
cnh chi ph phn cng (Server, h thng backup, lu tr, router,
), cc phn mm ng dng, chi ph ng truyn WAN kt
ni ti DataCenter, mi chi nhnh cn c b phn CNTT
qun l vn hnh h thng.
Gii php tp trung: C chi ph thp hn nhiu do khng phi mua
sm thit b mng, phn mm ng dng m cc dch v c cung
cp t DataCenter thng qua ng truyn kt ni mng (WAN).
Bn cnh u im v chi ph, gii php ny cn c u im v kh
nng chun ha v cng ngh, kh nng qun l tp trung ti
DataCenter. Nhc im ca gii php ny l s lng cc dch v
b hn ch, hiu nng ca cc ng dng thp do ng truyn
WAN km cht lng (tc thp, li ng truyn, ).
Nh vy chng ta cn thit k, ci t h thng mng ca chi nhnh
nh th no c th to ra mt gii php lai, va tha mn yu cu
nghip v ca doanh nghip, va tit kim chi ph. gii quyt vn
ny, chng ta i lm r cn phn tch cc vn sau:
Tnh tp trung ca dch v: Dch v no s ci t DataCenter
v dch v no s ci t ti Chi nhnh?
Chun ha cc Server: Xy dng cc Server nh th no (vai
tr, chc nng, s lng ) m bo cc yu cu dch v IT
ca doanh nghip?
Hp nht cc dch v trn cng mt Server: nhng dch v no
c th cng c ci t trn cng mt Server tit kim chi
ph phn cng?
Thit lp cc dch v kt ni mng LAN, WAN ti chi nhnh
nh th no gii quyt vn v cht lng ng truyn
cng nh kh nng d phng khi c s c xy ra?
Cc dch v h thng: Nhm dch v c bn v nhm dch v
m rng
200
Gio trnh Thit k mng

Nhm dch v c bn
o Directory service: Cung cp dch v xc thc cho cc
my client
o Dch v DHCP: Cung cp tnh nng nh a ch ng
(IPv4/IPv6) cho cc my client
o Dch v DNS: Phn gii tn min cho cc my client
o Dch v file: Cung cp cc k thut qun l vic lu tr
d liu, ng b d liu, chia s file v m bo tc
tm kim.
o Dch v in n
o Dch v my trm: Chng virus, truy nhp my trm t xa
o Dch v qun l: Cp nht d liu, gim st dch v, sao
lu v khi phc d liu
Nhm dch v m rng
o Dch v Terminal.
o Web caching: Cung cp cc tnh nng lin quan n vic
cp Internet, v d tng tc duyt Web, proxy bo v.
o Dch v email
o Dch v mang tnh cng tc, chia s thng tin
o Dch v o ha.
o Dch v tng la
Cc dch v kt ni mng: Mt vn rt quan trng cn xem xt l

ng truyn dn WAN kt ni t chi nhnh n Datacenter. Mt ng
truyn WAN c tc thp, cht lng khng tt, xc sut s c cao,
l ro cn chnh i vi vic trin khai dch v t DataCenter ti
chi nhnh. Cc dch v kt ni mng bao gm
Dch v WAN: Cung cp kt ni t Chi nhnh v DataCenter
Dch v LAN: Cung cp kt ni cho cc thit b ti chi nhnh
Dch v nh a ch v nh tuyn: EIGRP, OSPF, BGP, Static
route, RIP, NAT
201
Cc dch v v QoS: Queuing, Dropping, Shaping,

Cc dch v bo mt v an ninh mng: Phng chng tn cng,
bo m truyn d liu tin cy, trnh mt cp d liu.
Dch v di ng: Cung cp cc kt ni cho ngi s dng mi
ni thng qua cc cng ngh WirelessLAN, cellular,
Trn c s cc m hnh phn cp, m hnh topo, m hnh ng dng,
v m hnh an ninh ca WAN cn thit k c xy dng, chng ta
tin hnh cc bc phn tch cc yu cu ca WAN.
Phn tch yu cu v hiu nng mng
T m hnh topo chng ta c th tnh khong cch kt ni, m
hnh ng dng d tnh di thng, phi hp m hnh an ninh
la chn thit b khi chn cng ngh kt ni phn trn.
nh gi thi gian p ng gia cc trm hay cc thit b trn
mng, nh gi tr i vi cc ng dng khi ngi dng truy
nhp hay yu cu . nh gi yu cu cc i hi v bng thng
ca cc ng dng trn mng.
nh gi cng sut mng p ng khi ngi s dng tng t
bin ti cc im c chai. Ton b cc yu cu ny cn c ti
u chn gii php hp l tho mn cc ch tiu: Dch v tin cy,
chi ph truyn thng ti thiu, bng thng s dng ti u.
Phn tch cc yu cu v qun l mng
T m hnh topo, m hnh ng dng, v m hnh an ninh c th d
bo qui m phc tp ca WAN, a ra cc yu cu v qun l
mng, v m bo dch v, cng nh m bo v an ninh mng. Cc yu
cu v qun l mng cn xc nh nh: Phng thc - k thut qun l
mng, phng thc quan st hiu nng mng, phng thc pht hin li
ca mng, v phng thc qun l cu hnh mng.
Phn tch cc yu cu v an ninh - an ton mng
Xc nh cc kiu an ninh-an ton.
Xc nh cc yu cu cn bo v khi kt ni vi mng ngoi, v
kt ni vi Internet, ...
Gio trnh Thit k mng
202
Phn tch cc yu cu v ng dng

T m hnh tp, m hnh ng dng, m hnh phng ban xc
nh cc ng dng cn trin khai ngay trn mng, d bo cc
ng dng c kh nng trin khai trong tng lai, d tnh s
ngi s dng trn tng ng dng, di thng cn thit cho tng
ng dng, cc giao thc mng trin khai ngay v cc giao thc
s dng trong tng lai gn, tng lai xa, ... tnh ton phn b ti
u thi gian dng mng,
Xc nh cc yu cu v ng dng v cc rng buc v ti chnh,
thi gian thc hin, yu cu v chnh tr ca d n, xc nh
ngun nhn lc, xc nh cc ti nguyn c v c th ti
s dng.
Chn cng ngh kt ni theo cc ch tiu
Gi thnh v tc truyn l 2 yu t quan trng nht khi la
chn cng ngh kt ni WAN, sau l tin cy v kh nng
p ng yu cu di thng ca cc ng dng.
Chi ph cho kt ni bao gm chi ph thit b, chi ph ci t ban
u, c bit phi xem xt l chi ph hng thng, chi ph duy tr
h thng.
Vit Nam hin nay c nhiu nh cung cp dch v vin
thng, vn chn nh cung cp dch v vin thng no, hay t
u t l vn cn cn nhc trong thit k a ra cc gii php
kt ni kh thi.
Xc nh cng ngh kt ni, nh cung cp dch v vin thng
La chn phng n kt ni WAN cho cc chi nhnh
o Dng kt ni Leased Line
o Dng kt ni mng ring o (VPN Virtual Private
Network)
o Dng kt ni ADSL
Thc hin la chn cc thit b phn cng
Chn router, chn gateway
Chn modem, NTU,...
203
Chn Access server

Chn b chuyn mch WAN
Chn cc Server ng dng(Web, mail, CSDL,....)
La chn phn mm ng dng, cc b phn mm tch hp,...
La chn h iu hnh mng
La chn cc h qun tr c s d liu
La chn cc phng thc giao tc trn mng
nh gi kh nng: kim tra thit k a ra chng ta phi

nh gi c tt c cc m hnh, cc phn tch, v cc la chn. Mt
trong phng php nh gi st vi thc t nht l xy dng Pilot th
nghim, hay thc hin trin khai pha th nghim vi vic th hin cc
yu t c bn nht ca thit k.
Trin khai th nghim
La chn mt phn ca d n a vo trin khai th nghim.
Lp hi ng nh gi sau pha th nghim.
Hnh 4.24. Phng thc kt ni WAN cho chi nhnh

4.8. BI TP NG DNG
Bi 1.
Mc tiu:
Gio trnh Thit k mng
204
Rn luyn kh nng phn tch v thit k h thng mng. Thng qua

cc yu cu thit k, bn c c kh nng phn tch v a ra bng c t
yu cu chi tit.
Thit k gii php mng thng qua s logic v s vt l tng quan.
Lp bng d ton kinh ph khi thit k v trin khai h thng mng.
Yu cu:
Nhng thng tin ban u
ABC l mt cng ty chuyn sn xut cc phn mm lin quan
n lnh vc khoa hc c bit, gn y cng ty m rng hot
ng sang 1 thnh ph mi v c mua 1 ta nh y.
Ta nh c xy dng vo nhng nm 1940 gm c 3 tng.
Trc khi c mua bi Liware, mi tng lu c thu bi
nhng cng ty khc nhau v cu trc ca mi tng b sa i kh
nhiu do nhng nhu cu cng vic khc nhau ca mi cng ty.
H thng cable hin c l tch bit gia cc tng, cp, u ra,
bng ni mch c nhng ngi thu trc li.
Tnh trng hin ti ca 3 tng:
Tng 1: c cp cho b phn k tan gm 10 phng ring bit,
cc phng c cp UTP cat5
Tng 2: c cp cho b phn bn hng, thc hin cho hng
qua in thoi. Tng 2 gm 1 phng ln duy nht.
Tng 3: cp cho b phn nghin cu v pht trin ca cng ty
cn s dng bng thng rng v hin ti c chy cp
quang.
Cng vic ca bn l thit k mng cho ta nh c kh nng cung
cp nhng tin ch sau:
Ti b phn bn hng bn trong, c coi l trung tm nhn cc
cuc gi t hng t khch hng. Cc nhn vin ti y s dng
my tnh ca h nhp nhng thng tin vo trong c s d liu
v khch hng, to cc ha n bo hng v cung cp cc thng
205
tin v sn phm, n t hng c th t thng qua Email hoc

in thoi.
B phn bn hng bn ngoi gm nhng nhn vin phi i n
lm vic vi nhng khch hng tim nng trong thnh ph, cung
cp thng tin sn phm. nhng nhn vin ny khi ra ngoi cng
c kh nng truy nhp CSDL bn trong cng ty, c kh nng
chy th c nhng phn mm t vn phng cng ty chng
minh cho khch hng thy sn phm phn mm ca cng ty.
Phng nghin cu v pht trin gm nhng nh khoa hc v cc
lp trnh vin lm vic cng vi nhau c kh nng khm ph
ra nhng tung v sn phm mi. Nhng ngi ny cn phi
s dg nhng my tnh c cu hnh mnh v ng truyn tc
cao dng cho qu trnh kim tra cc sn phm phn mm ca
h, nh yu cu, phng ny phi c bo mt ti a nhng
thng tin nghin cu khng th lt ra ngoi.
Nhng thng tin tip theo
Tng 1: gm 10 phng nh, mi phng c 1 my PC, s dng
cp 100base Fast Ethernet
Tng 2: gm 55 my PC s dng cp 10baset
Tng 3: gm c 100 PC s dng cp 100Base-FX Fast ethernet
Ba mng LAN c kt ni n mng Backbone tc 1000 Mbit/s
Gigabit. Ethernet v s dng nhng my tnh Windows server 2003 lm
router. H thng Backbone ny cng c kt ni v vn phng chnh
1 thnh ph khc s dng Router cng vi ng truyn T-1. 1 ng
T-1 khc dng ni to nh vi IPS (nh cung cp Internet).
T vn phng chnh thng bo h cng mun trin khai mt s
Web server ta nh mi. Vi yu cu ny, bn cn phi thit k thm
vo mt LAN khc gm 6 Web server kt ni thng qua cp UTP
100Base-T Fast Ethernet, mt trong s cc my tnh chy
Windows server 2003 c thm 1 Lan card 1000Base-T Gigabit Etherner
lm router ni n Backbone.
Gio trnh Thit k mng
206
Cc Web Server phi c truy nhp t Internet v cc khch hng,

nhng my ny phi c nhng IP ng k t cc nh cung cp. Vn
phng chnh thng bo h ng k a ch mng 207.46.230.0 t ISP.
a ch ny s dng 3 bit to ra cc mng con v tt c cc subnet
c s dng bi nhng cng ty khc ch cn li Subnet sau cng c
cp cho ta nh.
3 LAN cn li, s dng nhng a ch IP dng Private Address.
Nhng my tnh 3 LAN ny c th truy nhp Internet thng qua c ch
NAT ca Router truy nhp Internet nm trn Backbone. Cc LAN s
dng lp a ch 172.19.0.0/22 vi yu cu vi 1 v ch 1 subnet c
cp cho mi LAN.
Bi 2.
Mc tiu:
Thc hnh m phng thit k WAN trn Packet tracer.
Yu cu:
Cc my tnh c ci phn mm m phng mng Packet Tracer 5.3
1. S dng phn mm Packet Tracer 5.3, thit k mt mng WAN
n gin nh sau:
207
Sau nh a ch IP ca cc PC v cu hnh nh tuyn tnh cho

cc Router sao cho cc PC lin lc c vi nhau. Cc my trong Router
2610 thuc lp B, cn cc my trong Router 3620 thuc lp C.
2. Dng phn mm Packet Tracer 5.3, thit k mng WAN sau:
Phn b a ch IP cho cc mng trong Router 3620 thuc lp B, cc

mng trong Router 2610, 2621, 2501 thuc lp C.
Cu hnh cho cc Router sao cho tt c cc my tnh trong mng
WAN lin lc c vi nhau. Dng cc k thut nh tuyn ng RIP,
IGRP hay OSPF
Mc tiu:
y l bi thc hnh tng hp thit k mng.
Thit k mt h thng mng hon chnh vi cc kin thc
bit.
Kt qu ca bi thc hnh l mt h s thit k mng y cc
ni dung ca qui trnh thit k mng.
Yu cu hin trng h thng mng:
Gio trnh Thit k mng
208
Cng ty ABC c mt vn phng chnh ti thnh ph Nng v

mt nh my ti khu cng nghip Ha Khnh
Vic u t s chia lm hai giai an: Giai on 1- xy dng h
thng mng ti vn phng chnh. Giai on 2- xy dng h
thng mng ti nh my, kt ni hai site vi nhau.
Tr s vn phng chnh l mt ta nh gm 6 tng, 30m x 50m.
S lng users khang 200 ngi, chia lm 5 phng (
Marketing, Sale, CEO, IT, Acc)
Phng IT t ti lu 3.
Nh my c din tch 1000m x 800 m, gm mt vn phng v
cc phn xng nm ri rc.
Yu cu ca khch hng
1. Xy dng h thng mng LAN cho vn phng v mng LAN
cho nh my.
2. H iu hnh mng chn Windows server 2003.
3. Cc dch v cn p ng: Active directory, mail, database SQL
chy phn mm k ton, phng chng virus, backup, Web
4. C th truy nhp wireless
5. C c firewall ngn cch Internal v External
6. Publish mail v web server c th truy nhp t Internet
7. Chn phng thc kt ni ni 2 site vi nhau
8. Ngi dng i cng tc c th kt ni vo vn phng bng VPN
4.9. CU HI N TP
Cu 1: Trnh by hai m hnh Phn cp v An ninh An ton. Phn tch
c im ca mi loi.
Cu 2: Kt ni WAN mang li nhng li ch g?
Cu 3: Ngi ta thng s dng cng ngh g kt ni WAN? Trnh
by mt s cng ngh kt ni WAN hin nay.
Cu 4: So snh 2 cng ngh kt ni WAN: ATM v Frame Relay.
Cu 5: Trnh by cc giao thc trong kt ni WAN?
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Nguyn Thc Hi (1997), Mng my tnh v cc h thng m, NXB
Gio dc
[2] Phm Th Qu (2008), Cng ngh Mng my tnh, NXB Bu in
[3] Ng B Hng (2005), Gio trnh Thit k - Ci t mng, i hc
Cn Th
[4] Cisco Press Top (2011), Down Network Design 3nd Edition
[5] CCIE Network Design (Cisco)
[6] Wireless LAN Design (Cisco)
[7] IP Network Design Guide (June 1999), IBM
[8] Joshua Backfield (2008), Network Security Mode, SANS Institute
[9] http://www.rhyshaden.com/ppp.htm
[10] http://www.interfacebus.com/Design_HDLC.html
[11] Mt s ti liu trn Internet.
MC LC
Li ni u.......................................................... ....... ....................................3
Chng 1: TNG QUAN V THIT K MNG ...................................... 5
1.1. Tin trnh xy dng mng................................................................. 5
1.1.1. Thu thp yu cu ca khch hng ............................................ 6
1.1.2. Phn tch yu cu ..................................................................... 7
1.1.3. Thit k gii php..................................................................... 8
1.1.4. Ci t mng .......................................................................... 10
1.1.5. Kim th mng....................................................................... 11
1.1.6. Bo tr h thng...................................................................... 11
1.2. Cu hi n tp.................................................................................. 11
Chng 2: THIT K MNG CC B.................................................... 13
2.1. Phn loi mng................................................................................ 13
2.1.1. Phn loi mng theo vng a l ............................................ 13
2.1.2. Phn loi mng my tnh theo topology mng....................... 14
2.1.3. Phn loi mng my tnh theo chc nng .............................. 16
2.2. Mng cc b v giao thc iu khin truy cp ng truyn....... 16
2.2.1. Giao thc CSMA/CD............................................................. 17
2.2.2. Giao thc truyn th bi (Token passing) .............................. 17
2.2.3. Giao thc FDDI...................................................................... 18
2.3. Cc loi thit b s dng trong mng LAN .................................... 19
2.3.1. Network Adapter.................................................................... 19
2.3.2. Repeater.................................................................................. 22
2.3.3. Hub......................................................................................... 23
2.3.4. Bridge..................................................................................... 24
2.3.5. Switch..................................................................................... 27
2.3.6. Router..................................................................................... 29
2.4. Cc t chc chun ha v mng..................................................... 31
2.5. Mng Ethernet ................................................................................. 34

2.5.1. Lch s hnh thnh.................................................................. 34
2.5.2. Mt s chun mng Ethernet ph bin................................... 36
2.6. Thit k h tng cp mng .............................................................. 38
2.6.1. Cc tiu chun v cp mng................................................... 40
2.6.2. Cu trc cp............................................................................ 43
2.6.3. Cp mng ............................................................................... 48
2.7. Kt ni LAN ..................................................................................... 53
2.7.1. V tr nt mng ....................................................................... 53
2.7.2. V tr t Hub ......................................................................... 54
2.7.3. Chn tuyn ng xng sng .............................................. 55
2.7.4. Kt ni cc workgroup ti Hub trung tm.............................. 56
2.7.5. Kim tra phng php d kin .............................................. 56
2.7.6. Lin kt cc c s................................................................... 57
2.7.7. Chn thit b........................................................................... 57
2.8. H s thit k mng LAN................................................................ 59
2.8.1. Ti liu lu tr ....................................................................... 59
2.8.2. Chi tit cc bn ghi................................................................. 59
2.8.3. Cc bn ghi dy ni v u cm............................................. 60
2.8.4. Qun tr h thng.................................................................... 60
2.8.5. Bo tr v sa cha................................................................. 61
2.9. Mt s nguyn tc hng dn......................................................... 61
2.9.1. Hng dn ngn cch cp UTP
khi ngun c nhiu t cao.............................................. 61
2.9.2. Bn knh un cong ti thiu cho dy cp ............................... 61
2.9.3. Khuyn co cable trn thc tin............................................. 62
2.9.4. Thc hnh ci t cable UTP ................................................. 63
2.9.5. Lp t kt ni phn cng si quang ..................................... 63
2.9.6. Lp t si cp quang............................................................. 64
2.10. Gii thiu tin trnh thit k mng LAN....................................... 64

2.10.1. Lp s thit k mng ....................................................... 65
2.10.2. Pht trin s mng tng vt l...................................... 65
2.10.3. Ni kt tng 2 bng switch................................................... 69
2.10.4. Thit k mng tng 3......................................................... 73
2.10.5. Xc nh v tr t Server ..................................................... 74
2.10.6. Lp ti liu cho tng 3.......................................................... 75
2.11. Bi tp ng dng Thit k LAN.................................................... 76
2.12. Cu hi n tp.............................................................................. 103
Chng 3: MNG CC B KHNG DY ........................................... 105
3.1. Tng quan v WLAN ..................................................................... 105
3.1.1. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin........................................... 105
3.1.2. Di tn s khng dy............................................................ 106
3.1.3. u im ca WLAN ............................................................ 110
3.1.4. Nhc im ca WLAN ...................................................... 110
3.2. Cc chun thng dng ca WLAN............................................... 111
3.2.1. Chun IEEE 802.11b............................................................ 112
3.2.2. Chun IEEE 802.11a............................................................ 112
3.2.3. IEEE 802.11g ....................................................................... 113
3.2.4. Chun IEEE 802.11n............................................................ 113
3.2.5. So snh cc chun IEEE 802.11x......................................... 115
3.3. Cu trc v cc m hnh WLAN................................................... 119
3.3.1. Cu trc c bn ca WLAN................................................. 119
3.3.2. Cc thit b h tng mng khng dy................................... 120
3.3.3. Cc m hnh WLAN ............................................................ 123
3.4. Phng php thit k v lp t WLAN....................................... 126
3.4.1. Xem xt trc khi thit k.................................................... 126
3.4.2. Trin khai Access Point ....................................................... 129
3.4.3. Cc phn mm h tr ........................................................... 132
3.5. Bo mt WLAN.............................................................................. 133

3.5.1. Ti sao phi bo mt WLAN?.............................................. 133
3.5.2. WEP ..................................................................................... 135
3.5.3. WLAN VPN......................................................................... 136
3.5.4. TKIP..................................................................................... 137
3.5.5. AES ...................................................................................... 137
3.5.6. 802.1X v EAP .................................................................... 137
3.5.7. WPA..................................................................................... 139
3.5.8. WPA2................................................................................... 140
3.5.9. Lc (Filtering) ...................................................................... 140
3.5.10. Kt lun .............................................................................. 142
3.6. Bi ton thc t.............................................................................. 144
3.6.1. Phn tch hin trng.............................................................. 144
3.6.2. Xc nh cng ngh, kin trc mng.................................... 146
3.6.3. Xc nh phn cng ............................................................. 148
3.6.4. Thit k chi tit kt ni WLAN ........................................... 151
3.6.5. S v tr lp t Access Point chia s Internet................. 154
3.6.6. Thc thi mng WLAN ......................................................... 155
3.7. Bi tp ng dng ........................................................................... 156
3.8. Cu hi n tp................................................................................ 156
Chng 4: THIT K MNG DIN RNG .......................................... 157

4.1. Gii thiu WAN ............................................................................. 157
4.2. Cc li ch v chi ph khi kt ni WAN ........................................ 158
4.3. Nhng im cn ch khi thit k WAN..................................... 159
4.3.1. Mi trng ........................................................................... 159
4.3.2. Cc yu cu k thut ............................................................ 160
4.3.3. Bo mt ................................................................................ 161
4.4. Mt s cng ngh kt ni WAN .................................................... 161
4.4.1. Mng chuyn mch knh ..................................................... 161
4.4.2. Mng chuyn mch gi ........................................................ 167

4.5. Giao thc kt ni WAN ................................................................. 181
4.5.1. Giao thc HDLC ................................................................. 181
4.5.2. Giao thc PPP ...................................................................... 183
4.6. Cc thit b kt ni WAN ............................................................... 184
4.6.1. Router................................................................................... 184
4.6.2. Access Server ....................................................................... 184
4.6.3. Modem ................................................................................. 185
4.6.4. CSU/DSU............................................................................. 186
4.6.5. Chuyn mch WAN ............................................................. 186
4.6.6. ISDN Terminal Adapter....................................................... 187
4.7. Thit k WAN................................................................................. 187
4.7.1. Cc m hnh thit k WAN.................................................. 187
4.7.2. Phn tch mt s WAN mu ................................................ 195
4.8. Bi tp ng dng ........................................................................... 202
4.9. Cu hi n tp................................................................................ 207
Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................... 209
Chu trch nhim xut bn

NGUYN TH THU H
Bin tp:
NG M HNH
NGUYN TIN S
Trnh by sch:
NGUYN THANH HNG
Sa bn in:
NGUYN TH VIT
Thit k ba:
TRN HNG MINH
Nh xut bn Thng tin v truyn thng

Tr s chnh:
S 18 Nguyn Du, Hai B Trng, H Ni
in thoi: 04.35772143; 35772145 Fax: 04.35772194
Email: nxb.tttt.@mic.gov.vn
Website: www.nxbthongtintruyenthong.vn
Chi nhnh thnh ph H Ch Minh:
S 8A ng D2, phng 25, Q. Bnh Thnh, TP. H Ch Minh
in thoi: 08.35127750
Fax: 08.35127751
Email: cnsg.nxbtttt@mic.gov.vn
Chi nhnh thnh ph Nng:
42 Trn Quc Ton, TP. Nng
in thoi: 0511.3897467
Fax: 0511.3843359
Email: cndn.nxbtttt@mic.gov.vn
_____________________________________________________________
In 550 bn, kh 1724 cm ti Cng ty TNHH SX v TM Thi Vit
S ng k k hoch xut bn 37-2011/CXB/4-920/TTTT
S quyt nh xut bn: 80/Q-NXB TTTT ngy 27 thng 4 nm 2011
In xong np lu chiu thng 5 nm 2011.

Giao Trinh TK Mang

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M s: GD 07 M 11

mng. iu s gip ch rt nhiu cho cng vic thit k cc mng

TNG QUAN V THIT K MNG

Gio trnh Thit k mng

Vi xu th gi thnh ngy cng h ca cc thit b in t, kinh ph u

Chng 1: Tng quan v Thit k mng

xa nht gia hai my tnh trong mng, d kin ng i ca dy mng,

Gio trnh Thit k mng

Chng 1: Tng quan v Thit k mng

M hnh mng c chn phi h tr c tt c cc dch v

Gio trnh Thit k mng

v tr ca cc thit b ni kt mng nh Hub, Switch, Router, v tr cc

Chng 1: Tng quan v Thit k mng

1.1.4.2. Ci t v cu hnh phn mm

Gio trnh Thit k mng

Cu 2: Bn hy cho mt v d v thu thp cc yu cu ca khch hng?

Chng ny gii thiu cc vn c bn v mng cc b (LAN),

Gio trnh Thit k mng

Chng 2: Thit k Mng cc b

cc trm v chuyn tn hiu n trm ch vi phng thc kt ni l

Hnh 2.1. Star Topology

Hnh 2.2. Bus Topology

Gio trnh Thit k mng

Hnh 2.3. Ring Topology

Chng 2: Thit k Mng cc b

trm lm vic lm th no v lc no c th thm nhp vo ng dy cp

Gio trnh Thit k mng

Mt trm mun truyn d liu th phi i n khi nhn c mt

Chng 2: Thit k Mng cc b

2.3. CC LOI THIT B S DNG TRONG MNG LAN

Card giao tip mng (NIC - Network Interface Card)

2.3.1. Network Adapter

Hnh 2.4. Card mng

Gio trnh Thit k mng

khng dy l mt mng khc v khng c cp chi tit trong

Hnh 2.5. Cp Ethernet vi mt u kt ni RJ-45

Chng 2: Thit k Mng cc b

Hnh 2.6. u ni RJ-45 v 2 chun bm cp T-568A, T-568B

Hnh 2.7. Cc kiu cp mng

Gio trnh Thit k mng

Hnh 2.8. Hot ng ca Repeater trong m hnh OSI

Chng 2: Thit k Mng cc b

d vi mng s dng cp ng trc 50 th khong cch ti a l

Hnh 2.9. Hub

Gio trnh Thit k mng

Hnh 2.10. Hot ng ca Hub trong m hnh OSI

Chng 2: Thit k Mng cc b

Khi nhn c cc frame Bridge chn lc v ch chuyn nhng

Hnh 2.11. Hot ng ca Bridge trong m hnh OSI

Gio trnh Thit k mng

khng c kh nng thay i cu trc cc frame m n nhn c

Hnh 2.12. Bridge ca NETGEAR

Chng 2: Thit k Mng cc b

ni cc mng c giao thc khc nhau.

Cisco Catalyst Layer 3:

Cisco Catalyst Layer 2:

Hnh 2.13. Hot ng ca Switch trong m hnh OSI

Gio trnh Thit k mng

To mi trng khng c vng lp (lp 2) s dng gii thut Cy

Hnh 2.14. Cisco Catalyst Switch 2950 series

Chng 2: Thit k Mng cc b

n). Switch chuyn tip tt c cc frame unicast cha bit ny ra tt c

1 0001.97d9.d701 DYNAMIC Fa0/6

Hnh 2.15. Cisco Router 2800 Series